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Kim JEJ, Tung LT, Jiang RR, Yousefi M, Liang Y, Malo D, Vidal SM, Nijnik A. Dysregulation of B lymphocyte development in the SKG mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunology 2023; 170:553-566. [PMID: 37688495 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic and systemic inflammatory disease that affects approximately 1% of the world's population and is characterised by joint inflammation, the destruction of articular cartilage and bone, and many potentially life-threatening extraarticular manifestations. B lymphocytes play a central role in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis as the precursors of autoantibody secreting plasma cells, as highly potent antigen-presenting cells, and as a source of various inflammatory cytokines, however, the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on B lymphocyte development remain poorly understood. Here, we analyse B lymphocyte development in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis, quantifying all the subsets of B cell precursors in the bone marrow and splenic B cells using flow cytometry. We demonstrate a severe reduction in pre-B cells and immature B cells in the bone marrow of mice with active disease, despite no major effects on the mature naïve B cell numbers. The loss of B cell precursors in the bone marrow of the affected mice was associated with a highly significant reduction in the proportion of Ki67+ cells, indicating impaired cell proliferation, while the viability of the B cell precursors was not significantly affected. We also observed some mobilisation of the B cell precursor cells into the mouse spleen, demonstrated with flow cytometry and pre-B colony forming units assays. In summary, the current work demonstrates a severe dysregulation in B lymphocyte development in murine rheumatoid arthritis, with possible implications for B cell repertoire formation, tolerance induction, and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Eun June Kim
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lin Tze Tung
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roselyn R Jiang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Nojima T, Reynolds AE, Kitamura D, Kelsoe G, Kuraoka M. Tracing Self-Reactive B Cells in Normal Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:90-101. [PMID: 32414809 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BCR transgenic mice dominate studies of B cell tolerance; consequently, tolerance in normal mice expressing diverse sets of autoreactive B cells is poorly characterized. We have used single B cell cultures to trace self-reactivity in BCR repertoires across the first and second tolerance checkpoints and in tolerized B cell compartments of normal mice. This approach reveals affinity "setpoints" that define each checkpoint and a subset of tolerized, autoreactive B cells that is long-lived. In normal mice, the numbers of B cells avidly specific for DNA fall significantly as small pre-B become immature and transitional-1 B cells, revealing the first tolerance checkpoint. By contrast, DNA reactivity does not significantly change when immature and transitional-1 B cells become mature follicular B cells, showing that the second checkpoint does not reduce DNA reactivity. In the spleen, autoreactivity was high in transitional-3 (T3) B cells, CD93+IgM-/loIgDhi anergic B cells, and a CD93- anergic subset. Whereas splenic T3 and CD93+ anergic B cells are short-lived, CD93-IgM-/loIgDhi B cells have half-lives comparable to mature follicular B cells. B cell-specific deletion of proapoptotic genes, Bak and Bax, resulted in increased CD93-IgM-/loIgDhi B cell numbers but not T3 B cell numbers, suggesting that apoptosis regulates differently persistent and ephemeral autoreactive B cells. The self-reactivity and longevity of CD93-IgM-/loIgDhi B cells and their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into plasmacytes in response to CD40 activation in vitro lead us to propose that this persistent, self-reactive compartment may be the origin of systemic autoimmunity and a potential target for vaccines to elicit protective Abs cross-reactive with self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nojima
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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3
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Ragonnaud E, Moritoh K, Bodogai M, Gusev F, Garaud S, Chen C, Wang X, Baljinnyam T, Becker KG, Maul RW, Willard-Gallo K, Rogaev E, Biragyn A. Tumor-Derived Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expands Bone Marrow B-cell Precursors in Circulation to Support Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5826-5838. [PMID: 31575547 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immature B cells in the bone marrow emigrate into the spleen during adult lymphopoiesis. Here, we report that emigration is shifted to earlier B-cell stages in mice with orthotopic breast cancer, spontaneous ovarian cancer, and possibly in human breast carcinoma. Using mouse and human bone marrow aspirates and mouse models challenged with highly metastatic 4T1 breast cancer cells, we demonstrated that this was the result of secretion of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by cancer cells. First, TSLP downregulated surface expression of bone marrow (BM) retention receptors CXCR4 and VLA4 in B-cell precursors, increasing their motility and, presumably, emigration. Then, TSLP supported peripheral survival and proliferation of BM B-cell precursors such as pre-B-like cells. 4T1 cancer cells used the increased pool of circulating pre-B-like cells to generate metastasis-supporting regulatory B cells. As such, the loss of TSLP expression in cancer cells alone or TSLPR deficiency in B cells blocked both accumulation of pre-B-like cells in circulation and cancer metastasis, implying that the pre-B cell-TSLP axis can be an attractive therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer cells induce premature emigration of B-cell precursors from the bone marrow to generate regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Ragonnaud
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kanako Moritoh
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Monica Bodogai
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fedor Gusev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Soizic Garaud
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chen Chen
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xin Wang
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kevin G Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert W Maul
- Antibody Diversity Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland.
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4
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Rincon JC, Cuenca AL, Raymond SL, Mathias B, Nacionales DC, Ungaro R, Efron PA, Wynn JL, Moldawer LL, Larson SD. Adjuvant pretreatment with alum protects neonatal mice in sepsis through myeloid cell activation. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:268-278. [PMID: 29052227 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality in neonatal sepsis has been related to both quantitative and qualitative differences in host protective immunity. Pretreatment strategies to prevent sepsis have received inadequate consideration, especially in the premature neonate, where outcomes from sepsis are so dismal. Aluminium salts-based adjuvants (alum) are used currently in many paediatric vaccines, but their use as an innate immune stimulant alone has not been well studied. We asked whether pretreatment with alum adjuvant alone could improve outcome and host innate immunity in neonatal mice given polymicrobial sepsis. Subcutaneous alum pretreatment improves survival to polymicrobial sepsis in both wild-type and T and B cell-deficient neonatal mice, but not in caspase-1/11 null mice. Moreover, alum increases peritoneal macrophage and neutrophil phagocytosis, and decreases bacterial colonization in the peritoneum. Bone marrow-derived neutrophils from alum-pretreated neonates produce more neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and exhibit increased expression of neutrophil elastase (NE) after in-vitro stimulation with phorbol esters. In addition, alum pretreatment increases bone marrow and splenic haematopoietic stem cell expansion following sepsis. Pretreatment of neonatal mice with an alum-based adjuvant can stimulate multiple innate immune cell functions and improve survival. These novel findings suggest a therapeutic pathway for the use of existing alum-based adjuvants for preventing sepsis in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rincon
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A L Cuenca
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S L Raymond
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - B Mathias
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D C Nacionales
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R Ungaro
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - P A Efron
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J L Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Departments of Pathology, Immunology, Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - L L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S D Larson
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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5
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Wesemann DR, Portuguese AJ, Meyers RM, Gallagher MP, Cluff-Jones K, Magee JM, Panchakshari RA, Rodig SJ, Kepler TB, Alt FW. Microbial colonization influences early B-lineage development in the gut lamina propria. Nature 2013; 501:112-5. [PMID: 23965619 PMCID: PMC3807868 DOI: 10.1038/nature12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The RAG1/RAG2 endonuclease (RAG) initiates the V(D)J recombination reaction that assembles immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chain variable region exons from germline gene segments to generate primary antibody repertoires. IgH V(D)J assembly occurs in progenitor (pro-) B cells followed by that of IgL in precursor (pre-) B cells. Expression of IgH μ and IgL (Igκ or Igλ) chains generates IgM, which is expressed on immature B cells as the B-cell antigen-binding receptor (BCR). Rag expression can continue in immature B cells, allowing continued Igκ V(D)J recombination that replaces the initial VκJκ exon with one that generates a new specificity. This 'receptor editing' process, which can also lead to Igλ V(D)J recombination and expression, provides a mechanism whereby antigen encounter at the Rag-expressing immature B-cell stage helps shape pre-immune BCR repertoires. As the major site of postnatal B-cell development, the bone marrow is the principal location of primary immunoglobulin repertoire diversification in mice. Here we report that early B-cell development also occurs within the mouse intestinal lamina propria (LP), where the associated V(D)J recombination/receptor editing processes modulate primary LP immunoglobulin repertoires. At weanling age in normally housed mice, the LP contains a population of Rag-expressing B-lineage cells that harbour intermediates indicative of ongoing V(D)J recombination and which contain cells with pro-B, pre-B and editing phenotypes. Consistent with LP-specific receptor editing, Rag-expressing LP B-lineage cells have similar VH repertoires, but significantly different Vκ repertoires, compared to those of Rag2-expressing bone marrow counterparts. Moreover, colonization of germ-free mice leads to an increased ratio of Igλ-expressing versus Igκ-expressing B cells specifically in the LP. We conclude that B-cell development occurs in the intestinal mucosa, where it is regulated by extracellular signals from commensal microbes that influence gut immunoglobulin repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Wesemann
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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6
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Loss of an Igκ gene enhancer in mature B cells results in rapid gene silencing and partial reversible dedifferentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2091-101. [PMID: 23508106 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01569-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We address here whether there is cellular memory of a transcriptional enhancer once it has served its purpose to establish an active chromatin state. We have previously shown that the mouse Igκ gene's downstream enhancers, E3' and Ed, are essential but play redundant roles for establishing transcriptional activity in the locus during B cell development. To determine whether these enhancers are also necessary for the maintenance of transcriptional activity, we conditionally deleted E3' in mature B cells that possessed Ed(-/-) alleles. Upon E3' deletion, the locus became rapidly silenced and lost positive histone epigenetic marks, and the mature B cells partially dedifferentiated, induced RAG-1 and -2 along with certain other pro-B cell makers, and then redifferentiated after triggering Igλ gene rearrangements. We conclude that the Igκ gene's downstream enhancers are essential for both the establishment and maintenance of transcriptional activity and that there is no cellular memory of previous transcriptional activity in this locus. Furthermore, upon enhancer loss, the mature B cells unexpectedly underwent reversible retrograde differentiation. This result establishes that receptor editing can occur in mature B cells and raises the possibility that this may provide a tolerance mechanism for eliminating autoreactive B cells in the periphery.
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7
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Abstract
A large antibody repertoire is generated in developing B cells in the bone marrow. Before these B cells achieve immunocompetence, those expressing autospecificities must be purged. To that end, B cells within the bone marrow and just following egress from the bone marrow are subject to tolerance induction. Once B cells achieve immunocompetence, the antibody repertoire can be further diversified by somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in B cells that have been activated by antigen and cognate T cell help and have undergone a germinal center (GC) response. This process also leads to the generation of autoreactive B cells which must be again purged to protect the host. Thus, B cells within the GC and just following egress from the GC are also subject to tolerance induction. Available data suggest that B cell intrinsic processes triggered by signaling through the B cell receptor activate tolerance mechanisms at both time points. Recent data suggest that GC and post-GC B cells are also subject to B cell extrinsic tolerance mechanisms mediated through soluble and membrane-bound factors derived from various T cell subsets.
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8
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Andrews SF, Zhang Q, Lim S, Li L, Lee JH, Zheng NY, Huang M, Taylor WM, Farris AD, Ni D, Meng W, Luning Prak ET, Wilson PC. Global analysis of B cell selection using an immunoglobulin light chain-mediated model of autoreactivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 210:125-42. [PMID: 23267014 PMCID: PMC3549719 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the immunoglobulin light chain affects peripheral B cell tolerance and autoreactivity. The important subtleties of B cell tolerance are best understood in a diverse immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire context encoding a full spectrum of autoreactivity. To achieve this, we used mice expressing Igκ transgenes that confer varying degrees of autoreactivity within a diverse heavy chain (HC) repertoire. These transgenes, coupled with a biomarker to identify receptor-edited cells and combined with expression cloning of B cell receptors, allowed us to analyze tolerance throughout B cell development. We found that both the nature of the autoantigen and the Ig HC versus light chain (LC) contribution to autoreactivity dictate the developmental stage and mechanism of tolerance. Furthermore, although selection begins in the bone marrow, over one third of primary tolerance occurs in the periphery at the late transitional developmental stage. Notably, we demonstrate that the LC has profound effects on tolerance and can lead to exacerbated autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Andrews
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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9
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Wang JH, Gostissa M, Yan CT, Goff P, Hickernell T, Hansen E, Difilippantonio S, Wesemann DR, Zarrin AA, Rajewsky K, Nussenzweig A, Alt FW. Mechanisms promoting translocations in editing and switching peripheral B cells. Nature 2009; 460:231-6. [PMID: 19587764 DOI: 10.1038/nature08159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Variable, diversity and joining gene segment (V(D)J) recombination assembles immunoglobulin heavy or light chain (IgH or IgL) variable region exons in developing bone marrow B cells, whereas class switch recombination (CSR) exchanges IgH constant region exons in peripheral B cells. Both processes use directed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Errors in either V(D)J recombination or CSR can initiate chromosomal translocations, including oncogenic IgH locus (Igh) to c-myc (also known as Myc) translocations of peripheral B cell lymphomas. Collaboration between these processes has also been proposed to initiate translocations. However, the occurrence of V(D)J recombination in peripheral B cells is controversial. Here we show that activated NHEJ-deficient splenic B cells accumulate V(D)J-recombination-associated breaks at the lambda IgL locus (Igl), as well as CSR-associated Igh breaks, often in the same cell. Moreover, Igl and Igh breaks are frequently joined to form translocations, a phenomenon associated with specific Igh-Igl co-localization. Igh and c-myc also co-localize in these cells; correspondingly, the introduction of frequent c-myc DSBs robustly promotes Igh-c-myc translocations. Our studies show peripheral B cells that attempt secondary V(D)J recombination, and determine a role for mechanistic factors in promoting recurrent translocations in tumours.
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Kuraoka M, Liao D, Yang K, Allgood SD, Levesque MC, Kelsoe G, Ueda Y. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and activity in the absence of germinal centers: insights into hyper-IgM syndrome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3237-48. [PMID: 19667096 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation normally occurs as a consequence of the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) by Ag-activated, mature B cells during T cell-dependent germinal center responses. Nonetheless, despite their inability to express CD154 and initiate GC responses, patients with type 1 hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM1) support populations of IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) B cells that express mutated Ig genes. The origin of these mutated B cells is unknown; the IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) cells do not express AID and appear to acquire mutations independent of stringent selection by Ag. Here, we demonstrate that immature/transitional 1 B cells from the bone marrow of CD154-deficient mice express AID and acquire Ig mutations that lack the hallmarks of antigenic selection via BCR signaling. Comparable levels of AID expression was found in developmentally immature B cells recovered from murine fetal liver and from human immature/transitional 1 B cells recovered from umbilical cord blood. AID expression in human fetal liver was also robust, approaching that of human tonsil tissue and the human germinal center B cell line, Ramos. These observations led us to conclude that AID expression in developing human B cells is the origin of the mutated IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) B cells present in HIGM1 patients, and we propose that both mice and humans share a latent, AID-dependent pathway for the preimmune diversification of B lymphocytes that is more prominent in chicken, sheep, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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11
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Toda T, Kitabatake M, Igarashi H, Sakaguchi N. The immature B-cell subpopulation with low RAG1 expression is increased in the autoimmune New Zealand Black mouse. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:600-11. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Wang JH, Alt FW, Gostissa M, Datta A, Murphy M, Alimzhanov MB, Coakley KM, Rajewsky K, Manis JP, Yan CT. Oncogenic transformation in the absence of Xrcc4 targets peripheral B cells that have undergone editing and switching. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:3079-90. [PMID: 19064702 PMCID: PMC2605230 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repairs DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during V(D)J recombination in developing lymphocytes and during immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (IgH) class switch recombination (CSR) in peripheral B lymphocytes. We now show that CD21-cre–mediated deletion of the Xrcc4 NHEJ gene in p53-deficient peripheral B cells leads to recurrent surface Ig-negative B lymphomas (“CXP lymphomas”). Remarkably, CXP lymphomas arise from peripheral B cells that had attempted both receptor editing (secondary V[D]J recombination of Igκ and Igλ light chain genes) and IgH CSR subsequent to Xrcc4 deletion. Correspondingly, CXP tumors frequently harbored a CSR-based reciprocal chromosomal translocation that fused IgH to c-myc, as well as large chromosomal deletions or translocations involving Igκ or Igλ, with the latter fusing Igλ to oncogenes or to IgH. Our findings reveal peripheral B cells that have undergone both editing and CSR and show them to be common progenitors of CXP tumors. Our studies also reveal developmental stage-specific mechanisms of c-myc activation via IgH locus translocations. Thus, Xrcc4/p53-deficient pro–B lymphomas routinely activate c-myc by gene amplification, whereas Xrcc4/p53-deficient peripheral B cell lymphomas routinely ectopically activate a single c-myc copy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing H Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Wang YH, Diamond B. B cell receptor revision diminishes the autoreactive B cell response after antigen activation in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:2896-907. [PMID: 18636122 DOI: 10.1172/jci35618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are regulated in the BM during development through mechanisms, including editing of the B cell receptor (BCR), clonal deletion, and anergy. Peripheral B cell tolerance is also important for protection from autoimmune damage, although the mechanisms are less well defined. Here we demonstrated, using a mouse model of SLE-like serology, that during an autoimmune response, RAG was reinduced in antigen-activated early memory or preplasma B cells. Expression of RAG was specific to antigen-reactive B cells, required the function of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R), and contributed to maintenance of humoral tolerance. We also showed that soluble antigen could diminish a non-autoreactive antibody response through induction of BCR revision. These data suggest that tolerance induction operates in B cells at a postactivation checkpoint and that BCR revision helps regulate autoreactivity generated during an ongoing immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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14
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Bagg A. Malleable immunoglobulin genes and hematopathology - the good, the bad, and the ugly: a paper from the 2007 William Beaumont hospital symposium on molecular pathology. J Mol Diagn 2008; 10:396-410. [PMID: 18687793 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2008.080061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement analysis is one of the more commonly performed assays available on the hematopathology menu of clinical molecular pathology laboratories. The analysis of these rearrangements provides useful information on a number of different levels in the evaluation of lymphoproliferations. An appreciation of the various mechanisms involved in the numerous physiological pathways affecting the immunoglobulin genes, and hence antibody molecules, is central to an understanding of B-cell development vis-à-vis the generation of immunological diversity. Knowledge about the intricate complexities of these mechanisms is also germane to an evaluation of testing methodologies. With this information, it is easier to develop an understanding of how contemporary molecular testing of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements has evolved, from historically quite heterogeneous, fairly flawed, and rather ugly approaches to current more-standardized protocols. In addition, recognition of how such genetic changes with good intentions can turn bad has fostered increasing insights into the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas and leukemias. Despite the significant improvements in the design of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement assays, numerous pitfalls and caveats remain. Accordingly, it is crucial to consider such testing a tool, and although most useful, it is one of many tools that may be required to build cogent diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bagg
- Hematology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 7.103 Founders Pavilion, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA.
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15
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Kiefer K, Nakajima PB, Oshinsky J, Seeholzer SH, Radic M, Bosma GC, Bosma MJ. Antigen receptor editing in anti-DNA transitional B cells deficient for surface IgM. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6094-106. [PMID: 18424731 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to encounter with self-Ag, autoreactive B cells may undergo secondary L chain gene rearrangement (receptor editing) and change the specificity of their Ag receptor. Knowing at what differentiative stage(s) developing B cells undergo receptor editing is important for understanding how self-reactive B cells are regulated. In this study, in mice with Ig transgenes coding for anti-self (DNA) Ab, we report dsDNA breaks indicative of ongoing secondary L chain rearrangement not only in bone marrow cells with a pre-B/B cell phenotype but also in immature/transitional splenic B cells with little or no surface IgM (sIgM(-/low)). L chain-edited transgenic B cells were detectable in spleen but not bone marrow and were still found to produce Ab specific for DNA (and apoptotic cells), albeit with lower affinity for DNA than the unedited transgenic Ab. We conclude that L chain editing in anti-DNA-transgenic B cells is not only ongoing in bone marrow but also in spleen. Indeed, transfer of sIgM(-/low) anti-DNA splenic B cells into SCID mice resulted in the appearance of a L chain editor (Vlambdax) in the serum of engrafted recipients. Finally, we also report evidence for ongoing L chain editing in sIgM(low) transitional splenic B cells of wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kiefer
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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16
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Hillion S, Dueymes M, Youinou P, Jamin C. IL-6 contributes to the expression of RAGs in human mature B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:6790-8. [PMID: 17982069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mature B cells acquire the capacity to revise rearranged Ig V region genes in secondary lymphoid organs. In previous studies, we demonstrated that cross-linking the BCR and the CD40 induces the expression of the RAG1 and RAG2 enzymes and, thereby, secondary rearrangements. We examine herein the mechanism that underpins RAG1 and RAG2 expression in peripheral and tonsil B cells. Coordinated engagement of the BCR and CD40 promoted the synthesis of IL-6 and, thereby, up-regulation of its receptor on activated B lymphocytes. Furthermore, we provide evidence that IL-6 initiates the expression of RAGs in circulating B cells, and extends those in tonsil B cells. Thus, neutralization of IL-6 or blocking of its receptor inhibits RAG expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that IL-6 impedes BCR-mediated termination of RAG gene expression in both population of B cells. The recovered inhibition of RAG gene transcription by IL-6 receptor blockade supports the notion that once recombination is launched, its termination is also regulated by IL-6. Taken together, these studies provide new insight into the dual role of IL-6 in inducing and terminating expression of the recombinase machinery for secondary rearrangements in mature human B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hillion
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France
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17
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Wang H, Feng J, Qi CF, Li Z, Morse HC, Clarke SH. Transitional B Cells Lose Their Ability to Receptor Edit but Retain Their Potential for Positive and Negative Selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:7544-52. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Azulay-Debby H, Edry E, Melamed D. CpG DNA stimulates autoreactive immature B cells in the bone marrow. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1463-75. [PMID: 17474151 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyclonal activation of developing B cells is an injurious process, because most of these cells are nontolerant and express autoreactive receptors. CpG DNA is a polyclonal activator of mature B cells, but its effect on developing B cells is unclear. We tested whether developing, nontolerant B cells are responsive to mitogenic stimulation by CpG DNA and whether such a stimulus can interfere with the establishment of central tolerance. We found that developing B cells express Toll-like receptor 9 and undergo a polyclonal response to CpG DNA stimulation, as revealed by proliferation and differentiation to antibody-producing cells. In vitro and ex vivo experiments revealed that stimulation with CpG DNA protects immature B cells from negative selection imposed by apoptosis and receptor editing and results in the production of autoantibodies. Finally, we found that in vivo administration of CpG DNA activates immature B cells in the bone marrow and suppresses the expression of recombination-activating genes in a mouse model of central tolerance and receptor editing. These results suggest that mitogenic signals provided by CpG DNA stimulate nontolerant immature B cells in the bone marrow and have the potential to interfere with central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilla Azulay-Debby
- Department of Immunology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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19
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Hillion S, Garaud S, Devauchelle V, Bordron A, Berthou C, Youinou P, Jamin C. Interleukin-6 is responsible for aberrant B-cell receptor-mediated regulation of RAG expression in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology 2007; 122:371-80. [PMID: 17608810 PMCID: PMC2266017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective regulation of secondary immunoglobulin V(D)J gene rearrangement promotes the production of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It remains unclear, however, whether the regulation of the recombination-activating genes RAG1 and RAG2 is effective in SLE. RAG1 and RAG2 messenger RNA expression was analysed before and after in vitro activation of sorted CD19(+) CD5(-) B cells with anti-immunoglobulin M antibodies, in 20 SLE patients and 17 healthy controls. The expression of CDK2 and p27(Kip1) regulators of the RAG2 protein, were examined. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and its influence on RAG regulation were also evaluated in vitro. SLE patients had increased frequency of RAG-positive B cells. B-cell receptor (BCR) engagement induced a shift in the frequency of kappa- and lambda-positive cells, associated with a persistence of RAG messenger RNA and the maintenance of RAG2 protein within the nucleus. While expression of the RAG2-negative regulator CDK2 was normal, the positive regulator p27(Kip1) was up-regulated and enhanced by BCR engagement. This effect was the result of the aberrant production of IL-6 by SLE B cells. Furthermore, IL-6 receptor blockade led to a reduction in p27(Kip1) expression, and allowed the translocation of RAG2 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Our study indicates that aberrant production of IL-6 contributes to the inability of SLE B cells to terminate RAG protein production. Therefore, we hypothesize that because of constitutive IL-6 signalling in association with BCR engagement, SLE B cells would become prone to secondary immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hillion
- EA Immunologie et Pathologie, Brest University Medical School, Brest, France
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20
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Ueda Y, Liao D, Yang K, Patel A, Kelsoe G. T-independent activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression, class-switch recombination, and antibody production by immature/transitional 1 B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3593-601. [PMID: 17339456 PMCID: PMC1955467 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation elicits a splenic lymphopoiesis of unknown physiologic significance but one that juxtaposes developing B cells and exogenous Ag. We show that immature and transitional 1 (immature/T1) B cells constitutively express activation-induced cytidine deaminase and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 in amounts that support accelerated plasmacytic differentiation and limited class-switch recombination. In vivo, activation of immature/T1 B cells by TLR ligands or bacterial vaccine rapidly induces T1 cells to divide, proliferate, and secrete IgM, IgG, or IgA Ab; in vitro, proliferation and differentiation are substantially enhanced by B cell-activating factor. We propose that inflammation-induced extramedullary lymphopoiesis represents a specialized mechanism for innate Ab responses to microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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21
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Sagaert X, Sprangers B, De Wolf-Peeters C. The dynamics of the B follicle: understanding the normal counterpart of B-cell-derived malignancies. Leukemia 2007; 21:1378-86. [PMID: 17495967 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of B cells secreting antibodies with unique antigen-binding specificities is produced at two stages: a primary B-cell repertoire is formed in the bone marrow through immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, whereas a secondary B-cell repertoire is generated in the peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) through somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination upon antigen encounter. The latter events take place within highly specialized histological structures, designated B follicles, which are composed of distinct microanatomical compartments namely the follicle centre, lymphocytic corona and marginal zone. Each compartment comprises a particular subset of B cells, characterized by unique properties, thereby reflecting the complexity and variability in the spectrum of defence mechanisms against invading pathogens. The past years have spawned an avalanche of new data and information that encompasses both the structure and function of each compartment and its B cells. This review incorporates up-to-date information on peripheral B-cell differentiation into a challenging working model, thereby pointing to the structural and functional imprint of both the T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent immune response on the B follicle. As such, this article aims to form an excellent base for a better understanding of the normal counterpart of B-cell-derived haematological malignancies (leukemias and lymphomas).
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sagaert
- Department of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is produced by stromal cells in lymphoid tissues and is required for the development of T cells and for their persistence in the periphery. Unlike many other cytokines that act on lymphocytes, IL-7 production by stromal cells is not substantially affected by extrinsic stimuli. So, the amount of available IL-7 protein is thought to be regulated by the rate that it is scavenged by T cells. As we review here, there is mounting evidence indicating that the amount of IL-7 receptor expressed on a cell not only determines how vigorously the cell responds to IL-7, but it can also determine how efficiently the cell consumes IL-7 and, therefore, affect the supply of this limiting resource in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mazzucchelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 560, Room 31-71, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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23
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Abstract
This review considers a crucially new mechanism of T-cell antigen-recognizing repertoire formation. It includes the revision of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), which implies the secondary rearrangement of TCR genes in peripheral T-lymphocytes and surface expression of a new antigen receptor with altered specificity. Factors and mechanisms involved in the induction of this process have been analyzed. Certain attention is paid to a possible role of TCR revision in the formation of peripheral tolerance in the processes of "avidity maturation" of T-lymphocytes during immune response and also negative consequences related to appearance of potentially autoreactive clones in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Kuklina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614081, Russia.
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24
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Hillion S, Rochas C, Devauchelle V, Youinou P, Jamin C. Central and Peripheral RAG Protein Re-expression: Underestimate Mechanisms of Tolerance? Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:185-9. [PMID: 16918685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The generation of developing B cells in the bone marrow is regulated by recombination activating genes RAG1 and RAG2 proteins. They contribute to the synthesis of functional antibodies (Abs) that can present self-reactivities following V(D)J (V, variable; D, diversity and J, joining) recombination. The emergence of autoreactive B cells is prevented by deletion through apoptosis, by stimulation blockade through anergy, or by synthesis of a new B-cell receptor through receptor edition. In the periphery, somatic hypermutation during the course of germinal centre (GC) responses can lead to the appearance of autoreactive and low-affinity Ab-producing B cells. Apoptotic deletion and receptor revision regulate these autoreactive and inappropriate B cells. Moreover, the presence of RAG-positive B cells outside GCs suggest that still uncharacterized regulation checkpoint, associated with secondary V(D)J recombination, also contribute to the regulation of autoreactivities. Failure in central and/or peripheral tolerance mechanisms associated with RAG expression could contribute to the terminal differentiation of autoreactive B cells leading to autoimmune states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hillion
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, F-29609 Brest, France
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25
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Rahman ZSM, Manser T. Failed up-regulation of the inhibitory IgG Fc receptor Fc gamma RIIB on germinal center B cells in autoimmune-prone mice is not associated with deletion polymorphisms in the promoter region of the Fc gamma RIIB gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1440-9. [PMID: 16034080 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
FcgammaRIIB, a low-affinity FcR for IgG, inhibits BCR-mediated activation when these two receptors are co-cross-linked by Ags and IgG-containing immune complexes. Although a role for FcgammaRIIB in the germinal center (GC) reaction has been proposed, conflicting results have been published regarding the levels of FcgammaRIIB expressed on GC B cells in normal and autoimmune-prone mice and humans. In the present study, we investigate this issue in detail in mice by using multiple GC B cell markers, two different antigenic systems, primary and secondary GC responses, and by excluding the influence of splenic influx of immature B cells and passive acquisition of FcgammaRIIB from follicular dendritic cells. Our results are in concordance with previous data indicating that FcgammaRIIB expression is up-regulated on GC B cells in normal mice. In contrast, we observe comparable levels of FcgammaRIIB on GC and non-GC B cells in New Zealand White, New Zealand Black, and B6.Sle1 autoimmune-prone strains. Therefore, we suggest that these strains exhibit failed up-regulation of FcgammaRIIB on GC B cells, rather than down-regulation, as previously suggested. Also, in contrast to previous indications, this perturbed regulation is not uniquely associated with deletion polymorphisms in the promoter region of the FcgammaRIIB gene but does appear to be independent of genetic background. Finally, we present evidence indicating that FcgammaRIII, a low-affinity activating IgG FcR, is expressed on the GC B cells of normal but not autoimmune-prone mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/immunology
- Dendritic Cells, Follicular/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- RNA/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5541, USA
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26
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Ueda Y, Kondo M, Kelsoe G. Inflammation and the reciprocal production of granulocytes and lymphocytes in bone marrow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1771-80. [PMID: 15939792 PMCID: PMC1952536 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated production of leukocytes in bone marrow is crucial for innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammation alters normal leukocyte production by promoting granulopoiesis over lymphopoiesis, a response that supports the reactive neutrophilia that follows infection. Here we demonstrate that this specialization for granulopoiesis is determined by inflammation-induced reductions of growth and retention factors, most significantly stem cell factor and CXCL12, which act preferentially to inhibit lymphoid development. These hierarchical effects suggest that the normal equilibrium of leukocyte production in bone marrow is determined by lymphopoiesis' higher demand for specific growth factors and/or retention signals. Inflammation regulates this balance by reducing growth factors that have less impact on developing neutrophils than lymphocytes. We demonstrate that granulopoiesis and lymphopoiesis are coupled specifically in the bone marrow by development in a common niche and propose that the leukopoietic equilibrium is specified by limiting amounts of developmental resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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27
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Hillion S, Rochas C, Youinou P, Jamin C. Expression and Reexpression of Recombination Activating Genes: Relevance to the Development of Autoimmune States. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1050:10-8. [PMID: 16014516 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1313.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Like all antibodies, autoreactive antibodies are generated in developing B cells in the bone marrow by variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) recombination under the regulation of recombination activating gene (RAG) 1 and RAG2 proteins. Deletion, anergy, and receptor edition prevent the emergence of autoreactive B cells. In the periphery, somatic hypermutation during the course of germinal center responses can lead to the emergence of autoreactive and low-affinity antibody-producing B cells. Deletion and receptor revision regulate autoreactive and inappropriate B cells. Defects in central or peripheral tolerance mechanisms associated with RAG expression could contribute to the appearance of autoreactive B cells. We demonstrate the presence of RAG(+) B cells in CD5-expressing cells outside germinal centers. Our data suggest that receptor revision in the periphery also may occur in unusual sites when B cells are induced to express CD5. This revision may correspond to a novel regulation checkpoint in which impaired control of RAG expression could generate autoreactive B cells and lead to autoimmune states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hillion
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, BP824, F29609 Brest, France
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28
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Usuku T, Nishi M, Morimoto M, Brewer JA, Muglia LJ, Sugimoto T, Kawata M. Visualization of glucocorticoid receptor in the brain of green fluorescent protein–glucocorticoid receptor knockin mice. Neuroscience 2005; 135:1119-28. [PMID: 16154291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 06/19/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert various neuroendocrinological effects, including stress response, in the central nervous system via glucocorticoid receptor (GR). GRs are transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus upon ligand binding, and then exert the transcriptional activity. Although it is important for unraveling the actual property of the GR in vivo, subcellular dynamics of the GR are still unclear within the brain tissue in which the neuronal circuitry is maintained. To address this issue, we generated green fluorescent protein (GFP)-GR knockin mice, whose GR has been replaced by a GFP-GR fusion protein that is functionally indistinguishable from endogenous GR. In fixed brain sections of the GFP-GR knockin mice, the distribution of the green fluorescence was similar to that of GR immunoreactivity. By subtracting autofluorescence using fluorescent emission fingerprinting method with confocal laser scanning microscope, nuclear localization of GFP-GR was identifiable in the hippocampal CA3 subregion, where subcellular localization of the GR has been unsolved compared with other areas. To examine the subcellular trafficking of GFP-GR in vivo, we performed adrenalectomy on the GFP-GR knockin mice. GFP-GR was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and neurites two days after adrenalectomy. Furthermore, laser scanning cytometry by which fluorescence intensity in situ can be quantitatively measured revealed the entire GFP-GR expression level was increased. We then examined the dynamic changes in the subcellular localization of GFP-GR in living hippocampal neurons both in dissociated culture and in tissue slices. GFP-GR was localized in not only the perikarya but also neurites in the absence of ligand, and nuclear translocation following ligand treatment was observed. This is the first report visualizing subcellular trafficking of the GR in the mouse brain in more physiological condition. The present results propose new avenues for the research of the GR dynamics both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Usuku
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Edry E, Melamed D. Receptor editing in positive and negative selection of B lymphopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4265-71. [PMID: 15383554 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In B lymphopoiesis, Ag receptor expression and signaling are critical to determine developmental progression, survival, and activation. Several positive and negative selection checkpoints to test this receptor have been described in B lymphopoiesis, aiming to ensure the generation of functionally competent, nonautoimmune repertoire. Secondary Ag receptor gene recombination allows B lymphocytes to replace an inappropriate receptor with a new receptor, a mechanism called receptor editing. This salvage mechanism uncouples the Ag receptor fate from that of the cell itself, suggesting that B cell repertoire is regulated by a process of receptor selection. Secondary rearrangements are stimulated in different stages of B cell development, where editing of the receptor is necessary to fulfill stage-specific requirements. In this study, we discuss the contribution of receptor editing in B lymphopoiesis and its regulation by positive and negative selection signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Edry
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel
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30
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Sasso EH, Martinez M, Yarfitz SL, Ghillani P, Musset L, Piette JC, Cacoub P. Frequent joining of Bcl-2 to a JH6 gene in hepatitis C virus-associated t(14;18). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3549-56. [PMID: 15322220 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The t(14;18) chromosomal translocation, which joins the Bcl-2 proto-oncogene to an Ig J(H) gene, has increased prevalence in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We now establish a link between the molecular structure and clinical occurrence of HCV-associated t(14;18). A t(14;18) was detected by PCR in leukocytes from 22 of 46 HCV-infected patients (48%) and 11 of 54 healthy controls (20%) (p = 0.0053). Nucleotide sequence analysis of the Bcl-2/J(H) joins found a J(H)6 gene in 18 of 22 (82%) t(14;18) from HCV(+) patients, and 3 of 8 (38%) from controls (p = 0.031). The t(14;18) rarely contained J(H) gene mutations, or an intervening region sequence suggestive of D gene rearrangement or templated nucleotide insertion. Analysis of published t(14;18) nucleotide sequences established that the J(H)6 prevalence in t(14;18) from normal/nonneoplastic controls (48%) was significantly lower than in t(14;18) from our HCV(+) patients (p = 0.004) or from non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (66%, p = 0.003). We conclude that the increased prevalence of t(14;18) in HCV(+) patients occurs with a strong bias for Bcl-2/J(H)6 joins. In this regard, HCV-associated t(14;18) more closely resemble t(14;18) in lymphomas than t(14;18) from normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Sasso
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98105, USA.
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31
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Ueda Y, Yang K, Foster SJ, Kondo M, Kelsoe G. Inflammation controls B lymphopoiesis by regulating chemokine CXCL12 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:47-58. [PMID: 14707114 PMCID: PMC1887733 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation removes developing and mature lymphocytes from the bone marrow (BM) and induces the appearance of developing B cells in the spleen. BM granulocyte numbers increase after lymphocyte reductions to support a reactive granulocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that inflammation, acting primarily through tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), mobilizes BM lymphocytes. Mobilization reflects a reduced CXCL12 message and protein in BM and changes to the BM environment that prevents homing by cells from naive donors. The effects of TNFα are potentiated by interleukin 1 β (IL-1β), which acts primarily to expand the BM granulocyte compartment. Our observations indicate that inflammation induces lymphocyte mobilization by suppressing CXCL12 retention signals in BM, which, in turn, increases the ability of IL-1β to expand the BM granulocyte compartment. Consistent with this idea, lymphocyte mobilization and a modest expansion of BM granulocyte numbers follow injections of pertussis toxin. We propose that TNFα and IL-1β transiently specialize the BM to support acute granulocytic responses and consequently promote extramedullary lymphopoiesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Stromal Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Immunology, Box 3010, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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32
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Abstract
Autoreactive antibodies are etiologic agents in a number of autoimmune diseases. Like all other antibodies these antibodies are produced in developing B cells by V(D)J recombination in the bone marrow. Three mechanisms regulate autoreactive B cells: deletion, receptor editing, and anergy. Here we review the prevalence of autoantibodies in the initial antibody repertoire, their regulation by receptor editing, and the role of the recombinase proteins (RAG1 and RAG2) in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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33
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Abstract
During lymphocyte development, both B and T cells assemble antigen receptor variable region genes from germline gene segments, allowing the expression of unique receptors in each clonally derived lymphocyte. Previously, it was shown that in certain cases, progenitor and immature B cells are capable of editing their receptors to a new specificity on encounter with self-antigens. Although the existence of such a process in T cells remains controversial, recent studies suggest that mature T cells are able to similarly revise their receptors in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Mostoslavsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, The Center for Blood Research, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Boursalian TE, Golob J, Soper DM, Cooper CJ, Fink PJ. Continued maturation of thymic emigrants in the periphery. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:418-25. [PMID: 14991052 DOI: 10.1038/ni1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Developing thymocytes are selected for recognition of molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex, purged of self-reactive cells and committed to either the CD4 or CD8 lineage. The 1% of thymocytes that complete these tasks emigrate and join the population of peripheral lymphocytes. Whether T cell maturation is complete at the time of thymic exit has been a subject of debate. Using mice transgenic for green fluorescent protein driven by the recombination activating gene 2 promoter to identify recent thymic emigrants, we now show that T cell differentiation continues post-thymically, with progressive maturation of both surface phenotype and immune function. In addition, the relative contribution of CD4 and CD8 recent thymic emigrants was modulated as they entered the peripheral T cell pool. Thus, T cell maturation and subset contribution are both finalized in the lymphoid periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar E Boursalian
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7650, USA
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35
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Rosenquist R, Menestrina F, Lestani M, Küppers R, Hansmann ML, Bräuninger A. Indications for peripheral light-chain revision and somatic hypermutation without a functional B-cell receptor in precursors of a composite diffuse large B-cell and Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Transl Med 2004; 84:253-62. [PMID: 14688797 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite lymphomas are rare combinations of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the same patient, where clonal relatedness has been observed in most of the few cases analyzed. Here, we report a composite classical HL and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with interesting molecular features. Micromanipulation of single cells and analysis of V gene rearrangements revealed clonal relatedness with shared and distinct mutations, indicative of derivation from a common germinal center (GC) B-cell precursor and also of further development of both lymphomas in a GC. In the DLBCL, a very high mutation load, including inactivating mutations, and two copies of the same clonal rearrangement with different mutations in single cells were observed. Intriguingly, in the DLBCL precursor somatic hypermutation activity continued after acquisition of destructive V gene mutations, a feature previously found only in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected B-cell expansions. Furthermore, we found evidence of light-chain receptor revision in the lymphoma precursor during a GC reaction. Re-expression of the V(D)J recombination machinery may enhance genomic instability in GC B cells and contribute to lymphomagenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Base Sequence
- Clone Cells
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain/genetics
- Hodgkin Disease/drug therapy
- Hodgkin Disease/genetics
- Hodgkin Disease/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Light Chains/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/genetics
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/pathology
- Prednisone/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Treatment Outcome
- Vincristine/administration & dosage
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36
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Tretter T, Ross AE, Dordai DI, Desiderio S. Mimicry of pre-B cell receptor signaling by activation of the tyrosine kinase Blk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 198:1863-73. [PMID: 14662906 PMCID: PMC2194155 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During B lymphoid ontogeny, assembly of the pre–B cell receptor (BCR) is a principal developmental checkpoint at which several Src-related kinases may play redundant roles. Here the Src-related kinase Blk is shown to effect functions associated with the pre-BCR. B lymphoid expression of an active Blk mutant caused proliferation of B progenitor cells and enhanced responsiveness of these cells to interleukin 7. In mice lacking a functional pre-BCR, active Blk supported maturation beyond the pro–B cell stage, suppressed VH to DJH rearrangement, relieved selection for productive heavy chain rearrangement, and stimulated κ rearrangement. These alterations were accompanied by tyrosine phosphorylation of immunoglobulin β and Syk, as well as changes in gene expression consistent with developmental maturation. Thus, sustained activation of Blk induces responses normally associated with the pre-BCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Tretter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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37
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Nemazee D, Hogquist KA. Antigen receptor selection by editing or downregulation of V(D)J recombination. Curr Opin Immunol 2003; 15:182-9. [PMID: 12633668 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(03)00008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clonal selection is central to immune function, but it is complemented by "receptor selection", which regulates the immune repertoire not by cell death or proliferation but through the control of antigen receptor gene recombination. Inappropriate receptors, such as those that are autoreactive, underexpressed, or that fail to promote positive selection of thymocytes or B cells, stimulate secondary V-to-J recombinations that destroy and replace receptor genes. These processes play a central role in lymphocyte repertoire development. Recent work on the role of receptor selection in B and T cells has uncovered evidence for and against antigen-induced editing in thymocytes. Many studies suggest that editing plays a central role in B and T lymphocyte repertoire development. Important recent evidence has been uncovered addressing the role of tolerance-induced editing in thymocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement/immunology
- Genes, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Humans
- Models, Biological
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, Mail Drop IM-29, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Shaffer AL, Rosenwald A, Staudt LM. Lymphoid malignancies: the dark side of B-cell differentiation. Nat Rev Immunol 2002; 2:920-32. [PMID: 12461565 DOI: 10.1038/nri953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
When the regulation of B-cell differentiation and activation is disrupted, lymphomas and leukaemias can occur. The processes that normally create immunoglobulin diversity might be misdirected, resulting in oncogenic chromosomal translocations that block differentiation, prevent apoptosis and/or promote proliferation. Prolonged or unregulated antigenic stimulation might contribute further to the development and progression of some malignancies. Lymphoid malignancies often resemble normal stages of B-cell differentiation, as shown by molecular techniques such as gene-expression profiling. The similarities and differences between malignant and normal B cells indicate strategies for the treatment of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Shaffer
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Serra P, Amrani A, Han B, Yamanouchi J, Thiessen SJ, Santamaria P. RAG-dependent peripheral T cell receptor diversification in CD8+ T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:15566-71. [PMID: 12432095 PMCID: PMC137757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.242321099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) genes is driven by transient expression of V(D)J recombination-activating genes (RAGs) during lymphocyte development. Immunological dogma holds that T cells irreversibly terminate RAG expression before exiting the thymus, and that all of the progeny arising from mature T cells express the parental TCRs. When single pancreatic islet-derived, NRP-A7 peptide-reactive CD8(+) T cells from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice were repeatedly stimulated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, daughter T cells reexpressed RAGs, lost their ability to bind to NRP-A7K(d) tetramers, ceased to transcribe tetramer-specific TCR genes, and, instead, expressed a vast array of other TCR rearrangements. Pancreatic lymph node (PLN) CD8(+) T cells from animals expressing a transgenic NRP-A7-reactive TCR transcribed and translated RAGs in vivo and displayed endogenous TCRs on their surface. RAG reexpression also occurred in the PLN CD8(+) T cells of wild-type NOD mice and could be induced in the peripheral CD8(+) T cells of nondiabetes-prone TCR-transgenic B10.H2(g7) mice by stimulation with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. In contrast, reexpression of RAGs could not be induced in the CD8(+) T cells of B6 mice expressing an ovalbumin-specific, K(b)-restricted TCR, or in the CD8(+) T cells of NOD mice expressing a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific, D(b)-restricted TCR. Extra-thymic reexpression of the V(D)J recombination machinery in certain CD8(+) T cell subpopulations, therefore, enables further diversification of the peripheral T cell repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Clone Cells/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, RAG-1
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Serra
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Seagal
- Department of Immunology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Girschick HJ, Grammer AC, Nanki T, Vazquez E, Lipsky PE. Expression of recombination activating genes 1 and 2 in peripheral B cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:1255-63. [PMID: 12115231 DOI: 10.1002/art.10264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze immunoregulatory abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by assessing the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for types 1 and 2 recombination activating genes (RAG) in the peripheral blood of patients with active SLE. METHODS We examined B cell populations and also individual B cells from patients with SLE for the expression of RAG mRNA. RESULTS Analysis of bulk mRNA indicated that RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA were found routinely in peripheral B cells of patients with active SLE, but not in healthy subjects. When assessed on a single-cell basis, there was a 3-fold increase in the frequency of RAG1- and RAG2-expressing B cells in SLE patients compared with healthy subjects. Notably, B cells expressing both RAG1 and RAG2 mRNA expressed only IgD mRNA, but not IgG mRNA. Fifty percent of RAG-expressing B cells also expressed VpreB mRNA, whereas all expressed CD154 mRNA. Phenotypic analysis indicated that RAG-expressing B cells were activated, mature B cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that RAG expression is up-regulated in peripheral IgD+ and VpreB+ B cells of patients with active SLE. These cells may contribute to the immunoregulatory abnormalities in patients with SLE.
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Magari M, Sawatari T, Kawano Y, Cascalho M, Wabl M, Kanayama N, Hikida M, Ohmori H. Contribution of light chain rearrangement in peripheral B cells to the generation of high-affinity antibodies. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:957-66. [PMID: 11920561 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<957::aid-immu957>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recently, peripheral B cells have been shown to undergo secondary V(D)J rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes, but the physiological role of this event has not been fully elucidated. To investigate whether rearrangement of L chain genes in the periphery is involved in the generation of high-affinity antibodies (Ab), we used the 17.2.25 rearranged VHDJH gene (VHT)-knockin mouse whose B cell diversity is limited due to the expression of the site-directed transgene. Immunization of the mouse with p-nitrophenylacetyl (pNP)-conjugated chicken gamma-globulin preferentially led to the production of anti-pNP IgG Ab comprised of non-VHT-encoded H chains and lambda chains. lambda(+) IgG constituted a majority of high-affinity Ab to this hapten. RAG-2 mRNA and the recombination signal sequence break of the lambda1 gene increased in the draining lymph node of immunized mice, but not of nonimmunized animals. There was a close correlation between the levels of these parameters implicating lambda gene rearrangement and the production of lambda(+ )high-affinity anti-pNP IgG. These observations were reproduced in RAG-1-deficient mice that were reconstituted with the spleen cells ofthe knockin mouse. Thus, our findings suggest that L chain rearrangement that occurs in the periphery can contribute to affinity maturation of Ab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Magari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
Surrogate light chain expression during B lineage differentiation was examined by using indicator fluorochrome-filled liposomes in an enhanced immunofluorescence assay. Pro-B cells bearing surrogate light chain components were found in mice, but not in humans. A limited subpopulation of relatively large pre-B cells in both species expressed pre-B cell receptors. These cells had reduced expression of the recombinase activating genes, RAG-1 and RAG-2. Their receptor-negative pre-B cell progeny were relatively small, expressed RAG-1 and RAG-2, and exhibited selective down-regulation of VpreB and λ5expression. Comparative analysis of the 2 pre-B cell subpopulations indicated that loss of the pre-B cell receptors from surrogate light chain gene silencing was linked with exit from the cell cycle and light chain gene rearrangement to achieve B-cell differentiation.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dörner
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Reciprocal chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci are a hallmark of most mature B cell lymphomas and usually result in dysregulated expression of oncogenes brought under the control of the Ig enhancers. Although the precise mechanisms involved in the development of these translocations remains essentially unknown, a clear relationship has been established with the mechanisms that lead to Ig gene remodeling, including V(D)J recombination, isotype switching and somatic hypermutation. The common denominator of these three processes in the formation of Ig-associated translocations is probably represented by the fact that each of these processes intrinsically generates double-strand DNA breaks. Since isotype switching and somatic hypermutation occur in germinal center (GC) B cells, the origin of a large number of B cell lymphomas from GC B cells is likely closely related to aberrant hypermutation and isotype switching activity in these B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Küppers
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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46
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Reimold AM, Iwakoshi NN, Manis J, Vallabhajosyula P, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E, Gravallese EM, Friend D, Grusby MJ, Alt F, Glimcher LH. Plasma cell differentiation requires the transcription factor XBP-1. Nature 2001; 412:300-7. [PMID: 11460154 DOI: 10.1038/35085509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 977] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in identifying the transcription factors involved in the early specification of the B-lymphocyte lineage. However, little is known about factors that control the transition of mature activated B cells to antibody-secreting plasma cells. Here we report that the transcription factor XBP-1 is required for the generation of plasma cells. XBP-1 transcripts were rapidly upregulated in vitro by stimuli that induce plasma-cell differentiation, and were found at high levels in plasma cells from rheumatoid synovium. When introduced into B-lineage cells, XBP-1 initiated plasma-cell differentiation. Mouse lymphoid chimaeras deficient in XBP-1 possessed normal numbers of activated B lymphocytes that proliferated, secreted cytokines and formed normal germinal centres. However, they secreted very little immunoglobulin of any isotype and failed to control infection with the B-cell-dependent polyoma virus, because plasma cells were markedly absent. XBP-1 is the only transcription factor known to be selectively and specifically required for the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Reimold
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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