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Hong Y, Casimir M, Houghton BC, Zhang F, Jensen B, Omoyinmi E, Torrance R, Papadopoulou C, Cummins M, Roderick M, Thrasher AJ, Brogan PA, Eleftheriou D. Lentiviral Mediated ADA2 Gene Transfer Corrects the Defects Associated With Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase Type 2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852830. [PMID: 35529868 PMCID: PMC9073084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of adenosine deaminase type 2 (DADA2) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in ADA2. Treatment with anti-TNF is effective for the autoinflammatory and vasculitic components of the disease but does not correct marrow failure or immunodeficiency; and anti-drug antibodies cause loss of efficacy over time. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be curative, but graft versus host disease remains a significant concern. Autologous gene therapy would therefore be an attractive longer-term therapeutic option. We investigated whether lentiviral vector (LV)–mediated ADA2 gene correction could rescue the immunophenotype of DADA2 in primary immune cells derived from patients and in cell line models. Lentiviral transduction led to: i) restoration of ADA2 protein expression and enzymatic activity; (ii) amelioration of M1 macrophage cytokine production, IFN-γ and phosphorylated STAT1 expression in patient-derived macrophages; and (iii) amelioration of macrophage-mediated endothelial activation that drives the vasculitis of DADA2. We also successfully transduced human CD34+ haematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPC) derived from a DADA2 patient with pure red cell aplasia and observed restoration of ADA2 expression and enzymatic activity in CD34+HSPC, alongside recovery of stem-cell proliferative and colony forming unit capacity. These preclinical data now expand the evidence for the efficacy of gene transfer strategies in DADA2, and strongly support clinical translation of a lentivirus-mediated gene therapy approach to treat DADA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hong
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ying Hong,
| | - Marina Casimir
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin C. Houghton
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Zhang
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Jensen
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ebun Omoyinmi
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Torrance
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charalampia Papadopoulou
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Cummins
- Paediatric Haematology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Roderick
- Paediatric Clinical Immunology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Brogan
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despina Eleftheriou
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Department, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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Ilmjärv S, Abdul F, Acosta-Gutiérrez S, Estarellas C, Galdadas I, Casimir M, Alessandrini M, Gervasio FL, Krause KH. Concurrent mutations in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and spike protein emerged as the epidemiologically most successful SARS-CoV-2 variant. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13705. [PMID: 34210996 PMCID: PMC8249556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91662-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The D614G mutation in the Spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 has effectively replaced the early pandemic-causing variant. Using pseudotyped lentivectors, we confirmed that the aspartate replacement by glycine in position 614 is markedly more infectious. Molecular modelling suggests that the G614 mutation facilitates transition towards an open state of the Spike protein. To explain the epidemiological success of D614G, we analysed the evolution of 27,086 high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from GISAID. We observed striking coevolution of D614G with the P323L mutation in the viral polymerase. Importantly, the exclusive presence of G614 or L323 did not become epidemiologically relevant. In contrast, the combination of the two mutations gave rise to a viral G/L variant that has all but replaced the initial D/P variant. Our results suggest that the P323L mutation, located in the interface domain of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is a necessary alteration that led to the epidemiological success of the present variant of SARS-CoV-2. However, we did not observe a significant correlation between reported COVID-19 mortality in different countries and the prevalence of the Wuhan versus G/L variant. Nevertheless, when comparing the speed of emergence and the ultimate predominance in individual countries, it is clear that the G/L variant displays major epidemiological supremacy over the original variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Ilmjärv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Abdul
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Acosta-Gutiérrez
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Marco Alessandrini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Luigi Gervasio
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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McCreary D, Omoyinmi E, Hong Y, Mulhern C, Papadopoulou C, Casimir M, Hacohen Y, Nyanhete R, Ahlfors H, Cullup T, Lim M, Gilmour K, Mankad K, Wassmer E, Berg S, Hemingway C, Brogan P, Eleftheriou D. Development and Validation of a Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Gene Panel for Children With Neuroinflammation. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1914274. [PMID: 31664448 PMCID: PMC6824223 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neuroinflammatory disorders are a range of severe neurological disorders causing brain and spinal inflammation and are now increasingly recognized in the pediatric population. They are often characterized by marked genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, complicating diagnostic work in clinical practice and molecular diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate a next-generation sequencing panel targeting genes causing neuroinflammation or mimicking neuroinflammation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cohort study in which a total of 257 genes associated with monogenic neuroinflammation and/or cerebral vasculopathy, including monogenic noninflammatory diseases mimicking these entities, were selected. A customized enrichment capture array, the neuroinflammation gene panel (NIP), was created. Targeted high-coverage sequencing was applied to DNA samples taken from eligible patients referred to Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, United Kingdom, between January 1, 2017, and January 30, 2019, because of onset of disease early in life, family history, and/or complex neuroinflammatory phenotypes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was the percentage of individuals with definitive molecular diagnoses, variant classification, and clinical phenotyping of patients with pathogenic variants identified using the NIP panel. The NIP panel was initially validated in 16 patients with known genetic diagnoses. RESULTS The NIP was both sensitive (95%) and specific (100%) for detection of known mutations, including gene deletions, copy number variants, small insertions and deletions, and somatic mosaicism with allele fraction as low as 3%. Prospective testing of 60 patients (30 [50%] male; median [range] age, 9.8 [0.8-20] years) presenting with heterogeneous neuroinflammatory phenotypes revealed at least 1 class 5 (clearly pathogenic) variant in 9 of 60 patients (15%); 18 of 60 patients (30%) had at least 1 class 4 (likely pathogenic) variant. Overall, a definitive molecular diagnosis was established in 12 of 60 patients (20%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The NIP was associated with molecular diagnosis in this cohort and complemented routine laboratory and radiological workup of patients with neuroinflammation. Unexpected genotype-phenotype associations in patients with pathogenic variants deviating from the classic phenotype were identified. Obtaining an accurate molecular diagnosis in a timely fashion informed patient management, including successful targeted treatment in some instances and early institution of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara McCreary
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ebun Omoyinmi
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Hong
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara Mulhern
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charalampia Papadopoulou
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Casimir
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yael Hacohen
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Children NHS Foundation Trust, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Nyanhete
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Ahlfors
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cullup
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Laboratory, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Lim
- Children’s Neurosciences Unit, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Women’s and Children’s Department, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Immunology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundations Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Paediatric Neuroradiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangeline Wassmer
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Berg
- Paediatric Rheumatology Department, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cheryl Hemingway
- Paediatric Neurology Department, Children NHS Foundation Trust, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brogan
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despina Eleftheriou
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Scovil CY, Delparte JJ, Walia S, Flett HM, Guy SD, Wallace M, Burns AS, Wolfe DL, Wolfe D, Kras-Dupuis A, Walia S, Guy S, Askes H, Casalino A, Fraser C, Paiva M, Miles S, Gagliardi J, Orenczuk S, Sommerdyk J, Genereaux M, Jarvis D, Wesenger J, Bloetjes L, Flett H, Burns A, Scovil C, Delparte J, Leber D, McMillan L, Domingo T, Wallace M, Stoesz B, Aguillon G, Koning C, Mumme L, Cwiklewich M, Bayless K, Crouse L, Crocker J, Erickson G, Mark M, Charbonneau R, Lloyd A, Van Doesburg C, Knox J, Wright P, Mouneimne M, Parmar R, Isaacs T, Reader J, Oga C, Birchall N, McKenzie N, Nicol S, Joly C, Laramée M, Robidoux I, Casimir M, Côté S, Lubin C, Lemay J, Beaulieu J, Truchon C, Noreau L, Lemay V, Vachon J, Bélanger D, Proteau F, O'Connell C, Savoie J, McCullum S, Brown J, Duda M, Bassett-Spiers K, Riopelle R, Hsieh J, Reinhart-McMillan W, Joshi P, Noonan V, Humphreys S, Hamilton L, MacIsaac G. Implementation of Pressure Injury Prevention Best Practices Across 6 Canadian Rehabilitation Sites: Results From the Spinal Cord Injury Knowledge Mobilization Network. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 100:327-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.07.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Brozzi F, Nardelli TR, Lopes M, Millard I, Barthson J, Igoillo-Esteve M, Grieco FA, Villate O, Oliveira JM, Casimir M, Bugliani M, Engin F, Hotamisligil GS, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL. Cytokines induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in human, rat and mouse beta cells via different mechanisms. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2307-16. [PMID: 26099855 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Proinflammatory cytokines contribute to beta cell damage in type 1 diabetes in part through activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In rat beta cells, cytokine-induced ER stress involves NO production and consequent inhibition of the ER Ca(2+) transporting ATPase sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump 2 (SERCA2B). However, the mechanisms by which cytokines induce ER stress and apoptosis in mouse and human pancreatic beta cells remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the role of ER stress on cytokine-induced beta cell apoptosis in these three species and thus solve ongoing controversies in the field. METHODS Rat and mouse insulin-producing cells, human pancreatic islets and human EndoC-βH1 cells were exposed to the cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ, with or without NO inhibition. A global comparison of cytokine-modulated gene expression in human, mouse and rat beta cells was also performed. The chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and suppression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were used to assess the role of ER stress in cytokine-induced apoptosis of human beta cells. RESULTS NO plays a key role in cytokine-induced ER stress in rat islets, but not in mouse or human islets. Bioinformatics analysis indicated greater similarity between human and mouse than between human and rat global gene expression after cytokine exposure. The chemical chaperone TUDCA and suppression of CHOP or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protected human beta cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These observations clarify previous results that were discrepant owing to the use of islets from different species, and confirm that cytokine-induced ER stress contributes to human beta cell death, at least in part via JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Brozzi
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tarlliza R Nardelli
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miguel Lopes
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Millard
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jenny Barthson
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariana Igoillo-Esteve
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio A Grieco
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olatz Villate
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joana M Oliveira
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marina Casimir
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Feyza Engin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB-Center for Diabetes Research, Universitè Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Kim DH, Casimir M, Dai XQ, Pfluger PT, Park J, Haller A, Donelan E, Park J, D’Alessio D, Woods SC, MacDonald PE, Seeley RJ. The role of the transcription factor ETV5 in insulin exocytosis. Diabetologia 2014; 57:383-91. [PMID: 24190582 PMCID: PMC3947344 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genome-wide association studies have revealed an association of the transcription factor ETS variant gene 5 (ETV5) with human obesity. However, its role in glucose homeostasis and energy balance is unknown. METHODS Etv5 knockout (KO) mice were monitored weekly for body weight (BW) and food intake. Body composition was measured at 8 and 16 weeks of age. Glucose metabolism was studied, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was measured in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Etv5 KO mice are smaller and leaner, and have a reduced BW and lower fat mass than their wild-type controls on a chow diet. When exposed to a high-fat diet, KO mice are resistant to diet-induced BW gain. Despite a greater insulin sensitivity, KO mice have profoundly impaired glucose tolerance associated with impaired insulin secretion. Morphometric analysis revealed smaller islets and a reduced beta cell size in the pancreatic islets of Etv5 KO mice. Knockdown of ETV5 in an insulin-secreting cell line or beta cells from human donors revealed intact mitochondrial and Ca(2+) channel activity, but reduced insulin exocytosis. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION This work reveals a critical role for ETV5 in specifically regulating insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marina Casimir
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xiao-Qing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - April Haller
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Elizabeth Donelan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - David D’Alessio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Cai EP, Casimir M, Schroer SA, Luk CT, Shi SY, Choi D, Dai XQ, Hajmrle C, Spigelman AF, Zhu D, Gaisano HY, MacDonald PE, Woo M. In vivo role of focal adhesion kinase in regulating pancreatic β-cell mass and function through insulin signaling, actin dynamics, and granule trafficking. Diabetes 2012; 61:1708-18. [PMID: 22498697 PMCID: PMC3379666 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) acts as an adaptor at the focal contacts serving as a junction between the extracellular matrix and actin cytoskeleton. Actin dynamics is known as a determinant step in insulin secretion. Additionally, FAK has been shown to regulate insulin signaling. To investigate the essential physiological role of FAK in pancreatic β-cells in vivo, we generated a transgenic mouse model using rat insulin promoter (RIP)-driven Cre-loxP recombination system to specifically delete FAK in pancreatic β-cells. These RIPcre(+)fak(fl/fl) mice exhibited glucose intolerance without changes in insulin sensitivity. Reduced β-cell viability and proliferation resulting in decreased β-cell mass was observed in these mice, which was associated with attenuated insulin/Akt (also known as protein kinase B) and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 signaling and increased caspase 3 activation. FAK-deficient β-cells exhibited impaired insulin secretion with normal glucose sensing and preserved Ca(2+) influx in response to glucose, but a reduced number of docked insulin granules and insulin exocytosis were found, which was associated with a decrease in focal proteins, paxillin and talin, and an impairment in actin depolymerization. This study is the first to show in vivo that FAK is critical for pancreatic β-cell viability and function through regulation in insulin signaling, actin dynamics, and granule trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica P. Cai
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Casimir
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Cynthia T. Luk
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sally Yu Shi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Choi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao Qing Dai
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine Hajmrle
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aliya F. Spigelman
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Herbert Y. Gaisano
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author: Minna Woo, , or Patrick E. MacDonald,
| | - Minna Woo
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Minna Woo, , or Patrick E. MacDonald,
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Dai XQ, Manning Fox JE, Chikvashvili D, Casimir M, Plummer G, Hajmrle C, Spigelman AF, Kin T, Singer-Lahat D, Kang Y, Shapiro AMJ, Gaisano HY, Lotan I, Macdonald PE. The voltage-dependent potassium channel subunit Kv2.1 regulates insulin secretion from rodent and human islets independently of its electrical function. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1709-20. [PMID: 22411134 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS It is thought that the voltage-dependent potassium channel subunit Kv2.1 (Kv2.1) regulates insulin secretion by controlling beta cell electrical excitability. However, this role of Kv2.1 in human insulin secretion has been questioned. Interestingly, Kv2.1 can also regulate exocytosis through direct interaction of its C-terminus with the soluble NSF attachment receptor (SNARE) protein, syntaxin 1A. We hypothesised that this interaction mediates insulin secretion independently of Kv2.1 electrical function. METHODS Wild-type Kv2.1 or mutants lacking electrical function and syntaxin 1A binding were studied in rodent and human beta cells, and in INS-1 cells. Small intracellular fragments of the channel were used to disrupt native Kv2.1-syntaxin 1A complexes. Single-cell exocytosis and ion channel currents were monitored by patch-clamp electrophysiology. Interaction between Kv2.1, syntaxin 1A and other SNARE proteins was probed by immunoprecipitation. Whole-islet Ca(2+)-responses were monitored by ratiometric Fura red fluorescence and insulin secretion was measured. RESULTS Upregulation of Kv2.1 directly augmented beta cell exocytosis. This happened independently of channel electrical function, but was dependent on the Kv2.1 C-terminal syntaxin 1A-binding domain. Intracellular fragments of the Kv2.1 C-terminus disrupted native Kv2.1-syntaxin 1A interaction and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. This was not due to altered ion channel activity or impaired Ca(2+)-responses to glucose, but to reduced SNARE complex formation and Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Direct interaction between syntaxin 1A and the Kv2.1 C-terminus is required for efficient insulin exocytosis and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. This demonstrates that native Kv2.1-syntaxin 1A interaction plays a key role in human insulin secretion, which is separate from the channel's electrical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Dai
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E1
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MacDonald PE, Dai XQ, Plummer G, Casimir M, Fox JM. Kv2.1 regulates insulin secretion in human islets independent of it's electrical function. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.1063.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Qing Dai
- Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Greg Plummer
- Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Marina Casimir
- Alberta Diabetes InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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Dai XQ, Plummer G, Casimir M, Kang Y, Hajmrle C, Gaisano HY, Manning Fox JE, MacDonald PE. SUMOylation regulates insulin exocytosis downstream of secretory granule docking in rodents and humans. Diabetes 2011; 60:838-47. [PMID: 21266332 PMCID: PMC3046844 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The reversible attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins controls target localization and function. We examined an acute role for the SUMOylation pathway in downstream events mediating insulin secretion. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied islets and β-cells from mice and human donors, as well as INS-1 832/13 cells. Insulin secretion, intracellular Ca(2+), and β-cell exocytosis were monitored after manipulation of the SUMOylation machinery. Granule localization was imaged by total internal reflection fluorescence and electron microscopy; immunoprecipitation and Western blotting were used to examine the soluble NSF attachment receptor (SNARE) complex formation and SUMO1 interaction with synaptotagmin VII. RESULTS SUMO1 impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by blunting the β-cell exocytotic response to Ca(2+). The effect of SUMO1 to impair insulin secretion and β-cell exocytosis is rapid and does not require altered gene expression or insulin content, is downstream of granule docking at the plasma membrane, and is dependent on SUMO-conjugation because the deSUMOylating enzyme, sentrin/SUMO-specific protease (SENP)-1, rescues exocytosis. SUMO1 coimmunoprecipitates with the Ca(2+) sensor synaptotagmin VII, and this is transiently lost upon glucose stimulation. SENP1 overexpression also disrupts the association of SUMO1 with synaptotagmin VII and mimics the effect of glucose to enhance exocytosis. Conversely, SENP1 knockdown impairs exocytosis at stimulatory glucose levels and blunts glucose-dependent insulin secretion from mouse and human islets. CONCLUSIONS SUMOylation acutely regulates insulin secretion by the direct and reversible inhibition of β-cell exocytosis in response to intracellular Ca(2+) elevation. The SUMO protease, SENP1, is required for glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg Plummer
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marina Casimir
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Youhou Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Hajmrle
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jocelyn E. Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author: Patrick E. MacDonald,
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Casimir M, de Andrade PB, Gjinovci A, Montani JP, Maechler P, Dulloo AG. A role for pancreatic beta-cell secretory hyperresponsiveness in catch-up growth hyperinsulinemia: Relevance to thrifty catch-up fat phenotype and risks for type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:2. [PMID: 21244699 PMCID: PMC3033236 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current notions about mechanisms by which catch-up growth predisposes to later type 2 diabetes center upon those that link hyperinsulinemia with an accelerated rate of fat deposition (catch-up fat). Using a rat model of semistarvation-refeeding in which catch-up fat is driven solely by elevated metabolic efficiency associated with hyperinsulinemia, we previously reported that insulin-stimulated glucose utilization is diminished in skeletal muscle but increased in white adipose tissue. Here, we investigated the possibility that hyperinsulinemia during catch-up fat can be contributed by changes in the secretory response of pancreatic beta-cells to glucose. Using the rat model of semistarvation-refeeding showing catch-up fat and hyperinsulinemia, we compared isocalorically refed and control groups for potential differences in pancreatic morphology and in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion during in situ pancreas perfusions as well as ex vivo isolated islet perifusions. Between refed and control animals, no differences were found in islet morphology, insulin content, and the secretory responses of perifused isolated islets upon glucose stimulation. By contrast, the rates of insulin secretion from in situ perfused pancreas showed that raising glucose from 2.8 to 16.7 mmol/l produced a much more pronounced increase in insulin release in refed than in control groups (p < 0.01). These results indicate a role for islet secretory hyperresponsiveness to glucose in the thrifty mechanisms that drive catch-up fat through glucose redistribution between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Such beta-cell hyperresponsiveness to glucose may be a key event in the link between catch-up growth, hyperinsulinemia and risks for later type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Casimir
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula B de Andrade
- Department of Medicine / Physiology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Asllan Gjinovci
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre Maechler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine / Physiology, University of Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Medicine / Physiology, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Makom Ndifossap IG, Frigerio F, Casimir M, Ngueguim Tsofack F, Dongo E, Kamtchouing P, Dimo T, Maechler P. Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark extract corrects glycaemia in diabetic rats and acts on beta-cells by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Endocrinol 2010; 205:79-86. [PMID: 20061513 DOI: 10.1677/joe-09-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sclerocarya birrea is a plant widely used as traditional medication for the treatment of diabetes in sub-Saharan regions. However, the mechanism of action is unknown and only hypoglycaemic effects of S. birrea extract (SBE) in diabetic rats have been reported to date. Here, we tested aqueous extracts of S. birrea on insulin-secreting INS-1E cells and isolated rat islets. Following 24 h of treatment at 5 microg/ml, the extract markedly potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Neither basal insulin release nor non-nutrient stimulation was affected. The potentiation of the secretory response at stimulatory glucose appeared after 12 h of treatment. No acute effects were observed and, at the effective concentration, SBE was safe regarding cell integrity and differentiation. The mechanism of action of the SBE was related to glucose metabolism as both ATP generation and glucose oxidation were enhanced following the 24-h treatment. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, SBE administration corrected glycaemia and restored plasma insulin levels after 2 weeks of treatment. These data show direct action of S. birrea on insulin-secreting cells and favour further delineation for use of the plant in the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Gisèle Makom Ndifossap
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Casimir M, Lasorsa FM, Rubi B, Caille D, Palmieri F, Meda P, Maechler P. Mitochondrial glutamate carrier GC1 as a newly identified player in the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25004-14. [PMID: 19584051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.015495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLC25 carrier family mediates solute transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane, a process that is still poorly characterized regarding both the mechanisms and proteins implicated. This study investigated mitochondrial glutamate carrier GC1 in insulin-secreting beta-cells. GC1 was cloned from insulin-secreting cells, and sequence analysis revealed hydropathy profile of a six-transmembrane protein, characteristic of mitochondrial solute carriers. GC1 was found to be expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in INS-1E beta-cells and pancreatic rat islets. Immunohistochemistry showed that GC1 was present in mitochondria, and ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy revealed inner mitochondrial membrane localization of the transporter. Silencing of GC1 in INS-1E beta-cells, mediated by adenoviral delivery of short hairpin RNA, reduced mitochondrial glutamate transport by 48% (p < 0.001). Insulin secretion at basal 2.5 mM glucose and stimulated either by intermediate 7.5 mM glucose or non-nutrient 30 mM KCl was not modified by GC1 silencing. Conversely, insulin secretion stimulated with optimal 15 mM glucose was reduced by 23% (p < 0.005) in GC1 knocked down cells compared with controls. Adjunct of cell-permeant glutamate (5 mM dimethyl glutamate) fully restored the secretory response at 15 mM glucose (p < 0.005). Kinetics of insulin secretion were investigated in perifused isolated rat islets. GC1 silencing in islets inhibited the secretory response induced by 16.7 mM glucose, both during first (-25%, p < 0.05) and second (-33%, p < 0.05) phases. This study demonstrates that insulin-secreting cells depend on GC1 for maximal glucose response, thereby assigning a physiological function to this newly identified mitochondrial glutamate carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Casimir
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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de Andrade PBM, Casimir M, Maechler P. Mitochondrial activation and the pyruvate paradox in a human cell line. FEBS Lett 2005; 578:224-8. [PMID: 15589824 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate promotes hyperpolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, in isolated mitochondria, pyruvate could participate in a futile cycle leading to mitochondrial depolarization. Here, we investigated this paradox in intact human cells by measuring parameters reflecting mitochondrial activation in response to 1 mM pyruvate and 5 mM glucose. NAD(P)H levels were elevated similarly by both substrates. Conversely, pyruvate induced a first transient phase of mitochondrial depolarization before the establishment of the expected sustained hyperpolarization. This correlated with kinetics of cytosolic ATP levels exhibiting a first phase decrease followed by an increase. Therefore, pyruvate transiently depolarizes mitochondria and reduces ATP in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula B M de Andrade
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Centre, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Mohan CG, Risucci DA, Casimir M, Gulrajani-LaCorte M. Comparison of analgesics in ameliorating the pain of circumcision. J Perinatol 1998; 18:13-9. [PMID: 9527938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to compare two methods of pain control during neonatal circumcision: a sucrose-dipped pacifier and an analgesic cream (EMLA). STUDY DESIGN This study was conducted in our well-baby nursery where 80 male infants were placed into one of four groups: control (water-dipped pacifier only), sucrose alone, EMLA alone, or sucrose and EMLA. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and crying time were measured as indicators of pain. The primary data analysis was a 2 x 2 factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS Physiologic and behavioral parameters indicated significantly (p < 0.05) decreased pain response in all treatment groups compared with that in the control group. The combination of sucrose and EMLA was most effective in reducing pain responses; sucrose alone was significantly less effective. There were no side effects of treatment. CONCLUSION Pain during neonatal circumcision can be optimally ameliorated by combined use of a sucrose-dipped pacifier and a local analgesic cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Mohan
- Metro-Health Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Hughes RD, Carver M, Casimir M, O'loughlin GT, Martyn EJ. A comparison of the numbers and distribution of aphid species flying over Eastern Australia in two successive years. AUST J ZOOL 1965. [DOI: 10.1071/zo9650823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The results of the two year's operations, using Moericke aphid traps at 12 sites in eastern Australia, are compared. The basic stability of the aphid fauna flying in successive years is established in terms of primary effects of geographical distribution and seasonal phenology in association with climate. The causes of variability of the magnitude and timing of flights of aphids are discussed in terms of properties of species and of local variations in the weather pattern.
There appears to be a latitudinal pattern of areas where aphid catches were highly consistent and of areas where consistency was low. A study of the consistency of occurrence of individual species in the two years, shows that the numbers of some species appear inherently more stable than of others.
A large overall effect in the collecting performance of the traps seems to be traceable to a climatic difference between the two years.
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Abstract
The results are given of a year's operation of Moericke aphid traps at 12 sites in Eastern Australia. More than 60 aphid species were trapped in flight and their distribution in space and time were recorded. Criteria for making comparisons between catches at different trap sites are discussed.
It was generally concluded that the major influence affecting the occurrence of species throughout the year was the prevailing pattern of climatic changes, whilst the overall geographical distribution of species seemed to be more closely linked to the distribution of exotic plants introduced by man, than to any other factor. The similarity of the Australian aphid fauna to a fractional sample of the world aphid fauna is noted.
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Casimir M. History of outbreaks of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (WALK.) between 1933 and 1959, and analysis of the influence of rainfall on these outbreaks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962. [DOI: 10.1071/ar9620674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An account of the history of outbreaks of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, is presented for the period 1933–1959 from published information and records maintained by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture. Population fluctuations during this period have been examined in relation to rainfall for seven of the major and intermediate outbreak areas in New South Wales. It has been shown that rainfall during the months August to December is important in its influence on locust numbers the following season, whereas that occurring between January and April is apparently not. Subnormal "early season" rainfall favours an increase in the locust population of an area in the next season, while above-normal rainfall favours a locust decrease in the following season. In each of the outbreak areas selected there was a significant negative correlation between the current first locust generation of the season (measured in terms of an arbitrary scale or index) and preceding early season rainfall; and the estimated regression lines due to the two variables in each area were apparently parallel, although not coincident. A multiple regression analysis was carried out incorporating the preceding autumn locust generation as an extra independent variable. When the Culgoa-Barwon outbreak area was eliminated from the analysis, it was found that the regression equations for each of the six other areas could be considered identical, even to the constant term, any differences between areas being attributable to differences in the values of the independent variables. A single multiple regression equation based on the data for the six areas combined was calculated, and it is suggested that this can be used to forecast approximately the size of the spring locust generation in time to plan appropriate control measures. Difficulties inherent in the data are pointed out and the disturbing influence of invasion of one area by migrating swarms from another discussed. It is believed that more refined methods of estimating locust numbers and greater knowledge of locust behaviour in relation to long-term rainfall influences would allow predictions of much greater accuracy to be made, based on the correlations established in the present paper. The relative significance of outbreak areas situated mainly in the Central Division of New South Wales and those in far western parts of New South Wales and Queensland is discussed. It is suggested that two of the most serious outbreaks on record were the result of long-range migratory flights from the latter areas. The importance of these areas as a source of outbreaks affecting South Australia, Victoria, and southern New South Wales is also emphasized, and a tentative explanation of the role of early season rainfall in these arid regions is given.
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