1
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Meta M, Zimmer C, Fuchs N, Zecher MJ, Lahu A, Schirmeister T. Structural Modifications of Covalent Cathepsin S Inhibitors: Impact on Affinity, Selectivity, and Permeability. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:837-844. [PMID: 38894911 PMCID: PMC11181490 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (catS) is a member of the cysteine protease family with limited tissue distribution, which is predominantly found in antigen-presenting cells. Due to overexpression and overactivity of catS in numerous cancers, inhibition of catS is supposed to improve the antitumor response. Here, we explore the potential of small-molecule catS inhibitors emphasizing their in vitro pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Membrane permeability of selected inhibitors was measured with a Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeation Assay and correlated to calculated physicochemical parameters and inhibition data. The binding kinetics and inhibition types of potent and selective new inhibitors with unexplored warheads were investigated. Our unique approach involves reversible masking of these potent warheads, allowing for further customization without compromising affinity or selectivity. The most promising inhibitors in this study include covalent aldehyde and ketone derivatives reversibly masked as hydrazones as potential candidates for therapeutic interventions targeting catalytic enzymes and modulating the immune response in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalie Fuchs
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Maximilian Johannes Zecher
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Albin Lahu
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz Germany
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2
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Liu H, Wilson KR, Firth AM, Macri C, Schriek P, Blum AB, Villar J, Wormald S, Shambrook M, Xu B, Lim HJ, McWilliam HEG, Hill AF, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Caminschi I, Lahoud MH, Segura E, Herold MJ, Villadangos JA, Mintern JD. Ubiquitin-like protein 3 (UBL3) is required for MARCH ubiquitination of major histocompatibility complex class II and CD86. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1934. [PMID: 35411049 PMCID: PMC9001657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The MARCH E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase MARCH1 regulates trafficking of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) and CD86, molecules of critical importance to immunity. Here we show, using a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen, that ubiquitin-like protein 3 (UBL3) is a necessary component of ubiquitination-mediated trafficking of these molecules in mice and in humans. Ubl3-deficient mice have elevated MHC II and CD86 expression on the surface of professional and atypical antigen presenting cells. UBL3 also regulates MHC II and CD86 in human dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. UBL3 impacts ubiquitination of MARCH1 substrates, a mechanism that requires UBL3 plasma membrane anchoring via prenylation. Loss of UBL3 alters adaptive immunity with impaired development of thymic regulatory T cells, loss of conventional type 1 DCs, increased number of trogocytic marginal zone B cells, and defective in vivo MHC II and MHC I antigen presentation. In summary, we identify UBL3 as a conserved, critical factor in MARCH1-mediated ubiquitination with important roles in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kayla R Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley M Firth
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Christophe Macri
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Patrick Schriek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Annabelle B Blum
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Javiera Villar
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Wormald
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mitch Shambrook
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Bangyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hui Jing Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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3
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McDowell SH, Gallaher SA, Burden RE, Scott CJ. Leading the invasion: The role of Cathepsin S in the tumour microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118781. [PMID: 32544418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the cysteine protease Cathepsin S has been correlated with a number of different cancer types in recent years. As tools have been developed to enable more accurate examination of individual cathepsin species, our knowledge and appreciation of the role that this protease plays in facilitating cancer has increased exponentially. This review focuses on our current understanding of the role of Cathepsin S within tumours and the surrounding microenvironment. While various publications have shown that Cathepsin S can be derived from tumour cells themselves, a plethora of more recent studies have identified that Cathepsin S can also be derived from other cell types within the tumour microenvironment including endothelial cells, macrophages and T cells. Furthermore, specific proteolytic substrates cleaved by Cathepsin S have also been identified which have reinforced our hypothesis that this protease facilitates key steps within tumours leading to their invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H McDowell
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
| | - Samantha A Gallaher
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
| | - Roberta E Burden
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Christopher J Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
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4
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Brown R, Nath S, Lora A, Samaha G, Elgamal Z, Kaiser R, Taggart C, Weldon S, Geraghty P. Cathepsin S: investigating an old player in lung disease pathogenesis, comorbidities, and potential therapeutics. Respir Res 2020; 21:111. [PMID: 32398133 PMCID: PMC7216426 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression and activity of cathepsin S (CTSS), a lysosomal protease and a member of the cysteine cathepsin protease family, is linked to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including a number of conditions affecting the lungs. Extracellular CTSS has potent elastase activity and by processing cytokines and host defense proteins, it also plays a role in the regulation of inflammation. CTSS has also been linked to G-coupled protein receptor activation and possesses an important intracellular role in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. Modulated CTSS activity is also associated with pulmonary disease comorbidities, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. CTSS is expressed in a wide variety of immune cells and is biologically active at neutral pH. Herein, we review the significance of CTSS signaling in pulmonary diseases and associated comorbidities. We also discuss CTSS as a plausible therapeutic target and describe recent and current clinical trials examining CTSS inhibition as a means for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sridesh Nath
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alnardo Lora
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ghassan Samaha
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ziyad Elgamal
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Kaiser
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Clifford Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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5
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Dheilly E, Battistello E, Katanayeva N, Sungalee S, Michaux J, Duns G, Wehrle S, Sordet-Dessimoz J, Mina M, Racle J, Farinha P, Coukos G, Gfeller D, Mottok A, Kridel R, Correia BE, Steidl C, Bassani-Sternberg M, Ciriello G, Zoete V, Oricchio E. Cathepsin S Regulates Antigen Processing and T Cell Activity in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:674-689.e12. [PMID: 32330455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Genomic alterations in cancer cells can influence the immune system to favor tumor growth. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, physiological interactions between B cells and the germinal center microenvironment are coopted to sustain cancer cell proliferation. We found that follicular lymphoma patients harbor a recurrent hotspot mutation targeting tyrosine 132 (Y132D) in cathepsin S (CTSS) that enhances protein activity. CTSS regulates antigen processing and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses. Loss of CTSS activity reduces lymphoma growth by limiting communication with CD4+ T follicular helper cells while inducing antigen diversification and activation of CD8+ T cells. Overall, our results suggest that CTSS inhibition has non-redundant therapeutic potential to enhance anti-tumor immune responses in indolent and aggressive lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Dheilly
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Elena Battistello
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Natalya Katanayeva
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Sungalee
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland
| | - Justine Michaux
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerben Duns
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Wehrle
- Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Mina
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Julien Racle
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Farinha
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - George Coukos
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gfeller
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anja Mottok
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Germany
| | | | - Bruno E Correia
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Molecular Modeling Group, SIB, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Oricchio
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland; Swiss Cancer Center Leman (SCCL), Lausanne, 1015 Switzerland.
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6
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Involvement of Cathepsins in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Periodontitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:4517587. [PMID: 32328131 PMCID: PMC7150685 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4517587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease whereby the chronic inflammatory process of the periodontium stimulated by bacterial products induces specific host cell responses. The activation of the host cell immune system upregulates the production of inflammatory mediators, comprising cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, which contribute to inflammation and bone destruction. It has been well known that periodontitis is related to systemic inflammation which links to numerous systemic diseases, including diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Furthermore, periodontitis has been reported in association with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brain. Regarding immune responses and inflammation, cathepsin B (CatB) plays pivotal role for the induction of IL-1β, cathepsin K- (CatK-) dependent active toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling, and cathepsin S (CatS) which involves in regulating both TLR signaling and maturation of the MHC class II complex. Notably, both the production and proteolytic activities of cathepsins are upregulated in chronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. In the present review, we focus on the roles of cathepsins in the innate and adaptive immune responses within periodontitis. We believe that understanding the roles of cathepsins in the immune responses in periodontitis would help to elucidate the therapeutic strategies of periodontitis, thus benefit for reduction of systemic diseases as well as neurodegenerative diseases in the global aging society.
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Amon L, Lehmann CHK, Baranska A, Schoen J, Heger L, Dudziak D. Transcriptional control of dendritic cell development and functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 349:55-151. [PMID: 31759434 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major regulators of adaptive immunity, as they are not only capable to induce efficient immune responses, but are also crucial to maintain peripheral tolerance and thereby inhibit autoimmune reactions. DCs bridge the innate and the adaptive immune system by presenting peptides of self and foreign antigens as peptide MHC complexes to T cells. These properties render DCs as interesting target cells for immunomodulatory therapies in cancer, but also autoimmune diseases. Several subsets of DCs with special properties and functions have been described. Recent achievements in understanding transcriptional programs on single cell level, together with the generation of new murine models targeting specific DC subsets, advanced our current understanding of DC development and function. Thus, DCs arise from precursor cells in the bone marrow with distinct progenitor cell populations splitting the monocyte populations and macrophage populations from the DC lineage, which upon lineage commitment can be separated into conventional cDC1, cDC2, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). The DC populations harbor intrinsic programs enabling them to react for specific pathogens in dependency on the DC subset, and thereby orchestrate T cell immune responses. Similarities, but also varieties, between human and murine DC subpopulations are challenging, and will require further investigation of human specimens under consideration of the influence of the tissue micromilieu and DC subset localization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Baranska
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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8
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Thibodeau J, Moulefera MA, Balthazard R. On the structure–function of MHC class II molecules and how single amino acid polymorphisms could alter intracellular trafficking. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:15-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Zhou Y, Chen H, Liu L, Yu X, Sukhova GK, Yang M, Zhang L, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC, Stillman IE, Ichimura T, Bonventre JV, Libby P, Shi GP. CD74 Deficiency Mitigates Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-like Autoimmunity and Pathological Findings in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2568-2577. [PMID: 28219888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD74 mediates MHC class-II antigenic peptide loading and presentation and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. C57BL/6 Faslpr mice that develop spontaneous lupus-like autoimmunity and pathology showed elevated CD74 expression in the inflammatory cell infiltrates and the adjacent tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in kidneys affected by lupus nephritis but negligible levels in kidneys from age-matched wild-type mice. The inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ or IL-6 induced CD74 expression in kidney TECs in vitro. The presence of kidney TECs from Faslpr mice, rather than from wild-type mice, produced significantly stronger histones, dsDNA, and ribonucleoprotein-Smith Ag complex-induced CD4+ T cell activation. Splenocytes from CD74-deficient FaslprCd74-/- mice had muted responses in a MLR and to the autoantigen histones. Compared with FaslprCd74+/+ mice, FaslprCd74-/- mice had reduced kidney and spleen sizes, splenic activated T cells and B cells, serum IgG and autoantibodies, urine albumin/creatinine ratio, kidney Periodic acid-Schiff score, IgG and C3 deposition, and serum IL-6 and IL-17A levels, but serum IL-2 and TGF-β levels were increased. Study of chronic graft-versus-host C57BL/6 mice that received donor splenocytes from B6.C-H2bm12 /KhEg mice and those that received syngeneic donor splenocytes yielded similar observations. CD74 deficiency reduced lupus-like autoimmunity and kidney pathology in chronic graft-versus-host mice. This investigation establishes the direct participation of CD74 in autoimmunity and highlights a potential role for CD74 in kidney TECs, together with professional APCs in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Isaac E Stillman
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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10
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Bretou M, Kumari A, Malbec O, Moreau HD, Obino D, Pierobon P, Randrian V, Sáez PJ, Lennon-Duménil AM. Dynamics of the membrane-cytoskeleton interface in MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation. Immunol Rev 2016; 272:39-51. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Bretou
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Anita Kumari
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Odile Malbec
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Hélène D. Moreau
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Dorian Obino
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Violaine Randrian
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
| | - Pablo J. Sáez
- Inserm U932, Institut Curie; ANR-10-IDEX-0001-02 PSL* and ANR-11-LABX-0043; Paris France
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11
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Jones EL, Wee JL, Demaria MC, Blakeley J, Ho PK, Vega-Ramos J, Villadangos JA, van Spriel AB, Hickey MJ, Hämmerling GJ, Wright MD. Dendritic Cell Migration and Antigen Presentation Are Coordinated by the Opposing Functions of the Tetraspanins CD82 and CD37. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:978-87. [PMID: 26729805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study supports a new concept where the opposing functions of the tetraspanins CD37 and CD82 may coordinate changes in migration and Ag presentation during dendritic cell (DC) activation. We have previously published that CD37 is downregulated upon monocyte-derived DC activation, promotes migration of both skin and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and restrains Ag presentation in splenic and BMDCs. In this article, we show that CD82, the closest phylogenetic relative to CD37, appears to have opposing functions. CD82 is upregulated upon activation of BMDCs and monocyte-derived DCs, restrains migration of skin and BMDCs, supports MHC class II maturation, and promotes stable interactions between T cells and splenic DCs or BMDCs. The underlying mechanism involves the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton via a differential activation of small GTPases. Both CD37(-/-) and CD82(-/-) BMDCs lack cellular projections, but where CD37(-/-) BMDCs spread poorly on fibronectin, CD82(-/-) BMDCs are large and spread to a greater extent than wild-type BMDCs. At the molecular level, CD82 is a negative regulator of RhoA, whereas CD37 promotes activation of Rac-1; both tetraspanins negatively regulate Cdc42. Thus, this study identifies a key aspect of DC biology: an unactivated BMDC is CD37(hi)CD82(lo), resulting in a highly motile cell with a limited ability to activate naive T cells. By contrast, a late activated BMDC is CD37(lo)CD82(hi), and thus has modified its migratory, cytoskeletal, and Ag presentation machinery to become a cell superbly adapted to activating naive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor L Jones
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Janet L Wee
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Maria C Demaria
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Jessica Blakeley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Po Ki Ho
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Javier Vega-Ramos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, G525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | | | - Mark D Wright
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;
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Li Q, Ao J, Mu Y, Yang Z, Li T, Zhang X, Chen X. Cathepsin S, but not cathepsin L, participates in the MHC class II-associated invariant chain processing in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:743-50. [PMID: 26475363 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two cysteine proteases, cathepsin S (CatS) and cathepsin L (CatL), have been identified as the key enzymes involved in the processing of invariant chain (Ii chain) in mammals. However, little is known about the roles of fish cathepsins in the Ii chain processing. In this study, large yellow croaker cathepsin S (LycCatS) and L (LycCatL) were identified and characterized. Based on the sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis, both LycCatS and LycCatL are highly conserved to their counterparts in teleost. These two cathepsins were constitutively expressed in all tissues and immune-related cells tested, although at different levels. Both recombinant LycCatS (rLycCatS) and LycCatL (rLycCatL) possess the typical cysteine protease activity. Like other mammalian endopeptidase cathepsins, rLycCatS and rLycCatL could be autocatalytically activated to remove propeptides and release active mature peptides. On the other hand, the autocatalytic activation of rLycCatL could be inhibited by recombinant large yellow croaker Ii chain (rLyc-TR-Ii), but the autocatalytic activation of rLycCatS was not affected by rLyc-TR-Ii. Furthermore, the activated rLycCatS can efficiently process rLyc-TR-Ii in a stepwise manner in vitro, while the activated rLycCatL can not. These data indicate that cathepsin S may be the main cathepsin involved in the Ii chain processing in bony fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
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13
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Barlow N, Nasser Y, Zhao P, Sharma N, Guerrero-Alba R, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Lieu T, Veldhuis NA, Poole DP, Conner JW, Lindström E, Craig AW, Graham B, Vanner SJ, Bunnett NW. Demonstration of elevated levels of active cathepsin S in dextran sulfate sodium colitis using a new activatable probe. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1675-80. [PMID: 26303377 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases play a major role in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Activatable probes are a major technological advance, enabling sensitive detection of active proteases in tissue samples. Our aim was to synthesize an activatable probe for cathepsin S and validate its use in a mouse model of colitis. METHODS We designed and synthesized a new fluorescent activatable probe, NB200, for the detection of active cathepsin S. Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by the administration of 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Homogenized mouse colons, with or without the addition of the specific cathepsin S inhibitor MV026031, were incubated with NB200 in a fluorescent plate reader. KEY RESULTS NB200 selectively detected purified cathepsin S and not other common inflammatory proteases. Homogenates of colon from mice with DSS colitis induced a significant fluorescent increase when compared to control animals (control vs DSS: p < 0.05 at 200 min and p < 0.01 at 220-240 min), indicating cathepsin S activation. The cathepsin S inhibitor abolished this increase in fluorescence (DSS vs DSS + MV026031: p < 0.05 at 140 min, p < 0.01 at 180 min, p < 0.001 at 200-240 min), which confirms cathepsin S activation. Cathepsin S activity correlated with the disease activity index (Spearman r = 0.77, p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our investigation has demonstrated the utility of activatable probes for detecting protease activity in intestinal inflammation. Panels of such probes may allow 'signature' protease profiles to be established for a range of inflammatory diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Barlow
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Y Nasser
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - P Zhao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - N Sharma
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - R Guerrero-Alba
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - L E Edgington-Mitchell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - T Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - N A Veldhuis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - D P Poole
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - J W Conner
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | | | - A W Craig
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - B Graham
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - S J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - N W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Parkville Australia, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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14
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Allan ERO, Yates RM. Redundancy between Cysteine Cathepsins in Murine Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128945. [PMID: 26075905 PMCID: PMC4468166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine cathepsins B, S, and L are functionally linked to antigen processing, and hence to autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Stemming from several studies that demonstrate that mice can be protected from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through the pharmacologic inhibition of cysteine cathepsins, it has been suggested that targeting these enzymes in multiple sclerosis may be of therapeutic benefit. Utilizing mice deficient in cysteine cathepsins both individually and in combination, we found that the myelin-associated antigen myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was efficiently processed and presented by macrophages to CD4+ T cells in the individual absence of cathepsin B, S or L. Similarly, mice deficient in cathepsin B or S were susceptible to MOG-induced EAE and displayed clinical progression and immune infiltration into the CNS, similar to their wild-type counterparts. Owing to a previously described CD4+ T cell deficiency in mice deficient in cathepsin L, such mice were protected from EAE. When multiple cysteine cathepsins were simultaneously inhibited via genetic deletion of both cathepsins B and S, or by a cathepsin inhibitor (LHVS), MHC-II surface expression, MOG antigen presentation and EAE were attenuated or prevented. This study demonstrates the functional redundancy between cathepsin B, S and L in EAE, and suggests that the inhibition of multiple cysteine cathepsins may be needed to modulate autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Ramsay Orr Allan
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robin Michael Yates
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Vega-Ramos J, Roquilly A, Zhan Y, Young LJ, Mintern JD, Villadangos JA. Inflammation Conditions Mature Dendritic Cells To Retain the Capacity To Present New Antigens but with Altered Cytokine Secretion Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3851-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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A critical role for cell polarity in antigen extraction, processing, and presentation by B lymphocytes. Adv Immunol 2014; 123:51-67. [PMID: 24840947 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800266-7.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation of B lymphocytes in response to external stimuli represents a key step in the adaptive immune response, which is required for the production of high-affinity antibodies and for the generation of long-term memory. Because the dysregulation of B lymphocyte responses can lead to diverse pathological situations, B cells are considered today as valuable therapeutic targets for immunomodulation, in particular in the context of autoimmune reactions. Here, we review the fundamental molecular and cell biological mechanisms that enable B cells to efficiently sense, acquire, and respond to extracellular antigens. A special emphasis is given to cell polarity, which was shown to be critical for the regulation of antigen acquisition, processing, and presentation by B lymphocytes. How cell polarity coordinates the various steps of B lymphocyte activation and might impact the humoral immune response is further discussed.
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17
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Peripheral role of cathepsin S in Th1 cell-dependent transition of nerve injury-induced acute pain to a chronic pain state. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3013-22. [PMID: 24553941 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3681-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that CD4(+) T-cell-dependent responses are associated with the maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, little is known about the precise mechanism(s) underlying the activation of CD4(+) T-cells. We herein show that inhibition of cathepsin S (CatS) activity, either through genetic deletion or via a pharmacological inhibitor, Z-Phe-Leu-COCHO (Z-FL), significantly attenuated the maintenance of tactile allodynia, splenic hypertrophy, increased number of splenic CD4(+) T-cells and the final cleavage step of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain following peripheral nerve injury. It was also noted that splenectomy significantly attenuated the peripheral nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia, whereas the adoptive transfer of splenic CD4(+) T-cells from neuropathic wild-type mice significantly increased the pain level of splenectomized wild-type or CatS(-/-) mice. Furthermore, CatS deficiency or Z-FL treatment also significantly inhibited the infiltration of CD4(+) T-cells that expressed interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the dorsal spinal cord. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, a molecule downstream of IFN-γ receptor activation, was activated exclusively in microglia 7 d after peripheral nerve injury. Moreover, CatS deficiency, Z-FL treatment, or splenectomy significantly attenuated the proliferation of microglia 14 d after peripheral nerve injury. These results show a peripheral pivotal role of CatS in the development of neuropathic pain through the antigen-specific activation of CD4(+) T-cells. After activation, CD4(+) T-cells infiltrate into the dorsal spinal cord and secrete IFN-γ to reactivate microglia, which contribute to the transition of acute pain to a chronic pain state.
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18
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Singh R, Gupta P, Sharma PK, Ades EW, Hollingshead SK, Singh S, Lillard JW. Prediction and characterization of helper T-cell epitopes from pneumococcal surface adhesin A. Immunology 2014; 141:514-30. [PMID: 24138116 PMCID: PMC3956426 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a multifunctional lipoprotein known to bind nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, and is significantly involved in bacterial adherence and virulence. Identification of PsaA peptides that optimally bind human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and elicit a potent immune response would be of great importance to vaccine development. However, this is hindered by the multitude of HLA polymorphisms in humans. To identify the conserved immunodominant epitopes, we used an experimental dataset of 28 PsaA synthetic peptides and in silico methods to predict specific peptide-binding to HLA and murine MHC class II molecules. We also characterized spleen and cervical lymph node (CLN) -derived T helper (Th) lymphocyte cytokine responses to these peptides after Streptococcus pneumoniae strain EF3030 challenge in mice. Individual, yet overlapping, peptides 15 amino acids in length revealed residues of PsaA that consistently caused the highest interferon-γ, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-5 and IL-17 responses and proliferation as well as moderate IL-10 and IL-4 responses by ex vivo re-stimulated splenic and CLN CD4⁺ T cells isolated from S. pneumoniae strain EF3030-challenged F1 (B6 × BALB/c) mice. In silico analysis revealed that peptides from PsaA may interact with a broad range of HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR alleles, due in part to regions lacking β-turns and asparagine endopeptidase sites. These data suggest that Th cell peptides (7, 19, 20, 22, 23 and 24) screened for secondary structures and MHC class II peptide-binding affinities can elicit T helper cytokine and proliferative responses to PsaA peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Immunology, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pranav Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Immunology, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Praveen K Sharma
- Centre of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of JharkhandRanchi, India
| | - Edwin W Ades
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susan K Hollingshead
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of MedicineBirmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shailesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Immunology, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - James W Lillard
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, & Immunology, Morehouse School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
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Xu Y, Lindemann P, Vega-Ramos J, Zhang JG, Villadangos JA. Developmental regulation of synthesis and dimerization of the amyloidogenic protease inhibitor cystatin C in the hematopoietic system. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9730-40. [PMID: 24570004 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin C is thought to be secreted by most cells and eliminated in the kidneys, so its concentration in plasma is diagnostic of kidney function. Low extracellular cystatin C is linked to pathologic protease activity in cancer, arthritis, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurism, and emphysema. Cystatin C forms non-inhibitory dimers and aggregates by a mechanism known as domain swapping, a property that reportedly protects against Alzheimer disease but can also cause amyloid angiopathy. Despite these clinical associations, little is known about the regulation of cystatin C production, dimerization, and secretion. We show that hematopoietic cells are major contributors to extracellular cystatin C levels in healthy mice. Among these cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are the predominant producers of cystatin C. Both cell types synthesize monomeric and dimeric cystatin C in vivo, but only secrete monomer. Dimerization occurs co-translationally in the endoplasmic reticulum and is regulated by the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from mitochondria. Drugs or stimuli that reduce the intracellular concentration of ROS inhibit cystatin C dimerization. The extracellular concentration of inhibitory cystatin C is thus partly dependent on the abundance of macrophages and DC, and the ROS levels. These results have implications for the diagnostic use of serum cystatin C as a marker of kidney function during inflammatory processes that induce changes in DC or macrophage abundance. They also suggest an important role for macrophages, DC, and ROS in diseases associated with the protease inhibitory activity or amyloidogenic properties of cystatin C.
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20
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ten Broeke T, Wubbolts R, Stoorvogel W. MHC class II antigen presentation by dendritic cells regulated through endosomal sorting. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a016873. [PMID: 24296169 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For the initiation of adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells present antigenic peptides in association with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) to naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss how antigen presentation is regulated through intracellular processing and trafficking of MHCII. Newly synthesized MHCII is chaperoned by the invariant chain to endosomes, where peptides from endocytosed pathogens can bind. In nonactivated dendritic cells, peptide-loaded MHCII is ubiquitinated and consequently sorted by the ESCRT machinery to intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies, ultimately leading to lysosomal degradation. Ubiquitination of newly synthesized MHCII is blocked when dendritic cells are activated, now allowing its transfer to the cell surface. This mode of regulation for MHCII is a prime example of how molecular processing and sorting at multivesicular bodies can determine the expression of signaling receptors at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toine ten Broeke
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Phipps-Yonas H, Semik V, Hastings KT. GILT expression in B cells diminishes cathepsin S steady-state protein expression and activity. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:65-74. [PMID: 23012103 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-restricted Ag processing requires protein degradation in the endocytic pathway for the activation of CD4(+) T cells. Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) facilitates Ag processing by reducing protein disulfide bonds in this compartment. Lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin S (CatS) contains disulfide bonds and mediates essential steps in MHC class II-restricted processing, including proteolysis of large polypeptides and cleavage of the invariant chain. We sought to determine whether GILT's reductase activity regulates CatS expression and function. Confocal microscopy confirmed that GILT and CatS colocalized within lysosomes of B cells. GILT expression posttranscriptionally decreased the steady-state protein expression of CatS in primary B cells and B-cell lines. GILT did not substantially alter the expression of other lysosomal proteins, including H2-M, H2-O, or CatL. GILT's reductase active site was necessary for diminished CatS protein levels, and GILT expression decreased the half-life of CatS, suggesting that GILT-mediated reduction of protein disulfide bonds enhances CatS degradation. GILT expression decreased the proteolysis of a CatS selective substrate. This study illustrates a physiologic mechanism that regulates CatS and has implications for fine tuning MHC class II-restricted Ag processing and for the development of CatS inhibitors, which are under investigation for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Phipps-Yonas
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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22
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Zhou J, Li L, Cai ZH. Identification of putative cathepsin S in mangrove red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus and its role in antigen presentation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:28-38. [PMID: 22210546 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS) is a key enzyme employed in the histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted antigens, which are presented by processing class II-associated invariant chains and loaded antigen peptides into class II molecules. To date, little is known about the character and function of CTSS in fish. In the present study, we screened and identified a CTSS cDNA sequence from the mangrove red snapper head kidney cDNA library. The full-length CTSS cDNA contained 1339-bp nucleotide acids encoding 337 amino acids. The sequence shared high identity and similarity with other known cathepsins, especially CTSS (about 56-78% and 79-89%, respectively). Like other cathepsins, the deduced peptide consisted of regions with N-terminal signal peptides, propeptides, and mature peptides. A typical ERWNIN motif in L-like cathepsins and three conservative catalytic activity sites forming a catalytic triad active center were respectively identified in the pro-peptide and mature peptide regions of CTSS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that mangrove red snapper CTSS was located in the CTSS clade belonging to the L-like cathepsin group, and evolved from the same ancestry. To further characterize the biological activity of the putative CTSS of mangrove snapper, CTSS was expressed in Escherichia coli M15 strains. Like other mammalian CTSS, the recombinant CTSS (rCTSS) had autocatalytic activation properties, can remove pro-peptides, and can release active mature peptides. Active CTSS had the ability to catalyze Z-Phe-Arg-AMC substrates in acidic conditions (pH 5.0) and weak alkaline environments (pH 7.5); this activity could be blocked by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64. Active CTSS can process recombinant Ii chains (invariant chains) in a stepwise manner in vitro. The results indicate that mangrove red snapper CTSS is a lysosomal cysteine protease family member with a key role in antigen processing in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- The Division of Ocean Science and Technology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, PR China
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23
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Fujii H, Ivison SM, Shimizu H, Kajiwara R, Kariminia A, Yan M, Dutz JP, Schultz KR. Inhibition of cathepsin S reduces allogeneic T cell priming but not graft-versus-host disease against minor histocompatibility antigens. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 18:546-56. [PMID: 22178962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin (Cathepsin) S, L, and B proteases mediate antigen presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II by degrading the invariant chain Ii, which blocks peptide loading. The ability of the Cathepsin S inhibitor LHVS (morpholinurea-leucine-homophenylalanine-vinylsulfone phenyl) to impede antigen presentation has led its development as a therapy for autoimmune diseases. There is substantial evidence that donor T cell recognition of host minor histocompatibility antigens (miHA) and subsequent destruction of host tissue mediates graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We hypothesized that enzymes involved in antigen presentation may play a role in the development of GVHD. Using the C57BL/6 → BALB.B minor mismatch acute GVHD (aGVHD) model, we found that the cathepsin S activity of spleens from allogenetically transplanted mice were significantly increased 1 week after transplantation compared with syngeneic mice. Although LHVS decreased T cell priming responses against both single OVA antigen and miHA in vitro, LHVS did not reduce the severity of aGVHD. In fact, LHVS exacerbated a CD4(+)-T cell-dependent model of GVHD similar to chronic GVHD. This suggests that cytokines rather than T cells may mediate much of the damage in the aGVHD model and that therapeutics based on inhibition of antigen presentation for GVHD must be approached with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaki Fujii
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Clark AK, Malcangio M. Microglial signalling mechanisms: Cathepsin S and Fractalkine. Exp Neurol 2011; 234:283-92. [PMID: 21946268 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A recent major conceptual advance has been the recognition of the importance of immune system-neuron interactions in the modulation of spinal pain processing. In particular, pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by immune competent cells such as microglia modulate nociceptive function in the injured CNS and following peripheral nerve damage. Chemokines play a pivotal role in mediating neuronal-microglial communication which leads to increased nociception. Here we examine the evidence that one such microglial mediator, the lysosomal cysteine protease Cathepsin S (CatS), is critical for the maintenance of neuropathic pain via cleavage of the transmembrane chemokine Fractalkine (FKN). Both CatS and FKN mediate critical physiological functions necessary for immune regulation. As key mediators of homeostatic functions it is not surprising that imbalance in these immune processes has been implicated in autoimmune disorders including Multiple Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis, both of which are associated with chronic pain. Thus, impairment of the CatS/FKN signalling pair constitutes a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Clark
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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Zou F, Schäfer N, Palesch D, Brücken R, Beck A, Sienczyk M, Kalbacher H, Sun Z, Boehm BO, Burster T. Regulation of cathepsin G reduces the activation of proinsulin-reactive T cells from type 1 diabetes patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22815. [PMID: 21850236 PMCID: PMC3151250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantigenic peptides resulting from self-proteins such as proinsulin are important players in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Self-proteins can be processed by cathepsins (Cats) within endocytic compartments and loaded to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules for CD4+ T cell inspection. However, the processing and presentation of proinsulin by antigen-presenting cells (APC) in humans is only partially understood. Here we demonstrate that the processing of proinsulin by B cell or myeloid dendritic cell (mDC1)-derived lysosomal cathepsins resulted in several proinsulin-derived intermediates. These intermediates were similar to those obtained using purified CatG and, to a lesser extent, CatD, S, and V in vitro. Some of these intermediates polarized T cell activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from T1D patients indicative for naturally processed T cell epitopes. Furthermore, CatG activity was found to be elevated in PBMC from T1D patients and abrogation of CatG activity resulted in functional inhibition of proinsulin-reactive T cells. Our data suggested the notion that CatG plays a critical role in proinsulin processing and is important in the activation process of diabetogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nadja Schäfer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Palesch
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ruth Brücken
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Medical and Natural Sciences Research Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - ZiLin Sun
- Institute of Diabetes, Zhongda Hospital Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Yamamoto K, Kawakubo T, Yasukochi A, Tsukuba T. Emerging roles of cathepsin E in host defense mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:105-12. [PMID: 21664991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin E is an intracellular aspartic proteinase of the pepsin superfamily, which is predominantly expressed in certain cell types, including the immune system cells and rapidly regenerating gastric mucosal and epidermal keratinocytes. The intracellular localization of this protein varies with different cell types. The endosomal localization is primarily found in antigen-presenting cells and gastric cells. The membrane association is observed with certain cell types such as erythrocytes, osteoclasts, gastric parietal cells and renal proximal tubule cells. This enzyme is also found in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and cytosolic compartments in various cell types. In addition to its intracellular localization, cathepsin E occurs in the culture medium of activated phagocytes and cancer cells as the catalytically active enzyme. Its strategic expression and localization thus suggests the association of this enzyme with specific biological functions of the individual cell types. Recent genetic and pharmacological studies have particularly suggested that cathepsin E plays an important role in host defense against cancer cells and invading microorganisms. This review focuses emerging roles of cathepsin E in immune system cells and skin keratinocytes, and in host defense against cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamamoto
- Proteolysis Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Baugh M, Black D, Westwood P, Kinghorn E, McGregor K, Bruin J, Hamilton W, Dempster M, Claxton C, Cai J, Bennett J, Long C, Mckinnon H, Vink P, Hoed LD, Gorecka M, Vora K, Grant E, Percival MD, Boots AMH, van Lierop MJ. Therapeutic dosing of an orally active, selective cathepsin S inhibitor suppresses disease in models of autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Reich M, Zou F, Sieńczyk M, Oleksyszyn J, Boehm BO, Burster T. Invariant chain processing is independent of cathepsin variation between primary human B cells/dendritic cells and B-lymphoblastoid cells. Cell Immunol 2011; 269:96-103. [PMID: 21543057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As part of the endocytic antigen processing pathway, proteolytic cleavage of the invariant chain (Ii) is important for the generation of class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP). CLIP remains associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule to prevent premature loading of antigenic peptides. Cysteine proteases, such as Cathepsin S (CatS), CatL, or CatV, play a pivotal role in the final stage of Ii degradation depending on the cell type studied. Less is known regarding the early stages of Ii processing. We therefore explored whether the serine protease CatG is involved in the initial step of Ii degradation in primary antigen presenting cells (APC), since the cathepsin distribution differs between primary APC and cell lines. While primary human B cells and dendritic cells (DC) do harbor CatG, this protease is absent in B-lymphoblastoid cells (BLC) or monocyte-derived DC generated in vitro. In addition, other proteases, such as CatC, CatL, and the asparagine endoprotease (AEP), are active in BLC and monocyte-derived DC. Here we demonstrate that CatG progressively degraded Ii in vitro resulting in several intermediates. However, pharmacological inhibition of CatG in primary B cells and DC did not alter Ii processing, indicating that CatG is dispensable in Ii degradation. Interestingly, stalling of cysteine proteases by inhibition in BLC vs. primary B cells and DC did not result in any differences in the generation of distinct Ii intermediates between the cells tested, suggesting that Ii processing is independent of the cathepsin variation within professional human APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reich
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Kim NY, Ahn SJ, Lee AR, Seo JS, Kim MS, Kim JK, Chung JK, Lee HH. Cloning, expression analysis and enzymatic characterization of cathepsin S from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 157:238-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Harikrishnan R, Kim MC, Kim JS, Han YJ, Jang IS, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Immune response and expression analysis of cathepsin K in goldfish during Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:511-516. [PMID: 20025977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The innate immunity and expression profiles of cathepsins D were determined in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) tissues after challenge with a fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The innate immunity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) were determined by peripheral blood leucocytes. Blood and tissue samples of the muscle, gills, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and intestine were sampled at 1, 3, 6 and 12 h post-infection for cathepsin D expression by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The ROS and RNS production did not significantly increase at 1 h post-challenged goldfish. However, the ROS and RNS production was significantly increased after 3 h post-challenged fish compared to the control. The cathepsin D expression was found very low in muscle and kidney of the control fish, other tissues was not found the expression. A similar pattern was found in goldfish at 1 h post-challenge with A. hydrophila. However, at 3 h post-challenge goldfish, the cathepsin D expression was high only in the heart. At 6 h post-challenge goldfish, the cathepsin D expression was seen high all the tissues, except in the spleen. However, the expression was decreased at 12 h post-infection samples. This result was suggested that the goldfish infected with A. hydrophila decreased the innate immunity level in peripheral blood and expressed the cathepsin D in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Marine Applied Microbes and Aquatic Organism Disease Control Lab, Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, College of Ocean Sciences & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea.
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Oliveira M, Torquato RJS, Alves MFM, Juliano MA, Brömme D, Barros NMT, Carmona AK. Improvement of cathepsin S detection using a designed FRET peptide based on putative natural substrates. Peptides 2010; 31:562-7. [PMID: 20045715 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine peptidase of the papain superfamily which is implicated in physiological and pathological states. The enzyme is highly expressed in antigen presenting cells and is thought to play an important role in the processing of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain. In pathological processes, cathepsin S is associated with Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and obesity and can be regarded as a potential target in related disorders. However, due to the broad substrate specificities of the lysosomal cathepsins, the specific detection of cathepsin S is difficult when other cathepsins are present. In an attempt to distinguish cathepsin S from other cathepsins we synthesized and tested fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides derived from two of its putative natural substrates, namely insulin beta-chain and class II-associated invariant chain (CLIP). The influence of ionic strength on the catalytic activity and the enzyme stability in neutral pH was also analyzed. Using data gathered from our study we developed a selective substrate for cathepsin S and establish the assay conditions to differentiate the enzyme from cathepsins L, B, V and K. The peptide Abz-LEQ-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid; EDDnp=N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]ethylenediamine]) in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1M NaCl was hydrolyzed by cathepsin S with k(cat)/K(m) value of 3585mM(-1)s(-1), and was resistant to hydrolysis by cathepsins L, V, K and B. Thus, we developed a sensitive and selective cathepsins S substrate that permits continuous measurement of the enzymatic activity even in crude tissue extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua 3 de Maio 100, São Paulo, Brazil
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Singh R, Singh S, Sharma PK, Singh UP, Briles DE, Hollingshead SK, Lillard JW. Helper T cell epitope-mapping reveals MHC-peptide binding affinities that correlate with T helper cell responses to pneumococcal surface protein A. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9432. [PMID: 20195541 PMCID: PMC2828482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the requirements for protection against pneumococcal carriage and pneumonia will greatly benefit efforts in controlling these diseases. Several proteins and polysaccharide capsule have recently been implicated in the virulence of and protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumonia. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is highly conserved among S. pneumonia strains, inhibits complement activation, binds lactoferrin, elicits protective systemic immunity against pneumococcal infection, and is necessary for full pneumococcal virulence. Identification of PspA peptides that optimally bind human leukocyte antigen (HLA) would greatly contribute to global vaccine efforts, but this is hindered by the multitude of HLA polymorphisms. Here, we have used an experimental data set of 54 PspA peptides and in silico methods to predict peptide binding to HLA and murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. We also characterized spleen- and cervical lymph node (CLN)-derived helper T lymphocyte (HTL) cytokine responses to these peptides after S. pneumonia strain EF3030-challenge in mice. Individual, yet overlapping peptides, 15 amino acids in length revealed residues 199 to 246 of PspA (PspA199–246) consistently caused the greatest IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5 and proliferation as well as moderate IL-10 and IL-4 responses by ex vivo stimulated splenic and CLN CD4+ T cells isolated from S. pneumonia strain EF3030-challeged F1 (B6×BALB/c) mice. IEDB, RANKPEP, SVMHC, MHCPred, and SYFPEITHI in silico analysis tools revealed peptides in PspA199–246 also interact with a broad range of HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP allelles. These data suggest that predicted MHC class II-peptide binding affinities do not always correlate with T helper (Th) cytokine or proliferative responses to PspA peptides, but when used together with in vivo validation can be a useful tool to choose candidate pneumococcal HTL epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shailesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Praveen K. Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - David E. Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Susan K. Hollingshead
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James W. Lillard
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Burster T, Macmillan H, Hou T, Boehm BO, Mellins ED. Cathepsin G: roles in antigen presentation and beyond. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:658-65. [PMID: 19910052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Contributions from multiple cathepsins within endosomal antigen processing compartments are necessary to process antigenic proteins into antigenic peptides. Cysteine and aspartyl cathepsins have been known to digest antigenic proteins. A role for the serine protease, cathepsin G (CatG), in this process has been described only recently, although CatG has long been known to be a granule-associated proteolytic enzyme of neutrophils. In line with a role for this enzyme in antigen presentation, CatG is found in endocytic compartments of a variety of antigen presenting cells. CatG is found in primary human monocytes, B cells, myeloid dendritic cells 1 (mDC1), mDC2, plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and murine microglia, but is not expressed in B cell lines or monocyte-derived DC. Purified CatG can be internalized into endocytic compartments in CatG non-expressing cells, widening the range of cells where this enzyme may play a role in antigen processing. Functional assays have implicated CatG as a critical enzyme in processing of several antigens and autoantigens. In this review, historical and recent data on CatG expression, distribution, function and involvement in disease will be summarized and discussed, with a focus on its role in antigen presentation and immune-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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Reich M, Lesner A, Legowska A, Sieńczyk M, Oleksyszyn J, Boehm BO, Burster T. Application of specific cell permeable cathepsin G inhibitors resulted in reduced antigen processing in primary dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2994-9. [PMID: 19615749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease cathepsin G (CatG) is expressed in primary antigen-presenting cells and regulates autoantigen processing in CatG pre-loaded fibroblasts. To further investigate the function of CatG in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II loading compartments, a specific, cell permeable CatG-inhibitor is needed. In this study, several CatG-inhibitors were tested for their ability to penetrate the cell membrane of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We find that the commercially available reversible CatG-specific inhibitor I (CatG inhibitor) and the irreversible Suc-Val-Pro-Phe(P) (OPh)(2) (Suc-VPF) are both cell permeable and specifically inhibit intracellular CatG in the PBMC. Furthermore, selective inhibition of CatG resulted in reduced tetanus toxin C-fragment (TTC) and hemagglutinin (HA) processing and presentation to CD4(+) T cells. We conclude that these CatG inhibitors can be used for both antigen-processing studies and for modulation of T cell response in situ and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reich
- Catheomics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Reich M, Wieczerzak E, Jankowska E, Palesch D, Boehm BO, Burster T. Specific cathepsin B inhibitor is cell-permeable and activates presentation of TTC in primary human dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2009; 123:155-9. [PMID: 19428564 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins of the cysteine, aspartyl, and serine classes are involved in antigen processing in the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loading compartment. Investigation of these proteases in living cells is difficult to perform due to the lack of highly specific cell-permeable inhibitors. Recently, a highly selective cathepsin B (CatB) inhibitor, Z-Arg-Leu-Arg-alpha-aza-glycyl-Ile-Val-OMe (ZRLR), was described. We found that ZRLR is cell-permeable and specifically inhibits CatB, in contrast to the CatB inhibitor, CA074-OMe, which blocks cysteine cathepsins in addition to CatB in primary human antigen-presenting cells (APC). Furthermore, we compared both CA074-OMe and ZRLR in the ability to alter tetanus toxin C-fragment (TTC) presentation to T cells by different APC. As a result, we found enhanced presentation of TTC in the presence of ZRLR, as determined by detection of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We conclude that ZRLR is a specific, cell-permeable CatB inhibitor which can be used for antigen presenting studies in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reich
- Catheomics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Stoeckle C, Sommandas V, Adamopoulou E, Belisle K, Schiekofer S, Melms A, Weber E, Driessen C, Boehm BO, Tolosa E, Burster T. Cathepsin G is differentially expressed in primary human antigen-presenting cells. Cell Immunol 2008; 255:41-5. [PMID: 19036358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are required for the processing of antigens in order to make them suitable for loading on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, for subsequent presentation to CD4(+) T cells. It was shown that antigen processing in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), a commonly used DC model, is different from that of primary human DC. Here, we report that the two subsets of human myeloid DC (mDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC) differ in their cathepsin distribution. The serine protease cathepsin G (CatG) was detected in mDC1, mDC2, pDC, cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTEC) and high levels of CatG were determined in pDC. To address the role of CatG in the processing and presentation of a Multiple Sclerosis-associated autoantigen myelin basic protein (MBP), we used a non-CatG expressing fibroblast cell line and fibroblasts, which were preloaded with purified CatG. We find that preloading fibroblasts with CatG results in a decrease of MBP84-98-specific T cell proliferation, when compared to control cells. Our data suggest a different processing signature in primary human antigen-presenting cells and CatG may be of functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Stoeckle
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Differential MHC class II synthesis and ubiquitination confers distinct antigen-presenting properties on conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:1244-52. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yang M, Sun J, Zhang T, Liu J, Zhang J, Shi MA, Darakhshan F, Guerre-Millo M, Clement K, Gelb BD, Dolgnov G, Shi GP. Deficiency and inhibition of cathepsin K reduce body weight gain and increase glucose metabolism in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2202-8. [PMID: 18818416 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.172320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies demonstrated increased levels of cysteine proteases cathepsins in serum and adipose tissues from obese patients. We now provide evidence from a mouse model of obesity to suggest a direct participation of cathepsin K (CatK) in mouse body weight gain and glucose metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we detected 12-fold increase in CatK transcripts after adipogenesis of human preadipocytes. Using an immunohistology analysis, we consistently observed high levels of CatK expression in adipose tissues from obese humans and mice. Selective inhibition of CatK activity blocked the lipid accumulation in human and mouse preadipocytes. In mice, CatK deficiency reduced significantly diet-induced body weight gain and serum glucose and insulin levels. Similar results were obtained in diet-induced and genetically created (ob/ob) obese mice after animals were treated with a CatK-selective inhibitor. Mechanistic study demonstrated a role for CatK in degrading fibronectin, a matrix protein that controls adipogenesis. Deficiency or inhibition of CatK leads to fibronectin accumulation in muscle and adipose tissues. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an essential role of CatK in adipogenesis and mouse body weight gain, possibly via degradation of fibronectin, thus suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for the control of obesity by regulating CatK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Melton SJ, Landry SJ. Three dimensional structure directs T-cell epitope dominance associated with allergy. Clin Mol Allergy 2008; 6:9. [PMID: 18793409 PMCID: PMC2553403 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4+ T-cell epitope immunodominance is not adequately explained by peptide selectivity in class II major histocompatibility proteins, but it has been correlated with adjacent segments of conformational flexibility in several antigens. METHODS The published T-cell responses to two venom allergens and two aeroallergens were used to construct profiles of epitope dominance, which were correlated with the distribution of conformational flexibility, as measured by crystallographic B factors, solvent-accessible surface, COREX residue stability, and sequence entropy. RESULTS Epitopes associated with allergy tended to be excluded from and lie adjacent to flexible segments of the allergen. CONCLUSION During the initiation of allergy, the N- and/or C-terminal ends of proteolytic processing intermediates were preferentially loaded into antigen presenting proteins for the priming of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Melton
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Fissolo N, Kraus M, Reich M, Ayturan M, Overkleeft H, Driessen C, Weissert R. Dual inhibition of proteasomal and lysosomal proteolysis ameliorates autoimmune central nervous system inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2401-11. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Podolin PL, Bolognese BJ, Carpenter DC, Davis TG, Johanson RA, Fox JH, Long E, Dong X, Marquis RW, Locastro SM, Terfloth GJ, Kurali E, Peterson JJ, Smith BR, McQueney MS, Yamashita DS, Capper-Spudich EA. Inhibition of invariant chain processing, antigen-induced proliferative responses, and the development of collagen-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a small molecule cysteine protease inhibitor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7989-8003. [PMID: 18523262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Members of the papain family of cysteine proteases (cathepsins) mediate late stage processing of MHC class II-bound invariant chain (Ii), enabling dissociation of Ii, and binding of antigenic peptide to class II molecules. Recognition of cell surface class II/Ag complexes by CD4(+) T cells then leads to T cell activation. Herein, we demonstrate that a pan-active cathepsin inhibitor, SB-331750, attenuated the processing of whole cell Ii p10 to CLIP by Raji cells, and DBA/1, SJL/J, and C57BL/6 splenocytes. In Raji cells and C57BL/6 splenocytes, SB-331750 inhibited class II-associated Ii processing and reduced surface class II/CLIP expression, whereas in SB-331750-treated DBA/1 and SJL/J splenocytes, class II-associated Ii processing intermediates were undetectable. Incubation of lymph node cells/splenocytes from collagen-primed DBA/1 mice and myelin basic protein-primed SJL/J mice with Ag in the presence of SB-331750 resulted in concentration-dependent inhibition of Ag-induced proliferation. In vivo administration of SB-331750 to DBA/1, SJL/J, and C57BL/6 mice inhibited splenocyte processing of whole cell Ii p10 to CLIP. Prophylactic administration of SB-331750 to collagen-immunized/boosted DBA/1 mice delayed the onset and reduced the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and reduced paw tissue levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. Similarly, treatment of myelin basic protein-primed SJL/J lymph node cells with SB-331750 delayed the onset and reduced the severity of adoptively transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Therapeutic administration of SB-331750 reduced the severity of mild/moderate CIA and EAE. These results indicate that pharmacological inhibition of cathepsins attenuates CIA and EAE, potentially via inhibition of Ii processing, and subsequent Ag-induced T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Podolin
- Respiratory and Inflammation Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Ferreira GB, Overbergh L, van Etten E, Lage K, D'Hertog W, Hansen DA, Maris M, Moreau Y, Workman CT, Waelkens E, Mathieu C. Protein-induced changes during the maturation process of human dendritic cells: A 2-D DIGE approach. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1349-60. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Yeh HY, Klesius PH. Molecular cloning, sequencing and characterization of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, Rafinesque 1818) cathepsin S gene. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:382-7. [PMID: 18817983 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine endopeptidase of the papain family. Our preliminary results showed the up-regulation of cathepsin S (CTSS) transcript during the early stage of Edwardsiella ictaluri infection, leading us to speculate that CTSS may play a role in infection. In this report, we identified, sequenced and characterized the channel catfish CTSS cDNA. Total RNA from tissues was isolated and cDNA libraries were constructed by the rapid amplification cDNA end (RACE) method. The gene-specific primers in conjunction with the RACE primers were used to PCR amplify 5'- and 3'-ends of the CTSS transcript. The complete channel catfish CTSS cDNA comprised 1530 nucleotides including a 96-nucleotide 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 990-nucleotide open reading frame and a 444-nucleotide 3'-UTR. The open reading frame appears to encode a protein of 329 amino-acid residues with calculated molecular mass of 36.7kDa and pI of 5.96. The degree of conservation of the channel catfish CTSS amino-acid sequence in comparison to other species ranged from 56.6 to 68.5%. These results provide important information for further exploring the roles of channel catfish CTSS in antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yueh Yeh
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36832-4352, United States.
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van Niel G, Wubbolts R, Stoorvogel W. Endosomal sorting of MHC class II determines antigen presentation by dendritic cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:437-44. [PMID: 18582577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume van Niel
- Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Paris 75248, France.
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45
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Wendt W, Lübbert H, Stichel CC. Upregulation of cathepsin S in the aging and pathological nervous system of mice. Brain Res 2008; 1232:7-20. [PMID: 18694734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins have long been regarded enzymes that are primarily involved in general protein turnover within lysosomes. However, more recently, their differential cell and tissue distributions suggest that at least some of them participate in specific cellular processes. Cathepsin S (CATS) is mainly expressed in cells of mononuclear phagocytotic origin and plays a major role in the MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation. Although a central role for CATS in brain function has also been suggested, its localization and regulation in the central nervous system are still poorly understood. In the present study we investigated the regional and cellular expression of CATS in normal, aging and pathological mouse brain. Our studies show that CATS is expressed throughout the adult mouse brain, in particular in microglial cells. In aged mice, CATS protein expression increases in these cells. In addition, it became apparent that in old mice a larger number of neuronal cells stained positive for this protease. At the subcellular level, CATS immunostaining accumulated in granules, indicating a lysosomal localization. In a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis expressing mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), CATS transcript and protein levels were significantly upregulated in spinal cord and lower brain regions displaying neuronal degeneration. The majority of strongly immunopositive cells in these regions exhibited microglial morphology. These results suggest that CATS participates in inflammatory processes accompanying aging and pathologies of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Wendt
- Department of Animal Physiology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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46
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Kao CM, Huang FL. Cloning and expression of carp cathepsin Z: Possible involvement in yolk metabolism. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:541-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Costantino CM, Hang HC, Kent SC, Hafler DA, Ploegh HL. Lysosomal Cysteine and Aspartic Proteases Are Heterogeneously Expressed and Act Redundantly to Initiate Human Invariant Chain Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2876-85. [PMID: 18292509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Costantino
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Soualhine H, Deghmane AE, Sun J, Mak K, Talal A, Av-Gay Y, Hmama Z. Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin secreting active cathepsin S stimulates expression of mature MHC class II molecules and antigen presentation in human macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5137-45. [PMID: 17911599 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A successful Th cell response to bacterial infections is induced by mature MHC class II molecules presenting specific Ag peptides on the surface of macrophages. In recent studies, we demonstrated that infection with the conventional vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) specifically blocks the surface export of mature class II molecules in human macrophages by a mechanism dependent on inhibition of cathepsin S (Cat S) expression. The present study examined class II expression in macrophages infected with a rBCG strain engineered to express and secrete biologically active human Cat S (rBCG-hcs). Cat S activity was completely restored in cells ingesting rBCG-hcs, which secreted substantial levels of Cat S intracellularly. Thus, infection with rBCG-hcs, but not parental BCG, restored surface expression of mature MHC class II molecules in response to IFN-gamma, presumably as result of MHC class II invariant chain degradation dependent on active Cat S secreted by the bacterium. These events correlated with increased class II-directed presentation of mycobacterial Ag85B to a specific CD4(+) T cell hybridoma by rBCG-hcs-infected macrophages. Consistent with these findings, rBCG-hcs was found to accelerate the fusion of its phagosome with lysosomes, a process that optimizes Ag processing in infected macrophages. These data demonstrated that intracellular restoration of Cat S activity improves the capacity of BCG-infected macrophages to stimulate CD4(+) Th cells. Given that Th cells play a major role in protection against tuberculosis, rBCG-hcs would be a valuable tuberculosis vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafid Soualhine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Costal Health Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Dendritic cell preactivation impairs MHC class II presentation of vaccines and endogenous viral antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17753-8. [PMID: 17978177 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708622104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When dendritic cells (DCs) encounter signals associated with infection or inflammation, they become activated and undergo maturation. Mature DCs are very efficient at presenting antigens captured in association with their activating signal but fail to present subsequently encountered antigens, at least in vitro. Such impairment of MHC class II (MHC II) antigen presentation has generally been thought to be a consequence of down-regulation of endocytosis, so it might be expected that antigens synthesized by the DCs themselves (for instance, viral antigens) would still be presented by mature DCs. Here, we show that DCs matured in vivo could still capture and process soluble antigens, but were unable to present peptides derived from these antigens. Furthermore, presentation of viral antigens synthesized by the DCs themselves was also severely impaired. Indeed, i.v. injection of pathogen mimics, which caused systemic DC activation in vivo, impaired the induction of CD4 T cell responses against subsequently encountered protein antigens. This immunosuppressed state could be reversed by adoptive transfer of DCs loaded exogenously with antigens, demonstrating that impairment of CD4 T cell responses was due to lack of antigen presentation rather than to overt suppression of T cell activation. The biochemical mechanism underlying this phenomenon was the down-regulation of MHC II-peptide complex formation that accompanied DC maturation. These observations have important implications for the design of prophylactic and therapeutic DC vaccines and contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms causing immunosuppression during systemic blood infections.
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Kakehashi H, Nishioku T, Tsukuba T, Kadowaki T, Nakamura S, Yamamoto K. Differential Regulation of the Nature and Functions of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages by Cathepsin E. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:5728-37. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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