1
|
Martínez LE, Daniels-Wells TR, Guo Y, Magpantay LI, Candelaria PV, Penichet ML, Martínez-Maza O, Epeldegui M. Targeting TfR1 with the ch128.1/IgG1 Antibody Inhibits EBV-driven Lymphomagenesis in Immunosuppressed Mice Bearing EBV + Human Primary B-cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1592-1602. [PMID: 34158342 PMCID: PMC8419068 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human gammaherpesvirus associated with the development of hematopoietic cancers of B-lymphocyte origin, including AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL). Primary infection of B-cells with EBV results in their polyclonal activation and immortalization. The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), also known as CD71, is important for iron uptake and regulation of cellular proliferation. TfR1 is highly expressed in proliferating cells, including activated lymphocytes and malignant cells. We developed a mouse/human chimeric antibody targeting TfR1 (ch128.1/IgG1) that has previously shown significant antitumor activity in immunosuppressed mouse models bearing human malignant B-cells, including multiple myeloma and AIDS-NHL cells. In this article, we examined the effect of targeting TfR1 to inhibit EBV-driven activation and growth of human B-cells in vivo using an immunodeficient NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ [NOD/SCID gamma (NSG)] mouse model. Mice were implanted with T-cell-depleted, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), either without EBV (EBV-), or exposed to EBV in vitro (EBV+), intravenously via the tail vein. Mice implanted with EBV+ cells and treated with an IgG1 control antibody (400 μg/mouse) developed lymphoma-like growths of human B-cell origin that were EBV+, whereas mice implanted with EBV+ cells and treated with ch128.1/IgG1 (400 μg/mouse) showed increased survival and significantly reduced inflammation and B-cell activation. These results indicate that ch128.1/IgG1 is effective at preventing the growth of EBV+ human B-cell tumors in vivo, thus, indicating that there is significant potential for agents targeting TfR1 as therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of EBV-associated B-cell malignancies. SIGNIFICANCE: An anti-TfR1 antibody, ch128.1/IgG1, effectively inhibits the activation, growth, and immortalization of EBV+ human B-cells in vivo, as well as the development of these cells into lymphoma-like tumors in immunodeficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martínez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larry I Magpantay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pierre V Candelaria
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Younesi V, Shirazi FG, Memarian A, Amanzadeh A, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Shokri F. Assessment of the effect of TLR7/8, TLR9 agonists and CD40 ligand on the transformation efficiency of Epstein-Barr virus in human B lymphocytes by limiting dilution assay. Cytotechnology 2013; 66:95-105. [PMID: 23404520 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of human B cells with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induces polyclonal activation in almost all infected cells, but a small proportion of infected cells are transformed to immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines. Since B cells are activated also by CD40 ligand (CD40L) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists via a similar signaling pathway, it is likely that costimulation through these molecules could result in synergistic enhancement of the transformation efficiency of EBV. In this study, the stimulatory effect of TLR7/8 (R848), TLR9 (CpG) agonists and/or CD40L on transformation efficiency of EBV in normal human B cells was assessed using the limiting dilution assay. Costimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with CpG and R848, but not CD40L, increased significantly the frequency of EBV transformed B cells (p < 0.001). Neither synergistic nor additive effects were observed between TLR agonists and CD40L and also TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists. Costimulation with R848, CpG and CD40L enhanced the proliferative response of B cells infected with EBV. This effect was more evident when enriched B cells were employed, compared to PBMCs. The promoting effect of TLR agonists stimulation, implies that EBV may take advantage of the genes induced by the TLR stimulation pathway for viral latency and oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Younesi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ohshima N, Hirohata S. Enhanced production of IgE anti-Japanese cedar pollen specific antibodies by peripheral blood B cells from patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis. Allergol Int 2008; 57:147-55. [PMID: 18349589 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.o-07-510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE antibodies against Japanese cedar pollen (JCP) play an important role for the pathogenesis of the cedar pollinosis, but the mechanism of their production has been unclear. We explored the capacity of peripheral blood B cells from pollinosis patients to produce anti-JCP specific IgE. METHODS Peripheral blood B cells from 16 pollinosis patients and 9 normal subjects were cultured with mitomycin-C treated T cells with immobilized anti-CD3 for 10 days. RESULTS B cells from pollinosis patients produced higher amounts of anti-JCP specific IgE than those from normal subjects upon stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 activated autologous T cell, whereas the production of anti-JCP specific IgM were comparable between normal subjects and patients. Exogenous IL-4/IL-5 or anti-CD3 stimulated patients' T cells could not induce the production of anti-JCP specific IgE from normal B cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that B cells from normal individuals contain comparable numbers of precursors that are committed to produce anti-JCP specific IgM to patients' B cells. Moreover, the data confirm that the class switching of IgM to IgE within anti-JCP specific B cells contributes to development of Japanese cedar pollinosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuharu Ohshima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shokrgozar MA, Sam MR, Amirkhani A, Shokri F. Frequency Analysis of HBsAg-specific B Lymphocytes in High-responder Individuals to Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine: Comparison of LDA and ELISPOT Assays. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:536-43. [PMID: 17032247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the frequency of antigen-specific lymphocytes may provide invaluable information for the evaluation of the immune response to different antigens and pathogens. Different methods are employed to determine the frequency of specific B lymphocytes in peripheral blood. In this study, the frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific B lymphocytes was determined by a limiting dilution assay (LDA) and an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) in seven healthy adult high responders to recombinant HBsAg. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated at different time intervals (1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks) following administration of a booster dose were either transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (LDA) or stimulated with Pokeweed mitogen (ELISPOT). In an LDA, anti-HBs positive wells were screened by a sandwich ELISA and the frequency of specific B lymphocytes was estimated based on the Poisson statistical analysis. In an ELISPOT, coloured spots representing specific B lymphocytes were finally enumerated by stereomicroscope. Our results showed a significant increase in the number of specific B lymphocytes in the first week by an ELISPOT compared with an LDA (1:190 versus 1:13,462) (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed at other time intervals. A significant correlation was observed between the serum titer of anti-HBs antibody and frequency of HBsAg-specific B cells obtained by LDA and ELISPOT methods at different time intervals. The highest correlation was found at fourth week in LDA (r = 0.83, P < 0.01) and ELISPOT (r = 0.85, P < 0.01) assays. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between an LDA and ELISPOT at different time intervals (highest correlation in second week, r = 0.88, P < 0.008). These findings suggest that in addition to technical advantages, such as speed and simplicity, an ELISPOT is a more sensitive assay, compared with an LDA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Shokrgozar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pasha RPK, Bahrami ZS, Niroomanesh S, Ramzi F, Razavi AR, Shokri F. Specificity and isotype of Rh specific antibodies produced by human B-cell lines established from alloimmunized Rh negative women. Transfus Apher Sci 2005; 33:119-27. [PMID: 16103012 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 01/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the successful outcome of anti-D prophylaxis program, alloimmunization still occurs. The aim of this study was to examine the specificity and isotype of anti-Rh antibodies in plasma samples of Rh negative alloimmunized individuals and to study the same parameters in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) generated from the same donors. Specificity of anti-Rh antibodies was determined in plasma of nine alloimmunized subjects by direct hemagglutination using a panel of known RBC genotypes and isotype of specific antibodies were identified by an antigen specific ELISA. Similar methods were employed to determine specificity and isotype of antibodies produced by Rh specific LCLs established from four donors. LCLs were generated by Epstein-Barr virus transformation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from each donor followed by their culture over a feeder of human fetal fibroblasts. Upon emergence of lymphoblastoid cells, culture supernatants were assayed for presence of Rh specific antibody by hemagglutination assay. Anti-D was the predominant antibody in both plasma samples and among the 128 established LCLs; however, antibodies to other Rh specificities namely C and E were also produced. The isotype of anti-Rh antibody in all plasma samples was found to be IgG, predominantly IgG1, combined in 7 samples with IgM. Similarly 76%, 9.2% and 14.8% of LCLs were determined to produce antibody of IgG, IgM and of both isotypes, respectively. The data supported that the D antigen is the immunodominant component of the Rh system as indicated by the in vitro and in vivo profiles of Rh specificities in our alloimmunized subjects.
Collapse
|
6
|
Holmøy T, Fredriksen AB, Thompson KM, Hestvik ALK, Bogen B, Vartdal F. Cerebrospinal fluid T cell clones from patients with multiple sclerosis: recognition of idiotopes on monoclonal IgG secreted by autologous cerebrospinal fluid B cells. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1786-94. [PMID: 15864781 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Due to somatic recombination and hypermutation, Ig variable heavy (V(H)) and light (V(L)) regions contain unique immunogenic determinants, idiotopes (Id), which can stimulate T cells. To address the relevance of this in a human disease, monoclonal IgG (mAb)-secreting B cell clones were established from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). HLA-DR-restricted CD4(+) T cell lines and clones from CSF of both patients specifically recognized autologous CSF mAb. The CSF T cell clones produced IFN-gamma; some also produced TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IL-5. V(H) and V(L) on the monoclonal IgG derived from CSF B cells expressed amino acid replacements due to somatic mutations. A T cell epitope was mapped to a V(H) framework region, where an amino acid replacement was critical for the T cell recognition. The finding of Id-specific T cells and Id-bearing B cells in the CSF indicates that they coexist within the diseased organ, and provide a basis for the study of Id-driven T-B cell collaboration in a human autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trygve Holmøy
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, and University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pasha RPK, Shokrgozar MA, Bahrami ZS, Shokri F. Frequency analysis of B lymphocytes specific for Rh antigens in naturally immunized Rh-negative women. Vox Sang 2004; 86:62-70. [PMID: 14984562 DOI: 10.1111/j.0042-9007.2004.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite a successful outcome of the anti-D prophylaxis programme, alloimmunization still occurs. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of Rh-specific B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of nine Rh-alloimmunized individuals at different time intervals after parturition. MATERIALS AND METHODS The donors' B lymphocytes were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cultured at different cell densities over a feeder of human fetal fibroblasts. Culture supernatants were screened for human immunoglobulin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for anti-Rh antibody by using a direct haemagglutination technique. The percentage of CD19+ B lymphocytes in peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry, and the frequency of Rh-specific B lymphocytes was estimated by limiting-dilution assay (LDA). RESULTS The frequency of Rh-specific B lymphocytes varied from 1 : 150 to 1 : 27,850 in different donors. There was a decrease in this frequency and level of anti-Rh antibody with increase in time interval between bleeding and last exposure to the antigen. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between the titre of Rh-specific antibody and frequency of Rh-specific B cells in each of three subjects bled at multiple time-points postdelivery. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of the specific antibody response to Rh antigens varies greatly in Rh-alloimmunized women, which partly reflects the difference in frequency of specific B cells in these individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P K Pasha
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weber M, Weiss E, Engel AM. Combining EL4-B5-based B-cell stimulation and phage display technology for the successful isolation of human anti-Scl-70 autoantibody fragments. J Immunol Methods 2003; 278:249-59. [PMID: 12957412 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Scl-70 is the major antigen recognised by autoantibodies in the sera of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). The autoantibodies that specifically react with Scl-70 are highly characteristic of the disease and represent valuable markers for the diagnosis of SSc. We describe a novel strategy for cloning autoantibody fragments starting with a small blood sample from an SSc patient. B cells isolated from the collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in vitro using the EL4-B5 system. Anti-Scl-70 IgG-producing cells were pooled for RNA preparation followed by the generation of phagemid libraries of approximately 10(7) independent single-chain Fvs (scFvs). The screening of these libraries by phage display allowed us to isolate four anti-Scl-70 scFvs following three rounds of biopanning. About 10 times more starting blood material was needed to generate scFv libraries of similar size from PBMCs of an SSc patient and only two anti-Scl-70 scFvs were isolated after three rounds of phage selection. Together, this work shows that functional autoantibody fragments can be advantageously cloned after in vitro expansion of B cells. The isolated anti-Scl-70 autoantibody fragments represent useful tools for calibrating SSc diagnostic assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Weber
- Department of Rare Reagents, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82372, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Breen EC, Gage JR, Guo B, Magpantay L, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T, Miles S, Martínez-Maza O. Viral interleukin 6 stimulates human peripheral blood B cells that are unresponsive to human interleukin 6. Cell Immunol 2001; 212:118-25. [PMID: 11748928 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular responsiveness to human interleukin 6 (hIL6) requires the expression of two receptor molecules: IL6-specific receptor (CD126'IL6R') and a nonspecific signal-transducing molecule (CD130'gp130'). Regulation of responsiveness to hIL6 is generally controlled by CD126'IL6R' expression. A viral homologue of hIL6 (vIL6) is encoded by human herpesvirus-8 and has biologic activity similar to hIL6 on a number of cell lines. vIL6 differs from hIL6 in its receptor utilization, requiring only CD130'gp130'. Total human B cells isolated from peripheral blood, which are predominantly CD126'IL6R'-negative, as well as sorted CD126'IL6R'-negative B cells, could be stimulated by recombinant vIL6, but not by hIL6, as indicated by induction of IL6-like signaling (STAT3 phosphorylation). This suggests that the ability of vIL6 to stimulate B cells expressing little or no CD126'IL6R' allows it to act on a larger pool of target B cells, compared to human IL6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Breen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shokrgozar MA, Shokri F. Enumeration of hepatitis B surface antigen-specific B lymphocytes in responder and non-responder normal individuals vaccinated with recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen. Immunology 2001; 104:75-79. [PMID: 11576223 PMCID: PMC1783286 DOI: 10.1046/j.0019-2805.2001.01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2000] [Revised: 05/03/2001] [Accepted: 05/04/2001] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the frequency of specific B lymphocytes has important implications for investigation of the immune response to different antigens and pathogens. Unresponsiveness to some viruses and antigens, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its surface antigen (HBsAg), has been attributed to lack or insufficient production of the specific B-cell repertoire. In this study, peripheral blood B lymphocytes of 45 adult normal individuals vaccinated with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cultured at different dilutions on human fetal fibroblasts as a feeder layer. The vaccinees were classified into good, poor and non-responder groups. Following 2 to 3 weeks of incubation, culture supernatants were collected from wells containing transformed and proliferating B lymphocytes. The supernatants were subsequently screened for the presence of total immunoglobulin and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Accordingly, positive and negative wells were enumerated in each plate and the frequency of B lymphocytes producing anti-HBs antibody was estimated based on the Poisson statistical analysis. The total number of CD19+ B lymphocytes were counted in the peripheral blood of all subjects by flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated a similar precursor frequency of specific B lymphocytes in all subject groups before vaccine administration (< 2 x 10(-5)). Following vaccination, however, a significant increase in the number of specific B lymphocytes was observed in good-responder (1.5 x 10(-4)) and to a lesser extent poor-responder (3.5 x 10(-5)) individuals, but not in non-responders. These findings suggest a defect in either the primary B-cell repertoire or helper T-cell function in non-responder individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fazel Shokri
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shokrgozar MA, Shokri F. Enumeration of hepatitis B surface antigen-specific B lymphocytes in responder and non-responder normal individuals vaccinated with recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen. Immunology 2001; 104:75-9. [PMID: 11576223 PMCID: PMC1783286 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2000] [Revised: 05/03/2001] [Accepted: 05/04/2001] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the frequency of specific B lymphocytes has important implications for investigation of the immune response to different antigens and pathogens. Unresponsiveness to some viruses and antigens, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its surface antigen (HBsAg), has been attributed to lack or insufficient production of the specific B-cell repertoire. In this study, peripheral blood B lymphocytes of 45 adult normal individuals vaccinated with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cultured at different dilutions on human fetal fibroblasts as a feeder layer. The vaccinees were classified into good, poor and non-responder groups. Following 2 to 3 weeks of incubation, culture supernatants were collected from wells containing transformed and proliferating B lymphocytes. The supernatants were subsequently screened for the presence of total immunoglobulin and antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Accordingly, positive and negative wells were enumerated in each plate and the frequency of B lymphocytes producing anti-HBs antibody was estimated based on the Poisson statistical analysis. The total number of CD19+ B lymphocytes were counted in the peripheral blood of all subjects by flow cytometry. Our results demonstrated a similar precursor frequency of specific B lymphocytes in all subject groups before vaccine administration (< 2 x 10(-5)). Following vaccination, however, a significant increase in the number of specific B lymphocytes was observed in good-responder (1.5 x 10(-4)) and to a lesser extent poor-responder (3.5 x 10(-5)) individuals, but not in non-responders. These findings suggest a defect in either the primary B-cell repertoire or helper T-cell function in non-responder individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fazel Shokri
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hong J, Zang YC, Tejada-Simon MV, Li S, Rivera VM, Killian J, Zhang JZ. Reactivity and regulatory properties of human anti-idiotypic antibodies induced by T cell vaccination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6858-64. [PMID: 11120809 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.6858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with irradiated autoreactive T cells (T cell vaccination) induces anti-idiotypic T cell responses that preferentially recognize complementarity-determining region 3 sequences, contributing to clonal depletion of autoreactive T cells. However, it remains unknown whether T cell vaccination elicits anti-idiotypic humoral responses and whether the anti-idiotypic Abs play a similar role in the regulatory mechanism induced by T cell vaccination. In this study we examined the occurrence, the reactivity pattern, and the regulatory role of anti-idiotypic Abs elicited by T cell vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis. We demonstrated for the first time that B cells producing anti-idiotypic Abs could be isolated from vaccinated patients. These EBV-transformed B cell lines were selected for specific reactivity to a 20-mer TCR peptide incorporating a common complementarity-determining region 3 sequence of the immunizing T cell clones. The resulting anti-idiotypic Abs were found to react with the original immunizing T cell clones and exhibit an inhibitory effect on their proliferation. The findings suggest that anti-idiotypic Ab responses can be induced by T cell vaccination in humans and that their regulatory properties are likely to contribute to the suppression of myelin basic protein-reactive T cells in vaccinated patients. The study has important implications in our understanding of the regulatory role of the anti-idiotypic humoral responses induced by T cell vaccination.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/metabolism
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/physiology
- Antibody Formation
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Clone Cells/chemistry
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/transplantation
- Humans
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/therapy
- Myelin Basic Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Vaccination/methods
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hong
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, and Baylor-Methodist Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yip YL, Hawkins NJ, Clark MA, Ward RL. Evaluation of different lymphoid tissue sources for the construction of human immunoglobulin gene libraries. IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 1997; 3:195-203. [PMID: 9358272 DOI: 10.1016/s1380-2933(97)00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phage display technology allows the isolation of novel human monoclonal antibodies. The technology relies on the construction of a recombinant antibody library and its display on phage particles. The quality of an antibody library is affected by several factors including the size, diversity and source of immunoglobulin genes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the project was to determine the best tissue source for the construction of antibody libraries. STUDY DESIGN Three tissue sources were used in this study: peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a healthy donor, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph node tissue from individuals with breast cancer. The quality of each tissue source was assessed using two criteria: (1) the number of mature and activated B cells in each source; (2) the amount of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes amplifiable by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS EBV-transformed peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph node tissue were shown to contain more B cells than peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A relatively larger amount of immunoglobulin gene products could be amplified from EBV-transformed peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the lymph node. However, immunoglobulin containing gamma 1 chains could not be amplified from EBV-transformed mononuclear cells, and the resultant pattern of gene amplification suggests a possible selection bias. CONCLUSION This study indicates that among the three tissue sources examined, lymph node tissue is the most suitable source for the construction of antibody libraries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y L Yip
- Department of Biotechnology, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Durelli L, Bongioanni MR, Ferrero B, Ferri R, Imperiale D, Bradac GB, Bergui M, Geuna M, Bergamini L, Bergamasco B. Interferon alpha-2a treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: disease activity resumes after stopping treatment. Neurology 1996; 47:123-9. [PMID: 8710065 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.47.1.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the long-lasting effects of systemic high-dose recombinant interferon alpha-2a (rIFNA) in relapsing-remitting (RR) MS after discontinuing treatment in a single-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial with 20 RR clinically definite MS patients using either nine million IU intramuscular rIFNA (n = 12) or placebo (n = 8) every other day for 6 months. Follow-up continued for a further 6 months without IFN treatment. In rIFNA-treated patients, main outcome measures, significantly different from placebo during treatment, returned, after discontinuing treatment, to values similar to placebo or baseline. Active MRI lesions per patient increased from 0.08 +/- 0.08 to 1.2 +/- 0.4 (p < 0.02), number of patients with clinical MRI signs of disease activity from 2 of 12 to 8 to 12 (P < 0.04), lymphocyte IFN gamma production from 3.0 +/- 0.7 to 12.4 +/- 2.2 IU/mL (p < 0.01), lymphocyte tumor necrosis factor alpha production from 5.8 +/- 0.9 to 18.9 +/- 6.3 pg/mL (p < 0.05). All side effects of rIFNA treatment disappeared after discontinuing the drug. The reduction of clinical MRI signs of disease activity and the immunologic effects were temporary and restricted to the period of rIFNA administration. The depression of many immunologic and clinical MRI responses during drug administration and their simultaneous return to baseline after discontinuing the drug strongly argue all observed changes were related to drug administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Durelli
- Clinica Neurologica I, Università di Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Stewart DM, Treiber-Held S, Kurman CC, Facchetti F, Notarangelo LD, Nelson DL. Studies of the expression of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2627-34. [PMID: 8647957 PMCID: PMC507350 DOI: 10.1172/jci118712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, disorders in cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and a proclivity to lymphoproliferative disease. The gene responsible encodes a 53-kD proline-rich protein of unknown function (WASP). We produced a FLAG-WASP fusion protein that was used to immunize mice and produce mAbs against WASP. Using monoclonal anti-WASP in Western immunoblots, we have determined that WASP is present in the cytoplasmic but not nuclear fraction of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in normal human platelets, in T lymphocytes, non-T lymphocytes, and monocytes. The protein is produced in the B cell immunoblastic cell line DS-1, in normal EBV-transformed B cell lines, and in HEL92.1.7, but is barely detectable in MOLT-4 and not detectable in K562. WASP was present in two of four EBV-transformed cell lines from WAS patients. Splenic tissue immunostaining was performed in two patients, and the results correlated with the results of the Western blots. Sequence analysis of WASP cDNA from two patients who produce WASP show mutations causing amino acid substitutions. These studies establish a foundation for further studies aimed at understanding the function of WASP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Stewart
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Metabolism Branch, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ballow M, Xiang S, Wang W, Brodsky L. The effects of retinoic acid on immunoglobulin synthesis: role of interleukin 6. J Clin Immunol 1996; 16:171-9. [PMID: 8734361 DOI: 10.1007/bf01540916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) and its parent compound, retinol (ROH, vitamin A), have been recognized as important immunopotentiating agents. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that RA can augment formalin-treated Staphylococcus aureus (SAC)-stimulated immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC). To determine the mechanism(s) by which RA modulates Ig synthesis, we studied the effects of RA on B cells and cytokine production. The addition of RA (10(-5) to 10(-10) M) to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-cell clones derived from either adult or cord blood B cells augmented Ig secretion twofold. In contrast, cell proliferation was inhibited as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. We evaluated two cytokines known to be constitutively produced by EBV cell lines, IL-1 and IL-6. While RA had no effect on IL-1 production, IL-6 synthesis was greatly enhanced (20- to 45-fold), which was also reflected by an increase in steady-state mRNA levels for IL-6 but not TNF-alpha or TGF-beta on Northern blot analysis. Polyclonal rabbit anti-IL-6 antibodies were used to block the augmenting effects of RA on Ig synthesis of adenoidal B cells. RA-induced augmentation in IgG and IgA synthesis was blocked 58 and 29%, respectively, by anti-IL-6 antibodies. These studies suggest that the enhancing effects of RA on Ig synthesis are mediated, at least in part, by the autocrine or paracrine effects of IL-6 on B-cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ballow
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, New York 14222, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yachie A, Konno A, Ohta K, Wada T, Seki H, Taniguchi N, Miyawaki T. Delineation of producing ability of IgG and IgA subclasses by naive B cells in newborn infants and adult individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 102:204-9. [PMID: 7554391 PMCID: PMC1553323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb06657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal B cells with the naive (sIgD+) phenotype are able to generate IgG- and IgA-producing cells as well as IgM production in the presence of memory CD4+ T cells expressing L-selectin (CD62L) in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures. We used this system to examine comparatively the ability of naive B cells to produce IgG and IgA subclasses in newborn infants and adult individuals. Naive B cells were enriched from both donors on the basis of sIgD positivity, and memory (CD45RO+) CD4+ T cells with CD62L expression were isolated from adults. We here demonstrate some differences in profiles of IgG and IgA subclass production between neonatal and adult naive B cells. In neonatal B cells, IgG1 and IgG3 were predominantly produced, but IgG2 and IgG4 production was virtually absent. Similar to neonatal B cells, adult naive B cells produced mainly IgG1 and IgG3, although memory (sIgD-) B cells from adults secreted all of the IgG subclasses. It should be noted that low but detectable levels of IgG2 and IgG4 were found in adults' naive B cell cultures. Although IgA produced by neonatal B cells was exclusively IgA1, IgA2-secreting cells were identifiable in adult naive B cells. The results suggest that further class switch of naive B cells to IgG2, IgG4 and IgA2 in addition to IgG1 and IgG3 may be controlled by their own age-dependent maturation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yachie
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kasaian MT, Meyer CH, Nault AK, Bond JF. An increased frequency of IgE-producing B cell precursors contributes to the elevated levels of plasma IgE in atopic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25:749-55. [PMID: 7584687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of specific IgE, which underlies the allergic response, may be a normal correlate of the immune response to a certain class of antigen (allergens), or could represent a unique response driven by regulatory signals that are absent in non-allergic individuals. If atopic subjects do possess a regulatory environment favoring IgE production, they may display not only allergen-specific IgE, but also higher levels of total IgE and higher frequencies of IgE-producing B lymphocytes. OBJECTIVE To address the contribution of antibody-producing cell number to the circulating IgE titre in atopic vs non-atopic subjects. METHODS Frequency determination by limiting dilution of EBV transformants and Poisson distribution analysis. Titres of total and allergen-specific IgM, IgG, and IgE by specific ELISA. RESULTS In contrast to findings reported by others, the atopic subjects had a significantly higher frequency of IgE-producing B cells than non-atopics (0.79% of total Ig-producing cells, as compared with 0.17% for the control group; P < 0.01), suggesting that one factor contributing to the high plasma IgE titres in atopic subjects is the high frequency of B lymphocytes with the potential to produce IgE. Although only the atopic subjects produced allergen-specific IgE, the frequency of specific IgE-producing B cells was undetectable in both groups. CONCLUSION Atopic subjects have higher frequencies of IgE-producing B cell precursors than non-atopics. A correlation exists between IgE-producing B cell frequency and levels of circulating IgE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Kasaian
- ImmuLogic Pharmaceutical Corporation, Waltham, MA 02154, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nakamura M, Ishibashi H, Matsui M, Shimoda S, Hayashida K, Koike K, Niho Y. Peripheral B lymphocyte repertoire to mitochondrial antigen in primary biliary cirrhosis--positive correlation between the disease activity and the frequency of circulating B lymphocytes specific for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Autoimmunity 1995; 21:253-62. [PMID: 8852516 DOI: 10.3109/08916939509001944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes committed to the production of IgG antibodies (Abs) to mitochondrial antigen such as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex(PDC) were quantitated in the peripheral blood of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) using Epstein-Barr virus as a polyclonal activator of human B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes committed to the production of IgG Abs to PDC were found in high frequency in patients with PBC(0.54 +/- 0.16%, mean value +/- SE, of total IgG-producing B lymphocytes) in contrast to type C chronic hepatitis and healthy subjects in which they were less than 0.01%. The frequency of these B lymphocytes specific for PDC increased in parallel to the progression of the Scheuer's stage from I to II (stage I: 0.35 +/- 0.23%, stage II: 1.04 +/- 0.32%), but decreased with further progression to stage IV (stage III: 0.39 +/- 0.21%, stage IV: 0.07 +/- 0.06%). In addition, B lymphocytes specific for PDC decreased in the peripheral blood during the administration of cyclosporin A; this was accompanied by an improvement of lymphocyte infiltration severity in the liver. These data indicate that B lymphocytes specific for PDC are present in the peripheral blood of patients with PBC and their frequency reflects the degree of the lymphocyte infiltration in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bonnefoix T, Sotto JJ. The standard chi 2 test used in limiting dilution assays is insufficient for estimating the goodness-of-fit to the single-hit Poisson model. J Immunol Methods 1994; 167:21-33. [PMID: 8308277 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Limiting dilution analysis is a common technique that is used in immunology to estimate accurately the frequency of cells possessing a wide variety of functional activities, such as growth, cytotoxicity and production of lymphokines. In the literature, most experiments are fit well by the single-hit Poisson model (SHPM), which assumes that only one cell of one defined cell subset is necessary for a positive response. This is somewhat surprising since other models such as multi-hit or multi-target models that involve the interaction of one or more cells from one or more cell subpopulations for generating or inhibiting a positive response are conceivable. Since the validity of the SHPM is usually investigated by performing a standard chi 2 test, based on the number of observed and expected positive and negative responses, we questioned here the efficiency of this test in comparison with other validity tests for the SHPM, the log likelihood test derived by Cox, and the modified Weibull plot tests, the principles of which are entirely different from that of the standard chi 2 test. We used the following theoretical approach. First, we generated artificial data corresponding to multi-hit and multi-target models. Second, considering that these data were derived from real experiments, we calculated the frequency of the desired cell subset according to the SHPM using the maximum likelihood method. Then, the goodness-of-fit of these data with the SHPM was evaluated. The log likelihood test and the modified Weibull plot tests rejected the SHPM hypothesis, while the standard chi 2 test did not. Thus, the standard chi 2 test is unable to discriminate sensitively between the SHPM and more complicated (non-single-hit) Poisson models. We concluded that the results of limiting dilution studies published thus far must be evaluated with caution. The statistical tests presented here should be routinely applied for each limiting dilution experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Bonnefoix
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Immunopathologie Tumorale, CHU A. Michallon, Grenoble, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Newkirk MM, Rauch J. Monospecific but not polyreactive human hybridoma rheumatoid factors exhibit preferential binding specificities for IgG3 and IgG4. Rheumatol Int 1994; 13:203-9. [PMID: 8202664 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Among 38 human hybridoma-derived monoclonal rheumatoid factors (RFs) generated from patients with either rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), two groups of RFs can be identified. Monospecific RFs were derived primarily from patients with RA and are characterized by a binding specificity for IgG3 and/or IgG4. Polyreactive RFs were derived largely from patients with SLE and show a broader pattern of reactivity to all four isotypes of IgG. Neither population of RFs was exclusive to either disease. The binding specificities identified appear to be different from the RFs isolated from patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and may reflect a different antigen selection mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Newkirk
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Deane M, Mackenzie LE, Stevenson FK, Youinou PY, Lydyard PM, Mageed RA. The genetic basis of human VH4 gene family-associated cross-reactive idiotype expression in CD5+ and CD5- cord blood B-lymphocyte clones. Scand J Immunol 1993; 38:348-58. [PMID: 7692592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study we have observed a high frequency expression of cross-reactive idiotypes encoded by genes from the relatively small VH4 family of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes in cord blood B-lymphocyte lines. Furthermore, we have demonstrated a selective pattern of expression of two VH4-associated cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) in B-lymphocyte lines established from CD5+ and CD5- cord blood B-lymphocytes. There was a restricted expression of one CRI marker recognized by the 9G4 monoclonal antibody in lines established from CD5+ B-lymphocytes but not in those established from the CD5- population. In the current study we examine the molecular basis for the selective pattern of CRI expression. Nucleotide-sequence analysis of functional immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements in three CD5+ lines expressing the CRI recognised by 9G4 reveal that all use a single gene from the VH4 family, the V4.21 gene. However, all three lines have distinct third complementarity determining regions (CDR3) implying different clonal origins. In contrast, four cord blood cell lines (two established from CD5+ B-lymphocytes) expressing the CRI recognized by MoAb Lc1 have functional IgH gene rearrangements involving two different genes from the VH4 family, the V71-4, and V2-1 genes. Antigen specificity analysis reveals that all three 9G4-reactive lines produce antibodies that react with the I and/or i red blood cell carbohydrate antigens. These data suggest that the distinction in VH4 gene use in CD5+ B-lymphocytes in cord blood results from a selection process in vivo that shapes the repertoire of CD5+ B-lymphocytes. This study extends recent observations that the monoclonal anti-CRI antibodies 9G4 and Lc1 are markers of two distinct subgroups of proteins encoded by two subsets of genes within the VH4 family. Furthermore, it appears that amino acid residues in framework region one and complementarity determining region two are critical for the expression of the cross reactive idiotypes and the serological distinction between the two subgroups of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Deane
- Department of Hematology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hirabayashi Y, Munakata Y, Takai O, Shibata S, Sasaki T, Sano H. Human B-cell clones expressing lupus nephritis-associated anti-DNA idiotypes are preferentially expanded without somatic mutation. Scand J Immunol 1993; 37:533-40. [PMID: 8387226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb02569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human monoclonal anti-single/double-stranded (ss/ds) DNA antibodies (NE-1 and NE-13) expressed cross-reactive idiotypes (Id), NE-1 Id, which have been detected on the lupus glomeruli-deposited anti-DNA antibodies. The nucleotide sequences of the variable regions of NE-1 and NE-13 clones were analogous except for one nucleotide difference in the Vk region. The VH and Vk gene segments of NE-13 clone were identical with germline genes VH4.21 and Vb (or Vb'), respectively. CDR3s of NE-1 and NE-13 heavy chains were arginine rich and CDR1s contained an amino acid stretch, SGYY, the inverted sequence of YYGS, which was shared among CDR3s of several anti-DNA antibodies. Clonal frequency analysis using a limiting dilution method revealed that NE-1 Id-positive clones at precursor cell level increased in lupus patients. These findings suggest that some IgM anti-DNA clones which express NE-1 Id associated with lupus nephritis use germline genes without mutation and they may be preferentially expanded at the precursor cell levels as well as at the mature cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirabayashi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang W, Napoli JL, Ballow M. The effects of retinol on in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis by cord blood and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 92:164-8. [PMID: 8385583 PMCID: PMC1554863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we examined the effects of retinol (ROH), a metabolic precursor of retinoic acid (RA), on Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC)-induced immunoglobulin synthesis of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). ROH augmented SAC-induced IgM synthesis of CBMC by 5.9 +/- 1.5-fold (n = 7, mean +/- s.d.), and IgG synthesis of adult PBMC by 16.3 +/- 5.1-fold (n = 3) at optimal concentrations of 10(-6) M and 10(-11) M, respectively. No augmenting effects could be demonstrated for the other immunoglobulin isotypes. Time-course studies showed that the synthesis of IgM by CBMC was accelerated with detectable immunoglobulin in supernatant fluids starting on day 3. ROH augmented immunoglobulin synthesis of CBMC stimulated by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a T cell-independent polyclonal activator, and of EBV-transformed B cell clones (2.5 +/- 0.2 and 4.1 +/- 1.5-fold increase, respectively), which suggests that ROH can act directly on B cells to enhance immunoglobulin synthesis. In contrast, when ROH was preincubated with cord blood T cells, washed and added to the B cell-enriched fraction with SAC, no increase (0.9-1.8-fold) in IgM synthesis was obtained. Thus, the principal mechanism(s) by which ROH augments immunoglobulin synthesis is by acting on B cells. This is in contrast to the immunoglobulin-enhancing effects of RA which is mediated by T cells, or T cell products, e.g. cytokine. Our studies suggest that RA and ROH may have different pathways of immunoglobulin-enhancing effects, perhaps mediated by different retinoid binding proteins resulting in gene activation and immunoglobulin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY 14222
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Okawa-Takatsuji M, Aotsuka S, Uwatoko S, Sumiya M, Yokohari R. The B cell repertoire in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases: analysis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-inducible circulating precursors that produce autoantibodies against nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP). Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 90:415-21. [PMID: 1333924 PMCID: PMC1554590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb05861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood B cells from patients with systemic autoimmune disease and healthy volunteers were immortalized using EBV and the frequencies of B cell precursors that produced immunoglobulin class-specific antibodies against anti-nRNP, a specific marker for mixed connective tissue disease, were assessed using limiting dilution analysis. The frequencies of EBV-induced B cell precursors that produced IgG anti-nRNP were correlated closely with the serum titres of the corresponding autoantibodies, which indicates that B cell precursors that produced potentially pathogenic autoantibodies could be immortalized from the peripheral blood of the patients by EBV. In contrast, the frequency of EBV-induced B cell precursors that produced IgM anti-nRNP in patients with systemic autoimmune disease was comparable to that in healthy volunteers and greater than those that produced IgG and IgA anti-nRNP. Moreover, many of the clones that produced IgM antibodies against nRNP reacted with other autoantigens, such as double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA and rabbit IgG. These polyreactive IgM antibodies are believed to belong to the 'natural antibodies', to be coded by the germline immunoglobulin V genes, and to react with evolutionarily conserved structural cellular components, including nRNP. Our finding that nRNP is one of the target antigens for this polyreactive autoantibody may lead to the elucidation of the origin of the pathogenic IgG and IgA anti-nRNP antibodies found in sera from patients with systemic autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
26
|
Shibata S, Sasaki T, Hatakeyama A, Munakata Y, Hirabayashi Y, Yoshinaga K. Clonal frequency analysis of B cells producing pathogenic anti-DNA antibody-associated idiotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1992; 63:252-8. [PMID: 1320474 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(92)90230-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify the mechanism responsible for autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), B cell repertoires associated with anti-DNA idiotypes were explored by a limiting dilution analysis using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformation methods and ELISA spot assays. The frequencies of B cell clones producing antibodies to DNA and to conventional antigens, tetanus toxoid, dinitrophenyl, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin were higher in active SLE compared to those in inactive SLE and in normal subjects. In addition, there was a disproportionate increase in anti-DNA antibody- and anti-DNA idiotype (Id)-producing clones at the precursor cell levels as well as at the mature cell level. On the other hand, numbers of anti-Id clones against anti-DNA-Id, termed 0-81 Id, were markedly increased at inactive stages of the disease but not at active stages. These were confirmed by serial studies in some patients with SLE. These results support a two-step mechanism for autoantibody production, in which initial polyclonal activation is followed by an antigen-driven process, and indicate an alteration of the precursor B cell repertoire in SLE, which may also associate with a preferential expansion of anti-DNA clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Shibata
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ueno Y, Ichihara T, Hasui M, Maruyama H, Miyawaki T, Taniguchi N, Komiyama A. T-cell-dependent production of IgG by human cord blood B cells in reconstituted SCID mice. Scand J Immunol 1992; 35:415-9. [PMID: 1557612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with human lymphocytes has recently allowed the elucidation of abnormalities of immune responses in various immunological disorders. In the present study, mononuclear cells (MNC) from neonatal cord blood and adult peripheral blood were intraperitoneally injected into SCID mice to examine induction of human Ig in respective mice recipients. Human IgG was consistently detected in the serum of SCID transferred with adult MNC, but only a few SCID recipients of cord blood MNC showed detectable but low levels of IgG in the serum. The combination experiments of isolated B and T cells disclosed that some interactions between B and T cells might be necessary for IgG production in transferred SCID mice. Notably, transfer of cord blood B cells with adult but not cord blood T cells resulted in efficient induction of IgG, associated with a change in subclass distribution. The results suggest that inability of neonatal B cells to produce IgG can be overcome by transfer with adult mature T cells into SCID mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ueno
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nakamura M, Itoyama Y, Kuroki M, Nakano S, Kondoh S, Nagafuchi S, Kira J, Ichinose I, Mitsugi K, Anzai K. Increase of peripheral B lymphocytes committed to the production of monoreactive and high affinity antibodies to HTLV-1 in patients with HAM/TSP. J Neuroimmunol 1992; 37:35-45. [PMID: 1372329 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90153-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We quantitated the frequency of B lymphocytes capable of producing antibodies to HTLV-1 in the peripheral blood from patients with HAM/TSP, non-HAM/TSP HTLV-1 carriers and seronegative healthy subjects. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was used as a polyclonal activator of B lymphocytes in a limiting dilution condition. We found that B lymphocytes committed to the production of monoreactive-IgG and -IgA antibodies to recombinant HTLV-1 (gag + env) hybrid protein were significantly increased in a number in patients with HAM/TSP as compared to non-HAM/TSP HTLV-1 carriers and seronegative healthy subjects. By transforming these B lymphocytes with EBV and fusing them with human-mouse heteromyeloma (F3B6), a stable hybridoma producing IgG monoclonal antibody (mAb) to HTLV-1 (gag + env) protein was generated from a patient with HAM/TSP. This mAb (IgG1, kappa), designated F31.1, specifically bound to the amino acid residues from 235 to 254 of HTLV-1 envelope glycoproteins (gp46) with high affinity (Kd = 4.0 x 10(-9) mol/l). These data indicate that the antigen-driven process of B lymphocytes maturation by HTLV-1 antigens is markedly increased in patients with HAM/TSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nakamura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- J K Kalsi
- Department of Rheumatology Research, University College, London
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hirohata S, Inoue T, Ito K. Frequency analysis of human peripheral blood B cells producing autoantibodies: differential activation requirements of precursors for B cells producing IgM-RF and anti-DNA antibody. Cell Immunol 1991; 138:445-55. [PMID: 1834351 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90168-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of autoantibody production, the extent and nature of anti-DNA precursors within normal human B cells were examined by utilizing two different polyclonal B cell stimulators, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SA) and immobilized mAb to the CD3 molecular complex (64.1). In cultures stimulated with SA and IL2, B cells produced IgM-RF, but not anti-DNA, whereas B cells produced great amounts of anti-DNA in cultures stimulated with SA and intact T4 cells. In cultures stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3, T4 cells that had been treated with mitomycin C (T4 mito) induced the production of anti-DNA as effectively as that of IgM-RF. Limiting dilution analyses revealed that the precursor frequency of anti-DNA-producing cells in SA-stimulated cultures was markedly increased in the presence of intact T4 cells (0.399 to 2.549 per 10(4) B cell) compared with that in the presence of factors generated from mitogen-activated T cells (TF) (0.022 to 0.151 per 10(4) B cells). Thus, the proportion of IgM-secreting cells that produced anti-DNA in cultures with SA + T4 cells (12 to 31%) was much greater than that noted in cultures with SA + TF (3.4 to 4.0%), whereas the proportion of IgM-secreting cells that produced IgM-RF was not significantly different in these cultures (17 to 50%). The precursor frequency of anti-DNA-producing cells (0.019-0.097 per 10(2) B cells) was almost the same as that of IgM-RF producing cells (0.025-0.104 per 10(2) B cells) in cultures stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3. Of note, addition of SA increased the precursor frequency of IgM-RF-producing cells, but not that of anti-DNA-producing cells, in anti-CD3-stimulated cultures. These results indicate that T cells, but not T cell-derived cytokines, play a central role for the production of anti-DNA antibodies. Moreover, the data support the conclusion that the precursors of anti-DNA-producing cells have activation requirement different from those of IgM-RF producing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hirohata
- Department of Medicine and Physical Therapy, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Moynier M, Abderrazik M, Rucheton M, Combe B, Sany J, Brochier J. The B cell repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Frequency of EBV-inducible circulating precursors producing autoantibodies. J Autoimmun 1991; 4:631-49. [PMID: 1663752 DOI: 10.1016/0896-8411(91)90182-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of B cell precursors producing antibodies against various autoantigens (Fc fragment of IgG, F(ab')2 fragment of IgG, type II collagen, cytoskeleton filaments and insulin) was determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using immortalization of peripheral blood B cells by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and limiting dilution analysis. Equally large numbers of B cell precursors producing IgM-rheumatoid factors (RFs) were present in the peripheral blood of seronegative and seropositive RA patients and of controls. On average, 1 out of 15,000 B cells could be induced by EBV to secrete IgM-RFs, which represents 0.5-1% of the EBV-induced proliferating clones. By cloning or somatic hetero-hybridization of EBV cell lines derived from patients and controls, we obtained two types of monoclonal RFs: one polyreactive, reacting with Fc but also with the other autoantigens tested, and the other monoreactive, reacting with Fc only and that previously had only been found in the RA B cell repertoire. Moreover, patients and controls had similar numbers of circulating B cell precursors secreting IgM antibodies against other autoantigens that might be regarded as specific targets of RA (F(ab')2 fragment of IgG and type II collagen), and against cytoskeleton filaments that are targets of natural autoantibodies, increased in RA. The frequencies of EBV-induced B cells producing antibodies against all these autoantigens were of the same order of magnitude as the frequency of EBV-induced B cells producing RFs. The patients also possessed a similar number of precursors producing antibodies against insulin, an autoantigen irrelevant to the pathogenesis of the disease, taken as control. These data tend to demonstrate no abnormality in the autoantibody repertoire of B cells activable by EBV in RA, especially those secreting RFs. In vitro spontaneous RF secretion by circulating B cells was observed in seropositive RA patients but not in seronegative patients and in the controls tested. We enumerated the number of B cells spontaneously secreting RFs in seropositive RA patients and found that it correlated with the serum RF titer, but not with the number of RF-secreting B cells activated by EBV. The mean frequency values of B cells secreting RFs either spontaneously or after EBV infection were of the same order of magnitude, showing that the expanded population of in vivo-activated B cells was not (at least partially) infectable by EBV. This raised the possibility that EBV triggers a repertoire which may not reflect the status of B cells secreting autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chizzolini C, Sulzer AJ, Olsen-Rasmussen MA, Collins WE. Epstein-Barr virus transformation of Saimiri sciureus (squirrel monkey) B cells and generation of a Plasmodium brasilianum-specific monoclonal antibody in P. brasilianum-infected monkeys. Infect Immun 1991; 59:2285-90. [PMID: 1646769 PMCID: PMC258008 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.7.2285-2290.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The new-world monkeys Saimiri sciureus (squirrel monkeys) are currently used as a model to test the efficacy of vaccines against human malaria. To improve our knowledge on this model, we tested the susceptibility of S. sciureus B cells to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. B-lymphoblastoid cell lines were obtained from six of six healthy animals after infection with the B95-8 source of EBV. The frequency distributions of spleen B cells clonally committed to the production of immunoglobulins M and G, as measured by limiting dilution analysis, were from 1 in 179 to 1 in 1,085 and from 1 in 45 to 1 in 60, respectively, in three monkeys naturally infected with Plasmodium brasilianum. In the same three animals, the frequency of spleen B cells committed to the production of P. brasilianum-specific antibody ranged from 1 in 2,211 to 1 in 9,099. One B-lymphoblastoid cell line producing anti-P. brasilianum-specific antibody was cloned twice, and the immunoglobulin G produced was purified. This monoclonal antibody recognized a parasite component of 197 kDa and was specific for Plasmodium malariae and P. brasilianum parasites. These data document that squirrel monkey B cells naturally primed by an infectious agent can be efficiently used to produce monospecific antibodies against the infectious agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Chizzolini
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mageed RA, MacKenzie LE, Stevenson FK, Yuksel B, Shokri F, Maziak BR, Jefferis R, Lydyard PM. Selective expression of a VHIV subfamily of immunoglobulin genes in human CD5+ B lymphocytes from cord blood. J Exp Med 1991; 174:109-13. [PMID: 1711557 PMCID: PMC2118889 DOI: 10.1084/jem.174.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human B lymphocytes expressing the CD5 surface antigen (CD5+ B cells) constitute a subset capable of producing polyspecific antibodies recognizing a variety of self antigens. The repertoire of antibodies produced by CD5+ and CD5- B cells is different. However, it is not yet established whether this distribution is reflected in different immunoglobulin variable region gene (IgV) use. Rearrangement of heavy chain IgV (IgVH) genes represents one of the first identifiable stages in the maturation of B cells, and occurs in a developmentally ordered fashion. The repertoire of IgVH gene expression is highly restricted during fetal life but diversifies progressively after birth. A high frequency of VH gene use from the relatively small VHIV gene family has previously been demonstrated in human fetal liver B cells. In the present study, 102 B cell lines established by Epstein-Barr Virus-transformation of separated CD5+ and CD5- cord blood B cells, were examined for the frequency of IgV expression using monoclonal antibodies to cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI). The results demonstrate a relatively high frequency of VHIV gene use (30%) in B cells from cord blood. Furthermore, two mutually exclusive CRI associated with distinct subgroups of the VHIV family are segregated in their association with either subset of B cells. One CRI is exclusively expressed in lines established from CD5+ B cells while the other is associated with lines established from CD5- B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Mageed
- Dept. of Immunology, School of Medical Science, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tooze JA, Bevan DH. Decreased expression of complement receptor type 2 (CR2) on neoplastic B cells of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 83:423-9. [PMID: 1825940 PMCID: PMC1535322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic cells from 49 patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) were studied and compared with normal peripheral and tonsillar B cells using CD21 monoclonal antibodies. Membrane expression of CR2 was quantified by calibrated flow cytometry and by binding analysis with radiolabelled antibody. Both assays indicate that B-CLL cells express only 30% of the CR2 found on normal B cells. These findings are further evidence of the aberrant phenotype of B-CLL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Tooze
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Miyawaki T, Butler JL, Radbruch A, Gartland GL, Cooper MD. Isotype commitment of human B cells that are transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:215-20. [PMID: 1846818 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can transform a subpopulation of preactivated B cells thus promoting their growth and differentiation into plasma cells. In EBV-transformed clones of IgM-producing cells, the heavy chain constant region (CH) genes on the productive allele are fixed in germ-line configuration, whereas in isotype-switched clones the CH genes proximal to the expressed CH gene are deleted. In order to define more precisely the EBV-susceptible B cells, we sorted subpopulations of B cells on the basis of their cell surface Ig (sIg) isotypes, infected them with EBV, and determined which isotypes they could produce following transformation. Most precursors of IgM-producing plasma cells expressed both IgM and IgD on their surface, while a minority expressed IgM alone. Some B cell precursors of IgG- and IgA-producing cells also expressed sIgM, but surprisingly none expressed IgD. Those precursors of IgG and IgA producers, which bore sIgM, expressed it in relatively low levels, whereas B cells expressing high levels of sIgM were incapable of generating IgG and IgA producers. All of the precursors of IgG and IgA plasma cells expressed these isotypes on their cell surface. Interestingly, precursor B cells capable of producing the IgG3 and IgA2 subclasses could be respectively enriched on the basis of the presence or absence of cell sIgM. These results demonstrate the isotype precommitment of EBV-transformable B cells. They further suggest that residual IgM is transiently expressed on the surface of the IgG- and IgA-committed B cell precursors, whereas sIgD expression is extinguished earlier in the process of isotype switching via CH gene deletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Miyawaki
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jackson S, Galla JH, Kirk KA, Thorn BT, Julian BA. Epstein-Barr virus transformation of B lymphocytes from IgA nephropathy patients and first-degree relatives results in increased immunoglobulin synthesis not restricted to IgA. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17:55-61. [PMID: 1846059 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to study B-cell activation patterns independent of T-cell regulation in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN), peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 67 patients with IgAN, 15 first-degree relatives of patients with familial disease, and 13 normal controls were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Culture supernatants of these transformed cells were assayed for levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM, and results obtained on the three populations were compared. EBV-transformed cells of IgAN patients, as well as the population of first-degree relatives, secreted significantly elevated levels of all three isotypes as compared with the normal controls. However, in comparing ratios of secreted isotypes, it was determined that more IgA relative to IgG and IgM was synthesized by cells of these two populations as compared with the normal controls. Our results imply that (1) the population of B cells susceptible to EBV activation is increased in IgAN patients; (2) this population of "activatable" B lymphocytes is polyclonal and not restricted to the IgA class; and (3) even though there may be a primary B-cell abnormality in IgAN, an additional defect(s) is probably operative in the pathogenesis, since cells of clinically unaffected relatives behaved in a pattern similar to that of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Jackson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jingwu Z, Chin Y, Henderikx P, Medaer R, Chou CH, Raus JC. Antibodies to myelin basic protein and measles virus in multiple sclerosis: precursor frequency analysis of the antibody producing B cells. Autoimmunity 1991; 11:27-34. [PMID: 1725965 DOI: 10.3109/08916939108994705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-producing B lymphocytes were polyclonally activated and transformed, by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), into multiple B lymphoblastoid cell lines in a microculture system. The frequencies of B precursor cells producing antibodies to myelin basic protein (MBP) and measles virus were analyzed in peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and control subjects. Measles virus-specific B cells were detected at a significantly higher frequency in MS patients (n = 10, P less than 0.005) than patients with other neurological diseases (n = 10) and normal subjects (n = 10). In contrast, the frequencies of B cells producing anti-MBP antibodies and natural antibodies did not differ statistically among the three groups tested (P greater than 0.05). In addition, the anti-MBP antibodies produced by a panel of stable B cell lines obtained were found to react selectively with an epitope(s) within the C-terminal half fragment 90-171 of the human MBP molecule. In our experiments, no antibody cross-reactivity between MBP and measles virus could be detected in a total of 2760 B cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Jingwu
- Department of Immunology, Dr L. Willems Instituut, Universitaire Campus, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hibi T, Ohara M, Toda K, Hara A, Ogata H, Iwao Y, Watanabe N, Watanabe M, Hamada Y, Kobayashi K. In vitro anticolon antibody production by mucosal or peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut 1990; 31:1371-6. [PMID: 2176171 PMCID: PMC1378759 DOI: 10.1136/gut.31.12.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum anticolon antibody and in vitro anti-colon antibody production by peripheral blood and mucosal lymphocytes was investigated in patients with ulcerative colitis. The frequency of serum anticolon antibody was 71% in 41 patients with ulcerative colitis, estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using isolated rat colon epithelial cells. This finding confirms our previous report on the frequency of serum anticolon antibody detected by flow cytometry analysis. The estimated frequencies of IgG anticolon antibody secreting cells were 1.5-12.5/10(6) cells in the colonic mucosa and 0.1-0.5/10(6) cells in peripheral blood, from patients with ulcerative colitis when Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was used as a B cell polyclonal activator. Poisson analysis of limiting dilution culture showed that about one per 140 IgG cells in the colonic mucosa synthesised anticolon antibody. Two monoclonal IgG antibodies were obtained from EBV transformed anticolon antibody secreting cells by limiting dilution method. One reacted with goblet cells in the intestine, and the other reacted mainly with colonic epithelial cells. These results suggest that heterogeneous anticolon antibodies are present in patients with ulcerative colitis and that colonic mucosa may be the main source of anticolon antibody. Local autoimmune reaction might have an important role in causing the inflammation of colonic mucosa in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hibi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Burastero SE, Cutolo M, Dessì V, Celada F. Monoreactive and polyreactive rheumatoid factors produced by in vitro Epstein-Barr virus-transformed peripheral blood and synovial B lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Scand J Immunol 1990; 32:347-57. [PMID: 1700467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb02929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The CD5 membrane molecule, initially identified as an exclusive T-cell marker, also defines a phenotypically and functionally distinct B-lymphocyte population. In normal individuals, CD5+ B cells are committed to secrete 'natural' polyreactive (auto)antibodies, that is antibodies, mainly IgM, endowed with multiple antigen-binding capabilities, including rheumatoid factor (RF) activity. At variance with this, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as in other autoimmune conditions, monoreactive autoantibodies binding with high affinity and specificity to a given self antigen have been isolated and the cells from which they originate differently related to the CD5+ B-lymphocyte subset. Here, we studied the proportions of CD5+ B cells and the characteristics, in terms of polyreactivity and monoreactivity, of RF produced by B lymphocytes in RA patients with classified disease activity. Our results suggest that patients with a more severe disease activity have higher proportions of CD5+ B cells and higher frequencies of B lymphocytes committed to secrete RF, with the characteristics of polyreactive antibodies. On the other hand, we did not find a significant difference between the proportions of peripheral B cells producing monoreactive RF in patients with high- versus patients with low-activity RA. However, in two highly active RA patients, we found that synovial fluid, compared with peripheral blood, was significantly enriched for (IgG and IgA) monoreactive RF-producing B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Burastero
- Department of Immunology, University of Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Developing fetal B cells preferentially rearrange a restricted subset of the encoded antibody gene segments. There are striking structural similarities between elements expressed early in man and in mouse, most evident on comparison of murine VH elements from the VH7183 family to human VH elements of the VH3 family. The similarity is pronounced in two framework regions which together encode a possible binding site that is distinct from the classical antigen-combining site. By comparing all known human and murine VH gene sequences, we have demonstrated that these regions have been conserved in a family-specific manner throughout the mammalian radiation. The "non-conserved" spacer of the recombinase recognition signal is also highly conserved in a family-specific manner, suggesting a mechanism by which the expression of family-dependent features may be regulated. The evidence that such features contribute to the high incidence of self- and poly-specificity in the fetal antibody repertoire is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Hillson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pahwa S, Chirmule N, Leombruno C, Lim W, Harper R, Bhalla R, Pahwa R, Nelson RP, Good RA. In vitro synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus-specific antibodies in peripheral blood lymphocytes of infants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:7532-6. [PMID: 2798424 PMCID: PMC298099 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.19.7532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An assay system was developed for the analysis of antibodies secreted in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes of HIV-infected individuals. Cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes were established with medium alone or with medium containing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or pokeweed mitogen. HIV antibodies were determined by an ELISA performed with commercial kits in which a whole virus extract served as antigen. Optimal antibody secretion was detected in 7-day peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures to which EBV had been added to provide polyclonal B-cell activation. Pokeweed mitogen-induced antibody secretion and spontaneous antibody secretion were less consistent. With EBV as a stimulus, the sensitivity and specificity of this assay for determining HIV infection status were each 100% in adults. When the assay was applied to infants and children, 23 of 24 symptomatic HIV-seropositive children (class P-2) and 11 of 33 asymptomatic seropositive infants aged less than or equal to 15 months (class P-0) tested positive for EBV-induced antibody secretion. Six of the 11 P-0 patients who tested positive have progressed to develop symptomatic disease, while the remainder are still seropositive at ages 2-15 months. Of the infants who were negative in this assay, all have remained asymptomatic. Treatment with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in infected adults and children has resulted in transient suppression of the in vitro antibody response in some instances. Thus EBV-induced synthesis of HIV-specific antibodies in vitro is a sensitive and specific indicator of HIV infection and is of help in determining infection status of asymptomatic seropositive infants who are classified as having "indeterminate" infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pahwa
- Department of Pediatrics, North Shore University Hospital, Cornell University Medical College, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang JW, Lambrechts J, Heyligen H, Vandenbark AA, Raus JC. Human B cell lines secreting IgM antibody specific for myelin basic protein. J Neuroimmunol 1989; 24:9-16. [PMID: 2478580 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(89)90092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we describe for the first time the production of stable human B cell lines and clones that secrete IgM antibody specific for human myelin basic protein. The technique based on limiting dilutions of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed peripheral B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis, precluded the need for preselecting or stimulating antigen-specific B cells. Most of the cell lines were stable for at least 6 months in continuous culture and produced 5-12 micrograms/ml antibody after 2 weeks in culture. The myelin basic protein-specific B cells were surface IgM positive, and occurred with a frequency of approximately 1/2500 mononuclear cells in peripheral blood. The successful selection and quantitation of specific B cell clones described here suggests that this technique is well suited for evaluating B cell responses to known and suspected antigens and autoantigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Dr. L. Willems Institute, University Campus, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang JW, Lambrechts J, Heyligen H, Vandenbark AA, Raus J. Human B cell lines secreting IgM antibody specific for myelin basic protein. J Neuroimmunol 1989; 23:249-56. [PMID: 2473999 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(89)90057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we describe for the first time the production of stable human B cell lines and clones that secrete IgM antibody specific for human myelin basic protein. The technique based on limiting dilutions of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed peripheral B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis precluded the need for preselecting or stimulating antigen-specific B cells. Most of the cell lines were stable for at least 6 months in continuous culture and produced 5-12 micrograms/ml antibody after 2 weeks in culture. The myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific B cells were surface IgM positive, and occurred with a frequency of approximately 1/2500 mononuclear cells in peripheral blood. The successful selection and quantitation of specific B cell clones described here suggests that this technique is well suited for evaluating B cell responses to known and suspected antigens and autoantigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Dr. L. Willems Instituut, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Plater-Zyberk C, Brennan FM, Feldmann M, Maini RN. 'Fetal-type' B and T lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Autoimmun 1989; 2 Suppl:233-41. [PMID: 2476142 DOI: 10.1016/0896-8411(89)90135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes expressing CD5 (CD5+B cells) and T lymphocytes using the gamma and delta chains to form their antigen receptor (gamma delta +T cells) are major populations in developing fetuses, but become relatively minor in normal adults. However, both subsets are expanded in the peripheral blood of more than 50% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's syndrome. We have examined the surface phenotype of these subsets using flow cytometry and have studied the frequency of IgM-producing lines after EBV-transformation of sorted CD5+B and CD5-B cells isolated from neonatal umbilical vein and RA peripheral blood. The intensity of CD5 expression on B cells was at least 10 times 'duller' than on T cells, CD5 'dull' cells were CD3 negative, and T cells bearing the gamma delta antigen receptor did not express either CD4 or CD8 on their surface. In vitro stimulation by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I or transformation by Epstein-Barr virus of CD5+B cells resulted in loss of CD5 antigen from the surface of B cells. EBV-transformation of sorted CD5+B and CD5-B lymphocytes from neonatal blood gave rise to IgM-secretion in 100% of the Ig-secreting lines. CD5+B fraction isolated from RA blood also generated 100% IgM-secreting lines, whereas 29% of the Ig-secreting lines obtained from RA CD5-B fraction did not secrete IgM. The function of these 'fetal-type' T and B lymphocytes is unknown, however their expansion in rheumatoid arthritis and primary Sjögren's Syndrome suggests that they may play a role in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
45
|
Clofent G, Klein B, Commes T, Vincent C, Ghanem N, Lenoir G, Lefranc MP, Bataille R. Limiting dilution cloning of B cells from patients with multiple myeloma: emergence of non-malignant B-cell lines. Int J Cancer 1989; 43:578-86. [PMID: 2539329 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910430408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by the accumulation of slowly proliferating malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). Several reports have shown the existence of an abnormal B-cell compartment including proliferative idiotypic B cells (i.e., B cells bearing the same idiotypic determinants as the myeloma protein) in the BM and peripheral blood (PB) of patients with MM. In order to study whether this abnormal compartment can be grown in vitro, we cultured the PB and BM of 23 patients with MM using limiting dilution methods. Our purpose was to restrict the effect of suppressor cells and the possible overgrowth of the cultures by the more rapidly growing B cells, which occurs in bulk cultures. Spontaneously growing cells were obtained only from patients seropositive for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and all the cultures were composed of B cells carrying the EBV genome. Thus, positive cultures were generated only in the presence of B cells latently infected with EBV in vivo. The mean frequency of these B cells (1 in 25,000 B cells) was as low in MM patients as in healthy donors. This low frequency indicated that malignant cells do not bear the EBV genome in vivo and that the in vivo regulation of the EBV infection is unaffected in patients with MM. No Ig-gene rearrangements, specific of the autologous myeloma cells, were found in the cell lines obtained from BM or PB. Thus, the putative malignant B cells or myeloma cells were not able to generate cell lines in vitro, either spontaneously or after endogenous infection with EBV.
Collapse
|
46
|
Kubagawa H, Cooper MD, Carroll AJ, Burrows PD. Light-chain gene expression before heavy-chain gene rearrangement in pre-B cells transformed by Epstein-Barr virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:2356-60. [PMID: 2538839 PMCID: PMC286911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.7.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus transformation of B-cell-depleted bone marrow cells from human fetuses allowed us to identify novel cell types characterized by the expression of immunoglobulin kappa or lambda light chain without heavy chains. Four kappa-only clones with normal karyotype were obtained and examined for their immunoglobulin gene configurations and expression. All four clones had kappa-chain gene rearrangements at either one or both alleles, but the heavy-chain gene loci in these clones either were in germ-line context or had undergone only D-JH rearrangements (D and JH represent diversity and joining gene segments). All clones contained kappa mRNA of normal size at levels consistent with the protein level, except for one clone that no longer produced kappa protein. No mu mRNA or immunoglobulin heavy-chain molecules were detected in any of the kappa+ clones. The results suggest that the mu heavy-chain protein is not an obligatory prerequisite for light-chain gene rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kubagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shinomiya N, Kuratsuji T, Yata J. The role of T cells in immunoglobulin class switching of specific antibody production system in vitro in humans. Cell Immunol 1989; 118:239-49. [PMID: 2521307 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Only antibodies of the IgM class were produced in vitro by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with streptococcal carbohydrate. B cells of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, however, synthesized both IgM and IgG class antibodies when combined with tonsillar T cells, suggesting that T cells inducing immunoglobulin class switching are present in the tonsils. Peripheral blood T cells also became capable of inducing B cells to produce IgG class antibodies when the T cells were incubated with antigen-pulsed macrophages. Surface IgM-positive, IgG-negative high-density B cells produced IgG antibodies for streptococcal carbohydrate in the presence of these T cells or tonsillar T cells. The culture supernatant solutions from these T cells or tonsillar T cells, however, failed to cause the B cells to produce IgG, indicating that class switching is not mediated by factors released from T cells. Lymphokines such as interleukin-2, human B cell growth factor, helper T cell factor, or interferon-gamma were also incapable of inducing IgG production. These results suggest that the cognate interaction between T cells and B cells is necessary for the immunoglobulin class switching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Shinomiya
- Laboratories for Phagacytosis Research, National Children's Hospital Medical Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pilarski LM, Andrews EJ, Serra HM, Ruether BA, Mant MJ. Comparative analysis of immunodeficiency in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and patients with untreated multiple myeloma. Scand J Immunol 1989; 29:217-28. [PMID: 2784225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were firstly, to compare the immunophenotype of patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) with that of patients with newly diagnosed, untreated multiple myeloma (Unt. MM). Our second objective was to determine which variables might distinguish patients with MGUS and early MM. The CD4/CD8 ratio in both patient groups differed significantly from normal as a result of a decrease in the proportion of CD4+ cells. Similarly, surface immunoglobulin-positive (Ig+) B cells were significantly reduced in both groups. Also, some impairment of Ig secretion was observed. An in vitro specificity study of B cells showed an enriched proportion of B cells specific for tetanus toxoid (which may be indicative of enrichment for memory B cells) in both MGUS and Unt. MM patients. Further to this, in MM patients but not in MGUS patients, there was an enriched proportion of B cells specific for determinants on the F(ab')2 fragment of Ig. This suggests an anomalous auto-immune reactivity to polyclonal Ig molecules. In one of the two patients studied, who progressed from MGUS to MM, disease progression was accompanied by an increase in this anti-Ig reactivity. In both patients there was a decrease in CD4/CD8 ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Pilarski
- Department of Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pilarski LM, Andrews EJ, Serra HM, Ledbetter JA, Ruether BA, Mant MJ. Abnormalities in lymphocyte profile and specificity repertoire of patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, and IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Am J Hematol 1989; 30:53-60. [PMID: 2536515 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of T and B lymphocyte profile and B lymphocyte specificity repertoire were compared in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (IgM MGUS), multiple myeloma (MM), and age-matched normal subjects. Patients with MM had both significantly reduced frequency and number of sIg+ (surface Ig) B cells, whereas patients with WM and IgM MGUS had a reduced frequency but normal numbers of sIg+ B cells in circulation as detected in a capping assay. WM was distinguished by the large numbers of cells in the peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) pool that expressed CD9 (BA-2) and CD24 (BA-1) and were monoclonal, based on light chain analysis using flow cytometry. The profile of T lineage cells showed that the ratio of CD4:CD8 was significantly reduced in both MM and WM due to a reduction in the CD4 set. The CD4+ cells were qualitatively abnormal as well, with an enriched proportion of the 4B4+ (CDw29) subset and decreased proportion of the Lp220+ (CD45R) subset. This appeared to be an effect of the disease process on the relatively immature Lp220+ set. From clonal analysis, those patients with WM or IgM MGUS (unlike MM patients) did not exhibit enhanced reactivity with auto-Ig determinants, and most WM patients (7/8) and half of the IgM MGUS patients (3/6) did not have enriched proportions of B cells reactive to tetanus toxoid (TT). The TT-specific B cells in both WM and IgM MGUS, in contrast to MM, appeared fully functional in secretion of anti-TT IgM in vivo. We speculate that the more severe immunodeficiency in MM may be controlled or exacerbated by the presence of an anti-Ig network. The absence of this network in WM allows a relatively more effective immune response, but the immunodeficiency that is observed in these patients involves some abnormality in normal lymphocyte differentiation (is also present in MM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Pilarski
- Department of Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ahearn JM, Fearon DT. Structure and function of the complement receptors, CR1 (CD35) and CR2 (CD21). Adv Immunol 1989; 46:183-219. [PMID: 2551147 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/physiology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cloning, Molecular
- Complement Activation
- Complement C3/metabolism
- Complement C3b/metabolism
- Complement C3d
- Endocytosis
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement/physiology
- Receptors, Complement 3b
- Receptors, Complement 3d
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Ahearn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|