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Pipas JM. SV40: Cell transformation and tumorigenesis. Virology 2008; 384:294-303. [PMID: 19070883 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The story of SV40-induced tumorigenesis and cellular transformation is intimately entwined with the development of modern molecular biology. Because SV40 and other viruses have small genomes and are relatively easy to manipulate in the laboratory, they offered tractable systems for molecular analysis. Thus, many of the early efforts to understand how eukaryotes replicate their DNA, regulate expression of their genes, and translate mRNA were focused on viral systems. The discovery that SV40 induces tumors in certain laboratory animals and transforms many types of cultured cells offered the first opportunity to explore the molecular basis for cancer. The goal of this article is to highlight some of the experiments that have led to our current view of SV40-induced transformation and to provide some context as to how they contributed to basic research in molecular biology and to our understanding of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Pipas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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2
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Mylin LM, Schell TD, Epler M, Kusuma C, Assis D, Matsko C, Smith A, Allebach A, Tevethia SS. Diversity of escape variant mutations in Simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (SV40 Tag) epitopes selected by cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. Virology 2007; 364:155-68. [PMID: 17368499 PMCID: PMC3866617 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the relationship between epitope variation and tumor escape from immune surveillance, SV40 T antigen-transformed B6/K-0 cells were subjected to selection with individual CTL clones specific for the SV40 T antigen H-2D(b)-restricted epitopes I or V. CTL-resistant populations were isolated from a majority of the selection cultures and substituted epitope sequences were identified within most of the resistant populations. Tag sequences deleted of all or portions of the selection-targeted epitope were identified, but in lower numbers compared to epitope sequences bearing single residue substitutions. Relatively few flanking residue substitutions were identified, and only in epitope I-targeted selections. The diversity (numbers and epitope residue locations) of substituted epitope residue positions varied between selections. These findings suggest that the scope of spontaneously occurring mutations that could allow for escape from individual CD8+ T cell clones is large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Mylin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Melanie Epler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Carolyn Kusuma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - David Assis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - Chelsea Matsko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - Alexandra Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - April Allebach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Box 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA 17027
| | - Satvir S. Tevethia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology H107, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
- Corresponding author. Tele: (717) 531-8872; Fax: (717) 531-6522; E-mail:
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3
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Iannello A, Debbeche O, Martin E, Attalah LH, Samarani S, Ahmad A. Viral strategies for evading antiviral cellular immune responses of the host. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 79:16-35. [PMID: 16204622 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0705397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host invariably responds to infecting viruses by activating its innate immune system and mounting virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. These responses are aimed at controlling viral replication and eliminating the infecting virus from the host. However, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to counter and evade host's antiviral responses. Providing specific examples from the published literature, we discuss in this review article various strategies that viruses have developed to evade antiviral cellular responses of the host. Unraveling these viral strategies allows a better understanding of the host-pathogen interactions and their coevolution. This knowledge is important for identifying novel molecular targets for developing antiviral reagents. Finally, it may also help devise new knowledge-based strategies for developing antiviral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iannello
- Ste-Justine Hospital Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Otahal P, Hutchinson SC, Mylin LM, Tevethia MJ, Tevethia SS, Schell TD. Inefficient cross-presentation limits the CD8+ T cell response to a subdominant tumor antigen epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:700-12. [PMID: 16002665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T lymphocytes (T(CD8)) responding to subdominant epitopes provide alternate targets for the immunotherapy of cancer, particularly when self-tolerance limits the response to immunodominant epitopes. However, the mechanisms that promote T(CD8) subdominance to tumor Ags remain obscure. We investigated the basis for the lack of priming against a subdominant tumor epitope following immunization of C57BL/6 (B6) mice with SV40 large tumor Ag (T Ag)-transformed cells. Immunization of B6 mice with wild-type T Ag-transformed cells primes T(CD8) specific for three immunodominant T Ag epitopes (epitopes I, II/III, and IV) but fails to induce T(CD8) specific for the subdominant T Ag epitope V. Using adoptively transferred T(CD8) from epitope V-specific TCR transgenic mice and immunization with T Ag-transformed cells, we demonstrate that the subdominant epitope V is weakly cross-presented relative to immunodominant epitopes derived from the same protein Ag. Priming of naive epitope V-specific TCR transgenic T(CD8) in B6 mice required cross-presentation by host APC. However, robust expansion of these T(CD8) required additional direct presentation of the subdominant epitope by T Ag-transformed cells and was only significant following immunization with T Ag-expressing cells lacking the immunodominant epitopes. These results indicate that limited cross-presentation coupled with competition by immunodominant epitope-specific T(CD8) contributes to the subdominant nature of a tumor-specific epitope. This finding has implications for vaccination strategies targeting T(CD8) responses to cancer.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunodominant Epitopes/administration & dosage
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Otahal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Schell TD. In vivo expansion of the residual tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes that survive negative selection in simian virus 40 T-antigen-transgenic mice. J Virol 2004; 78:1751-62. [PMID: 14747540 PMCID: PMC369430 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.4.1751-1762.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice that express the viral oncoprotein simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (T-Ag) as a transgene provide useful models for the assessment of the state of the host immune response in the face of spontaneous tumor progression. Line SV11 (H2(b)) mice develop rapidly progressing choroid plexus tumors due to expression of full-length T-Ag from the SV40 promoter. In addition, T-Ag expression in the thymus of SV11 mice results in the deletion of CD8(+) T cells specific for the three H2(b)-restricted immunodominant epitopes of T-Ag. Whether CD8(+) T cells specific for the immunorecessive H2-D(b)-restricted epitope V of T-Ag survive negative selection in SV11 mice has not been determined. Immunization of SV11 mice with rVV-ES-V, a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing epitope V as a minigene, resulted in the induction of weak, but reproducible, epitope V-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. This weak lytic response corresponded with a decreased frequency of epitope V-specific CTL that could be recruited in SV11 mice. In addition, CTL lines derived from rVV-ES-V-immunized SV11 mice had reduced avidities compared to that seen with CTL derived from healthy mice. Despite this initial weak response, significant numbers of epitope V-specific CD8(+) T cells were detected in SV11 mice ex vivo following a priming-boosting approach and these cells demonstrated high avidity for epitope V. The results suggest that low numbers of tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells with high avidity for epitope V survive negative selection in SV11 mice but can be expanded by specific boosting approaches in the tumor bearing host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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6
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Matsui K, O'Mara LA, Allen PM. Successful elimination of large established tumors and avoidance of antigen-loss variants by aggressive adoptive T cell immunotherapy. Int Immunol 2003; 15:797-805. [PMID: 12807818 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxg078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of ex vivo-expanded epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes has become a clinical standard in the adoptive immunotherapy of tumors. One of the obstacles faced by T cell-based immunotherapy is the development of tumor immune-escape variants. Using our previously reported CMS5 tumor/DUC18 CD8(+) TCR transgenic system, we sought to investigate whether large established tumors can be successfully eliminated before the development of escape variants. Using BALB/c mice that were s.c. transplanted with two tumors that had been growing for 8 days (double 8-day tumors), we assessed the in vivo anti-tumor activity of in vitro peptide-stimulated DUC18 T cells. A single infusion of activated DUC18 T cells showed a modest effect against the double 8-day tumors, whereas two and three administrations led to regression of both tumors within 10 days. However, in some mice, the tumors re-grew approximately 10 days after the regression. We found these tumors to be antigen-loss variants. These relapsed tumor cells progressively grew in DUC18 transgenic mice and did not express tERK-specific message. When four doses of activated DUC18 T cells were infused, the double 8-day tumors were successfully eliminated and the tumors did not grow out in any mice. Our results demonstrate that mono-specific CD8(+) T cells can effectively eliminate large established tumors before the development of antigen-loss variants when a high number of T cells is rapidly administered.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigenic Variation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Apoptosis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Genetic Variation
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Matsui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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7
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Bai XF, Liu J, Li O, Zheng P, Liu Y. Antigenic drift as a mechanism for tumor evasion of destruction by cytolytic T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1487-96. [PMID: 12750398 PMCID: PMC155049 DOI: 10.1172/jci17656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is established that mutations in viral antigenic epitopes, or antigenic drifts, allow viruses to escape recognition by both Ab's and T lymphocytes. It is unclear, however, whether tumor cells can escape immune recognition via antigenic drift. Here we show that adoptive therapy with both monoclonal and polyclonal transgenic CTLs, specific for a natural tumor antigen, P1A, selects for multiple mutations in the P1A antigenic epitope. These mutations severely diminish T cell recognition of the tumor antigen by a variety of mechanisms, including modulation of MHC:peptide interaction and TCR binding to MHC:peptide complex. These results provide the first evidence for tumor evasion of T cell recognition by antigenic drift, and thus have important implications for the strategy of tumor immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/pathology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Genetic Drift
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Plasmacytoma/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/pathology
- Plasmacytoma/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Tumor Escape/genetics
- Tumor Escape/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Bai
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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8
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Akilesh S, Dudley ME, Eden PA, Roopenian DC. Efficient chromosomal mapping of a methylcholanthrene-induced tumor antigen by CTL immunoselection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5143-9. [PMID: 11673526 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been difficult to genetically map the genes encoding tumor Ags because they arise as a consequence of somatic mutational events. CTL-mediated immunoselection can impose potent immunoselective pressure against tumor cells, resulting in the survival of rare tumor Ag-loss variants. We subjected a heterozygous 3-methylcholanthrene-induced murine sarcoma cell line to CTL immunoselection, selecting for the loss of a tumor-specific Ag, recognized antigen from MCA-induced tumor 1 (Ram1). Several variants eluded CTL recognition by genetic loss of the hemizygously expressed tumor-specific Ag epitope. A frequently observed genetic escape mechanism was spontaneous mitotic recombination resulting in loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 4. Higher density genetic analyses along with functional confirmation with an independently produced chromosome 4 loss of heterozygosity variant positioned the Ram1 locus to a distal 7.1 cM interval on chromosome 4. This region of the mouse genome is rich in tumor-modifier genes and this positioning of Ram1 may thus provide insight into the genetic basis of 3-methycholanthrene-induced tumor Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akilesh
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bitton
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire, CERVI, INSERM U543, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, 83 Bvd de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France
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10
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Chen CH, Wang TL, Ji H, Hung CF, Pardoll DM, Cheng WF, Ling M, Wu TC. Recombinant DNA vaccines protect against tumors that are resistant to recombinant vaccinia vaccines containing the same gene. Gene Ther 2001; 8:128-38. [PMID: 11313782 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2000] [Accepted: 04/28/2000] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy involves the delivery of tumor-associated antigen to the host for the generation of tumor-specific immune responses and antitumor effects. We hypothesized that different delivery systems may influence the pattern of antigen-specific immune response and the outcome of antitumor effect. We therefore evaluated recombinant vaccinia virus and naked DNA for the generation of antigen-specific immune responses and antitumor effects. We previously found that recombinant vaccinia and naked DNA vaccines containing the chimeric Sig/E7/LAMP-1 gene were capable of controlling the growth of HPV-16 E7-expressing tumor cells (TC-1). In this study, we performed a head-to-head comparison of optimized delivery of Sig/E7/LAMP-1 vaccinia and DNA vaccines using dose-escalating tumor challenge. At a dose of 1 x 10(6) TC-1 cells per mouse, Sig/E7/LAMP-1 DNA provided 100% protection against subcutaneous growth of tumors, while Vac-Sig/E7/LAMP-1 protected only 40% of the mice. Furthermore, Sig/E7/LAMP-1 DNA vaccines are capable of protecting against challenge with a more stringent subclone of TC-1 (TC-1 P2) established from TC-1 tumors that survived initial Sig/E7/LAMP-1 vaccinia vaccination. Immunological assays revealed that both vaccines induced comparable levels of CD8(+) T cell precursors and anti-E7 antibody titers. Interestingly, Sig/E7/LAMP-1 vaccinia induced both E7-specific IFN-gamma- and IL4-secreting CD4(+) T cell precursors while Sig/E7/LAMP-1 DNA induced only E7-specific IFN-gamma-secreting CD4(+) T cell precursors. We also found that IL-4 knockout C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with Sig/E7/LAMP-1 vaccinia exhibited a more potent antitumor effect than vaccinated wild-type C57BL/6 mice in our tumor protection experiments. These results suggest that IL-4 may play a detrimental role in the antitumor effect mediated by vaccinia vaccines. Our findings suggested that DNA vaccines may provide better tumor protection than vaccinia vaccines employing the same gene, which may have implications in the future design of antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Mortara L, Letourneur F, Villefroy P, Beyer C, Gras-Masse H, Guillet JG, Bourgault-Villada I. Temporal loss of Nef-epitope CTL recognition following macaque lipopeptide immunization and SIV challenge. Virology 2000; 278:551-61. [PMID: 11118377 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To address the subtle interactions between antiviral cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) immune responses and the evolution of viral quasispecies variants in vivo, we performed a longitudinal study in a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque that had a long experimental SIV infection before developing simian AIDS. Before being infected with SIV, this animal was immunized with a mixture of seven lipopeptides derived from SIV Nef and Gag proteins and showed a bispecific antiviral CTL response directed toward Nef 169-178 and 211-225 peptides. After SIV infection, CTL activity against the Nef 169-178 epitope was no longer detectable, as assessed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by autologous SIV. CTL activity against the 211-225 epitope was lost after 3 months, and an additional CTL response to the amino acids 112-119 Nef epitope emerged. Analysis of the Nef proviral sequence revealed the presence of immune escape variants first in the 211-225 epitope and much later in the 112-119 epitope. In contrast, epitope 169-178 showed only two mutations among all viral sequencing performed. We conclude that in this macaque, bispecific CTL exerted a strong selective pressure and escape virus mutants finally emerged. We identified CTL recognizing a conserved Nef epitope 112-119 (SYKLAIDM), essential for viral replication, which could be associated with a prolonged AIDS-free period. These results stress the importance of the induction of broader multispecific CTLs directed against highly conserved and functional T-cell epitopes by vaccination, with the aim of keeping HIV infection in check.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mortara
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Pathologies Infectieuses et Tumorales, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire (ICGM), INSERM U445, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, 75014, France
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12
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Carmon L, Tzehoval E, Tirosh B, el-Shami KM, Bar-Haim E, Vadai E, Feldman M, Eisenbach L. Anti-tumor vaccination in heterozygous congenic F1 mice: presentation of tumor-associated antigen by the two parental class I alleles. J Immunother 2000; 23:344-52. [PMID: 10838663 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200005000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptide vaccination of homozygous mice against syngeneic tumors using single major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes elicits effective immune responses against metastatic growth. So far, single-peptide vaccination of patients against their autologous tumors seems to elicit less satisfactory results. In this study, the authors tried to determine whether effective anti-metastatic immunity requires the presentation of peptides restricted by the two parental class I major histocompatibility complex alleles in heterozygous hosts. The immune response against the H-2b-derived 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma was evaluated in heterozygous recombinant congenic F1 mice (Kk x K(b)) and (Kd x K(b)). Vaccination of such heterozygous animals with dendritic cells expressing the two parental H-2K alleles, pulsed with total tumor extract, elicited a potent anti-metastatic response. A comparable response was obtained after vaccination with tumor cells genetically modified to express the two class I alleles. In contrast, vaccination of the heterozygous mice with dendritic cells expressing only one of the parental F1 H-2K alleles or with tumors expressing only one H-2K allele failed to elicit effective immunity against tumor metastasis in recombinant congenic F1 mice. It appears, therefore, that to achieve effective anti-metastatic immunotherapy in heterozygous organisms, presentation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes restricted by the two parental class I alleles is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carmon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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Schell TD, Mylin LM, Georgoff I, Teresky AK, Levine AJ, Tevethia SS. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope immunodominance in the control of choroid plexus tumors in simian virus 40 large T antigen transgenic mice. J Virol 1999; 73:5981-93. [PMID: 10364350 PMCID: PMC112659 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.7.5981-5993.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/1999] [Accepted: 04/11/1999] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen (Tag) is a virus-encoded oncoprotein which is the target of a strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response. Three immunodominant H-2(b)-restricted epitopes, designated epitopes I, II/III, and IV, have been defined. We investigated whether induction of CTLs directed against these Tag epitopes might control Tag-induced tumors in SV11(+) (H-2(b)) mice. SV11(+) mice develop spontaneous tumors of the choroid plexus due to expression of SV40 Tag as a transgene. We demonstrate that SV11(+) mice are functionally tolerant to the immunodominant Tag CTL epitopes. CTLs specific for the H-2Kb-restricted Tag epitope IV were induced in SV11(+) mice following adoptive transfer with unprimed C57BL/6 spleen cells and immunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either full-length Tag or the H-2Kb-restricted epitope IV as a minigene. In addition, irradiation of SV11(+) mice prior to adoptive transfer with unprimed C57BL/6 spleen cells led to the priming of epitope IV-specific CTLs by the endogenous Tag. Induction of epitope IV-specific CTLs in SV11(+) mice by either approach correlated with increased life span and control of the choroid plexus tumor progression, indicating that CTLs specific for the immunodominant Tag epitope IV control the progressive growth of spontaneous tumors induced by this DNA virus oncogene in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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14
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Mylin LM. Context-Dependent Immunogenicity of an S206G-Substituted H-2Db-Restricted Simian Virus 40 Large T Antigen Epitope I Variant. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
SV40 large tumor Ag (Tag) contains four H-2b-restricted (I, II/III, IV, and V) CTL epitopes. A hierarchy exists among these CTL epitopes. CTL directed against epitopes I, II/III, and IV are readily detected following immunization of H-2b mice with SV40, Tag-transformed syngeneic cells, or a vaccinia recombinant that expresses full-length Tag, while epitope V-specific CTL are not. The mechanisms that define this hierarchy remain unknown. Initial studies have shown that the locations of epitopes I and V within SV40 Tag do not determine the immunological potencies of these epitopes. Like the wild-type Tag, derivatives in which the locations of epitopes I and V were precisely reversed within Tag failed to induce epitope V-specific CTL, but did induce epitope I-specific CTL. The use of an S206G-substituted epitope I variant (GAINNYAQKL) revealed that the S206G variant sequence induced CTL when located within the native epitope I context, but failed to do so when located within the epitope V context of Tag. Mutagenesis of residues adjacent to the S206G-substituted epitope I variant revealed that the identity of the residue flanking the amino terminus of the S206G variant was critical when it resided within the epitope V location, but not within the epitope I location. These results demonstrate that effects imposed by both regional context and adjacent residues can modulate immunogenicity, but that the relative importance of such effects varies in an epitope-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M. Mylin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
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15
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Newmaster RS, Mylin LM, Fu TM, Tevethia SS. Role of a subdominant H-2Kd-restricted SV40 tumor antigen cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in tumor rejection. Virology 1998; 244:427-41. [PMID: 9601511 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SV40-transformed mKSA cells (H-2d) readily induce progressively growing tumors in adult syngeneic BALB/c mice while expressing the full complement of H-2d MHC class I antigens. BALB/c mice previously immunized with SV40, soluble SV40 T antigen, or irradiated SV40-transformed syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic cells reject an mKSA tumor challenge even though these mice have been considered low- or nonresponders to T antigen due to difficulty in demonstrating SV40 T antigen-specific CTL. We have investigated the role of H-2d-restricted CTL in the rejection of SV40 tumors in BALB/c mice. Immunization of BALB/c mice with SV40 induced T antigen-specific CTL which were largely. H-2Ld-restricted. However, following repeated in vitro restimulation with mKSA cells, CTL emerged which recognized a subdominant H-2Kd-restricted epitope corresponding to T antigen residues 499-507. Immunization of BALB/c mice with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the T499-507 epitope provided partial protection against a challenge of syngeneic mKSA tumor cells and induced the generation of T499-507-specific CTL. These results indicate that a subdominant H-2Kd-restricted CTL epitope can participate in the rejection of SV40 tumors in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Newmaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology H107, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA
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16
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Fu TM, Mylin LM, Schell TD, Bacik I, Russ G, Yewdell JW, Bennink JR, Tevethia SS. An endoplasmic reticulum-targeting signal sequence enhances the immunogenicity of an immunorecessive simian virus 40 large T antigen cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope. J Virol 1998; 72:1469-81. [PMID: 9445050 PMCID: PMC124628 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.2.1469-1481.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunological hierarchy among three H-2Db-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) determinants in simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (Tag) was described previously: determinants I and II/III are immunodominant, whereas determinant V is immunorecessive. To assess the immunogenicity of each determinant individually and define mechanisms that contribute to the immunorecessive nature of determinant V, we constructed a panel of recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs) expressing minigenes encoding these determinants in various polypeptide contexts. We found the following. (i) Immunization of mice with an rVV encoding full-length SV40 Tag resulted in priming for CTL responses to determinants I and II/III but not determinant V. (ii) rVVs encoding peptide I or II/III in the cytosol or targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were highly antigenic and immunogenic. (iii) rVVs encoding peptide V minigenes were antigenic and immunogenic if the peptide was targeted to the ER, expressed in the cytosol with short flanking sequences, or expressed from within a self-protein, murine dihydrofolate reductase. (iv) Presentation of the nonflanked peptide V (preceded by a Met codon only) could be enhanced by using a potent inhibitor of the proteasome. (v) H-2Db-epitope V peptide complexes decayed more rapidly than complexes containing epitope I or II/III peptides. In brefeldin A blocking experiments, functional epitope V complexes were detected longer on targets expressing ER-targeted epitope V than on targets expressing forms of epitope V dependent on the transporter associated with antigen processing. Therefore, limited formation of relatively unstable cell surface H-2Db complexes most likely contributes to the immunorecessive nature of epitope V within SV40 Tag. Increasing the delivery of epitope V peptide to the major histocompatibility complex class I presentation pathway by ER targeting dramatically enhanced the immunogenicity of epitope V.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA
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17
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Mortara L, Letourneur F, Gras-Masse H, Venet A, Guillet JG, Bourgault-Villada I. Selection of virus variants and emergence of virus escape mutants after immunization with an epitope vaccine. J Virol 1998; 72:1403-10. [PMID: 9445041 PMCID: PMC124619 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.2.1403-1410.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we assessed the evolution of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response induced by an epitope vaccine. In two macaques immunized with a mixture of lipopeptides derived from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef and Gag proteins, CTL responses were directed against the same, single epitope of the Nef protein (amino acids 128 to 137) presenting an alanine at position 136 (Nef 128-137/136A). However, after 5 months of SIV infection, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both macaques lost their ability to be stimulated by autologous SIV-infected cells while still retaining their capacity to generate cytotoxic responses after specific Nef 128-137/136A peptide stimulation. The sequences of the pathogenic viral isolate used for the challenge showed a mixture of several variants. Within the Nef epitopic sequence from amino acids 128 to 137, 82% of viral variants expressed the epitopic peptide Nef 128-137/136A; the remaining variants presented a threonine at position 136 (Nef 128-137/136T). In contrast, sequence analysis of cloned proviral DNA obtained from both macaques 5 months after SIV challenge showed a different pattern of quasi-species variants; 100% of clones presented a threonine at position 136 (Nef 128-137/136T), suggesting the disappearance of viral variants with an alanine at this position under antiviral pressure exerted by Nef 128-137/136A-specific CTLs. In addition, 12 months after SIV challenge, six of eight clones from one macaque presented a glutamic acid at position 131 (Nef 128-137/131E+136T), which was not found in the infecting isolate. Furthermore, CTLs generated very early after SIV challenge were able to lyse cells sensitized with the Nef 128-137/136A epitope. In contrast, lysis was significantly less effective or even did not occur when either the selected peptide Nef 128-137/136T or the escape variant peptide Nef 128-137/131E+136T was used in a target cell sensitization assay. Dose analysis of peptides used to sensitize target cells as well as a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide stability assay suggested that the selected peptide Nef 128-137/136T has an altered capacity to bind to the MHC. These data suggest that CTL pressure leads to the selection of viral variants and to the emergence of escape mutants and supports the fact that immunization should elicit broad CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mortara
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Pathologies Infectieuses et Tumorales, INSERM U445, Paris, France.
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18
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Toes RE, Hoeben RC, van der Voort EI, Ressing ME, van der Eb AJ, Melief CJ, Offringa R. Protective anti-tumor immunity induced by vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses encoding multiple tumor-associated cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in a string-of-beads fashion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:14660-5. [PMID: 9405669 PMCID: PMC25085 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines harboring genes that encode functional oncoproteins are intrinsically hazardous, as their application may lead to introduction of these genes into normal cells and thereby to tumorigenesis. On the other hand, oncoproteins are especially attractive targets for immunotherapy of cancer, as their expression is generally required for tumor growth, making the arisal of tumor variants lacking these antigens unlikely. Using murine tumor models, we investigated the efficacy of polyepitope recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vaccines, which encode only the immunogenic T cell epitopes derived from several oncogenes, for the induction of protective anti-tumor immunity. We chose to employ rAd, as these are safe vectors that do not induce the side effects associated with, for example, vaccinia virus vaccines. A single polyepitope rAd was shown to give rise to presentation of both H-2 and human leukocyte antigen-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. Moreover, vaccination with a rAd encoding H-2-restricted CTL epitopes, derived from human adenovirus type 5 early region 1 and human papilloma virus type 16-induced tumors, elicited strong tumor-reactive CTL and protected the vaccinated animals against an otherwise lethal challenge with either of these tumors. The protection induced was superior compared with that obtained by vaccination with irradiated tumor cells. Thus, vaccination with polyepitope rAd is a powerful approach for the induction of protective anti-tumor immunity that allows simultaneous immunization against multiple tumor-associated T cell epitopes, restricted by various major histocompatibility complex haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Toes
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, University Hospital Leiden, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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19
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Mendoza LM, Paz P, Zuberi A, Christianson G, Roopenian D, Shastri N. Minors held by majors: the H13 minor histocompatibility locus defined as a peptide/MHC class I complex. Immunity 1997; 7:461-72. [PMID: 9354467 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The products of minor histocompatibility (H) loci are serious barriers to tissue transplantation even among major histocompatibility complex (MHC) identical individuals, frequently causing chronic graft rejection and graft versus host disease. Over 50 minor H loci map to mouse autosomal chromosomes but none are known at the molecular level. By expression cloning, we identified the H13 locus, a classical minor H locus first detected 30 years ago by the trait of graft rejection. The H13a allele is located on chromosome 2 and encodes a novel protein that yields the rare naturally processed nonapeptide SSVVGVWYL (SVL9) for presentation by the Db MHC class I molecule. The SVL9 peptide binds Db MHC despite the absence of the consensus binding motif, and a conservative methyl group substitution (Valine 4 <--> Isoleucine) explains why reciprocal T cell responses are elicited in H13a and H13b congenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Mendoza
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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20
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Vasović LV, Dyall R, Clynes RA, Ravetch JV, Nikolić-Zugic J. Synergy between an antibody and CD8+ cells in eliminating an established tumor. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:374-82. [PMID: 9045907 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effector mechanisms operating during the rejection of a transplantable solid lymphoma E.G7 (H-2b) which expresses the gene encoding chicken ovalbumin (OVA). Anti-OVA cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) completely and specifically protected animals from the onset of, but could not eradicate established, E.G7 tumors. The growth of the same lymphoma was also effectively prevented by the antibody GK1.5, whose target molecule, CD4, was expressed on E.G7 cells in vivo. Furthermore, GK1.5 was able to eradicate established solid E.G7 tumors. GK1.5-mediated tumor elimination was due to its antitumor activity, and not to the elimination of regulatory CD4+ cells, based on unimpaired tumor growth in the absence of GK1.5 in animals that genetically lack CD4 T cells. In vitro, GK1.5 did not kill tumor cells: complement activation or apoptosis induction were not evident. In vivo, GK1.5-mediated tumor regression did not depend on natural killer cells, but it absolutely required CD8+ cells and intact Fcgamma receptor. We conclude that, in the E.G7 model, the collaboration of antibody and CTL immunity was crucial for the successful immunotherapy of established tumors. The mechanism of this collaboration is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Vasović
- Immunology Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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21
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Maeurer MJ, Gollin SM, Martin D, Swaney W, Bryant J, Castelli C, Robbins P, Parmiani G, Storkus WJ, Lotze MT. Tumor escape from immune recognition: lethal recurrent melanoma in a patient associated with downregulation of the peptide transporter protein TAP-1 and loss of expression of the immunodominant MART-1/Melan-A antigen. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:1633-41. [PMID: 8833913 PMCID: PMC507597 DOI: 10.1172/jci118958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, mutiple protein target antigens for immunorecognition by T cells have been identified on human melanoma. How melanoma lesions escape from functional antigen-specific immune recognition remains poorly understood. We have identified the concomitant loss of the immunodominant T cell-defined MART-1/Melan-A antigen and downregulation of the TAP-1 gene in a recurrent metastatic melanoma that was resected in 1993. This phenotype was not observed for an earlier autologous melanoma lesion resected in 1987. The "antigen loss" could be restored in the variant tumor cell line by simultaneously providing both the MART-1/Melan-A gene (by retroviral transfer) and the TAP-1 gene (by a bioballistic approach) resulting in tumor cell sensitivity to MART-1/Melan-A-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This suggests that tumor escape from immune surveillance may have occurred in vivo as a sequential result of (a) antigen loss, and (b) downregulation of the peptide-transporter protein TAP-1 expression by this patient's tumor over a 6-yr period from 1987 to 1993. These results suggest that the characterization of the T cell response to melanoma in individual patients and definition of the immunologically relevant genetic defects in tumors may be required to select the most effective therapeutic strategies for a given patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Maeurer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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22
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Abstract
The interactions between the tumor and its host are complex, and many aspects of the immune system appear to be adversely affected directly or indirectly by the presence of the tumor. Virtually all of the processes involved in immune induction and action have been implicated in the observed deficient response in tumor-bearing patients. Improved understanding and molecular analysis of the mechanisms underlying the escape of tumors from immune surveillance may lead to the development of novel strategies for the prevention of T-cell immunosuppression in cancer patients, the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies, and potentially prevention of tumor progression or development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Kavanaugh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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23
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Dudley ME, Roopenian DC. Loss of a unique tumor antigen by cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunoselection from a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcoma reveals secondary unique and shared antigens. J Exp Med 1996; 184:441-7. [PMID: 8760797 PMCID: PMC2192736 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.2.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most chemically induced tumors of mice express unique antigens that can be recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and thereby mediate tumor rejection. The number of different antigens expressed by a single tumor and their interplay during immunization and rejection are largely unexplored. We used CTL clones specific to individual tumor antigens to examine the number and distribution of CTL antigens expressed by cell lines derived from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas of (C57BL/6J X SPRET/Ei)F1 mice. Each tumor cell line expressed one or more antigens that were unique, that is, not detected on cell lines from independent sarcomas. Immunoselection against an immunodominant antigen produced both major histocompatibility complex class I antigen and unique tumor antigen loss variants. Immunization of mice with antigen-negative immunoselected variants resulted in CTL that recognized additional antigens that were also expressed by the progenitor tumor. Some CTL recognized additional unique tumor antigen(s); other CTL recognized a shared antigen expressed not only by the immunizing cell line, but also by independent sarcoma cell lines and untransformed myoblastoid cell lines. CTL that recognized the shared antigen were also recovered from mice immunized in vivo with an untransformed myoblastoid cell line. These findings support a model of immunodominance among chemically induced tumor antigens in which shared antigens are masked by unique immunodominant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Dudley
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
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24
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Mylin LM, Bonneau RH, Lippolis JD, Tevethia SS. Hierarchy among multiple H-2b-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes within simian virus 40 T antigen. J Virol 1995; 69:6665-77. [PMID: 7474076 PMCID: PMC189576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.6665-6677.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 large tumor (T) antigen contains three H-2Db-restricted (I, II/III, and V) and one H-2Kb-restricted (IV) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. We demonstrate that a hierarchy exists among these CTL epitopes, since vigorous CTL responses against epitopes I, II/III, and IV are detected following immunization of H-2b mice with syngeneic, T-antigen-expressing cells. By contrast, a weak CTL response against the H-2Db-restricted epitope V was detected only following immunization of H-2b mice with epitope loss variant B6/K-3,1,4 cells, which have lost expression of CTL epitopes I, II/III, and IV. Limiting-dilution analysis confirmed that the lack of epitope V-specific CTL activity in bulk culture splenocytes correlated with inefficient expansion and priming of epitope V-specific CTL precursors in vivo. We examined whether defined genetic alterations of T antigen might improve processing and presentation of epitope V to the epitope V-specific CTL clone Y-5 in vitro and/or overcome the recessive nature of epitope V in vivo. Deletion of the H-2Db-restricted epitopes I and II/III from T antigen did not increase target cell lysis by epitope V-specific CTL clones in vitro. The amino acid sequence SMIKNLEYM, which species an optimized H-2Db binding motif and was found to induce CTL in H-2b mice, did not further reduce epitope V presentation in vitro when inserted within T antigen. Epitope V-containing T-antigen derivatives which retained epitopes I and II/III or epitope IV did not induce epitope V-specific CTL in vivo: T-antigen derivatives in which epitope V replaced epitope I failed to induce epitope V-specific CTL. Recognition of epitope V-H-2Db complexes by multiple independently derived epitope V-specific CTL clones was rapidly and dramatically reduced by incubation of target cells in the presence of brefeldin A compared with the recognition of the other T-antigen CTL epitopes by epitope specific CTL, suggesting that the epitope V-H-2Db complexes either are labile or are present at the cell surface at reduced levels. Our results suggest that processing and presentation of epitope V is not dramatically altered (reduced) by the presence of immunodominant CTL epitopes in T antigen and that the immunorecessive nature of epitope V is not determined by amino acids which flank its native location within simian virus 40 T antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Mylin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA
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25
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Weidt G, Deppert W, Utermöhlen O, Heukeshoven J, Lehmann-Grube F. Emergence of virus escape mutants after immunization with epitope vaccine. J Virol 1995; 69:7147-51. [PMID: 7474135 PMCID: PMC189635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.7147-7151.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were immunized with recombinant vaccines consisting of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus CD8+ T-lymphocyte epitopes and a carrier protein. During challenge infection with WE strain lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, mutants with alterations in distinct amino acid residues of the epitopic nonapeptides appeared and multiplied. Splenocytes from WE-infected BALB/c mice lysed cells coated with the WE-type epitope; lysis was considerably less effective when the epitopic nonapeptide with which the syngeneic cells had been sensitized was the mutated form. Neither target was lysed by splenocytes from BALB/c mice infected with the variant virus. Mutants were not detected in F1 hybrid mice immunized with two viral epitopes that were restricted by class I molecules of both parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weidt
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Restifo NP, Bacík I, Irvine KR, Yewdell JW, McCabe BJ, Anderson RW, Eisenlohr LC, Rosenberg SA, Bennink JR. Antigen processing in vivo and the elicitation of primary CTL responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1995; 154:4414-22. [PMID: 7722298 PMCID: PMC1952186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes (TCD8+) play an important role in cellular immune responses. TCD8+ recognize MHC class I molecules complexed to peptides of 8 to 10 residues derived largely from cytosolic proteins. Proteins are generally thought to be fragmented in the cytoplasm and delivered to nascent class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a peptide transporter encoded by the MHC. To explore the extent to which TCD8+ induction in vivo is limited by proteolysis or peptide transport into the ER, mice were immunized with recombinant vaccinia viruses containing mini-genes encoding antigenic peptides (bypassing the need for proteolysis), or these peptides with a NH2-terminal ER insertion sequence (bypassing the requirements for both proteolysis and transport). Additionally, mice were immunized with recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding rapidly degraded fragments of proteins. We report that limitations in induction of TCD8+ responses vary among Ags: for some, full length proteins are as immunogenic as other forms tested; for others, maximal responses are induced by peptides or by peptides targeted to the ER. Most importantly, in every circumstance examined, targeting peptides to the ER never diminished, and in some cases greatly enhanced, the TCD8+ immune response and provide an important alternative strategy in the design of live viral or naked DNA vaccines for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Lippolis JD, Mylin LM, Simmons DT, Tevethia SS. Functional analysis of amino acid residues encompassing and surrounding two neighboring H-2Db-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes in simian virus 40 tumor antigen. J Virol 1995; 69:3134-46. [PMID: 7535867 PMCID: PMC189015 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.5.3134-3146.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 tumor (T) antigen contains three H-2Db-and one H-2Kb-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes (sites). Two of the H-2Db-restricted CTL epitopes, I and II/III, are separated by 7 amino acids in the amino-terminal one third of T antigen. In this study, we determine if the amino acids separating these two H-2Db-restricted CTL epitopes are dispensable for efficient processing and presentation. In addition, the importance of amino acid residues lying within and flanking the H-2Db-restricted epitopes I and II/III for efficient processing, presentation, and recognition by site-specific CTL clones was determined by using T-antigen mutants containing single-amino-acid substitutions between residues 200 and 239. Using synthetic peptides in CTL lysis and major histocompatibility complex class I stabilization assays, CTL recognition site I has been redefined to include residues 206 to 215. Substitutions in amino acids flanking either site I or site II/III did not affect recognition by any of the T-antigen-specific CTL clones. Additionally, the removal of the 7 residues separating site I and site II/III did not affect CTL recognition, thus demonstrating that these two epitopes when arranged in tandem in the native T antigen can be efficiently processed and presented to CTL clones. Differences in fine specificities of two CTL clones which recognize the same epitope (Y-1 and K-11 for site I and Y-2 and Y-3 for site II/III) have been used in conjunction with synthetic peptide variants to assign roles for residues within epitopes I and II/III with respect to TCR recognition and/or peptide-major histocompatibility complex association.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Lippolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA
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28
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Moskophidis D, Zinkernagel RM. Immunobiology of cytotoxic T-cell escape mutants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. J Virol 1995; 69:2187-93. [PMID: 7533851 PMCID: PMC188887 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.4.2187-2193.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with virus variants exhibiting changes in the peptide sequences defining immunodominant determinants that abolish recognition by antiviral cytotoxic T cells (CTL) presents a considerable challenge to the antiviral T-cell immune system and may enable some viruses to persist in hosts. The potential importance of such variants with respect to mechanisms of viral persistence and disease pathogenesis was assessed by infecting adult mice with variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain WE. These variants were selected in vivo or in vitro for resistance to lysis by CD8+ H-2b-restricted antiviral CTL. The majority of anti-LCMV CTL in infected H-2b mice recognize epitopes defined by residues 32 to 42 and 275 to 289 (epitopes 32-42 and 275-289) of the LCMV glycoprotein or 397 to 407 of the viral nucleoprotein. The 8.7 variant exhibits a change in the epitope 32-42 (Val-35-->Leu), and variant CL1.2 exhibits a change in the epitope 275-289 (Asn-280-->Asp) of the wild-type LCMV-WE. The double-mutated 8.7-B23 variant had the variation of 8.7 and an additional change located in the epitope 275-289 (Asn-280-->Ser). The 8.7 variant peptide with unchanged anchor positions bound efficiently to H-2Db and H-2Kb molecules but induced only a very weak CTL response. CTL epitope 275-289 of CL1.2 and 8.7-B23 altered at predicted anchor residues were unable to bind Db molecules and were also not recognized by antiviral CTL. Infection of C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) with the variants exhibiting mutations of one of the CTL epitopes, i.e., 8.7 or CL1.2, induced CTL responses specific for the unmutated epitopes comparable with those induced by infection with WE, and these responses were sufficient to eliminate virus from the host. In contrast, infection with the double-mutated variant 8.7-B23 induced CTL activity that was reduced by a factor of about 50-fold compared with wild-type LCMV. Consequently, high doses (10(7) PFU intravenously) of this virus were eliminated slowly and only by about day 100 after infection. 8.7-B23 failed to cause lethal lymphocytic choriomeningitis after intracerebral infection with a dose of > 10(4) PFU in C57BL/6 mice (but not in mice of nonselecting H-2d haplotype); with the other variants or wild-type LCMV, doses greater than 10(6) to 10(7) PFU were necessary to avoid lethal choriomeningitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Moskophidis
- Department of Pathology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Koup
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016
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30
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McKeever DJ, Awino E, Kairo A, Gobright E, Nene V. Bovine T cells specific for Trypanosoma brucei brucei variant surface glycoprotein recognize nonconserved areas of the molecule. Infect Immun 1994; 62:3348-53. [PMID: 7518808 PMCID: PMC302965 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.8.3348-3353.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificity of bovine CD4+ T-cell responses to Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) has been examined by using a panel of seven T-cell clones and nested deletions of the ILTat 1.3 VSG gene expressed in Escherichia coli. All clones recognized the polymorphic N-terminal domain of the antigen, and the recognition sites of five of the clones were resolved to three areas with lengths of 14, 18, and 21 amino acids. Comparison of these regions with corresponding areas of other VSG molecules, including those derived from the same trypanosomal serodeme, has shown that the sites are not conserved. In the light of recent observations that VSG-specific T-cell responses are induced in mice infected with T. brucei, these results confirm with the belief that immune pressure from T cells may contribute to the generation of antigenic diversity on the surface of African trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J McKeever
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
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Schirmbeck R, Reimann J. Peptide transporter-independent, stress protein-mediated endosomal processing of endogenous protein antigens for major histocompatibility complex class I presentation. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1478-86. [PMID: 8026512 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The peptide transporter-defective cell line RMA-S expressing the wild-type simian virus 40 large T antigen (wtT-Ag) from a transfected gene did not present two well-defined, H-2 class I (Db)-restricted epitopes of T-Ag to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Hence, "endogenous" processing and presentation of the wtT-Ag depended on a functional peptide transporter heterodimer. In contrast, both T-Ag epitopes were efficiently presented to CTL by transfected RMA-S cells expressing a truncated, cytoplasmic T-Ag variant (cT-Ag) or a karyophilic, amino-terminal 272-amino acid T-Ag fragment. Transporter-independent "endogenous" processing of mutant T-Ag molecules correlated with their association with the constitutively expressed heat shock protein 73 (hsp73). Class I-restricted presentation of both epitopes processed from these hsp73-associated protein antigens was sensitive to NH4Cl and chloroquine. These data indicate that selected intracellular proteins access an alternative, hsp73-mediated pathway for class I-restricted presentation that operates independent of peptide transporters in an endosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schirmbeck
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Ulm, FRG
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roth
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, U.277 Inserm, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Koeppen H, Acena M, Drolet A, Rowley DA, Schreiber H. Tumors with reduced expression of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognized antigen lack immunogenicity but retain sensitivity to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2770-6. [PMID: 8223853 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830231108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A murine solid tumor was transfected to express various levels of an allogeneic major histocompatibility complex class I gene (K216), in order to test the effect of the level of antigen expression on immunogenicity and sensitivity to lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The growth rates of clones of tumor cells expressing different levels of the transfected gene were similar in vitro and in nude mice. Although all tumor cells, including cells freshly isolated from growing tumors, were equally sensitive to lysis by specific CTL, only tumor cells expressing the highest level of the K216 antigen stimulated CTL and were rejected by normal mice. In contrast, tumor cells expressing lower levels of antigen failed to immunize for CTL and grew progressively in normal mice, despite retaining expression of the transfected gene and remaining fully sensitive to CTL-mediated lysis; thus, the threshold of antigen needed to stimulate CTL responses was considerably higher than that needed to lyse tumor cells. Reduction of K216 antigen expression from 100-fold to 40-fold above background, impaired significantly the ability of the tumor cells to induce a K216-specific immune response, while tumor cells expressing K216 at levels 2-fold above background were as susceptible to CTL-mediated lysis as tumor cells expressing 50-fold more antigen. The important implication of these findings is that some tumors occurring in nature may not be immunogenic but nevertheless express antigens which are potential targets for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koeppen
- University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, IL 60637
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Abstract
Generations of immunologists have been searching for evidence to confirm the tantalizing notion that tumor-rejection antigens exist. If found, the ultimate reward was the possibility that these molecules might be used to induce tumor-specific immunity and effect tumor rejection. Until recently rewards have been few and far between. That is changing. The immediate rewards have become more satisfying and the ultimate reward almost palpable.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Finn
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15261
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Schirmbeck R, Zerrahn J, Kuhröber A, Deppert W, Reimann J. Immunization of mice with the N-terminal (1-272) fragment of simian virus 40 large T antigen (without adjuvants) specifically primes cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:1528-34. [PMID: 8325328 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunization of C57BL/6 (B6) mice (H-2b) with the "large tumor antigen" (T-Ag) of simian virus 40 (SV40) in its soluble form without adjuvants primed CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vivo. CD8+ CTL primed in vivo by this non-structural 708-amino acid (aa) viral protein, and specifically restimulated in vitro, lysed H-2b target cells, either transfected with an SV40 T-Ag-encoding vector, or transformed by SV40 infection. H-2b RMA-S transfectants expressing the complete 708 aa T-Ag (which fail to transport peptides through the endoplasmic reticulum membranes) were not lysed. CTL were also efficiently primed in vivo by injection of the N-terminal 272 aa fragment of the T-Ag. Hence, this fragment contains the structure(s) required for a soluble protein to enter the "endogenous" class I-restricted antigen processing and presentation pathway for CD8+ CTL activation. In soluble form, the complete T-Ag or the N-terminal T-Ag fragment sensitized in vitro RBL5 cells for lysis by T-Ag-specific CTL lines and clones. This in vitro sensitization was blocked by brefeldin A. In contrast, specific recognition of RBL5 cells pulsed in vitro with synthetic, immunogenic nonapeptides (derived from N-terminal T-Ag epitopes) by CTL lines was insensitive to brefeldin A. Hence, T-Ag and its 272-aa N-terminal fragment can enter the "endogenous" processing pathway and prime CD8+ CTL in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schirmbeck
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Ulm, FRG
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