1
|
Elguindy M, Young JS, Mondal I, Lu RO, Ho WS. Glioma-Immune Cell Crosstalk in Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:308. [PMID: 38254796 PMCID: PMC10813573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioma progression is a complex process controlled by molecular factors that coordinate the crosstalk between tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Among these, immune cells play a critical role in cancer survival and progression. The complex interplay between cancer cells and the immune TME influences the outcome of immunotherapy and other anti-cancer therapies. Here, we present an updated view of the pro- and anti-tumor activities of the main myeloid and lymphocyte cell populations in the glioma TME. We review the underlying mechanisms involved in crosstalk between cancer cells and immune cells that enable gliomas to evade the immune system and co-opt these cells for tumor growth. Lastly, we discuss the current and experimental therapeutic options being developed to revert the immunosuppressive activity of the glioma TME. Knowledge of the complex interplay that elapses between tumor and immune cells may help develop new combination treatments able to overcome tumor immune evasion mechanisms and enhance response to immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Winson S. Ho
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baron M, Drohat P, Crawford B, Hornicek FJ, Best TM, Kouroupis D. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Immunomodulatory and Bone Regeneration Potential after Tumor Excision in Osteosarcoma Patients. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1187. [PMID: 37892917 PMCID: PMC10604230 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a type of bone cancer that is derived from primitive mesenchymal cells typically affecting children and young adults. The current standard of treatment is a combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection of the cancerous bone. Post-resection challenges in bone regeneration arise. To determine the appropriate amount of bone to be removed, preoperative imaging techniques such as bone and CT scans are employed. To prevent local recurrence, the current standard of care suggests maintaining bony and soft tissue margins from 3 to 7 cm beyond the tumor. The amount of bone removed in an OS patient leaves too large of a deficit for bone to form on its own and requires reconstruction with metal implants or allografts. Both methods require the bone to heal, either to the implant or across the allograft junction, often in the setting of marrow-killing chemotherapy. Therefore, the issue of bone regeneration within the surgically resected margins remains an important challenge for the patient, family, and treating providers. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are potential agents for enhancing bone regeneration post tumor resection. MSCs, used with scaffolds and growth factors, show promise in fostering bone regeneration in OS cases. We spotlight two MSC types-bone marrow-derived (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue-derived (ASCs)-highlighting their bone regrowth facilitation and immunomodulatory effects on immune cells like macrophages and T cells, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. The objective of this review is two-fold: review work demonstrating any ability of MSCs to target the deranged immune system in the OS microenvironment, and synthesize the available literature on the use of MSCs as a therapeutic option for stimulating bone regrowth in OS patients post bone resection. When it comes to repairing bone defects, both MB-MSCs and ASCs hold great potential for stimulating bone regeneration. Research has showcased their effectiveness in reconstructing bone defects while maintaining a non-tumorigenic role following wide resection of bone tumors, underscoring their capability to enhance bone healing and regeneration following tumor excisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Baron
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.B.); (P.D.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Philip Drohat
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.B.); (P.D.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Brooke Crawford
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (B.C.); (F.J.H.)
| | - Francis J. Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (B.C.); (F.J.H.)
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.B.); (P.D.); (T.M.B.)
| | - Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.B.); (P.D.); (T.M.B.)
- Diabetes Research Institute, Cell Transplant Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kayongo A, Nyiro B, Siddharthan T, Kirenga B, Checkley W, Lutaakome Joloba M, Ellner J, Salgame P. Mechanisms of lung damage in tuberculosis: implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146571. [PMID: 37415827 PMCID: PMC10320222 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for COPD. Severe lung function impairment has been reported in post-TB patients. Despite increasing evidence to support the association between TB and COPD, only a few studies describe the immunological basis of COPD among TB patients following successful treatment completion. In this review, we draw on well-elaborated Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced immune mechanisms in the lungs to highlight shared mechanisms for COPD pathogenesis in the setting of tuberculosis disease. We further examine how such mechanisms could be exploited to guide COPD therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kayongo
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brian Nyiro
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Trishul Siddharthan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Bruce Kirenga
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Moses Lutaakome Joloba
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jerrold Ellner
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weißert K, Ammann S, Kögl T, Dettmer‐Monaco V, Schell C, Cathomen T, Ehl S, Aichele P. Adoptive T cell therapy cures mice from active hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e16085. [PMID: 36278424 PMCID: PMC9728053 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory syndrome caused by impaired lymphocyte cytotoxicity. First-line therapeutic regimens directed against activated immune cells or secreted cytokines show limited efficacy since they do not target the underlying immunological problem: defective lymphocyte cytotoxicity causing prolonged immune stimulation. A potential rescue strategy would be the adoptive transfer of ex vivo gene-corrected autologous T cells. However, transfusion of cytotoxicity-competent T cells under conditions of hyperinflammation may cause more harm than benefit. As a proof-of-concept for adoptive T cell therapy (ATCT) under hyperinflammatory conditions, we transferred syngeneic, cytotoxicity-competent T cells into mice with virally triggered active primary HLH. ATCT with functional syngeneic trigger-specific T cells cured Jinx mice from active HLH without life-threatening side effects and protected Perforin-deficient mice from lethal HLH progression by reconstituting cytotoxicity. Cured mice were protected long-term from HLH relapses. A threshold frequency of transferred T cells with functional differentiation was identified as a predictive biomarker for long-term survival. This study is the first proof-of-concept for ATCT in active HLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Weißert
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Faculty of BiologyAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Sandra Ammann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Tamara Kögl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Institute for Immunology, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Viviane Dettmer‐Monaco
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Center for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Peter Aichele
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center ‐ University of Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stevenson EM, Terry S, Copertino D, Leyre L, Danesh A, Weiler J, Ward AR, Khadka P, McNeil E, Bernard K, Miller IG, Ellsworth GB, Johnston CD, Finkelsztein EJ, Zumbo P, Betel D, Dündar F, Duncan MC, Lapointe HR, Speckmaier S, Moran-Garcia N, Papa MP, Nicholes S, Stover CJ, Lynch RM, Caskey M, Gaebler C, Chun TW, Bosque A, Wilkin TJ, Lee GQ, Brumme ZL, Jones RB. SARS CoV-2 mRNA vaccination exposes latent HIV to Nef-specific CD8 + T-cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4888. [PMID: 35985993 PMCID: PMC9389512 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to cure HIV have focused on reactivating latent proviruses to enable elimination by CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. Clinical studies of latency reversing agents (LRA) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated individuals have shown increases in HIV transcription, but without reductions in virologic measures, or evidence that HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells were productively engaged. Here, we show that the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 activates the RIG-I/TLR - TNF - NFκb axis, resulting in transcription of HIV proviruses with minimal perturbations of T-cell activation and host transcription. T-cells specific for the early gene-product HIV-Nef uniquely increased in frequency and acquired effector function (granzyme-B) in ART-treated individuals following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. These parameters of CD8+ T-cell induction correlated with significant decreases in cell-associated HIV mRNA, suggesting killing or suppression of cells transcribing HIV. Thus, we report the observation of an intervention-induced reduction in a measure of HIV persistence, accompanied by precise immune correlates, in ART-suppressed individuals. However, we did not observe significant depletions of intact proviruses, underscoring challenges to achieving (or measuring) HIV reservoir reductions. Overall, our results support prioritizing the measurement of granzyme-B-producing Nef-specific responses in latency reversal studies and add impetus to developing HIV-targeted mRNA therapeutic vaccines that leverage built-in LRA activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Terry
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Copertino
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louise Leyre
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali Danesh
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam R Ward
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pragya Khadka
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evan McNeil
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Bernard
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itzayana G Miller
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grant B Ellsworth
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carrie D Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli J Finkelsztein
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Zumbo
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Doron Betel
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maggie C Duncan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hope R Lapointe
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Speckmaier
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nadia Moran-Garcia
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michelle Premazzi Papa
- Dept of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel Nicholes
- Dept of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carissa J Stover
- Dept of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lynch
- Dept of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Dept of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Timothy J Wilkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guinevere Q Lee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sorieul C, Papi F, Carboni F, Pecetta S, Phogat S, Adamo R. Recent advances and future perspectives on carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108158. [PMID: 35183590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are abundantly expressed on the surface of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, often as post translational modifications of proteins. Glycoproteins are recognized by the immune system and can trigger both innate and humoral responses. This feature has been harnessed to generate vaccines against polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis. In cancer, glycosylation plays a pivotal role in malignancy development and progression. Since glycans are specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, they have been targeted for the discovery of anticancer preventive and therapeutic treatments, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. Despite the various efforts made over the last years, resulting in a series of clinical studies, attempts of vaccination with carbohydrate-based candidates have proven unsuccessful, primarily due to the immune tolerance often associated with these glycans. New strategies are thus deployed to enhance carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines. Moreover, lessons learned from glycan immunobiology paved the way to the development of new monoclonal antibodies specifically designed to recognize cancer-bound carbohydrates and induce tumor cell killing. Herein we provide an overview of the immunological principles behind the immune response towards glycans and glycoconjugates and the approaches exploited at both preclinical and clinical level to target cancer-associated glycans for the development of vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We also discuss gaps and opportunities to successfully advance glycan-directed cancer therapies, which could provide patients with innovative and effective treatments.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar Singh A, Padwal V, Palav H, Velhal S, Nagar V, Patil P, Patel V. Highly dampened HIV-specific cytolytic effector T cell responses define viremic non-progression. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152234. [PMID: 35671626 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on HIV-specific T cell responses in HIV-1 infected Viremic Non-Progressors (VNPs), a rare group of people living with HIV that exhibit asymptomatic infection over several years accompanied by stable CD4+ T cell counts in spite of ongoing viral replication. We attempted to identify key virus-specific functional attributes that could underlie the apparently paradoxical virus-host equilibrium observed in VNPs. Our results revealed modulation of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cell responses in VNPs towards a dominant non-cytolytic profile with concomitantly diminished degranulation (CD107a+) ability. Further, the HIV specific CD8+ effector T cell response was primarily enriched for MIP-1β producing cells. As expected, concordant with better viral suppression, VCs exhibit a robust cytolytic T cell response. Interestingly, PuPs shared features common to both these responses but did not exhibit a CD4+ central memory IFN-γ producing Gag-specific response that was shared by both non-progressor (VC and VNP) groups, suggesting CD4 helper response is critical for non-progression. Our study also revealed that cytolytic response in VNPs is primarily limited to polyfunctional cells while both monofunctional and polyfunctional cells significantly contribute to cytolytic responses in VCs. To further understand mechanisms underlying the unique HIV-specific effector T cell response described here in VNPs we also evaluated and demonstrated a possible role for altered gut homing in these individuals. Our findings inform immunotherapeutic interventions to achieve functional cures in the context of ART resistance and serious non AIDS events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha Padwal
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harsha Palav
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Velhal
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vidya Nagar
- Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Patil
- Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao Y, Kong LX, Feng FS, Yang J, Wei G. A simple CD4+ T cells to FIB-4 ratio for evaluating prognosis of BCLC-B hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:311. [PMID: 35321670 PMCID: PMC8941753 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunotherapy has become a new therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, its treatment results are considerably different. CD4+ T cells (CD4+) are the key to immunotherapy, but patients with HCC that have low CD4+ are rarely observed for clinical evidence. Hepatitis B virus-related HCC is often accompanied by cirrhosis and portal hypertension; therefore, CD4+ tend to be relatively low in number. TACE is the standard treatment for Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC)-B HCC, which may further reduce the number of CD4 + . Methods This retrospective cohort study further reduced CD4+ by including patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to observe the relationship between CD4+ and Chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) induced HCC. A total of 170 BCLC-B HCC patients (42 HIV+) were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses, and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to evaluate the independent risk factors for the two-year survival. Results The statistical analysis of the two-year survival rate showed that the main factors influencing survival were liver function and immune indices, including CD4+, platelet, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) (P < 0.05). Compared with that in other indices, in logistic and ANN multivariate analysis, CD4 + -to-FIB-4 ratio (CD4+/FIB-4) had the highest importance with 0.716 C-statistic and 145.93 cut-off value. In terms of overall survival rate, HIV infection was not a risk factor (P = 0.589); however, CD4+/FIB-4 ≤ 145.93 significantly affected patient prognosis (P = 0.002). Conclusion HIV infection does not affect the prognosis of BCLC-B HCC, but CD4+ have a significant predictive value. CD4+ played a vital role in HCC and this deserves the attention from physicians. Further, the CD4+/FIB-4 is a clinically valuable effective prognostic indicator for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Xiang Kong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver transplantation Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Shi Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver transplantation Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center, Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Medikonda R, Choi J, Pant A, Saleh L, Routkevitch D, Tong L, Belcaid Z, Kim YH, Jackson CM, Jackson C, Mathios D, Xia Y, Shah PP, Patel K, Kim T, Srivastava S, Huq S, Ehresman J, Pennington Z, Tyler B, Brem H, Lim M. Synergy between glutamate modulation and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 immunotherapy for glioblastoma. J Neurosurg 2022; 136:379-388. [PMID: 34388730 DOI: 10.3171/2021.1.jns202482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) have shown promise for the treatment of cancers such as melanoma, but results for glioblastoma (GBM) have been disappointing thus far. It has been suggested that GBM has multiple mechanisms of immunosuppression, indicating a need for combinatorial treatment strategies. It is well understood that GBM increases glutamate in the tumor microenvironment (TME); however, the significance of this is not well understood. The authors posit that glutamate upregulation in the GBM TME is immunosuppressive. The authors utilized a novel glutamate modulator, BHV-4157, to determine synergy between glutamate modulation and the well-established anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for GBM. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were intracranially implanted with luciferase-tagged GL261 glioma cells. Mice were randomly assigned to the control, anti-PD-1, BHV-4157, or combination anti-PD-1 plus BHV-4157 treatment arms, and median overall survival was assessed. In vivo microdialysis was performed at the tumor site with administration of BHV-4157. Intratumoral immune cell populations were characterized with immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. RESULTS The BHV-4157 treatment arm demonstrated improved survival compared with the control arm (p < 0.0001). Microdialysis demonstrated that glutamate concentration in TME significantly decreased after BHV-4157 administration. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry demonstrated increased CD4+ T cells and decreased Foxp3+ T cells in mice that received BHV-4157 treatment. No survival benefit was observed when CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were depleted in mice prior to BHV-4157 administration (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the authors showed synergy between anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and glutamate modulation. The authors provide a possible mechanism for this synergistic benefit by showing that BHV-4157 relies on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This study sheds light on the role of excess glutamate in GBM and provides a basis for further exploring combinatorial approaches for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Medikonda
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - John Choi
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Ayush Pant
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Laura Saleh
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Denis Routkevitch
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Luqing Tong
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Zineb Belcaid
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Christopher M Jackson
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Christina Jackson
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Dimitrios Mathios
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Yuanxuan Xia
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Pavan P Shah
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Kisha Patel
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Timothy Kim
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Siddhartha Srivastava
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Sakibul Huq
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Jeff Ehresman
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Zach Pennington
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Betty Tyler
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Henry Brem
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Michael Lim
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tiwari JK, Negi S, Kashyap M, Nizamuddin S, Singh A, Khattri A. Pan-Cancer Analysis Shows Enrichment of Macrophages, Overexpression of Checkpoint Molecules, Inhibitory Cytokines, and Immune Exhaustion Signatures in EMT-High Tumors. Front Oncol 2022; 11:793881. [PMID: 35096592 PMCID: PMC8790577 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.793881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly dynamic process that occurs under normal circumstances; however, EMT is also known to play a central role in tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, role of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in shaping anticancer immunity and inducing the EMT is also well recognized. Understanding the key features of EMT is critical for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. Given the central role of EMT in immune escape and cancer progression and treatment, we have carried out a pan-cancer TIME analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset in context to EMT. We have analyzed infiltration of various immune cells, expression of multiple checkpoint molecules and cytokines, and inflammatory and immune exhaustion gene signatures in 22 cancer types from TCGA dataset. A total of 16 cancer types showed a significantly increased (p < 0.001) infiltration of macrophages in EMT-high tumors (mesenchymal samples). Furthermore, out of the 17 checkpoint molecules we analyzed, 11 showed a significant overexpression (p < 0.001) in EMT-high samples of at least 10 cancer types. Analysis of cytokines showed significant enrichment of immunosuppressive cytokines-TGFB1 and IL10-in the EMT-high group of almost all cancer types. Analysis of various gene signatures showed enrichment of inflammation, exhausted CD8+ T cells, and activated stroma signatures in EMT-high tumors. In summary, our pan-cancer EMT analysis of TCGA dataset shows that the TIME of EMT-high tumors is highly immunosuppressive compared to the EMT-low (epithelial) tumors. The distinctive features of EMT-high tumors are as follows: (i) the enrichment of tumor-associated macrophages, (ii) overexpression of immune checkpoint molecules, (iii) upregulation of immune inhibitory cytokines TGFB1 and IL10, and (iv) enrichment of inflammatory and exhausted CD8+ T-cell signatures. Our study shows that TIMEs of different EMT groups differ significantly, and this would pave the way for future studies analyzing and targeting the TIME regulators for anticancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Shloka Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Manju Kashyap
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sheikh Nizamuddin
- Department of Urology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amar Singh
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Arun Khattri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Whiteside TL. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Their Role in Solid Tumor Progression. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 113:89-106. [PMID: 35165861 PMCID: PMC9113058 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are an important component of the tumor environment. Their role in tumor growth and progression has been debated for decades. Today, emphasis has shifted to beneficial effects of TIL for the host and to therapies optimizing the benefits by reducing immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Evidence indicates that when TILs are present in the tumor as dense aggregates of activated immune cells, tumor prognosis and responses to therapy are favorable. Gene signatures and protein profiling of TIL at the population and single-cell levels provide clues not only about their phenotype and numbers but also about TIL potential functions in the tumor. Correlations of the TIL data with clinicopathological tumor characteristics, clinical outcome, and patients' survival indicate that TILs exert influence on the disease progression, especially in colorectal carcinomas and breast cancer. At the same time, the recognition that TIL signatures vary with time and cancer progression has initiated investigations of TIL as potential prognostic biomarkers. Multiple mechanisms are utilized by tumors to subvert the host immune system. The balance between pro- and antitumor responses of TIL largely depends on the tumor microenvironment, which is unique in each cancer patient. This balance is orchestrated by the tumor and thus is shifted toward the promotion of tumor growth. Changes occurring in TIL during tumor progression appear to serve as a measure of tumor aggressiveness and potentially provide a key to selecting therapeutic strategies and inform about prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tarantelli C, Argnani L, Zinzani PL, Bertoni F. PI3Kδ Inhibitors as Immunomodulatory Agents for the Treatment of Lymphoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5535. [PMID: 34771694 PMCID: PMC8582887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of small molecules able to block specific or multiple isoforms of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) has already been an active field of research for many years in the cancer field. PI3Kδ inhibitors are among the targeted agents most extensively studied for the treatment of lymphoma patients and PI3Kδ inhibitors are already approved by regulatory agencies. More recently, it became clear that the anti-tumor activity of PI3K inhibitors might not be due only to a direct effect on the cancer cells but it can also be mediated via inhibition of the kinases in non-neoplastic cells present in the tumor microenvironment. T-cells represent an important component of the tumor microenvironment and they comprise different subpopulations that can have both anti- and pro-tumor effects. In this review article, we discuss the effects that PI3Kδ inhibitors exert on the immune system with a particular focus on the T-cell compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
| | - Lisa Argnani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.A.); (P.L.Z.)
- Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”, Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (L.A.); (P.L.Z.)
- Istituto di Ematologia “Seràgnoli”, Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Silva P, Bano S, Pogue BW, Wang KK, Maytin EV, Hasan T. Photodynamic priming with triple-receptor targeted nanoconjugates that trigger T cell-mediated immune responses in a 3D in vitro heterocellular model of pancreatic cancer. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:3199-3214. [PMID: 37485044 PMCID: PMC10361703 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic priming (PDP), a collateral effect of photodynamic therapy, can transiently alter the tumor microenvironment (TME) beyond the cytotoxic zone. Studies have demonstrated that PDP increases tumor permeability and modulates immune-stimulatory effects by inducing immunogenic cell death, via the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-associated antigens. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest of cancers with a stubborn immunosuppressive TME and a dense stroma, representing a challenge for current molecular targeted therapies often involving macromolecules. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that PDP's TME modulation will enable targeted therapy and result in immune stimulation. Using triple-receptor-targeted photoimmuno-nanoconjugate (TR-PINs)-mediated PDP, targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, transferrin receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 we show light dose-dependent TR-PINs mediated cytotoxicity inhuman PDA Ccells (MIAPaCa-2),co-cultured with human pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts (PCAFs) in spheroids. Furthermore, TR-PINs induced the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp60, Hsp70), Calreticulin, and high mobility group box 1 in a light dose and time-dependent manner.TR-PINs-mediated T cell activation was observed in co-cultures of immune cells with the MIA PaCa-2-PCAF spheroids. Both CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells showed light dose and time-dependant antitumor reactivity by upregulating degranulation marker CD107a and interferon-gamma post-PDP. Substantial tumor cell death in immune cell-spheroid co-cultures by day 3 shows the augmentation by antitumor T cell activation and their ability to recognize tumors for a light dose-dependent kill. These data confirm enhanced destruction of heterogeneous pancreatic spheroids mediated by PDP-induced phototoxicity, TME modulation and increased immunogenicity with targeted nanoconstructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shazia Bano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Kenneth K. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Edward V. Maytin
- Departments of Dermatology and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Corresponding author: Tayyaba Hasan, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, BAR 314A, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; and Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Paul S, Sa G. Curcumin as an Adjuvant to Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:675923. [PMID: 34485117 PMCID: PMC8415504 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.675923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The components of the immune system play a very sincere and crucial role in combating tumors. However, despite their firm efforts of elimination, tumor cells cleverly escape the surveillance process by adopting several immune evasion mechanisms. The conversion of immunogenicity of tumor microenvironment into tolerogenic is considered as a prime reason for tumor immune escape. Therapeutically, different immunotherapies have been adopted to block such immune escaping routes along with better clinical outcomes. Still, the therapies are haunted by several drawbacks. Over time, curcumin has been considered as a potential anti-cancer molecule. Its potentialities have been recorded against the standard hallmarks of cancer such as continuous proliferation, escaping apoptosis, continuous angiogenesis, insensitivity to growth inhibitors, tissue invasion, and metastasis. Hence, the diversity of curcumin functioning has already been established and exploration of its application with immunotherapies might open up a new avenue for scientists and clinicians. In this review, we briefly discuss the tumor's way of immune escaping, followed by various modern immunotherapies that have been used to encounter the escaping paths and their minute flaws. Finally, the conclusion has been drawn with the application of curcumin as a potential immune-adjuvant, which fearlessly could be used with immunotherapies for best outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurisankar Sa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Immunomodulation: An immune regulatory mechanism in carcinoma therapeutics. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107984. [PMID: 34303999 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has been generally related to the possession of numerous mutations which interrupt important signaling pathways. Nevertheless, deregulated immunological signaling is considered as one of the key factors associated with the development and progression of cancer. The signaling pathways operate as modular network with different components interacting in a switch-like fashion with two proteins interplaying between each other leading to direct or indirect inhibition or stimulation of down-stream factors. Genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic alterations maintain the pathological conduit of different signaling pathways via affecting diverse mechanisms including cell destiny. At present, immunotherapy is one of the best therapies opted for cancer treatment. The cancer immunotherapy strategy includes harnessing the specificity and killing mechanisms of the immunological system to target and eradicate malignant cells. Targeted therapies utilizing several little molecules including Galunisertib, Astragaloside-IV, Melatonin, and Jervine capable of regulating key signaling pathways can effectively help in the management of different carcinomas.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wen J, Wang L, Ren J, Kranz E, Chen S, Wu D, Kanazawa T, Chen I, Lu Y, Kamata M. Nanoencapsulated rituximab mediates superior cellular immunity against metastatic B-cell lymphoma in a complement competent humanized mouse model. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001524. [PMID: 33593826 PMCID: PMC7888328 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the numerous applications of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in cancer therapeutics, animal models available to test the therapeutic efficacy of new mAbs are limited. NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice are one of the most highly immunodeficient strains and are universally used as a model for testing cancer-targeting mAbs. However, this strain lacks several factors necessary to fully support antibody-mediated effector functions-including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)-due to the absence of immune cells as well as a mutation in the Hc gene, which is needed for a functional complement system. METHODS We have developed a humanized mouse model using a novel NSG strain, NOD.Cg-Hc1 Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG-Hc1), which contains the corrected mutation in the Hc gene to support CDC in addition to other mechanisms endowed by humanization. With this model, we reevaluated the anticancer efficacies of nanoencapsulated rituximab after xenograft of the human Burkitt lymphoma cell line 2F7-BR44. RESULTS As expected, xenografted humanized NSG-Hc1 mice supported superior lymphoma clearance of native rituximab compared with the parental NSG strain. Nanoencapsulated rituximab with CXCL13 conjugation as a targeting ligand for lymphomas further enhanced antilymphoma activity in NSG-Hc1 mice and, more importantly, mediated antilymphoma cellular responses. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that NSG-Hc1 mice can serve as a feasible model for both studying antitumor treatment using cancer targeting as well as understanding induction mechanisms of antitumor cellular immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emiko Kranz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shilin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Toshio Kanazawa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irvin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Masakazu Kamata
- Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Arts and Humanities, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Masoomikarimi M, Garmabi B, Alizadeh J, Kazemi E, Azari Jafari A, Mirmoeeni S, Dargahi M, Taheri N, Jafari R. Advances in immunotherapy for COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107409. [PMID: 33581501 PMCID: PMC7826020 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-COV-2 which has now become a huge pandemic worldwide. The immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 has been established that increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and reduction of the CD4+ and the CD8+ T lymphocyte populations, are the most reported immunological findings in these patients. High levels of other inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-2 and IL-8 with an increased number of neutrophils and eosinophils may induce immune abnormalities in patients with COVID-19. There is growing evidence to obtain a deeper understanding of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 which will lay the foundation for the development of new potential therapies. However, specific and non-specific immunotherapies such as convalescent plasma (CP) are widely performed to treat patients with severe COVID-19, there is no definitive evidence to suggest the effectiveness of these treatments. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the current and most recent studies to identify the new immunotherapeutics for COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Masoomikarimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Garmabi
- Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Shahroud, Iran
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Erfan Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Azari Jafari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Motahareh Dargahi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Shahroud, Iran
| | - Niloofar Taheri
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Shahroud, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. Shahroud, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cui L, Wang X, Zhang D. TLRs as a Promise Target Along With Immune Checkpoint Against Gastric Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:611444. [PMID: 33469538 PMCID: PMC7813757 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, and the incidence of gastric cancer in Asia appears to increase in recent years. Although there is a lot of improvement in treatment approaches, the prognosis of GC is poor. So it is urgent to search for a novel and more effective treatment to improve the survival rate of patients. Both innate immunity and adaptive immunity are important in cancer. In the innate immune system, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activate immune responses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Many studies have reported that TLRs are involved in the occurrence, development, and treatment of GC. Therefore, TLRs are potential targets for immunotherapy to gastric cancer. However, gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disorder, and TLRs function in GC is complex. TLRs agonists can be potentially used not only as therapeutic agents to treat gastric cancer but also as adjuvants in conjunction with other immunotherapies. They might provide a promising new target for GC treatment. In the review, we sort out the mechanism of TLRs involved in tumor immunity and summarize the current progress in TLRs-based therapeutic approaches and other immunotherapies in the treatment of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pattinson DJ, Apte SH, Wibowo N, Rivera-Hernandez T, Groves PL, Middelberg APJ, Doolan DL. Chimeric Virus-Like Particles and Capsomeres Induce Similar CD8 + T Cell Responses but Differ in Capacity to Induce CD4 + T Cell Responses and Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564627. [PMID: 33133076 PMCID: PMC7550421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the development of an effective malaria vaccine remains elusive. The induction of robust and sustained T cell and antibody response by vaccination is an urgent unmet need. Chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) are a promising vaccine platform. VLPs are composed of multiple subunit capsomeres which can be rapidly produced in a cost-effective manner, but the ability of capsomeres to induce antigen-specific cellular immune responses has not been thoroughly investigated. Accordingly, we have compared chimeric VLPs and their sub-unit capsomeres for capacity to induce CD8+ and CD4+ T cell and antibody responses. We produced chimeric murine polyomavirus VLPs and capsomeres each incorporating defined CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell or B cell repeat epitopes derived from Plasmodium yoelii CSP. VLPs and capsomeres were evaluated using both homologous or heterologous DNA prime/boost immunization regimens for T cell and antibody immunogenicity. Chimeric VLP and capsomere vaccine platforms induced robust CD8+ T cell responses at similar levels which was enhanced by a heterologous DNA prime. The capsomere platform was, however, more efficient at inducing CD4+ T cell responses and less efficient at inducing antigen-specific antibody responses. Our data suggest that capsomeres, which have significant manufacturing advantages over VLPs, should be considered for diseases where a T cell response is the desired outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Pattinson
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon H Apte
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nani Wibowo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Penny L Groves
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anton P J Middelberg
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Infectious Diseases Programme, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ailioaie LM, Litscher G. Curcumin and Photobiomodulation in Chronic Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197150. [PMID: 32998270 PMCID: PMC7582680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune modulation is a very modern medical field for targeting viral infections. In the race to develop the best immune modulator against viruses, curcumin, as a natural product, is inexpensive, without side effects, and can stimulate very well certain areas of the human immune system. As a bright yellow component of turmeric spice, curcumin has been the subject of thousands of scientific and clinical studies in recent decades to prove its powerful antioxidant properties and anticancer effects. Curcumin has been shown to influence inter- and intracellular signaling pathways, with direct effects on gene expression of the antioxidant proteins and those that regulate the immunity. Experimental studies have shown that curcumin modulates several enzyme systems, reduces nitrosative stress, increases the antioxidant capacity, and decreases the lipid peroxidation, protecting against fatty liver pathogenesis and fibrotic changes. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects millions of people worldwide, having sometimes a dramatic evolution to chronic aggressive infection, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. All up-to-date treatments are limited, there is still a gap in the scientific knowledge, and a sterilization cure may not yet be possible with the removal of both covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and the embedded HBV DNA. With a maximum light absorption at 420 nm, the cytotoxicity of curcumin as photosensitizer could be expanded by the intravenous blue laser blood irradiation (IVBLBI) or photobiomodulation in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive, noncirrhotic, but nonresponsive to classical therapy. Photobiomodulation increases DNA repair by the biosynthesis of complex molecules with antioxidant properties, the outset of repairing enzyme systems and new phospholipids for regenerating the cell membranes. UltraBioavailable Curcumin and blue laser photobiomodulation could suppress the virus and control better the disease by reducing inflammation/fibrosis and stopping the progression of chronic hepatitis, reversing fibrosis, and diminishing the progression of cirrhosis, and decreasing the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Photodynamic therapy with blue light and curcumin opens new avenues for the effective prevention and cure of chronic liver infections and hepatocellular carcinoma. Blue laser light and UltraBioavailable Curcumin could be a new valuable alternative for medical applications in chronic B viral hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma, saving millions of lives.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Antioxidants/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Curcumin/therapeutic use
- DNA Repair/radiation effects
- DNA, Circular/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Circular/genetics
- DNA, Circular/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Hepatitis B e Antigens/genetics
- Hepatitis B e Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/drug effects
- Hepatitis B virus/growth & development
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B virus/radiation effects
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/radiotherapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/radiation effects
- Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/radiotherapy
- Liver Cirrhosis/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Low-Level Light Therapy/methods
- Photosensitizing Agents/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Ultramedical & Laser Clinic, 83 Arcu Street, 700135 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-83907
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cohen JT, Miner TJ, Vezeridis MP. Is the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio a useful prognostic indicator in melanoma patients? Melanoma Manag 2020; 7:MMT47. [PMID: 32922729 PMCID: PMC7475797 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is gaining traction as a biomarker with utility in a variety of malignancies including melanoma. Intact lymphocyte function is necessary for tumor surveillance and destruction, and neutrophils play a role in suppressing lymphocyte proliferation and in the induction of lymphocyte apoptosis. Early research in melanoma indicates that in high-risk localized melanoma, a high NLR is correlated with worse overall and disease-free survival. Similarly, in metastatic melanoma treated with both metastasectomy and immunotherapies, an elevated NLR is predictive of shortened overall survival and progression-free survival. Future studies incorporating NLR into more traditional melanoma prognostic markers while employing more granular outcomes, are needed to realize the full potential of NLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Cohen
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Thomas J Miner
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael P Vezeridis
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Singh P, Rajput R, Mehra N, Vajpayee M. Analysis of HLA association among North Indian HIV positive individuals with and without tuberculosis. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
23
|
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have multiple functions in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that tumor-associated lncRNAs play key roles in promoting and maintaining tumor initiation and progression by shaping the tumor microenvironment through changing tumor cell intrinsic properties. Here, we focus on the roles of lncRNAs in cancer immunology. In the first part, we provide an overview of the roles played by lncRNAs and their deregulation in cancer at the cancer cell- and tumor microenvironment-associated immune cell levels. We go on to describe preclinical strategies for targeting lncRNAs, particularly highlighting the effects on tumor microenvironments. We then discuss the possibility of combining lncRNA targeting and tumor immune checkpoint inhibitor antibodies to treat cancer.
Collapse
|
24
|
Li K, Sun S, Kageyama M, Xiao L, Xing G, Gao R, You F, Fu X, Zhang Z. Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Honey Bee Larva Powder. J Med Food 2020; 23:772-782. [PMID: 32456573 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bee larva powder (HLP) has traditionally been used as a daily supplement and tonic for health promotion with an uncertain scientific basis. In this study, B16-F10 tumor-bearing mice were established to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of HLP. The proliferation and apoptosis assays were performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of honey bee larva extract (HLE) in RAW 264.7 macrophage. The in vivo experimental results demonstrated that the oral administration of freeze-dried HLP (4 and 6 g/kg) significantly enhanced the spleen index, the percentage of CD4+cells, and the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD4+/CD8+) in the peripheral blood compared with those in the tumor control mice. The in vitro studies demonstrated the potent immunomodulatory activities of HLE through the induction of RAW 264.7 macrophage proliferation and the mitigation of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced toxicity. HLE also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the cytokine level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage. The present study provides important scientific evidence for the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of HLP and HLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kejuan Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Shengshi Rongen Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Long Xiao
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Guoqing Xing
- Nature Industry of Tsukuba Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ran Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengming You
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Fu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu L, Wei Q, Brzostek J, Gascoigne NRJ. Signaling from T cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:600-612. [PMID: 32451454 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells react to foreign or self-antigens through T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Several decades of research have delineated the mechanism of TCR signal transduction and its impact on T cell performance. This knowledge provides the foundation for chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) technology, by which T cells are redirected in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner. TCR and CAR signaling plays a critical role in determining the T cell state, including exhaustion and memory. Given its artificial nature, CARs might affect or rewire signaling differently than TCRs. A better understanding of CAR signal transduction would greatly facilitate improvements to CAR-T cell technology and advance its usefulness in clinical practice. Herein, we systematically review the knowns and unknowns of TCR and CAR signaling, from the contact of receptors and antigens, proximal signaling, immunological synapse formation, and late signaling outcomes. Signaling through different T cell subtypes and how signaling is translated into practice are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Qianru Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117545, Singapore. .,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fedele V, Melisi D. Permissive State of EMT: The Role of Immune Cell Compartment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:587. [PMID: 32391271 PMCID: PMC7189417 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) type 3 is a reversible dynamic process recognized as a major determinant of the metastatic event, although many questions regarding its role throughout this process remain unanswered. The ability of cancer cells to migrate and colonize distant organs is a key aspect of tumor progression and evolution, requiring constant tumor cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) changes, as well as constant changes affecting the cross-talk between the two aforementioned compartments. Alterations affecting tumor cells, such as transcription factors, trans-membrane receptors, chromatin remodeling complexes and metabolic pathways, leading to the disappearance of the epithelial phenotype and concomitant gaining of the undifferentiated mesenchymal phenotype are undoubtedly major players of the EMT process. However, several lines of evidence point out toward a more critical role of TME composition in creating an “EMT-permissive state.” The “EMT-permissive state” consists in changes affecting physical and biochemical properties (i.e., stiffness and/or hypoxia) as well as changes of the TME cellular component (i.e., immune-cell, blood vessel, lymphatic vessels, fibroblasts, and fat cells) that favor and induce the epithelial mesenchymal transition. In this mini review, we will discuss the role of the tumor microenvironment cellular component that are involved in supporting the EMT, with particular emphasis on the immune-inflammatory cells component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vita Fedele
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Section of Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Melisi
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Section of Medical Oncology, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Immunomodulatory Roles of PARP-1 and PARP-2: Impact on PARP-Centered Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020392. [PMID: 32046278 PMCID: PMC7072203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and PARP-2 are enzymes which post-translationally modify proteins through poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation)—the transfer of ADP-ribose chains onto amino acid residues—with a resultant modulation of protein function. Many targets of PARP-1/2-dependent PARylation are involved in the DNA damage response and hence, the loss of these proteins disrupts a wide range of biological processes, from DNA repair and epigenetics to telomere and centromere regulation. The central role of these PARPs in DNA metabolism in cancer cells has led to the development of PARP inhibitors as new cancer therapeutics, both as adjuvant treatment potentiating chemo-, radio-, and immuno-therapies and as monotherapy exploiting cancer-specific defects in DNA repair. However, a cancer is not just made up of cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment also includes multiple other cell types, particularly stromal and immune cells. Interactions between these cells—cancerous and non-cancerous—are known to either favor or limit tumorigenesis. In recent years, an important role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 has been demonstrated in different aspects of the immune response, modulating both the innate and adaptive immune system. It is now emerging that PARP-1 and PARP-2 may not only impact cancer cell biology, but also modulate the anti-tumor immune response. Understanding the immunomodulatory roles of PARP-1 and PARP-2 may provide invaluable clues to the rational development of more selective PARP-centered therapies which target both the cancer and its microenvironment.
Collapse
|
28
|
Cerino A, Mantovani S, Mele D, Oliviero B, Varchetta S, Mondelli MU. Human Monoclonal Antibodies as Adjuvant Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2290. [PMID: 31608071 PMCID: PMC6773823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of an effective prophylactic vaccine leading to sterilizing immunity, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for chronic liver disease in more than 250 million individuals, potentially leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Antiviral drugs able to completely suppress virus replication are indeed available but they are, by and large, unable to eradicate the virus. Several alternative new treatment approaches are currently being developed but none have so far captured the interest of clinicians for possible clinical development. A constant feature of chronic HBV infection is T-cell exhaustion resulting from persistent exposure to high antigen concentrations as shown by the high expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) by HBV-specific CD8 T cells. One way of tackling this problem is to develop HBV-specific neutralizing antibodies that would clear excess envelope proteins from the circulation, allowing for nucleos(t)ide analogs or other antiviral drugs now in preclinical and early clinical development to take advantage of a reconstituted adaptive immunity. Several fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been developed from HBV-vaccinated and subjects convalescent from acute hepatitis B that show different properties and specificities. It is envisaged that such neutralizing mAb may be used as adjuvant treatment to reduce viral protein load, thus rescuing adaptive immunity in an effort to optimize the effect of antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cerino
- S.C. di Malattie Infettive II - Infettivologia e Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Mantovani
- S.C. di Malattie Infettive II - Infettivologia e Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dalila Mele
- S.C. di Malattie Infettive II - Infettivologia e Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Oliviero
- S.C. di Malattie Infettive II - Infettivologia e Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Varchetta
- S.C. di Malattie Infettive II - Infettivologia e Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario U Mondelli
- S.C. di Malattie Infettive II - Infettivologia e Immunologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Malattie Infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Designing a Novel Multi-epitope T Vaccine for “Targeting Protein for Xklp-2” (TPX2) in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Immunoinformatics Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
30
|
Shafabakhsh R, Pourhanifeh MH, Mirzaei HR, Sahebkar A, Asemi Z, Mirzaei H. Targeting regulatory T cells by curcumin: A potential for cancer immunotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104353. [PMID: 31306775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune system has critical roles in fighting against several diseases like cancer. Cancer cells evolve several ways to escape from the immune system to remain alive and trigger new phases of cancer progression. Regulatory T cells are one of the key components in tumor immune tolerance and contribute to the evasion of cancer cells from the immune system. Targeting regulatory T cells could provide new horizons in designing and development of effective therapeutic platforms for the treatment of various malignancies. Curcumin is the bioactive pigment of turmeric and a well-known phytochemical with a wide range of pharmacological activities. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that curcumin affects manifold molecular pathways that are implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. In this regard, some studies have indicated that this phytochemical could target regulatory T cells and convert them into T helper 1 cells, which possess anti-tumor effects. On the contrary, curcumin is able to increase the number of regulatory T cells in other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease. Herein, we describe the anti-cancer roles of curcumin via targeting regulatory T cells. Moreover, we summarize the effects of curcumin on regulatory T cell population in other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang F, Yang T, Ao H, Zhai L, Tan Z, Wang Y, Xing K, Zhao X, Wang Z, Yu Y, Wang C. Novel nucleotide variants in SLA-DOB and CD4 are associated with immune traits in pregnant sows. Gene 2019; 707:22-29. [PMID: 31026568 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcing the immunity of pregnant sows can not only improve their own health condition but also increase the survival rate and healthy status of their piglets. This study aims to find single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and molecular markers that are associated with the immune traits of pregnant sows. SLA-DOB and CD4 were selected as candidate genes, and blood samples were randomly collected from pregnant Landrace sows and used to detect T-lymphocyte subsets, interferon alpha, interleukin 6, Toll-like receptor 3, serum antibody immunoglobulin G, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-specific antibody. Then, association analyses were conducted for the polymorphic sites of candidate genes with immune traits. We found 12 mutations in the two genes and conducted an association study with eight of them. Our results indicated that among the eight mutations, SNP1, SNP2, and SNP3 of the SLA-DOB gene and Ins9, SNP10, and SNP11 in the CD4 gene are newly discovered mutations. Except for SNP1, SNP3, and SNP11, the other five SNPs are associated with at least one immune trait tested. Especially, SNP2 and Ins9 are significantly associated with at least one of the T-lymphocyte subgroups and at least one antibody. These novel mutations have potential important effects on the polymorphic loci of the above immune traits in pregnant sows. The results suggest that the SLA-DOB and CD4 genes and their genetic mutations can be considered as important candidate genes and mutations for the immunity of pregnant sows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ao
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Zhai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xing
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xitong Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ying Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China..
| | - Chuduan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China..
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Swanstrom AE, Del Prete GQ, Deleage C, Elser SE, Lackner AA, Hoxie JA. The SIV Envelope Glycoprotein, Viral Tropism, and Pathogenesis: Novel Insights from Nonhuman Primate Models of AIDS. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:29-40. [PMID: 29173176 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666171124123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is closely linked to interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) with CD4 and chemokine receptor family members, CCR5 and CXCR4. This interaction plays a key role in determining anatomic sites that are infected in vivo and the cascade of early and late events that result in chronic immune activation, immunosuppression and ultimately, AIDS. CD4+ T cells are critical to adaptive immune responses, and their early and rapid infection in gut lamina propria and secondary lymphoid tissues in susceptible hosts likely contributes to viral persistence and progression to disease. CD4+ macrophages are also infected, although their role in HIV-1 pathogenesis is more controversial. METHODS Pathogenic infection by simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) in Asian macaques as models of HIV-1 infection has enabled the impact of cellular tropism on pathogenesis to be directly probed. This review will highlight examples in which experimental interventions during SIV infection or the introduction of viral mutations have altered cellular tropism and, subsequently, pathogenesis. RESULTS Alterations to the interaction of Env and its cellular receptors has been shown to result in changes to CD4 dependence, coreceptor specificity, and viral tropism for gut CD4+ T cells and macrophages. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings have yielded novel insights into the critical role of the viral Env and tropism as a driver of pathogenesis and host control and have helped to identify new areas for targeted interventions in therapy and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Samra E Elser
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sun W, Chen L, Huang JQ, Li J, Zhu XL, Wen YH, Wen WP. Dynamic changes in chemosensitivity immune predictors in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer treated with induction chemotherapy. Head Neck 2019; 41:2380-2388. [PMID: 30737970 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no data predicting chemosensitivity of induction chemotherapy (ICT) for hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). METHODS Associations between immune cells and overall response (OR) to ICT and changes in immune cells during ICT were observed in 40 patients with hypopharyngeal SCC undergoing ICT. RESULTS CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell and regulatory T-cell (Treg) frequencies reached diagnostic accuracy for OR to ICT. OR rate was significantly higher in CD4+ -high T cell, CD8+ -high T cell, and low Treg groups. A transient reduction in Tregs and increases in Tregs in the non-OR and OR groups were observed during the course of ICT. Conversely, increases in CD8+ T cells and reductions in CD8+ T cells in the non-OR and OR groups were observed. CONCLUSION High CD4+ T-cell, high CD8+ T-cell, and low Treg frequencies can be predictors for high efficacy of ICT in patients with hypopharyngeal SCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Qiang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hui Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ping Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pan D, Das A, Srivastav SK, Traina-Dorge V, Didier PJ, Pahar B. Lack of T-cell-mediated IL-2 and TNFα production is linked to decreased CD58 expression in intestinal tissue during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:26-34. [PMID: 30480508 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For an effective T-cell activation and response, co-stimulation is required in addition to the antigen-specific signal from their antigen receptors. The CD2/CD58 interaction is considered as one of the most important T-cell co-stimulatory pathways for T-cell activation and proliferation, and its role in regulating intestinal T-cell function in acute and chronic SIV -infected macaques is poorly documented. Here, we demonstrated a significant reduction of CD58 expression in both T- and B-cell populations during acute SIV infection along with high plasma viral load and a loss of intestinal CD4+ T cells compared to SIV-uninfected control macaques. The reduction of CD58 expression in T cells was correlated with the reduced expression of T-cell-mediated IL-2 and TNFα production. Together, these results indicate that reduction in the CD2/CD58 interaction pathway in mucosal lymphocytes might play a crucial role in mucosal T-cell dysfunction during acute SIV/HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diganta Pan
- 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Arpita Das
- 2Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sudesh K Srivastav
- 3Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vicki Traina-Dorge
- 2Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter J Didier
- 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Bapi Pahar
- 1Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gonzalez H, Hagerling C, Werb Z. Roles of the immune system in cancer: from tumor initiation to metastatic progression. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1267-1284. [PMID: 30275043 PMCID: PMC6169832 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314617.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1174] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, Gonzelez et al. provide an update of recent accomplishments, unifying concepts, and futures challenges to study tumor-associated immune cells, with an emphasis on metastatic carcinomas. The presence of inflammatory immune cells in human tumors raises a fundamental question in oncology: How do cancer cells avoid the destruction by immune attack? In principle, tumor development can be controlled by cytotoxic innate and adaptive immune cells; however, as the tumor develops from neoplastic tissue to clinically detectable tumors, cancer cells evolve different mechanisms that mimic peripheral immune tolerance in order to avoid tumoricidal attack. Here, we provide an update of recent accomplishments, unifying concepts, and future challenges to study tumor-associated immune cells, with an emphasis on metastatic carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gonzalez
- Department of Anatomy, the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Catharina Hagerling
- Department of Anatomy, the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fishman JA, Sachs DH, Yamada K, Wilkinson RA. Absence of interaction between porcine endogenous retrovirus and porcine cytomegalovirus in pig-to-baboon renal xenotransplantation in vivo. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12395. [PMID: 29624743 PMCID: PMC6158079 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of xenotransplantation from swine have identified porcine viruses as potential barriers to clinical trials. The biology of these viruses has not been extensively investigated in the in vivo xeno-environment. Enhancement of viral gene expression by viral and cellular factors acting in trans has been demonstrated for certain viruses, including bidirectional interactions between human herpesviruses and endogenous (HERV) and exogenous (HIV) retroviruses. Both porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) and porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infections have been identified in xenografts from swine. PERV receptors exist on human cells with productive infection in vitro in permissive human target cell lines. PCMV is largely species-specific with infection restricted to the xenograft in pig-to-baboon transplants. It is unknown whether coinfection by PCMV affects the replication of PERV within xenograft tissues which might have implications for the risk of retroviral infection in the human host. METHODS A series of 11 functioning, life-supporting pig-to-baboon kidney xenografts from PERV-positive miniature swine were studied with and without PCMV co-infection. Frozen biopsy samples were analyzed using quantitative, real-time PCR with internal controls. RESULTS PERV replication was not altered in the presence of PCMV coinfection (P = .70). The absence of variation with coinfection was confirmed when PERV quantitation was expressed relative to simultaneous cellular GAPDH levels with or without PCMV coinfection (P = .59). CONCLUSIONS PCMV coinfection does not alter the replication of PERV in life-supporting renal xenotransplantation in vivo in baboons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David H Sachs
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Wilkinson
- Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cornel AM, van Til NP, Boelens JJ, Nierkens S. Strategies to Genetically Modulate Dendritic Cells to Potentiate Anti-Tumor Responses in Hematologic Malignancies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:982. [PMID: 29867960 PMCID: PMC5968097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has been investigated as a potential strategy to target hematologic malignancies, while generating sustained immunological responses to control potential future relapse. Nonetheless, few clinical trials have shown robust long-term efficacy. It has been suggested that a combination of surmountable shortcomings, such as selection of utilized DC subsets, DC loading and maturation strategies, as well as tumor-induced immunosuppression may be targeted to maximize anti-tumor responses of DC vaccines. Generation of DC from CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may provide potential in patients undergoing allogeneic HSPC transplantations for hematologic malignancies. CD34+ HSPC from the graft can be genetically modified to optimize antigen presentation and to provide sufficient T cell stimulatory signals. We here describe beneficial (gene)-modifications that can be implemented in various processes in T cell activation by DC, among which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II presentation, DC maturation and migration, cross-presentation, co-stimulation, and immunosuppression to improve anti-tumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelisa M Cornel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maillart E, Taoufik Y, Gasnault J, Stankoff B. Leucoencefalopatia multifocale progressiva. Neurologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(18)89404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
39
|
Pina AF, Matos VTGD, Bonin CM, Dal Fabbro MMFJ, Tozetti IA. Non-polarized cytokine profile of a long-term non-progressor HIV infected patient. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:142-145. [PMID: 29476708 PMCID: PMC9428230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 initial viral infection may present diverse clinical and laboratory course and lead to rapid, intermediate, or long-term progression. Among the group of non-progressors, the elite controllers are those who control the infection most effectively, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this paper, the TH1, TH2 and TH17 cytokines profiles are described, as well as clinical and laboratory aspects of an HIV-infected patient with undetectable viral load without antiretroviral therapy. Production of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 was detected; in contrast IL-4 was identified. Host-related factors could help explain such a level of infection control, namely the differentiated modulation of the cellular immune response and a non-polarized cytokine response of the TH1 and TH2 profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Pina
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Mareti Bonin
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Inês Aparecida Tozetti
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Durgeau A, Virk Y, Corgnac S, Mami-Chouaib F. Recent Advances in Targeting CD8 T-Cell Immunity for More Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:14. [PMID: 29403496 PMCID: PMC5786548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer treatment have emerged from new immunotherapies targeting T-cell inhibitory receptors, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death (PD)-1. In this context, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated survival benefits in numerous cancers, including melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma. PD-1-expressing CD8+ T lymphocytes appear to play a major role in the response to these immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) eliminate malignant cells through recognition by the T-cell receptor (TCR) of specific antigenic peptides presented on the surface of cancer cells by major histocompatibility complex class I/beta-2-microglobulin complexes, and through killing of target cells, mainly by releasing the content of secretory lysosomes containing perforin and granzyme B. T-cell adhesion molecules and, in particular, lymphocyte-function-associated antigen-1 and CD103 integrins, and their cognate ligands, respectively, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and E-cadherin, on target cells, are involved in strengthening the interaction between CTL and tumor cells. Tumor-specific CTL have been isolated from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of patients with varied cancers. TCRβ-chain gene usage indicated that CTL identified in vitro selectively expanded in vivo at the tumor site compared to autologous PBL. Moreover, functional studies indicated that these CTL mediate human leukocyte antigen class I-restricted cytotoxic activity toward autologous tumor cells. Several of them recognize truly tumor-specific antigens encoded by mutated genes, also known as neoantigens, which likely play a key role in antitumor CD8 T-cell immunity. Accordingly, it has been shown that the presence of T lymphocytes directed toward tumor neoantigens is associated with patient response to immunotherapies, including ICI, adoptive cell transfer, and dendritic cell-based vaccines. These tumor-specific mutation-derived antigens open up new perspectives for development of effective second-generation therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Durgeau
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,ElyssaMed, Paris Biotech Santé, Paris, France
| | - Yasemin Virk
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Corgnac
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Litjens NHR, Huang L, Dedeoglu B, Meijers RWJ, Kwekkeboom J, Betjes MGH. Protective Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Specific T-Cell Immunity Is Frequent in Kidney Transplant Patients without Serum Anti-CMV Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1137. [PMID: 28955345 PMCID: PMC5600906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) is used to classify pretransplant patients as naïve for CMV infection (CMVneg patients). This study assessed whether pretransplant CMV-specific T-cell immunity exists in CMVneg patients and whether it protects against CMV infection after kidney transplantation. The results show that CMV-specific CD137+IFNγ+CD4+ and CD137+IFNγ+CD8+ memory T cells were present in 46 and 39% of CMVneg patients (n = 28) although at much lower frequencies compared to CMVpos patients (median 0.01 versus 0.58% for CD4+ and 0.05 versus 0.64% for CD8+ T cells) with a less differentiated CD28-expressing phenotype. In line with these data, CMV-specific proliferative CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in CMVneg patients, which significantly correlated with the frequency of CMV-specific T cells. CMV-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) could be detected at low frequency in 36% of CMVneg patients (1 versus 45 ASC/105 cells in CMVpos patients). CMVneg patients with pretransplant CMV-specific CD137+IFNγ+CD4+ T cells had a lower risk to develop CMV viremia after transplantation with a CMVpos donor kidney (relative risk: 0.43, P = 0.03). In conclusion, a solitary CMV-specific T-cell response without detectable anti-CMV antibodies is frequent and clinically relevant as it is associated with protection to CMV infection following transplantation with a kidney from a CMVpos donor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle H R Litjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Burç Dedeoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruud W J Meijers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michiel G H Betjes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gonzalez SM, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. Role of Different Subpopulations of CD8 + T Cells during HIV Exposure and Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:936. [PMID: 28824656 PMCID: PMC5545716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, specific responses exhibited by CD8+ T cells are crucial to establish an early, effective, and sustained viral control, preventing severe immune alterations and organ dysfunction. Several CD8+ T cells subsets have been identified, exhibiting differences in terms of activation, functional profile, and ability to limit HIV replication. Some of the most important CD8+ T cells subsets associated with viral control, production of potent antiviral molecules, and strong polyfunctional responses include Th1-like cytokine pattern and Tc17 cells. In addition, the expression of specific activation markers has been also associated with a more effective response of CD8+ T cells, as evidenced in HLA-DR+ CD38− cells. CD8+ T cells in both, peripheral blood and gut mucosa, are particularly important in individuals with a resistant phenotype, including HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs), long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) and HIV-controllers. Although the role of CD8+ T cells has been extensively explored in the context of an established HIV-1 infection, the presence of HIV-specific cells with effector abilities and a defined functional profile in HESNs, remain poorly understood. Here, we reviewed studies carried out on different subpopulations of CD8+ T cells in relation with natural resistance to HIV infection and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Milena Gonzalez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia Andrea Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tan WG, Zubkova I, Kachko A, Wells F, Adler H, Sutter G, Major ME. Qualitative differences in cellular immunogenicity elicited by hepatitis C virus T-Cell vaccines employing prime-boost regimens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181578. [PMID: 28732046 PMCID: PMC5521799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell based vaccines have been considered as attractive candidates for prevention of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. In this study we compared the magnitude and phenotypic characteristics of CD8+ T-cells induced by three commonly used viral vectors, Adenovirus-5 (Ad5), Vaccinia virus (VV) and Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing the HCV NS3/4A protein. C57/BL6 mice were primed with DNA expressing NS3/4A and boosted with each of the viral vectors in individual groups of mice. We then tracked the vaccine-induced CD8+ T-cell responses using pentamer binding and cytokine production analysis. Overall, our data indicate that the memory cells induced by Ad5 were inferior to those induced by VV or MVA. We found that Ad5 boosting resulted in rapid expansion and significantly higher frequencies of NS3-specific T-cells compared to VV and MVA boosting. However, the functional profiles, assessed through analysis of the memory cell marker CD127 and the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 in the blood, spleen, and liver; and measurements of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-2 production indicated significantly lower frequencies of long-lived memory T-cells following Ad5 boosting compared to VV and MVA. This same set of analyses suggested that the memory cells induced following boosting with MVA were superior to those induced by both Ad5 and VV. This superiority of the MVA-induced CD8+ T-cells was confirmed following surrogate challenge of mice with a recombinant mouse herpes virus expressing the HCV NS3 protein. Higher levels of NS3-specific CD8+ T-cells displaying the functional markers CD69, Ki67 and Granzyme B were found in the spleens of mice boosted with MVA compared to VV and Ad5, both alone and in combination. These data suggest that MVA may be a more successful viral vector for induction of effective CD8+ T-cell responses against hepatitis C virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy G. Tan
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD United States of America
| | - Iryna Zubkova
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD United States of America
| | - Alla Kachko
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD United States of America
| | - Frances Wells
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD United States of America
| | - Heiko Adler
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marian E. Major
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
dela Peña-Ponce MG, Rodriguez-Nieves J, Bernhardt J, Tuck R, Choudhary N, Mengual M, Mollan KR, Hudgens MG, Peter-Wohl S, De Paris K. Increasing JAK/STAT Signaling Function of Infant CD4 + T Cells during the First Year of Life. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:15. [PMID: 28271056 PMCID: PMC5318443 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most infant deaths occur in the first year of life. Yet, our knowledge of immune development during this period is scarce and derived from cord blood (CB) only. To more effectively combat pediatric diseases, a deeper understanding of the kinetics and the factors that regulate the maturation of immune functions in early life is needed. Increased disease susceptibility of infants is generally attributed to T helper 2-biased immune responses. The differentiation of CD4+ T cells along a specific T helper cell lineage is dependent on the pathogen type, and on costimulatory and cytokine signals provided by antigen-presenting cells. Cytokines also regulate many other aspects of the host immune response. Therefore, toward the goal of increasing our knowledge of early immune development, we defined the temporal development of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling function of CD4+ T cells using cross-sectional blood samples from healthy infants ages 0 (birth) to 14 months. We specifically focused on cytokines important in T cell differentiation (IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-4) or in T cell survival and expansion (IL-2 and IL-7) in infant CD4+ T cells. Independent of the cytokine tested, JAK/STAT signaling in infant compared to adult CD4+ T cells was impaired at birth, but increased during the first year, with the most pronounced changes occurring in the first 6 months. The relative change in JAK/STAT signaling of infant CD4+ T cells with age was distinct for each cytokine tested. Thus, while about 60% of CB CD4+ T cells could efficiently activate STAT6 in response to IL-4, less than 5% of CB CD4+ T cells were able to activate the JAK/STAT pathway in response to IFN-γ, IL-12 or IL-2. By 4-6 months of age, the activation of the cytokine-specific STAT molecules was comparable to adults in response to IL-4 and IFN-γ, while IL-2- and IL-12-induced STAT activation remained below adult levels even at 1 year. These results suggest that common developmental and cytokine-specific factors regulate the maturation of the JAK/STAT signaling function in CD4+ T cells during the first year of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myra Grace dela Peña-Ponce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Rodriguez-Nieves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janice Bernhardt
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ryan Tuck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Neelima Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Mengual
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katie R. Mollan
- Lineberger Cancer Center, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sigal Peter-Wohl
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Gulubova M, Ananiev J, Ignatova M, Halacheva K. Pro-Tumor and Anti-Tumor Functions of IL-17 and of TH17 Cells in Tumor Microenvironment. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/amb-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
The current review reveals the seven subclasses of CD4+ T helper cells, i.e. Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, regulatory T cells and Tfh, the cytokines produced by them and their role in tumor microenvironment. Main attention was paid to IL-17 and Th17 cells. IL-17-producing cells were described, among which were Treg17 cells and Tc17 cells. The transcription factors, engaged in the activation of Th17 cell differentiation were reviewed. It was shown that Th17 cells might possess regulatory functions in tumor microenvironments that directs toward immunosuppression. The reciprocity between Treg and Th17 cells is realized when the production of a large amount of TGF-β in tumors causes Treg cell differentiation, and the addition of IL-6 shifts the differentiation of naïve T cells to Th17 cells. The main pro-tumor role of IL-17 is the promotion of tumor angiogenesis through stimulation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The antitumor functions of IL-17 are associated with enhancement of cytotoxic activity of tumor specific CTL cells and with angiogenesis that provide channels through which immune cells might invade tumor and promote antitumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gulubova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical Faculty, Trakian University, 11 Armeiska Str. Bg - 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - J. Ananiev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical Faculty, Trakian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - M. Ignatova
- Medical student at Medical Faculty, Trakian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - K. Halacheva
- Department of Biology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Trakian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ayala VI, Trivett MT, Barsov EV, Jain S, Piatak M, Trubey CM, Alvord WG, Chertova E, Roser JD, Smedley J, Komin A, Keele BF, Ohlen C, Ott DE. Adoptive Transfer of Engineered Rhesus Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Reduces the Number of Transmitted/Founder Viruses Established in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2016; 90:9942-9952. [PMID: 27558423 PMCID: PMC5068542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01522-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIDS virus infections are rarely controlled by cell-mediated immunity, in part due to viral immune evasion and immunodeficiency resulting from CD4+ T-cell infection. One likely aspect of this failure is that antiviral cellular immune responses are either absent or present at low levels during the initial establishment of infection. To test whether an extensive, timely, and effective response could reduce the establishment of infection from a high-dose inoculum, we adoptively transferred large numbers of T cells that were molecularly engineered with anti-simian immunodeficiency virus (anti-SIV) activity into rhesus macaques 3 days following an intrarectal SIV inoculation. To measure in vivo antiviral activity, we assessed the number of viruses transmitted using SIVmac239X, a molecularly tagged viral stock containing 10 genotypic variants, at a dose calculated to transmit 12 founder viruses. Single-genome sequencing of plasma virus revealed that the two animals receiving T cells expressing SIV-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) had significantly fewer viral genotypes than the two control animals receiving non-SIV-specific T cells (means of 4.0 versus 7.5 transmitted viral genotypes; P = 0.044). Accounting for the likelihood of transmission of multiple viruses of a particular genotype, the calculated means of the total number of founder viruses transmitted were 4.5 and 14.5 in the experimental and control groups, respectively (P = 0.021). Thus, a large antiviral T-cell response timed with virus exposure can limit viral transmission. The presence of strong, preexisting T-cell responses, including those induced by vaccines, might help prevent the establishment of infection at the lower-exposure doses in humans that typically transmit only a single virus. IMPORTANCE The establishment of AIDS virus infection in an individual is essentially a race between the spreading virus and host immune defenses. Cell-mediated immune responses induced by infection or vaccination are important contributors in limiting viral replication. However, in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/SIV infection, the virus usually wins the race, irreversibly crippling the immune system before an effective cellular immune response is developed and active. We found that providing an accelerated response by adoptively transferring large numbers of antiviral T cells shortly after a high-dose mucosal inoculation, while not preventing infection altogether, limited the number of individual viruses transmitted. Thus, the presence of strong, preexisting T-cell responses, including those induced by vaccines, might prevent infection in humans, where the virus exposure is considerably lower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor I Ayala
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew T Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene V Barsov
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sumiti Jain
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles M Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - W Gregory Alvord
- DMS Applied Information & Management Sciences, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James D Roser
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Komin
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claes Ohlen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David E Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program and Laboratory Animal Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccines Expressing Multiple Conserved Influenza Antigens Confer Protection against Homologous and Heterosubtypic Viral Challenge. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161193. [PMID: 27525409 PMCID: PMC4985159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current hemagglutinin (HA)-based seasonal influenza vaccines induce vaccine strain-specific neutralizing antibodies that usually fail to provide protection against mismatched circulating viruses. Inclusion in the vaccine of highly conserved internal proteins such as the nucleoprotein (NP) and the matrix protein 1 (M1) was shown previously to increase vaccine efficacy by eliciting cross-reactive T-cells. However, appropriate delivery systems are required for efficient priming of T-cell responses. In this study, we demonstrated that administration of novel self-amplifying mRNA (SAM®) vectors expressing influenza NP (SAM(NP)), M1 (SAM(M1)), and NP and M1 (SAM(M1-NP)) delivered with lipid nanoparticles (LNP) induced robust polyfunctional CD4 T helper 1 cells, while NP-containing SAM also induced cytotoxic CD8 T cells. Robust expansions of central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) CD4 and CD8 T cells were also measured. An enhanced recruitment of NP-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells was observed in the lungs of SAM(NP)-immunized mice after influenza infection that paralleled with reduced lung viral titers and pathology, and increased survival after homologous and heterosubtypic influenza challenge. Finally, we demonstrated for the first time that the co-administration of RNA (SAM(M1-NP)) and protein (monovalent inactivated influenza vaccine (MIIV)) was feasible, induced simultaneously NP-, M1- and HA-specific T cells and HA-specific neutralizing antibodies, and enhanced MIIV efficacy against a heterologous challenge. In conclusion, systemic administration of SAM vectors expressing conserved internal influenza antigens induced protective immune responses in mice, supporting the SAM® platform as another promising strategy for the development of broad-spectrum universal influenza vaccines.
Collapse
|
48
|
Swanstrom AE, Haggarty B, Jordan APO, Romano J, Leslie GJ, Aye PP, Marx PA, Lackner AA, Del Prete GQ, Robinson JE, Betts MR, Montefiori DC, LaBranche CC, Hoxie JA. Derivation and Characterization of a CD4-Independent, Non-CD4-Tropic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol 2016; 90:4966-4980. [PMID: 26937037 PMCID: PMC4859711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02851-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD4 tropism is conserved among all primate lentiviruses and likely contributes to viral pathogenesis by targeting cells that are critical for adaptive antiviral immune responses. Although CD4-independent variants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been described that can utilize the coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4 in the absence of CD4, these viruses typically retain their CD4 binding sites and still can interact with CD4. We describe the derivation of a novel CD4-independent variant of pathogenic SIVmac239, termed iMac239, that was used to derive an infectious R5-tropic SIV lacking a CD4 binding site. Of the seven mutations that differentiate iMac239 from wild-type SIVmac239, a single change (D178G) in the V1/V2 region was sufficient to confer CD4 independence in cell-cell fusion assays, although other mutations were required for replication competence. Like other CD4-independent viruses, iMac239 was highly neutralization sensitive, although mutations were identified that could confer CD4-independent infection without increasing its neutralization sensitivity. Strikingly, iMac239 retained the ability to replicate in cell lines and primary cells even when its CD4 binding site had been ablated by deletion of a highly conserved aspartic acid at position 385, which, for HIV-1, plays a critical role in CD4 binding. iMac239, with and without the D385 deletion, exhibited an expanded host range in primary rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells that included CCR5(+) CD8(+) T cells. As the first non-CD4-tropic SIV, iMac239-ΔD385 will afford the opportunity to directly assess the in vivo role of CD4 targeting on pathogenesis and host immune responses. IMPORTANCE CD4 tropism is an invariant feature of primate lentiviruses and likely plays a key role in pathogenesis by focusing viral infection onto cells that mediate adaptive immune responses and in protecting virions attached to cells from neutralizing antibodies. Although CD4-independent viruses are well described for HIV and SIV, these viruses characteristically retain their CD4 binding site and can engage CD4 if available. We derived a novel CD4-independent, CCR5-tropic variant of the pathogenic molecular clone SIVmac239, termed iMac239. The genetic determinants of iMac239's CD4 independence provide new insights into mechanisms that underlie this phenotype. This virus remained replication competent even after its CD4 binding site had been ablated by mutagenesis. As the first truly non-CD4-tropic SIV, lacking the capacity to interact with CD4, iMac239 will provide the unique opportunity to evaluate SIV pathogenesis and host immune responses in the absence of the immunomodulatory effects of CD4(+) T cell targeting and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E Swanstrom
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beth Haggarty
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea P O Jordan
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Josephine Romano
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George J Leslie
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pyone P Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, and Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Preston A Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, and Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, and Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James E Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - James A Hoxie
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Brazzoli M, Magini D, Bonci A, Buccato S, Giovani C, Kratzer R, Zurli V, Mangiavacchi S, Casini D, Brito LM, De Gregorio E, Mason PW, Ulmer JB, Geall AJ, Bertholet S. Induction of Broad-Based Immunity and Protective Efficacy by Self-amplifying mRNA Vaccines Encoding Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin. J Virol 2016; 90:332-44. [PMID: 26468547 PMCID: PMC4702536 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01786-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Seasonal influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease that remains a major health problem worldwide, especially in immunocompromised populations. The impact of influenza disease is even greater when strains drift, and influenza pandemics can result when animal-derived influenza virus strains combine with seasonal strains. In this study, we used the SAM technology and characterized the immunogenicity and efficacy of a self-amplifying mRNA expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) antigen [SAM(HA)] formulated with a novel oil-in-water cationic nanoemulsion. We demonstrated that SAM(HA) was immunogenic in ferrets and facilitated containment of viral replication in the upper respiratory tract of influenza virus-infected animals. In mice, SAM(HA) induced potent functional neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses, characterized by HA-specific CD4 T helper 1 and CD8 cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, mice immunized with SAM(HA) derived from the influenza A virus A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) strain (Cal) were protected from a lethal challenge with the heterologous mouse-adapted A/PR/8/1934 (H1N1) virus strain (PR8). Sera derived from SAM(H1-Cal)-immunized animals were not cross-reactive with the PR8 virus, whereas cross-reactivity was observed for HA-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Finally, depletion of T cells demonstrated that T-cell responses were essential in mediating heterologous protection. If the SAM vaccine platform proves safe, well tolerated, and effective in humans, the fully synthetic SAM vaccine technology could provide a rapid response platform to control pandemic influenza. IMPORTANCE In this study, we describe protective immune responses in mice and ferrets after vaccination with a novel HA-based influenza vaccine. This novel type of vaccine elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although vaccine-specific antibodies are the key players in mediating protection from homologous influenza virus infections, vaccine-specific T cells contribute to the control of heterologous infections. The rapid production capacity and the synthetic origin of the vaccine antigen make the SAM platform particularly exploitable in case of influenza pandemic.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cross Protection
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Ferrets
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Leukocyte Reduction Procedures
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Respiratory System/virology
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Load
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diletta Magini
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Siena, Italy Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa Zurli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics S.r.l., Siena, Italy Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Luis M Brito
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Peter W Mason
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Ulmer
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Geall
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established an association between obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and a number of cancer types. Research has focused predominantly on altered endocrine factors, growth factors and signalling pathways, with little known in man about the immune involvement in the relevant pathophysiological processes. Moreover, in an era of exciting new breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy, there is also a need to study the safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutics in the complex setting of inflammatory-driven obesity-associated cancer. This review addresses key immune cell subsets underpinning obesity-associated inflammation and describes how such immune compartments might be targeted to prevent and treat obesity-associated cancer. We propose that the modulation, metabolism, migration and abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cells and tumour-specific T cells might be therapeutically altered to both restore immune balance, alleviating pathological inflammation, and to improve anti-tumour immune responses in obesity-associated cancer.
Collapse
|