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Marchitto L, Benlarbi M, Prévost J, Laumaea A, Descôteaux-Dinelle J, Medjahed H, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Kirchhoff F, Sauter D, Hahn BH, Finzi A, Richard J. Impact of HIV-1 Vpu-mediated downregulation of CD48 on NK-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. mBio 2023; 14:e0078923. [PMID: 37404017 PMCID: PMC10470595 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00789-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 evades antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses not only by controlling Env conformation and quantity at the cell surface but also by altering NK cell activation via the downmodulation of several ligands of activating and co-activating NK cell receptors. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors, which includes NTB-A and 2B4, act as co-activating receptors to sustain NK cell activation and cytotoxic responses. These receptors cooperate with CD16 (FcγRIII) and other activating receptors to trigger NK cell effector functions. In that context, Vpu-mediated downregulation of NTB-A on HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells was shown to prevent NK cell degranulation via an homophilic interaction, thus contributing to ADCC evasion. However, less is known on the capacity of HIV-1 to evade 2B4-mediated NK cell activation and ADCC. Here, we show that HIV-1 downregulates the ligand of 2B4, CD48, from the surface of infected cells in a Vpu-dependent manner. This activity is conserved among Vpu proteins from the HIV-1/SIVcpz lineage and depends on conserved residues located in its transmembrane domain and dual phosphoserine motif. We show that NTB-A and 2B4 stimulate CD16-mediated NK cell degranulation and contribute to ADCC responses directed to HIV-1-infected cells to the same extent. Our results suggest that HIV-1 has evolved to downmodulate the ligands of both SLAM receptors to evade ADCC. IMPORTANCE Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can contribute to the elimination of HIV-1-infected cells and HIV-1 reservoirs. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms used by HIV-1 to evade ADCC might help develop novel approaches to reduce the viral reservoirs. Members of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors, such as NTB-A and 2B4, play a key role in stimulating NK cell effector functions, including ADCC. Here, we show that Vpu downmodulates CD48, the ligand of 2B4, and this contributes to protect HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC. Our results highlight the importance of the virus to prevent the triggering of the SLAM receptors to evade ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jade Descôteaux-Dinelle
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Zhang M, Lam KP, Xu S. Natural Killer Cell Engagers (NKCEs): a new frontier in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207276. [PMID: 37638058 PMCID: PMC10450036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are a type of innate lymphoid cells that play a crucial role in immunity by killing virally infected or tumor cells and secreting cytokines and chemokines. NK cell-mediated immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment due to its safety and effectiveness. NK cell engagers (NKCEs), such as BiKE (bispecific killer cell engager) or TriKE (trispecific killer cell engager), are a novel class of antibody-based therapeutics that exhibit several advantages over other cancer immunotherapies harnessing NK cells. By bridging NK and tumor cells, NKCEs activate NK cells and lead to tumor cell lysis. A growing number of NKCEs are currently undergoing development, with some already in clinical trials. However, there is a need for more comprehensive studies to determine how the molecular design of NKCEs affects their functionality and manufacturability, which are crucial for their development as off-the-shelf drugs for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on NKCE development and discuss critical factors required for the production of effective NKCEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchuan Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Chinnici A, Beneforti L, Pegoraro F, Trambusti I, Tondo A, Favre C, Coniglio ML, Sieni E. Approaching hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1210041. [PMID: 37426667 PMCID: PMC10324660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare clinical condition characterized by sustained but ineffective immune system activation, leading to severe and systemic hyperinflammation. It may occur as a genetic or sporadic condition, often triggered by an infection. The multifaceted pathogenesis results in a wide range of non-specific signs and symptoms, hampering early recognition. Despite a great improvement in terms of survival in the last decades, a considerable proportion of patients with HLH still die from progressive disease. Thus, prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for survival. Faced with the complexity and the heterogeneity of syndrome, expert consultation is recommended to correctly interpret clinical, functional and genetic findings and address therapeutic decisions. Cytofluorimetric and genetic analysis should be performed in reference laboratories. Genetic analysis is mandatory to confirm familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) and Next Generation Sequencing is increasingly adopted to extend the spectrum of genetic predisposition to HLH, though its results should be critically discussed with specialists. In this review, we critically revise the reported laboratory tools for the diagnosis of HLH, in order to outline a comprehensive and widely available workup that allows to reduce the time between the clinical suspicion of HLH and its final diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Chinnici
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Beneforti
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Pegoraro
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Trambusti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tondo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Favre
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Coniglio
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Sieni
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
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4
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Mace EM. Human natural killer cells: Form, function, and development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:371-385. [PMID: 36195172 PMCID: PMC9905317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that mediate important effector functions in the control of viral infection and malignancy. Their ability to distinguish "self" from "nonself" and lyse virally infected and tumorigenic cells through germline-encoded receptors makes them important players in maintaining human health and a powerful tool for immunotherapeutic applications and fighting disease. This review introduces our current understanding of NK cell biology, including key facets of NK cell differentiation and the acquisition and execution of NK cell effector function. Further, it addresses the clinical relevance of NK cells in both primary immunodeficiency and immunotherapy. It is intended to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of this important and interesting innate immune effector cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.
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Allosteric inhibition of SHP2 rescues functional T-cell abnormalities in SAP deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1507-1516.e7. [PMID: 35839843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is a primary immunodeficiency arising from SH2D1A mutations leading to loss of SLAM-associated protein (SAP). SAP is an intracellular adaptor protein that binds to SLAM family receptors and is expressed in specific lymphoid lineages. In T cells, SAP relays activatory signals from the T-cell receptor but in its absence SH2 containing protein tyrosine phosphase-1 (SHP1), SH2 containing protein tyrosine phosphase-2 (SHP2), and SH2 containing inositol 5'-phosphatase proteins (SHIP) induce T-cell inhibitory signals leading to abnormal T-cell responses. This results in severe clinical manifestations including immune dysregulation, dysgammaglobulinemia, lymphoma, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Current treatment relies on supportive therapies including immunoglobulin replacement and symptom-directed therapy, with hematopoietic stem cell transplant offering the only curative option. OBJECTIVES As most XLP symptoms are due to defective T-cell function, this study investigated whether inhibition of SHP2 can restore cellular function in the absence of SAP. METHODS Healthy donor and XLP patient T cells were activated with anti-CD3/CD28 in T-cell media supplemented with a SHP2 inhibitor (RMC-4550 in vitro for 24 hours) and functional assays were performed to assess follicular TH (TFH) cell function, CD8 cytotoxicity, and sensitivity to restimulation-induced cell death. Additionally, SAP-deficient (SAPy/-) mice were treated with RMC-4550 before T-cell mediated challenge with 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetly conjugated chicken gammaglobulin and subsequent assessment of humoral immunity analyzing TFH cell population, germinal center formation, and antigen-dependent immunoglobulin secretion. RESULTS This study shows that the use of RMC-4550 restores T-cell function in XLP patient cells and a SAPy/- model, demonstrating restoration of TFH cell function through immunoglobulin and cytokine secretion analysis alongside rescue of cytotoxicity and restimulation-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that SHP2 inhibitors could offer a novel and effective targeted treatment approach for patients with XLP.
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Houghton BC, Panchal N, Haas SA, Chmielewski KO, Hildenbeutel M, Whittaker T, Mussolino C, Cathomen T, Thrasher AJ, Booth C. Genome Editing With TALEN, CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-Cas12a in Combination With AAV6 Homology Donor Restores T Cell Function for XLP. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:828489. [PMID: 35677600 PMCID: PMC9168036 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.828489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease is a rare inherited immune disorder, caused by mutations or deletions in the SH2D1A gene that encodes an intracellular adapter protein SAP (Slam-associated protein). SAP is essential for mediating several key immune processes and the immune system - T cells in particular - are dysregulated in its absence. Patients present with a spectrum of clinical manifestations, including haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), dysgammaglobulinemia, lymphoma and autoimmunity. Treatment options are limited, and patients rarely survive to adulthood without an allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, this procedure can have poor outcomes in the mismatched donor setting or in the presence of active HLH, leaving an unmet clinical need. Autologous haematopoeitic stem cell or T cell therapy may offer alternative treatment options, removing the need to find a suitable donor for HSCT and any risk of alloreactivity. SAP has a tightly controlled expression profile that a conventional lentiviral gene delivery platform may not be able to fully replicate. A gene editing approach could preserve more of the endogenous regulatory elements that govern SAP expression, potentially providing a more optimum therapy. Here, we assessed the ability of TALEN, CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-Cas12a nucleases to drive targeted insertion of SAP cDNA at the first exon of the SH2D1A locus using an adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6)-based vector containing the donor template. All nuclease platforms were capable of high efficiency gene editing, which was optimised using a serum-free AAV6 transduction protocol. We show that T cells from XLP patients corrected by gene editing tools have restored physiological levels of SAP gene expression and restore SAP-dependent immune functions, indicating a new therapeutic opportunity for XLP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Houghton
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neelam Panchal
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone A. Haas
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kay O. Chmielewski
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hildenbeutel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Whittaker
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Exploring the Utility of NK Cells in COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051002. [PMID: 35625739 PMCID: PMC9138257 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can manifest as acute respiratory distress syndrome and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Extensive data now indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection determine the COVID-19 disease course. A wide range of immunomodulatory agents have been tested for the treatment of COVID-19. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in antiviral innate immunity, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and antifibrotic activity are particularly critical for COVID-19 control. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 clearance rate, antibody response, and disease progression in COVID-19 correlate with NK cell status, and NK cell dysfunction is linked with increased SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Thus, NK cells function as the key element in the switch from effective to harmful immune responses in COVID-19. However, dysregulation of NK cells has been observed in COVID-19 patients, exhibiting depletion and dysfunction, which correlate with COVID-19 severity; this dysregulation perhaps contributes to disease progression. Given these findings, NK-cell-based therapies with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, antifibrotic activity, and strong safety profiles for cancers may encourage the rapid application of functional NK cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to eliminate SARS-CoV-2-infected cells at an early stage, facilitate immune–immune cell interactions, and favor inflammatory processes that prevent and/or reverse over-inflammation and inhibit fibrosis progression, thereby helping in the fight against COVID-19. However, our understanding of the role of NK cells in COVID-19 remains incomplete, and further research on the involvement of NK cells in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is needed. The rationale of NK-cell-based therapies for COVID-19 has to be based on the timing of therapeutic interventions and disease severity, which may be determined by the balance between beneficial antiviral and potential detrimental pathologic actions. NK cells would be more effective early in SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent the progression of COVID-19. Immunomodulation by NK cells towards regulatory functions could be useful as an adjunct therapy to prevent the progression of COVID-19.
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Münz C. Natural killer cell responses to human oncogenic γ-herpesvirus infections. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101652. [PMID: 36162228 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The two γ-herpesviruses Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are each associated with more than 1% of all tumors in humans. While EBV establishes persistent infection in nearly all adult individuals, KSHV benefits from this widespread EBV prevalence for its own persistence. Interestingly, EBV infection expands early differentiated NKG2A+KIR- NK cells that protect against lytic EBV infection, while KSHV co-infection drives accumulation of poorly functional CD56-CD16+ NK cells. Thus persistent γ-herpesvirus infections are sculptors of human NK cell repertoires and the respectively stimulated NK cell subsets should be considered for immunotherapies of EBV and KSHV associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Kim N, Yi E, Kwon SJ, Park HJ, Kwon HJ, Kim HS. Filamin A Is Required for NK Cell Cytotoxicity at the Expense of Cytokine Production via Synaptic Filamentous Actin Modulation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:792334. [PMID: 35058930 PMCID: PMC8764188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that efficiently eliminate malignant and virus-infected cells without prior activation via the directed and focused release of lytic granule contents for target cell lysis. This cytolytic process is tightly regulated at discrete checkpoint stages to ensure the selective killing of diseased target cells and is highly dependent on the coordinated regulation of cytoskeletal components. The actin-binding protein filamin crosslinks cortical actin filaments into orthogonal networks and links actin filament webs to cellular membranes to modulate cell migration, adhesion, and signaling. However, its role in the regulation of NK cell functions remains poorly understood. Here, we show that filamin A (FLNa), a filamin isoform with preferential expression in leukocytes, is recruited to the NK cell lytic synapse and is required for NK cell cytotoxicity through the modulation of conjugate formation with target cells, synaptic filamentous actin (F-actin) accumulation, and cytotoxic degranulation, but not granule polarization. Interestingly, we also find that the loss of FLNa augments the target cell-induced expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α by NK cells, correlating with enhanced activation signals such as Ca2+ mobilization, ERK, and NF-κB, and a delayed down-modulation of the NKG2D receptor. Thus, our results identify FLNa as a new regulator of NK cell effector functions during their decision to kill target cells through a balanced regulation of NK cell cytotoxicity vs cytokine production. Moreover, this study implicates the cross-linking/bundling of F-actin mediated by FLNa as a necessary process coordinating optimal NK effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunbi Yi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon Jae Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center (SCIRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Münz C. Co-Stimulatory Molecules during Immune Control of Epstein Barr Virus Infection. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010038. [PMID: 35053187 PMCID: PMC8774114 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is one of the prominent human tumor viruses, and it is efficiently immune-controlled in most virus carriers. Cytotoxic lymphocytes strongly expand during symptomatic primary EBV infection and in preclinical in vivo models of this tumor virus infection. In these models and patients with primary immunodeficiencies, antibody blockade or deficiencies in certain molecular pathways lead to EBV-associated pathologies. In addition to T, NK, and NKT cell development, as well as their cytotoxic machinery, a set of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules was found to be required for EBV-specific immune control. The role of CD27/CD70, 4-1BB, SLAMs, NKG2D, CD16A/CD2, CTLA-4, and PD-1 will be discussed in this review. Some of these have just been recently identified as crucial for EBV-specific immune control, and for others, their important functions during protection were characterized in in vivo models of EBV infection and its immune control. These insights into the phenotype of cytotoxic lymphocytes that mediate the near-perfect immune control of EBV-associated malignancies might also guide immunotherapies against other tumors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Steininger J, Rossmanith R, Geier CB, Leiss-Piller A, Thonhauser L, Weiss S, Hainfellner JA, Freilinger M, Schmidt WM, Eibl MM, Wolf HM. Case Report: Meningoencephalitis With Thrombotic Occlusive Vasculopathy in a Young EBV-Naïve Boy Is Associated With a Novel SH2D1A Mutation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747738. [PMID: 34987501 PMCID: PMC8721048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP1) is a combined immunodeficiency characterized by severe immune dysregulation caused by mutations in the SH2D1A/SAP gene. Loss or dysfunction of SH2D1A is associated with the inability in clearing Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV) infections. Clinical manifestation is diverse and ranges from life-threatening hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and fulminant infectious mononucleosis (FIM) to lymphoma and antibody deficiency. Rare manifestations include aplastic anemia, chronic gastritis and vasculitis. Herein, we describe the case of a previously healthy eight-year old boy diagnosed with XLP1 presenting with acute non-EBV acute meningoencephalitis with thrombotic occlusive vasculopathy. The patient developed multiple cerebral aneurysms leading to repeated intracerebral hemorrhage and severe cerebral damage. Immunological examination was initiated after development of a susceptibility to infections with recurrent bronchitis and one episode of severe pneumonia and showed antibody deficiency with pronounced IgG1-3-4 subclass deficiency. We could identify a novel hemizygous SH2D1A point mutation affecting the start codon. Basal levels of SAP protein seemed to be detectable in CD8+ and CD4+ T- and CD56+ NK-cells of the patient what indicated an incomplete absence of SAP. In conclusion, we could demonstrate a novel SH2D1A mutation leading to deficient SAP protein expression and a rare clinical phenotype of non-EBV associated acute meningoencephalitis with thrombotic occlusive vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael Rossmanith
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral School Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Simone Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Klinik Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A. Hainfellner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Freilinger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang M. Schmidt
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martha M. Eibl
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Biomedizinische Forschungs GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann M. Wolf
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Vienna, Austria
- Sigmund Freud Private University- Medical School, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Hermann M. Wolf,
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12
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Wang X, Liu XF, Shang QN, Yu XX, Fan ZY, Cao XH, Huo MR, Chang YJ, Zhao XS, Wang Y, Zhang XH, Xu LP, Liu KY, Huang XJ, Zhao XY. Donor activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors genes correlated with Epstein-Barr virus reactivation after haploidentical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:1007-1017. [PMID: 34787307 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells exert anti-viral effects after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The balance between inhibition and activation of NK cells determined by the inherited repertoire of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) genes may influence Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation after transplantation. To evaluate the relative contributions of KIR genotypes to EBV reactivation, we prospectively enrolled 300 patients with malignant haematological disease who were suitable for haploidentical HSCT. Univariate analysis showed that donors with KIR2DS1, KIR2DS3 or KIR3DS1 genes were associated with an increased risk of EBV reactivation [hazard ratio (HR) 1·86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·19-2·9, P = 0·0067; HR 1·78, 95% CI 1·07-2·97, P = 0·027; HR 1·86, 95% CI 1·19-2·91, P = 0·0065 respectively]. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of KIR2DS1, KIR2DS3 or KIR3DS1 genes was associated with increased EBV reactivation after HSCT. This effect was more evident in the absence of the cognate ligands for the corresponding activating receptors. Our present data firstly showed that donors with activating KIR genes, specifically activating KIR2DS1, KIR2DS3 and KIR3DS1, had an increased risk of EBV reactivation. Precaution for patients whose donors carry activating genes will help prevent EBV reactivation and improve patient prognosis after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Fei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Nan Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Xing Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ze-Ying Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xun-Hong Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Rui Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Su Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Yan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Beijing, China
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13
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Lino CNR, Ghosh S. Epstein-Barr Virus in Inborn Immunodeficiency-More Than Infection. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194752. [PMID: 34638238 PMCID: PMC8507541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is a common virus that is readily controlled by a healthy immune system and rarely causes serious problems in infected people. However, patients with certain genetic defects of their immune system might have difficulties controlling EBV and often develop severe and life-threatening conditions, such as severe inflammation and malignancies. In this review, we provide a summary of inherited immune diseases that lead to a high susceptibility to EBV infection and discuss how this infection is associated with cancer development. Abstract Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus affecting more than 90% of the world’s population. Upon infection, it establishes latency in B cells. It is a rather benign virus for immune-competent individuals, in whom infections usually go unnoticed. Nevertheless, EBV has been extensively associated with tumorigenesis. Patients suffering from certain inborn errors of immunity are at high risk of developing malignancies, while infection in the majority of immune-competent individuals does not seem to lead to immune dysregulation. Herein, we discuss how inborn mutations in TNFRSF9, CD27, CD70, CORO1A, CTPS1, ITK, MAGT1, RASGRP1, STK4, CARMIL2, SH2D1A, and XIAP affect the development, differentiation, and function of key factors involved in the immunity against EBV, leading to increased susceptibility to lymphoproliferative disease and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujal Ghosh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-811-6224; Fax: +49-211-811-6191
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14
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Natural Killer Cell Responses during Human γ-Herpesvirus Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060655. [PMID: 34203904 PMCID: PMC8232711 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are main sculptors of natural killer (NK) cell repertoires. While the β-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (CMV) drives the accumulation of adaptive NKG2C-positive NK cells, the human γ-herpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) expands early differentiated NKG2A-positive NK cells. While adaptive NK cells support adaptive immunity by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, NKG2A-positive NK cells seem to preferentially target lytic EBV replicating B cells. The importance of this restriction of EBV replication during γ-herpesvirus pathogenesis will be discussed. Furthermore, the modification of EBV-driven NK cell expansion by coinfections, including by the other human γ-herpesvirus Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), will be summarized.
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15
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Roles of Lytic Viral Replication and Co-Infections in the Oncogenesis and Immune Control of the Epstein-Barr Virus. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092275. [PMID: 34068598 PMCID: PMC8126045 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) colonizes more than 95% of the adult human population. Its cancer-forming potential is usually contained by lifelong immune control. Genetic alterations and immune modulation by co-infection point towards cytotoxic lymphocytes, such as natural killer and CD8+ T cells, as the main pillars of this immune protection. In this review, we discuss how the EBV infection program that leads to infectious virion production and co-infections, such as with malaria parasites, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), modulate this immune control. Abstract Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the prototypic human tumor virus whose continuous lifelong immune control is required to prevent lymphomagenesis in the more than 90% of the human adult population that are healthy carriers of the virus. Here, we review recent evidence that this immune control has not only to target latent oncogenes, but also lytic replication of EBV. Furthermore, genetic variations identify the molecular machinery of cytotoxic lymphocytes as essential for this immune control and recent studies in mice with reconstituted human immune system components (humanized mice) have begun to provide insights into the mechanistic role of these molecules during EBV infection. Finally, EBV often does not act in isolation to cause disease. Some of EBV infection-modulating co-infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been modeled in humanized mice. These preclinical in vivo models for EBV infection, lymphomagenesis, and cell-mediated immune control do not only promise a better understanding of the biology of this human tumor virus, but also the possibility to explore vaccine candidates against it.
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16
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Dieudonne Y, Martin M, Korganow AS, Boutboul D, Guffroy A. [EBV and immunodeficiency]. Rev Med Interne 2021; 42:832-843. [PMID: 33867195 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2021.03.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), discovered in 1964, is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. EBV has a lymphoid tropism with transforming capacities using different oncogenic viral proteins. This virus has two replication cycles: a lytic cycle mainly occuring during primary infection and a latent cycle allowing viral persistence into host memory B cells. More than 90% of adults are seropositive for EBV worldwide, with a past history of asymptomatic or mild primary infection. EBV infection can sometimes cause life-threatening complications such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and lead to the development of lymphoproliferative disorders or cancers. Risk factors associated with these phenotypes have been recently described through the study of monogenic primary immune deficiencies with EBV susceptibility. We here review the virological and immunological aspects of EBV infection and EBV-related complications with an overview of current available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dieudonne
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm UMR - S1109, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, service d'immunologie clinique et de médecine interne, centre national de référence des maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares, Est/Sud-Ouest (RESO), centre de compétence pour les déficits immunitaires primitifs de l'adulte, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, faculté de médecine, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - M Martin
- Service de médecine interne, maladies infectieuses et tropicales, centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - A-S Korganow
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm UMR - S1109, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, service d'immunologie clinique et de médecine interne, centre national de référence des maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares, Est/Sud-Ouest (RESO), centre de compétence pour les déficits immunitaires primitifs de l'adulte, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, faculté de médecine, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - D Boutboul
- Service d'immunopathologie clinique, U976 HIPI, hôpital Saint-Louis, université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - A Guffroy
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm UMR - S1109, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, service d'immunologie clinique et de médecine interne, centre national de référence des maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares, Est/Sud-Ouest (RESO), centre de compétence pour les déficits immunitaires primitifs de l'adulte, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, faculté de médecine, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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17
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CD27 is required for protective lytic EBV antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell expansion. Blood 2021; 137:3225-3236. [PMID: 33827115 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies in the costimulatory molecule CD27 and its ligand, CD70, predispose for pathologies of uncontrolled Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in nearly all affected patients. We demonstrate that both depletion of CD27+ cells and antibody blocking of CD27 interaction with CD70 cause uncontrolled EBV infection in mice with reconstituted human immune system components. While overall CD8+ T-cell expansion and composition are unaltered after antibody blocking of CD27, only some EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, exemplified by early lytic EBV antigen BMLF1-specific CD8+ T cells, are inhibited in their proliferation and killing of EBV-transformed B cells. This suggests that CD27 is not required for all CD8+ T-cell expansions and cytotoxicity but is required for a subset of CD8+ T-cell responses that protect us from EBV pathology.
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18
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The Role of NK Cells in EBV Infection and EBV-Associated NPC. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020300. [PMID: 33671917 PMCID: PMC7918975 DOI: 10.3390/v13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of the population worldwide are asymptomatic carriers of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). However, some infected individuals eventually develop EBV-related cancers, including Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). NPC is one of the most common EBV-associated epithelial cancers, and is highly prevalent in Southern China and Southeast Asia. While NPC is highly sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is a lack of effective and durable treatment among the 15%–30% of patients who subsequently develop recurrent disease. Natural Killer (NK) cells are natural immune lymphocytes that are innately primed against virus-infected cells and nascent aberrant transformed cells. As EBV is found in both virally infected and cancer cells, it is of interest to examine the NK cells’ role in both EBV infection and EBV-associated NPC. Herein, we review the current understanding of how EBV-infected cells are cleared by NK cells, and how EBV can evade NK cell-mediated elimination in the context of type II latency in NPC. Next, we summarize the current literature about NPC and NK cell biology. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of NK cells in NPC. This information will deepen our understanding of host immune interactions with EBV-associated NPC and facilitate development of more effective NK-mediated therapies for NPC treatment.
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19
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Cashman S, Lampe K, Sheridan R, Hoebe K. An ENU mutagenesis approach to dissect "self"-induced immune responses: Unraveling the genetic footprint of immunosurveillance. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:856-862. [PMID: 23162753 PMCID: PMC3489741 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system exerts a critical function as it recognizes and eliminates transformed or neoplastic cells, a process also referred to as immunosurveillance. NK cells play a particularly important role in that they are able to recognize tumor cells via “missing-self”—i.e., the absence of major histocompatibility complex Class I on target cells. Moreover, recent studies suggest that NK cells also participate in the onset and regulation of adaptive immune responses. The exact molecular pathways by which this occurs, however, remain poorly understood. To obtain further insight into the genes that are required for self-induced immune responses via NK cell-mediated cell death, our laboratory initiated a forward genetic approach using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) as a mutagen. Specifically, we tested the ability of NK cells from G3 ENU germline mice to recognize missing-self target cells and induce CD8+ T-cell responses following immunization with irradiated tumor cells. Here we present two ENU germline mutants, designated Ace and Chip, that are defective in the recognition of β-2 microglobulin-deficient target cells, yet exhibit improved clearance of B16 melanoma cells in vivo. Coarse mapping and whole genome sequencing of the Chip mutation revealed a missense mutation causing a T’A amino acid substitution in the highly conserved third immuno-receptor tyrosine-based switch motif of CD244 (2B4). The forward genetic approach described here promises to reveal important insight into critical genes that are required for host responses involved in anticancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Cashman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation; Cincinnati, OH USA
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20
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Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a group of rare inherited disorders of the immune system. Many PIDs are devastating and require a definitive therapy to prevent progressive morbidity and premature mortality. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is curative for many PIDs, and while advances have resulted in improved outcomes, the procedure still carries a risk of mortality and morbidity from graft failure or graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Autologous haematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (HSC GT) has the potential to correct genetic defects across haematopoietic lineages without the complications of an allogeneic approach. HSC GT for PID has been in development for the last two decades and the first licensed HSC-GT product for adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID) is now available. New gene editing technologies have the potential to circumvent some of the problems associated with viral gene-addition. HSC GT for PID shows great promise, but requires a unique approach for each disease and carries risks, notably insertional mutagenesis from gamma-retroviral gene addition approaches and possible off-target toxicities from gene-editing techniques. In this review, we discuss the development of HSC GT for PID and outline the current state of clinical development before discussing future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Fox
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Haematology, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street (GOS) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street (GOS) Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Paediatric Immunology, GOS Hospital for Sick Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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21
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Mbiribindi B, Pena JK, Arvedson MP, Moreno Romero C, McCarthy SR, Hatton OL, Esquivel CO, Martinez OM, Krams SM. Epstein-Barr virus peptides derived from latent cycle proteins alter NKG2A + NK cell effector function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19973. [PMID: 33203899 PMCID: PMC7673117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control viral infection through the interaction between inhibitory receptors and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands and bound peptide. NK cells expressing the inhibitory receptor NKG2A/CD94 recognize and respond to autologous B cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The mechanism is not yet understood, thus we investigated peptides derived from seven latent proteins of EBV in the interaction of NKG2A and its ligand HLA-E. Functional analysis demonstrated that EBV peptides can bind to HLA-E and block inhibition of NK cell effector function. Moreover, analysis of DNA from 79 subjects showed sequence variations in the latent protein, LMP1, which alters NK responses to EBV. We provide evidence that peptides derived from EBV latent cycle proteins can impair the recognition of NKG2A despite being presented by HLA-E, resulting in NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Mbiribindi
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josselyn K Pena
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew P Arvedson
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Moreno Romero
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah R McCarthy
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia L Hatton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Carlos O Esquivel
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia M Martinez
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sheri M Krams
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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22
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Mastio J, Saeed MB, Wurzer H, Krecke M, Westerberg LS, Thomas C. Higher Incidence of B Cell Malignancies in Primary Immunodeficiencies: A Combination of Intrinsic Genomic Instability and Exocytosis Defects at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581119. [PMID: 33240268 PMCID: PMC7680899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital defects of the immune system called primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) describe a group of diseases characterized by a decrease, an absence, or a malfunction of at least one part of the immune system. As a result, PID patients are more prone to develop life-threatening complications, including cancer. PID currently include over 400 different disorders, however, the variety of PID-related cancers is narrow. We discuss here reasons for this clinical phenotype. Namely, PID can lead to cell intrinsic failure to control cell transformation, failure to activate tumor surveillance by cytotoxic cells or both. As the most frequent tumors seen among PID patients stem from faulty lymphocyte development leading to leukemia and lymphoma, we focus on the extensive genomic alterations needed to create the vast diversity of B and T lymphocytes with potential to recognize any pathogen and why defects in these processes lead to malignancies in the immunodeficient environment of PID patients. In the second part of the review, we discuss PID affecting tumor surveillance and especially membrane trafficking defects caused by altered exocytosis and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. As an impairment of these membrane trafficking pathways often results in dysfunctional effector immune cells, tumor cell immune evasion is elevated in PID. By considering new anti-cancer treatment concepts, such as transfer of genetically engineered immune cells, restoration of anti-tumor immunity in PID patients could be an approach to complement standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Mastio
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Max Krecke
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clément Thomas
- Department of Oncology, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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23
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Kim JM, Yi E, Cho H, Choi WS, Ko DH, Yoon DH, Hwang SH, Kim HS. Assessment of NK Cell Activity Based on NK Cell-Specific Receptor Synergy in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Whole Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218112. [PMID: 33143099 PMCID: PMC7662667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes endowed with a unique ability to kill a broad spectrum of cancer and virus-infected cells. Given their key contribution to diverse diseases, the measurement of NK cell activity (NKA) has been used to estimate disease prognosis or the effect of therapeutic treatment. Currently, NKA assays are primarily based on cumbersome procedures related to careful labeling and handling of target cells and/or NK cells, and they require a rapid isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which often necessitates a large amount of blood. Here, we developed an ELISA-based whole blood (WB) NKA assay involving engineered target cells (P815-ULBP1+CD48) providing defined and synergistic stimulation for NK cells via NKG2D and 2B4. WB collected from healthy donors (HDs) and patients with multiple myeloma (MM) was stimulated with P815-ULBP1+CD48 cells combined with IL-2. Thereafter, it utilized the serum concentrations of granzyme B and IFN-γ originating in NK cells as independent and complementary indicators of NKA. This WB NKA assay demonstrated that MM patients exhibit a significantly lower NKA than HDs following stimulation with P815-ULBP1+CD48 cells and had a good correlation with the commonly used flow cytometry-based PBMC NKA assay. Moreover, the use of P815-ULBP1+CD48 cells in relation to assessing the levels of NKG2D and 2B4 receptors on NK cells facilitated the mechanistic study and led to the identification of TGF-β1 as a potential mediator of compromised NKA in MM. Thus, our proposed WB NKA assay facilitates the reliable measurement of NKA and holds promise for further development as both a clinical and research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Kim
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.M.K.); (E.Y.); (W.S.C.)
| | - Eunbi Yi
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.M.K.); (E.Y.); (W.S.C.)
| | - Hyungwoo Cho
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (D.H.Y.)
| | - Woo Seon Choi
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.M.K.); (E.Y.); (W.S.C.)
| | - Dae-Hyun Ko
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Dok Hyun Yoon
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (D.H.Y.)
| | - Sang-Hyun Hwang
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-H.H.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.M.K.); (E.Y.); (W.S.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.H.); (H.S.K.)
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24
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Li M, Guo W, Dong Y, Wang X, Dai D, Liu X, Wu Y, Li M, Zhang W, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Lin L, Kang Z, Yu T, Tian C, Qin R, Gui Y, Jiang F, Fan H, Heissmeyer V, Sarapultsev A, Wang L, Luo S, Hu D. Elevated Exhaustion Levels of NK and CD8 + T Cells as Indicators for Progression and Prognosis of COVID-19 Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580237. [PMID: 33154753 PMCID: PMC7591707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a global threat to public health. The immune system is crucial in defending and eliminating the virus and infected cells. However, immune dysregulation may result in the rapid progression of COVID-19. Here, we evaluated the subsets, phenotypic and functional characteristics of natural killer (NK) and T cells in patients with COVID-19 and their associations with disease severity. Methods Demographic and clinical data of COVID-19 patients enrolled in Wuhan Union Hospital from February 25 to February 27, 2020, were collected and analyzed. The phenotypic and functional characteristics of NK cells and T cells subsets in circulating blood and serum levels of cytokines were analyzed via flow cytometry. Then the LASSO logistic regression model was employed to predict risk factors for the severity of COVID-19. Results The counts and percentages of NK cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and NKT cells were significantly reduced in patients with severe symptoms. The cytotoxic CD3-CD56dimCD16+ cell population significantly decreased, while the CD3-CD56dimCD16- part significantly increased in severe COVID-19 patients. More importantly, elevated expression of regulatory molecules, such as CD244 and programmed death-1 (PD-1), on NK cells and T cells, as well as decreased serum cytotoxic effector molecules including perforin and granzyme A, were detected in patients with COVID-19. The serum IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were significantly increased in severe patients. Moreover, the CD3-CD56dimCD16- cells were screened out as an influential factor in severe cases by LASSO logistic regression. Conclusions The functional exhaustion and other subset alteration of NK and T cells may contribute to the progression and improve the prognosis of COVID-19. Surveillance of lymphocyte subsets may in the future enable early screening for signs of critical illness and understanding the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weina Guo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yalan Dong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Die Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-Imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiquan Wu
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Kang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxia Tian
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Renjie Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gui
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Russo I, Fagotto L, Sernicola A, Alaibac M. Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphomas in Patients With Impaired Immunity. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1296. [PMID: 33042785 PMCID: PMC7517940 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Russo
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Fagotto
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Alaibac
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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26
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Primary immunodeficiencies reveal the molecular requirements for effective host defense against EBV infection. Blood 2020; 135:644-655. [PMID: 31942615 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an enigma; on one hand, it infects and persists in latent form in the vast majority of the global population, causing relatively benign disease in otherwise healthy individuals. On the other hand, EBV represents the first identified oncogenic virus, capable of causing ≥7 different types of malignancies, usually in immunocompromised individuals. Furthermore, some individuals with defined inborn errors of immunity exhibit extreme susceptibility to EBV-induced disease, developing severe and often fatal infectious mononucleosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, lymphoproliferative disease, and/or EBV+ B-cell lymphoma. Thus, host and pathogen have coevolved to enable viral persistence and survival with minimal collateral damage to the healthy host. However, acquired or genetic disruptions to host defense that tip the balance in favor of EBV can have catastrophic effects. The study of primary immunodeficiencies has provided opportunities to define nonredundant requirements for host defense against EBV infection. This has not only revealed mechanisms underlying EBV-induced disease in these primary immunodeficiencies but also identified molecules and pathways that could be targeted to enhance the efficacy of an EBV-specific vaccine or treat severe EBV infection and pathological consequences in immunodeficient hosts.
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27
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Sivori S, Pende D, Quatrini L, Pietra G, Della Chiesa M, Vacca P, Tumino N, Moretta F, Mingari MC, Locatelli F, Moretta L. NK cells and ILCs in tumor immunotherapy. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 80:100870. [PMID: 32800530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the innate immunity play an important role in tumor immunotherapy. Thus, NK cells can control tumor growth and metastatic spread. Thanks to their strong cytolytic activity against tumors, different approaches have been developed for exploiting/harnessing their function in patients with leukemia or solid tumors. Pioneering trials were based on the adoptive transfer of autologous NK cell-enriched cell populations that were expanded in vitro and co-infused with IL-2. Although relevant results were obtained in patients with advanced melanoma, the effect was mostly limited to certain metastatic localizations, particularly to the lung. In addition, the severe IL-2-related toxicity and the preferential IL-2-induced expansion of Treg limited this type of approach. This limitation may be overcome by the use of IL-15, particularly of modified IL-15 molecules to improve its half-life and optimize the biological effects. Other approaches to harness NK cell function include stimulation via TLR, the use of bi- and tri-specific NK cell engagers (BiKE and TriKE) linking activating NK receptors (e.g. CD16) to tumor-associated antigens and even incorporating an IL-15 moiety (TriKE). As recently shown, in tumor patients, NK cells may also express inhibitory checkpoints, primarily PD-1. Accordingly, the therapeutic use of checkpoint inhibitors may unleash NK cells against PD-L1+ tumors. This effect may be predominant and crucial in tumors that have lost HLA cl-I expression, thus resulting "invisible" to T lymphocytes. Additional approaches in which NK cells may represent an important tool for cancer therapy, are to exploit the unique properties of the "adaptive" NK cells. These CD57+ NKG2C+ cells, despite their mature stage and a potent cytolytic activity, maintain a strong proliferating capacity. This property revealed to be crucial in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), particularly in the haplo-HSCT setting, to cure high-risk leukemias. T depleted haplo-HSCT (e.g. from one of the parents) allowed to save the life of thousands of patients lacking a HLA-compatible donor. In this setting, NK cells have been shown to play an essential role against leukemia cells and infections. Another major advance is represented by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered NK cells. CAR-NK, different from CAR-T cells, may be obtained from allogeneic donors since they do not cause GvHD. Accordingly, they may represent "off-the-shelf" products to promptly treat tumor patients, with affordable costs. Different from NK cells, helper ILC (ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3), the innate counterpart of T helper cell subsets, remain rather ambiguous with respect to their anti-tumor activity. A possible exception is represented by a subset of ILC3: their frequency in peri-tumoral tissues in patients with NSCLC directly correlates with a better prognosis, possibly reflecting their ability to contribute to the organization of tertiary lymphoid structures, an important site of T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. It is conceivable that innate immunity may significantly contribute to the major advances that immunotherapy has ensured and will continue to ensure to the cure of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- UO Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; UO Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariella Della Chiesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Moretta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; UO Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy; Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Wegehaupt O, Wustrau K, Lehmberg K, Ehl S. Cell Versus Cytokine - Directed Therapies for Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:808. [PMID: 32457750 PMCID: PMC7225316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a heterogeneous hyperinflammatory syndrome with different pathways of pathogenesis resulting in similar clinical presentations. It is best defined and understood if presenting in the context of genetic immunodeficiencies associated with defects of lymphocyte cytotoxicity. In these "primary" forms of HLH, cellular and soluble immune effectors are relatively well characterized. While etoposide-based broad cell-directed therapies remain standard of care, more specific therapies targeting these effectors individually are increasingly available. Anti-CD52 as a cell-directed therapy and anti-IFN-gamma, IL-18BP, and JAK-inhibition as cytokine-directed therapies are expected to broaden the therapeutic options, but the precise role of these drugs in first-line and rescue treatment indications remains to be defined. A number of additional inborn errors of immunity are associated with episodes of immune activation fulfilling the clinical criteria of HLH. Impaired pathogen control is a key driver of hyperinflammation in some conditions, while others are characterized by a strong autoinflammatory component. This heterogeneity of disease-driving factors and the variable severity in disease progression in these conditions do not allow a simple adaptation of protocols established for "primary" HLH to HLH in the context of other inborn errors of immunity. Cytokine-directed therapies hold significant promise in these increasingly recognized disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wegehaupt
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wustrau
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Lehmberg
- Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunodeficiency, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Zamai L, Del Zotto G, Buccella F, Gabrielli S, Canonico B, Artico M, Ortolani C, Papa S. Understanding the Synergy of NKp46 and Co-Activating Signals in Various NK Cell Subpopulations: Paving the Way for More Successful NK-Cell-Based Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030753. [PMID: 32204481 PMCID: PMC7140651 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The NK cell population is characterized by distinct NK cell subsets that respond differently to the various activating stimuli. For this reason, the determination of the optimal cytotoxic activation of the different NK cell subsets can be a crucial aspect to be exploited to counter cancer cells in oncologic patients. To evaluate how the triggering of different combination of activating receptors can affect the cytotoxic responses of different NK cell subsets, we developed a microbead-based degranulation assay. By using this new assay, we were able to detect CD107a+ degranulating NK cells even within the less cytotoxic subsets (i.e., resting CD56bright and unlicensed CD56dim NK cells), thus demonstrating its high sensitivity. Interestingly, signals delivered by the co-engagement of NKp46 with 2B4, but not with CD2 or DNAM-1, strongly cooperate to enhance degranulation on both licensed and unlicensed CD56dim NK cells. Of note, 2B4 is known to bind CD48 hematopoietic antigen, therefore this observation may provide the rationale why CD56dim subset expansion correlates with successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation mediated by alloreactive NK cells against host T, DC and leukemic cells, while sparing host non-hematopoietic tissues and graft versus host disease. The assay further confirms that activation of LFA-1 on NK cells leads to their granule polarization, even if, in some cases, this also takes to an inhibition of NK cell degranulation, suggesting that LFA-1 engagement by ICAMs on target cells may differently affect NK cell response. Finally, we observed that NK cells undergo a time-dependent spontaneous (cytokine-independent) activation after blood withdrawal, an aspect that may strongly bias the evaluation of the resting NK cell response. Altogether our data may pave the way to develop new NK cell activation and expansion strategies that target the highly cytotoxic CD56dim NK cells and can be feasible and useful for cancer and viral infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Zamai
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61032 Urbino, Italy
- INFN-Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Assergi, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0722-304319; Fax: +39-0722-304319
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Area Aggregazione Servizi e Laboratori Diagnostici, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavia Buccella
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61032 Urbino, Italy
| | - Sara Gabrielli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61032 Urbino, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61032 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Ortolani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61032 Urbino, Italy
| | - Stefano Papa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61032 Urbino, Italy
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30
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Zamai L, Del Zotto G, Buccella F, Gabrielli S, Canonico B, Artico M, Ortolani C, Papa S. Understanding the Synergy of NKp46 and Co-Activating Signals in Various NK Cell Subpopulations: Paving the Way for More Successful NK-Cell-Based Immunotherapy. Cells 2020. [PMID: 32204481 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030753.pmid:32204481;pmcid:pmc7140651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The NK cell population is characterized by distinct NK cell subsets that respond differently to the various activating stimuli. For this reason, the determination of the optimal cytotoxic activation of the different NK cell subsets can be a crucial aspect to be exploited to counter cancer cells in oncologic patients. To evaluate how the triggering of different combination of activating receptors can affect the cytotoxic responses of different NK cell subsets, we developed a microbead-based degranulation assay. By using this new assay, we were able to detect CD107a+ degranulating NK cells even within the less cytotoxic subsets (i.e., resting CD56bright and unlicensed CD56dim NK cells), thus demonstrating its high sensitivity. Interestingly, signals delivered by the co-engagement of NKp46 with 2B4, but not with CD2 or DNAM-1, strongly cooperate to enhance degranulation on both licensed and unlicensed CD56dim NK cells. Of note, 2B4 is known to bind CD48 hematopoietic antigen, therefore this observation may provide the rationale why CD56dim subset expansion correlates with successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation mediated by alloreactive NK cells against host T, DC and leukemic cells, while sparing host non-hematopoietic tissues and graft versus host disease. The assay further confirms that activation of LFA-1 on NK cells leads to their granule polarization, even if, in some cases, this also takes to an inhibition of NK cell degranulation, suggesting that LFA-1 engagement by ICAMs on target cells may differently affect NK cell response. Finally, we observed that NK cells undergo a time-dependent spontaneous (cytokine-independent) activation after blood withdrawal, an aspect that may strongly bias the evaluation of the resting NK cell response. Altogether our data may pave the way to develop new NK cell activation and expansion strategies that target the highly cytotoxic CD56dim NK cells and can be feasible and useful for cancer and viral infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Zamai
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61032 Urbino, Italy
- INFN-Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Assergi, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Area Aggregazione Servizi e Laboratori Diagnostici, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Flavia Buccella
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61032 Urbino, Italy
| | - Sara Gabrielli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61032 Urbino, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61032 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Ortolani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61032 Urbino, Italy
| | - Stefano Papa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61032 Urbino, Italy
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31
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Tangye SG. Genetic susceptibility to EBV infection: insights from inborn errors of immunity. Hum Genet 2020; 139:885-901. [PMID: 32152698 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen, infecting > 90% of the adult population. In the vast majority of healthy individuals, infection with EBV runs a relatively benign course. However, EBV is by no means a benign pathogen. Indeed, apart from being associated with at least seven different types of malignancies, EBV infection can cause severe and often fatal diseases-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, lymphoproliferative disease, B-cell lymphoma-in rare individuals with specific monogenic inborn errors of immunity. The discovery and detailed investigation of inborn errors of immunity characterized by heightened susceptibility to, or increased frequency of, EBV-induced disease have elegantly revealed cell types and signaling pathways that play critical and non-redundant roles in host-defense against EBV. These analyses have revealed not only mechanisms underlying EBV-induced disease in rare genetic conditions, but also identified molecules and pathways that could be targeted to treat severe EBV infection and pathological consequences in immunodeficient hosts, or even potentially enhance the efficacy of an EBV-specific vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,Clincial Immunogenomics Research Consortium Australasia (CIRCA), Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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32
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Agresta L, Lehn M, Lampe K, Cantrell R, Hennies C, Szabo S, Wise-Draper T, Conforti L, Hoebe K, Janssen EM. CD244 represents a new therapeutic target in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000245. [PMID: 32217758 PMCID: PMC7174077 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing novel strategies to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is a critically important area of cancer therapy research. Here, we assess the therapeutic potential of CD244 (2B4/signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family 4), an immunoregulatory receptor found on a variety of immune cells, including exhausted CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). METHODS Using de-identified human tumor and blood samples from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and HNSCC models in WT and CD244-/- mice, we assessed the therapeutic potential of CD244 using flow cytometry, RT-PCR, Luminex immunoassays and histopathological analyses. RESULTS Compared with healthy tissues, tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells from HNSCC patients and a HNSCC mouse model showed significant increased expression of CD244 expression that correlated with PD1 expression. Moreover, CD244 was increased on intratumoral DC and MDSC and high CD244 expression correlated with PD-L1 expression and increased spontaneous expression of immune-suppressive mediators. In addition, CD244 activation inhibited production of proinflammatory cytokines in human DC in vitro. Importantly, CD244-/- mice showed significantly impaired tumor growth of HNSCC and interventional treatment of WT mice with anti-CD244 monoclonal antibody significantly impaired the growth of established HNSCC tumors and increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Together these data suggest that CD244 contributes to the overall immune-suppressive environment and therefore has potential as a new immunotherapy target in the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Agresta
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria Lehn
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristin Lampe
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel Cantrell
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cassandra Hennies
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara Szabo
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Trisha Wise-Draper
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura Conforti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development Spring House, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development Spring House, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
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33
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Latour S, Fischer A. Signaling pathways involved in the T-cell-mediated immunity against Epstein-Barr virus: Lessons from genetic diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:174-189. [PMID: 31402499 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) provide researchers with unique models to understand in vivo immune responses in general and immunity to infections in particular. In humans, impaired immune control of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with the occurrence of several different immunopathologic conditions; these include non-malignant and malignant B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a severe inflammatory condition, and a chronic acute EBV infection of T cells. Studies of PIDs associated with a predisposition to develop severe, chronic EBV infections have led to the identification of key components of immunity to EBV - notably the central role of T-cell expansion and its regulation in the pathophysiology of EBV-associated diseases. On one hand, the defective expansion of EBV-specific CD8 T cells results from mutations in genes involved in T-cell activation (such as RASGRP1, MAGT1, and ITK), DNA metabolism (CTPS1) or co-stimulatory pathways (CD70, CD27, and TNFSFR9 (also known as CD137/4-1BB)) leads to impaired elimination of proliferating EBV-infected B cells and the occurrence of lymphoma. On the other hand, protracted T-cell expansion and activation after the defective killing of EBV-infected B cells is caused by genetic defects in the components of the lytic granule exocytosis pathway or in the small adapter protein SH2D1A (also known as SAP), a key activator of T- and NK cell-cytotoxicity. In this setting, the persistence of EBV-infected cells results in HLH, a condition characterized by unleashed T-cell and macrophage activation. Moreover, genetic defects causing selective vulnerability to EBV infection have highlighted the role of co-receptor molecules (CD27, CD137, and SLAM-R) selectively involved in immune responses against infected B cells via specific T-B cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institut, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France.,Collège de France, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR 1163, Paris, France
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Circulating serum HBsAg level is a biomarker for HBV-specific T and B cell responses in chronic hepatitis B patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1835. [PMID: 32020034 PMCID: PMC7000714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection functional cure is defined as sustained loss of HBsAg and several therapeutic strategies are in clinical development designed to pharmacologically reduce serum HBsAg, break immune tolerance, and increase functional cure rates. However, little is known about pre-treatment HBsAg levels as an indicator of HBV immune potential. Here, we compared the phenotypes and HBV-specific response of lymphocytes in CHB patients stratified by serum HBsAg levels <500 (HBslo) or >50,000 IU/ml (HBshi) using immunological assays (flow cytometry, ICS, ELISPOT). HBshi patients had significantly higher expression of inhibitory PD-1 on CD4+ T cells, particularly among TEMRA subset, and higher FcRL5 expression on B cells. Upon HBcAg(core) or HBsAg(env)-stimulation, 85% and 60% of HBslo patients had IFNγ+TNFα+ and IFNγ+ IL2+ CD4+ T cell responses respectively, in comparison to 33% and 13% of HBshi patients. Checkpoint blockade with αPD-1 improved HBV-specific CD4+ T cell function only in HBslo patients. HBsAg-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) response was not different between these groups, yet αPD-1 treatment resulted in significantly higher fold change in ASCs among patients with HBsAg <100 IU/ml compared to patients with HBsAg >5,000 IU/ml. Thus, serum HBsAg correlates with inhibitory receptor expression, HBV-specific CD4+ T cell responses, and augmentation by checkpoint blockade.
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Wilson TJ, Clare S, Mikulin J, Johnson CM, Harcourt K, Lyons PA, Dougan G, Smith KGC. Signalling lymphocyte activation molecule family member 9 is found on select subsets of antigen-presenting cells and promotes resistance to Salmonella infection. Immunology 2020; 159:393-403. [PMID: 31880316 PMCID: PMC7078004 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling lymphocyte activation molecule family member 9 (SLAMF9) is an orphan receptor of the CD2/SLAM family of leucocyte surface proteins. Examination of SLAMF9 expression and function indicates that SLAMF9 promotes inflammation by specialized subsets of antigen‐presenting cells. Within healthy liver and circulating mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells, SLAMF9 is expressed on CD11b+, Ly6C−, CD11clow, F4/80low, MHC‐II+, CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes as well as plasmacytoid dendritic cells. In addition, SLAMF9 can be found on peritoneal B1 cells and small (F4/80low), but not large (F4/80high), peritoneal macrophages. Upon systemic challenge with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Slamf9−/− mice were impaired in their ability to clear the infection from the liver. In humans, SLAMF9 is up‐regulated upon differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of PMA‐differentiated, SLAMF9 knockdown THP‐1 cells showed an essential role of SLAMF9 in production of granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, tumour necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐1β. Taken together, these data implicate SLAMF9 in the initiation of inflammation and clearance of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Mikulin
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Paul A Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Lanuza PM, Pesini C, Arias MA, Calvo C, Ramirez-Labrada A, Pardo J. Recalling the Biological Significance of Immune Checkpoints on NK Cells: A Chance to Overcome LAG3, PD1, and CTLA4 Inhibitory Pathways by Adoptive NK Cell Transfer? Front Immunol 2020; 10:3010. [PMID: 31998304 PMCID: PMC6962251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint receptors (IC) positively or negatively regulate the activation of the host immune response, preventing unwanted reactions against self-healthy tissues. In recent years the term IC has been mainly used for the inhibitory ICs, which are critical to control Natural Killer (NK) and Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells due to its high cytotoxic potential. Due to the different nature of the signals that regulate T and NK cell activation, specific ICs have been described that mainly regulate either NK cell or T cell activity. Thus, strategies to modulate NK cell activity are raising as promising tools to treat tumors that do not respond to T cell-based immunotherapies. NK cell activation is mainly regulated by ICs and receptors from the KIR, NKG2 and NCRs families and the contribution of T cell-related ICs is less clear. Recently, NK cells have emerged as contributors to the effect of inhibitors of T cell-related ICs like CTLA4, LAG3 or the PD1/PD-L1 axes in cancer patients, suggesting that these ICs also regulate the activity of NK cells under pathological conditions. Strikingly, in contrast to NK cells from cancer patients, the level of expression of these ICs is low on most subsets of freshly isolated and in vitro activated NK cells from healthy patients, suggesting that they do not control NK cell tolerance and thus, do not act as conventional ICs under non-pathological conditions. The low level of expression of T cell-related ICs in “healthy” NK cells suggest that they should not be restricted to the detrimental effects of these inhibitory mechanisms in the cancer microenvironment. After a brief introduction of the regulatory mechanisms that control NK cell anti-tumoral activity and the conventional ICs controlling NK cell tolerance, we will critically discuss the potential role of T cell-related ICs in the control of NK cell activity under both physiological and pathological (cancer) conditions. This discussion will allow to comprehensively describe the chances and potential limitations of using allogeneic NK cells isolated from a healthy environment to overcome immune subversion by T cell-related ICs and to improve the efficacy of IC inhibitors (ICIs) in a safer way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar M Lanuza
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cecilia Pesini
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Carlota Calvo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Medical Oncopediatry Department, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Unidad de Nanotoxicología e Inmunotoxicología (UNATI), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julian Pardo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Aragón i + D Foundation (ARAID), Government of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome in mainland China: review of clinical, genetic, and immunological characteristic. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:327-338. [PMID: 31754776 PMCID: PMC6970958 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disease that can be divided into two types: SAP deficiency (XLP1) and XIAP deficiency (XLP2), caused by mutations in the SH2D1A and XIAP genes, respectively. Few cases of XLP (particularly XIAP deficiency) have been reported in mainland China; hence, little is known about the characteristics of Chinese patients with XLP. We identified 13 and 7 patients with SAP and XIAP deficiency, respectively, in our center. Of our 20 patients, 19/20 (95%) presented with disease symptoms at a very early age: six in infancy and 13 in childhood. One XIAP- and three SAP-deficient patients died, while 3/7(42.9%) and 4/13(30.8%), respectively, developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was significantly more common in SAP-deficient 10/13 (76.9%) than XIAP-deficient 2/7 (28.6%) patients, as was hypogammaglobulinemia (10/13 (76.9%) vs. 1/7 (14.3%)). None of the seven XIAP-deficient patients had colitis or lymphoma. Nine SAP-deficient patients and five XIAP-deficient patients showed markedly deficient SAP and XIAP expression, respectively, in lymphocytes. Significantly reduced levels of switched memory B cells were observed in six SAP-deficient patients with persistent hypogammaglobulinemia. One of 13 (7.7%) SAP-deficient patients and 1 of 7 (12.3%) XIAP-deficient patients have received HSCT treatment and are now alive and well; the other alive patients were waiting for HSCT. We also summarized clinical, genetic, and immunological characteristics of all 55 patients (including our 20 patients) reported in the literature in mainland China today.Conclusion: The overall characteristics of SAP deficiency in mainland China were consistent with those in previous reports, whereas manifestations of XIAP deficiency varied significantly. None of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been reported among XIAP-deficient patients in our center; however, whether Chinese XIAP-deficient patients will develop colitis in the future warrants further investigation. HSCT is the only curative therapy for XLP and this therapy should be urgently considered.What is Known:• SAP and XIAP deficiencies share common clinical feature, HLH, whereas they also have their own specific manifestations.• IBD affects 25-30% of XIAP-deficient patients, which has been reported in other countries especially in European country and Japan.What is New:• This is the largest patient cohort study of XLP in China.• We firstly summarized the clinical features and outcomes of Chinese XIAP-deficient patients and found only 1 in 22 patients developed IBD and diet background may contribute to it; Asian SAP-deficient patients carrying SH2D1A R55X mutation were more prone to HLH.
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38
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Chen S, Li D, Wang Y, Li Q, Dong Z. Regulation of MHC class I-independent NK cell education by SLAM family receptors. Adv Immunol 2019; 145:159-185. [PMID: 32081197 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Seven members of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors (SFRs) are ubiquitously expressed on hematopoietic cells and they play critical roles in immune cell differentiation and activation. The engagement of these receptors transmits intracellular signaling mainly by recruiting SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and its related adaptors, EWS-FLI1-activated transcript-2 (EAT-2) and EAT-2-related transducer (ERT). The critical roles of SFRs and SAP-family adaptors are highlighted by the discovery that SAP is mutated in human X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP1) disease in which the contact between T and B cells in germinal center and cytotoxic lymphocytes (NK cells and CD8+ T cells) function are severely compromised. These immune defects are closely associated with the defective antibody production and the high incidence of lymphoma in the patients with XLP1. In addition to these well-known functions, SLAM-SAP family is involved in NK cell education, a process describing NK cell functional competence. In this chapter, we will mainly discuss these unappreciated roles of SAP-dependent and SAP-independent SFR signaling in regulating MHC-I-independent NK cell education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Chen
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Dan Li
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuande Wang
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaozhen Li
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Chen S, Dong Z. Concomitant deletion of SLAM-family receptors, NKG2D and DNAM-1 reveals gene redundancy of NK cell activating receptors in NK cell development and education. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:561-572. [PMID: 31729776 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ma1019-186r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells recognize "unwanted" cells using a variety of germline-encoded activating receptors, such as the seven members of signaling lymphocyte activating molecule (SLAM)-family receptors (SFRs), natural killer cell group 2D (NKG2D), and DNAX accessory molecule-1(DNAM-1). Whether these receptors redundantly or synergistically regulate NK cell development and effector function remains poorly understood. By generating mice lacking SFRs, NKG2D, and DNAM-1, separately or in combination, we found that SLAMF6, one of the SFR members, was associated with NK cell differentiation, but its absence had no severe effect on NK cell differentiation and function, likely due to SFR redundancy. Moreover, we revealed that SFRs might work with other NK cell activating receptors in regulating NK cell development and function. We found that SFR deficiency caused an increase in immature NK cell subsets (CD27+ CD11b- ), and this effect was further augmented by the additional deficiency of NKG2D but not DNAM-1. However, SFR-deficient NK cells exhibited elevated responsiveness against "missing-self" hematopoietic targets, whereas the deletion of either NKG2D or DNAM-1 could partially abrogate the elevated effect of SFR deficiency on NK cell activation. Therefore, our results reveal the complexity of activating receptors in regulating NK cell differentiation and activation, extending our insights into the gene redundancy and compensatory effect of NK cell activating receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Chen
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- School of Medicine and Institute for Immunology, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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40
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Murphy KA, Bhamidipati K, Rubin SJS, Kipp L, Robinson WH, Lanz TV. Immunomodulatory receptors are differentially expressed in B and T cell subsets relevant to autoimmune disease. Clin Immunol 2019; 209:108276. [PMID: 31669582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory cell-surface receptors on lymphocytes, often called immune checkpoints, are powerful targets for cancer therapy. Despite their direct involvement in autoimmune pathology, they are currently not exploited therapeutically for autoimmune diseases. Understanding the expression pattern of these receptors in health and disease is essential for targeted drug design. Here, we designed three 23-colour flow cytometry panels for peripheral-blood T cells, including 15 lineage-defining markers and 21 immunomodulatory cell-surface receptors, and a 22-marker panel for B cells. Blood samples from healthy individuals, multiple sclerosis (MS), and lupus (SLE) patients were included in the study. Several receptors show differential expression on regulatory T cells (Treg) compared to T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, and functional relevance of this difference could be shown for BTLA and CD5. Unbiased multiparametric analysis revealed a subset of activated CD8+ T cells and a subset of unswitched memory B cells that are diminished in MS and SLE, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Murphy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kartik Bhamidipati
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Samuel J S Rubin
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lucas Kipp
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Tobias V Lanz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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41
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Della Chiesa M, De Maria A, Muccio L, Bozzano F, Sivori S, Moretta L. Human NK Cells and Herpesviruses: Mechanisms of Recognition, Response and Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2297. [PMID: 31636622 PMCID: PMC6788305 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells contribute to early defenses against viruses through their inborn abilities that include sensing of PAMPs and inflammatory signals such as cytokines or chemokines, recognition, and killing of infected cells through activating surface receptors engagement. Moreover, they support adaptive responses via Ab-dependent mechanisms, triggered by CD16, and DC editing. Their fundamental role in anti-viral responses has been unveiled in patients with NK cell deficiencies suffering from severe Herpesvirus infections. Notably, these infections, often occurring as primary infections early in life, can be efficiently cleared by NK, T, and B cells in healthy hosts. Herpesviruses however, generate a complicated balance with the host immune system through their latency cycle moving between immune control and viral reactivation. This lifelong challenge has contributed to the development of numerous evasion mechanisms by Herpesviruses, many of which devoted to elude NK cell surveillance from viral reactivations rather than primary infections. This delicate equilibrium can be altered in proportions of healthy individuals promoting virus reactivation and, more often, in immunocompromised subjects. However, the constant stimulus provided by virus-host interplay has also favored NK-cell adaptation to Herpesviruses. During anti-HCMV responses, NK cells can reshape their receptor repertoire and function, through epigenetic remodeling, and acquire adaptive traits such as longevity and clonal expansion abilities. The major mechanisms of recognition and effector responses employed by NK cells against Herpesviruses, related to their genomic organization will be addressed, including those allowing NK cells to generate memory-like responses. In addition, the mechanisms underlying virus reactivation or control will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Della Chiesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Clinica Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Letizia Muccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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Tripathi JK, Sharma A, Gupta K, Abdelrahman H, Chauhan P, Mishra BB, Sharma J. Function of SLAM-Associated Protein (SAP) in Acute Pneumoseptic Bacterial Infection. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4345-4353. [PMID: 31295456 PMCID: PMC11126331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis resulting from acute pneumonic infections by Gram-negative bacteria is often characterized by dysfunction of innate immune components. Here we report a previously unrecognized innate protective function of SAP, an adaptor protein primarily reported in T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells, during acute pneumonic infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPn). SAP-deficient mice were highly susceptible to this infection with elevated systemic bacterial spread and increased lung damage. While the overall influx of infiltrating cells in the lungs remained largely intact, increased mortality of SAP-deficient mice correlated with increased accumulation of large NK1.1+ cells harboring bacteria and an impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap formation in vivo during KPn pneumonia, which likely facilitated bacterial outgrowth. Neutrophils were found to express SAP; however, adoptive transfer experiment supported a neutrophil-extrinsic function of SAP in neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Collectively, these data present the first report depicting innate protective function of SAP in an acute pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K Tripathi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Atul Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Houda Abdelrahman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Pooja Chauhan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Bibhuti B Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
| | - Jyotika Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 N Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA.
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McCreary D, Omoyinmi E, Hong Y, Mulhern C, Papadopoulou C, Casimir M, Hacohen Y, Nyanhete R, Ahlfors H, Cullup T, Lim M, Gilmour K, Mankad K, Wassmer E, Berg S, Hemingway C, Brogan P, Eleftheriou D. Development and Validation of a Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Gene Panel for Children With Neuroinflammation. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1914274. [PMID: 31664448 PMCID: PMC6824223 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neuroinflammatory disorders are a range of severe neurological disorders causing brain and spinal inflammation and are now increasingly recognized in the pediatric population. They are often characterized by marked genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, complicating diagnostic work in clinical practice and molecular diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate a next-generation sequencing panel targeting genes causing neuroinflammation or mimicking neuroinflammation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cohort study in which a total of 257 genes associated with monogenic neuroinflammation and/or cerebral vasculopathy, including monogenic noninflammatory diseases mimicking these entities, were selected. A customized enrichment capture array, the neuroinflammation gene panel (NIP), was created. Targeted high-coverage sequencing was applied to DNA samples taken from eligible patients referred to Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, United Kingdom, between January 1, 2017, and January 30, 2019, because of onset of disease early in life, family history, and/or complex neuroinflammatory phenotypes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was the percentage of individuals with definitive molecular diagnoses, variant classification, and clinical phenotyping of patients with pathogenic variants identified using the NIP panel. The NIP panel was initially validated in 16 patients with known genetic diagnoses. RESULTS The NIP was both sensitive (95%) and specific (100%) for detection of known mutations, including gene deletions, copy number variants, small insertions and deletions, and somatic mosaicism with allele fraction as low as 3%. Prospective testing of 60 patients (30 [50%] male; median [range] age, 9.8 [0.8-20] years) presenting with heterogeneous neuroinflammatory phenotypes revealed at least 1 class 5 (clearly pathogenic) variant in 9 of 60 patients (15%); 18 of 60 patients (30%) had at least 1 class 4 (likely pathogenic) variant. Overall, a definitive molecular diagnosis was established in 12 of 60 patients (20%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The NIP was associated with molecular diagnosis in this cohort and complemented routine laboratory and radiological workup of patients with neuroinflammation. Unexpected genotype-phenotype associations in patients with pathogenic variants deviating from the classic phenotype were identified. Obtaining an accurate molecular diagnosis in a timely fashion informed patient management, including successful targeted treatment in some instances and early institution of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara McCreary
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ebun Omoyinmi
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Hong
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara Mulhern
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charalampia Papadopoulou
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Casimir
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yael Hacohen
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Children NHS Foundation Trust, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Nyanhete
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Ahlfors
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cullup
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Lim
- Children’s Neurosciences Unit, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Women’s and Children’s Department, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Immunology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundations Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Paediatric Neuroradiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangeline Wassmer
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Berg
- Paediatric Rheumatology Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cheryl Hemingway
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Children NHS Foundation Trust, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brogan
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despina Eleftheriou
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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44
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Tabellini G, Patrizi O, Dobbs K, Lougaris V, Baronio M, Coltrini D, Plebani A, Badolato R, Notarangelo LD, Parolini S. From Natural Killer Cell Receptor Discovery to Characterization of Natural Killer Cell Defects in Primary Immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1757. [PMID: 31396241 PMCID: PMC6668486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alessandro Moretta was Professor of Histology at University of Brescia from 1994 to 1997. It was in that period that we met and started a collaboration that continued in the years to follow. He immediately involved us in the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that allowed the identification and fine characterization of novel receptor molecules that were able to activate or inhibit human Natural Killer cell function, including several antibodies specific for Natural Cytotoxicity Receptor (NCR) and Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) molecules. These reagents, generated in our laboratory in Brescia, contributed to complete the studies aimed to characterize innate lymphoid NK cells, that had been initiated by Alessandro and his brother Lorenzo in Genoa. Soon, we identified an anti-KIR3DL2 that was subsequently shown to be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of various forms of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. While in Brescia, Alessandro established a partnership with those of us who were working in the Department of Pediatrics; together, in short time we tackled the goal of studying the role of NK cells in patients with primary immunodeficiencies. This collaboration led to novel discoveries that shed light on the critical role played by NK cells in the immune response against virus and tumors in humans, as best exemplified by our characterization of the molecular mechanisms of impaired control of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease. After Alessandro left Brescia to return to Genoa, our collaboration continued with the same enthusiasm, and even from a distance he remained an extraordinary example of an inspirational and generous mentor. This review is a sign of our gratitude to a mentor and a friend whom we deeply miss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Tabellini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ornella Patrizi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Baronio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Coltrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Plebani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Silvia Parolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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45
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Pahima H, Puzzovio PG, Levi-Schaffer F. 2B4 and CD48: A powerful couple of the immune system. Clin Immunol 2019; 204:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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Gerth E, Mattner J. The Role of Adaptor Proteins in the Biology of Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1449. [PMID: 31293596 PMCID: PMC6603179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor proteins contribute to the selection, differentiation and activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells, an innate(-like) lymphocyte population endowed with powerful immunomodulatory properties. Distinct from conventional T lymphocytes NKT cells preferentially home to the liver, undergo a thymic maturation and differentiation process and recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d on antigen presenting cells. NKT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which combines the Vα14-Jα18 chain with a Vβ2, Vβ7, or Vβ8 chain in mice and the Vα24 chain with the Vβ11 chain in humans. The avidity of interactions between their TCR, the presented glycolipid antigen and CD1d govern the selection and differentiation of NKT cells. Compared to TCR ligation on conventional T cells engagement of the NKT cell TCR delivers substantially stronger signals, which trigger the unique NKT cell developmental program. Furthermore, NKT cells express a panoply of primarily inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) that control their self-reactivity and avoid autoimmune activation. Adaptor proteins influence NKT cell biology through the integration of TCR, NKR and/or SLAM (signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule) receptor signals or the variation of CD1d-restricted antigen presentation. TCR and NKR ligation engage the SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa slp-76 whereas the SLAM associated protein SAP serves as adaptor for the SLAM receptor family. Indeed, the selection and differentiation of NKT cells selectively requires co-stimulation via SLAM receptors. Furthermore, SAP deficiency causes X-linked lymphoproliferative disease with multiple immune defects including a lack of circulating NKT cells. While a deletion of slp-76 leads to a complete loss of all peripheral T cell populations, mutations in the SH2 domain of slp-76 selectively affect NKT cell biology. Furthermore, adaptor proteins influence the expression and trafficking of CD1d in antigen presenting cells and subsequently selection and activation of NKT cells. Adaptor protein complex 3 (AP-3), for example, is required for the efficient presentation of glycolipid antigens which require internalization and processing. Thus, our review will focus on the complex contribution of adaptor proteins to the delivery of TCR, NKR and SLAM receptor signals in the unique biology of NKT cells and CD1d-restricted antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Gerth
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Mattner
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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47
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Vitale M, Cantoni C, Della Chiesa M, Ferlazzo G, Carlomagno S, Pende D, Falco M, Pessino A, Muccio L, De Maria A, Marcenaro E, Moretta L, Sivori S. An Historical Overview: The Discovery of How NK Cells Can Kill Enemies, Recruit Defense Troops, and More. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1415. [PMID: 31316503 PMCID: PMC6611392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were originally defined as effector lymphocytes of innate immunity characterized by the unique ability of killing tumor and virally infected cells without any prior priming and expansion of specific clones. The "missing-self" theory, proposed by Klas Karre, the seminal discovery of the first prototypic HLA class I-specific inhibitory receptors, and, later, of the Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCRs) by Alessandro Moretta, provided the bases to understand the puzzling behavior of NK cells. Actually, those discoveries proved crucial also for many of the achievements that, along the years, have contributed to the modern view of these cells. Indeed, NK cells, besides killing susceptible targets, are now known to functionally interact with different immune cells, sense pathogens using TLR, adapt their responses to the local environment, and, even, mount a sort of immunological memory. In this review, we will specifically focus on the main activating NK receptors and on their crucial role in the ever-increasing number of functions assigned to NK cells and other innate lymphoid cells (ILCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Vitale
- U.O.C. Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mariella Della Chiesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Guido Ferlazzo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- U.O.C. Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pessino
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Letizia Muccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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48
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Pende D, Falco M, Vitale M, Cantoni C, Vitale C, Munari E, Bertaina A, Moretta F, Del Zotto G, Pietra G, Mingari MC, Locatelli F, Moretta L. Killer Ig-Like Receptors (KIRs): Their Role in NK Cell Modulation and Developments Leading to Their Clinical Exploitation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1179. [PMID: 31231370 PMCID: PMC6558367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the first line of defense against viruses and to the control of tumor growth and metastasis spread. The discovery of HLA class I specific inhibitory receptors, primarily of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs), and of activating receptors has been fundamental to unravel NK cell function and the molecular mechanisms of tumor cell killing. Stemmed from the seminal discoveries in early '90s, in which Alessandro Moretta was the major actor, an extraordinary amount of research on KIR specificity, genetics, polymorphism, and repertoire has followed. These basic notions on NK cells and their receptors have been successfully translated to clinical applications, primarily to the haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to cure otherwise fatal leukemia in patients with no HLA compatible donors. The finding that NK cells may express the PD-1 inhibitory checkpoint, particularly in cancer patients, may allow understanding how anti-PD-1 therapy could function also in case of HLA class Ineg tumors, usually susceptible to NK-mediated killing. This, together with the synergy of therapeutic anti-checkpoint monoclonal antibodies, including those directed against NKG2A or KIRs, emerging in recent or ongoing studies, opened new solid perspectives in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pende
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Vitale
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Munari
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Francesca Moretta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Core Facilities, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Oncohematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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49
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Mariotti FR, Quatrini L, Munari E, Vacca P, Moretta L. Innate Lymphoid Cells: Expression of PD-1 and Other Checkpoints in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:910. [PMID: 31105707 PMCID: PMC6498986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) belong to a family of immune cells. Recently, ILCs have been classified into five different groups that mirror the function of adaptive T cell subsets counterparts. In particular, NK cells mirror CD8+ cytotoxic T cells while ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, and Lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi)-like cells reflect the function of CD4+T helper (Th) cells (Th1, Th2, and Th17 respectively). ILCs are involved in innate host defenses against pathogens and tumors, in lymphoid organogenesis, and in tissue remodeling/repair. In recent years, important molecular inducible checkpoints (PD-1, TIM3, and TIGIT) were shown to control/inactivate different immune cell types. The expression of many of these receptors has been detected on NK cells and subsets of tissue-resident ILCs in both physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the interaction between PD-1+ immune cells and PD-L1/PD-L2+ tumor cells may compromise the anti-tumor effector function leading to tumor immune escape. However, while the effector function of NK cells in tumor is well-established, limited information exists on the other ILC subsets. We will summarize what is known to date on the expression and function of these checkpoint receptors on NK cells and ILCs, with a particular focus on the recent data that reveal an essential contribution of the blockade of PD-1 and TIGIT on NK cells to the immunotherapy of cancer. A better information regarding the presence and the function of different ILCs and of the inhibitory checkpoints in pathological conditions may offer important clues for the development of new immune therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Munari
- Department of Pathology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- Department of Immunology, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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50
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Biassoni R, Malnati MS. Human Natural Killer Receptors, Co-Receptors, and Their Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 121:e47. [PMID: 30040219 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of human natural killer (NK) cells has moved from the first molecular characterizations of very few receptor molecules to the identification of a plethora of receptors displaying surprisingly divergent functions. We have contributed to the description of inhibitory receptors and their signaling pathways, important in fine regulation in many cell types, but unknown until their discovery in the NK cells. Inhibitory function is central to regulating NK-mediated cytolysis, with different molecular structures evolving during speciation to assure its persistence. More recently, it has become possible to characterize the NK triggering receptors mediating natural cytotoxicity, unveiling the existence of a network of cellular interactions between effectors of both natural and adaptive immunity. This unit reviews the contemporary history of molecular studies of receptors and ligands involved in NK cell function, characterizing the ligands of the triggering receptor and the mechanisms for finely regulating their expression in pathogen-infected or tumor cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biassoni
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro S Malnati
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy
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