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Qi B, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Kou L, Zhao YZ, Yao Q. Biomaterial-assisted strategies to improve islet graft revascularization and transplant outcomes. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:821-836. [PMID: 38168805 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Islet transplantation holds significant promise as a curative approach for type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the transition of islet transplantation from the experimental phase to widespread clinical implementation has not occurred yet. One major hurdle in this field is the challenge of insufficient vascularization and subsequent early loss of transplanted islets, especially in non-intraportal transplantation sites. The establishment of a fully functional vascular system following transplantation is crucial for the survival and secretion function of islet grafts. This vascular network not only ensures the delivery of oxygen and nutrients, but also plays a critical role in insulin release and the timely removal of metabolic waste from the grafts. This review summarizes recent advances in effective strategies to improve graft revascularization and enhance islet survival. These advancements include the local release and regulation of angiogenic factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), co-transplantation of vascular fragments, and pre-vascularization of the graft site. These innovative approaches pave the way for the development of effective islet transplantation therapies for individuals with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Yang Ding
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Longfa Kou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Luo X, He X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Hua S. Hepatocellular carcinoma: signaling pathways, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e474. [PMID: 38318160 PMCID: PMC10838672 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer with a high mortality rate. It is regarded as a significant public health issue because of its complicated pathophysiology, high metastasis, and recurrence rates. There are no obvious symptoms in the early stage of HCC, which often leads to delays in diagnosis. Traditional treatment methods such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and interventional therapies have limited therapeutic effects for HCC patients with recurrence or metastasis. With the development of molecular biology and immunology, molecular signaling pathways and immune checkpoint were identified as the main mechanism of HCC progression. Targeting these molecules has become a new direction for the treatment of HCC. At present, the combination of targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors is the first choice for advanced HCC patients. In this review, we mainly focus on the cutting-edge research of signaling pathways and corresponding targeted therapy and immunotherapy in HCC. It is of great significance to comprehensively understand the pathogenesis of HCC, search for potential therapeutic targets, and optimize the treatment strategies of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Luo
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and TreatmentZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Xin He
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Xingmei Zhang
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Yuzhe Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Yusheng Shi
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | - Shengni Hua
- Department of Radiation OncologyZhuhai People's HospitalZhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan UniversityZhuhaiChina
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3
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Tsukiji N, Suzuki-Inoue K. Impact of Hemostasis on the Lymphatic System in Development and Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1747-1754. [PMID: 37534465 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.318824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels form a systemic network that maintains interstitial fluid homeostasis and regulates immune responses and is strictly separated from the circulatory system. During embryonic development, lymphatic endothelial cells originate from blood vascular endothelial cells in the cardinal veins and form lymph sacs. Platelets are critical for separating lymph sacs from the cardinal veins through interactions between CLEC-2 (C-type lectin-like receptor-2) and PDPN (podoplanin) in lymphatic endothelial cells. Therefore, deficiencies of these genes cause blood-filled lymphatic vessels, leading to abnormal lymphatic vessel maturation. The junction between the thoracic duct and the subclavian vein has valves and forms physiological thrombi dependent on CLEC-2/PDPN signaling to prevent blood backflow into the thoracic duct. In addition, platelets regulate lymphangiogenesis and maintain blood/lymphatic separation in pathological conditions, such as wound healing and inflammatory diseases. More recently, it was reported that the entire hemostatic system is involved in lymphangiogenesis. Thus, the hemostatic system plays a crucial role in the establishment, maintenance, and rearrangement of lymphatic networks and contributes to body fluid homeostasis, which suggests that the hemostatic system is a potential target for treating lymphatic disorders. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of the hemostatic system in lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel function and discusses challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaharu Tsukiji
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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4
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Bokhari SMZ, Hamar P. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D (VEGF-D): An Angiogenesis Bypass in Malignant Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13317. [PMID: 37686121 PMCID: PMC10487419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are the key regulators of vasculogenesis in normal and oncological development. VEGF-A is the most studied angiogenic factor secreted by malignant tumor cells under hypoxic and inflammatory stress, which made VEGF-A a rational target for anticancer therapy. However, inhibition of VEGF-A by monoclonal antibody drugs led to the upregulation of VEGF-D. VEGF-D was primarily described as a lymphangiogenic factor; however, VEGF-D's blood angiogenic potential comparable to VEGF-A has already been demonstrated in glioblastoma and colorectal carcinoma. These findings suggested a role for VEGF-D in facilitating malignant tumor growth by bypassing the anti-VEGF-A antiangiogenic therapy. Owing to its high mitogenic ability, higher affinity for VEGFR-2, and higher expression in cancer, VEGF-D might even be a stronger angiogenic driver and, hence, a better therapeutic target than VEGF-A. In this review, we summarized the angiogenic role of VEGF-D in blood vasculogenesis and its targetability as an antiangiogenic therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Hamar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
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5
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Kumar AA, Vine KL, Ranson M. Recent Advances in Targeting the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator with Nanotherapeutics. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37119285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant proteolytic landscape of the tumor microenvironment is a key contributor of cancer progression. Overexpression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and/or its associated cell-surface receptor (uPAR) in tumor versus normal tissue is significantly associated with worse clinicopathological features and poorer patient survival across multiple cancer types. This is linked to mechanisms that facilitate tumor cell invasion and migration, via direct and downstream activation of various proteolytic processes that degrade the extracellular matrix─ultimately leading to metastasis. Targeting uPA has thus long been considered an attractive anticancer strategy. However, poor bioavailability of several uPA-selective small-molecule inhibitors has limited early clinical progress. Nanodelivery systems have emerged as an exciting method to enhance the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of existing chemotherapeutics, allowing increased circulation time, improved bioavailability, and targeted delivery to tumor tissue. Combining uPA inhibitors with nanoparticle-based delivery systems thus offers a remarkable opportunity to overcome existing PK challenges associated with conventional uPA inhibitors, while leveraging potent candidates into novel targeted nanotherapeutics for an improved anticancer response in uPA positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A Kumar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Zheng SY, Wan XX, Kambey PA, Luo Y, Hu XM, Liu YF, Shan JQ, Chen YW, Xiong K. Therapeutic role of growth factors in treating diabetic wound. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:364-395. [PMID: 37122434 PMCID: PMC10130901 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i4.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wounds in diabetic patients, especially diabetic foot ulcers, are more difficult to heal compared with normal wounds and can easily deteriorate, leading to amputation. Common treatments cannot heal diabetic wounds or control their many complications. Growth factors are found to play important roles in regulating complex diabetic wound healing. Different growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta 1, insulin-like growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor play different roles in diabetic wound healing. This implies that a therapeutic modality modulating different growth factors to suit wound healing can significantly improve the treatment of diabetic wounds. Further, some current treatments have been shown to promote the healing of diabetic wounds by modulating specific growth factors. The purpose of this study was to discuss the role played by each growth factor in therapeutic approaches so as to stimulate further therapeutic thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xin-Xing Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Fan Liu
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jia-Qi Shan
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu-Wei Chen
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, Hainan Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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7
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Hlophe YN, Joubert AM. Vascular endothelial growth
factor‐C
in activating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 and chemokine receptor‐4 in melanoma adhesion. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5743-5754. [DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette N. Hlophe
- Department of Physiology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Anna M. Joubert
- Department of Physiology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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Rauniyar K, Akhondzadeh S, Gąciarz A, Künnapuu J, Jeltsch M. Bioactive VEGF-C from E. coli. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18157. [PMID: 36307539 PMCID: PMC9616921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) stimulates lymphatic vessel growth in transgenic models, via viral gene delivery, and as a recombinant protein. Expressing eukaryotic proteins like VEGF-C in bacterial cells has limitations, as these cells lack specific posttranslational modifications and provisions for disulfide bond formation. However, given the cost and time savings associated with bacterial expression systems, there is considerable value in expressing VEGF-C using bacterial cells. We identified two approaches that result in biologically active Escherichia coli-derived VEGF-C. Expectedly, VEGF-C expressed from a truncated cDNA became bioactive after in vitro folding from inclusion bodies. Given that VEGF-C is one of the cysteine-richest growth factors in humans, it was unclear whether known methods to facilitate correct cysteine bond formation allow for the direct expression of bioactive VEGF-C in the cytoplasm. By fusing VEGF-C to maltose-binding protein and expressing these fusions in the redox-modified cytoplasm of the Origami (DE3) strain, we could recover biological activity for deletion mutants lacking the propeptides of VEGF-C. This is the first report of a bioactive VEGF growth factor obtained from E. coli cells circumventing in-vitro folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Rauniyar
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soheila Akhondzadeh
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Gąciarz
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Künnapuu
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.452042.50000 0004 0442 6391Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Suppression of VEGFD expression by S-nitrosylation promotes the development of lung adenocarcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:239. [PMID: 35941690 PMCID: PMC9358865 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGFD), a member of the VEGF family, is implicated in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and is deemed to be expressed at a low level in cancers. S-nitrosylation, a NO (nitric oxide)-mediated post-translational modification has a critical role in angiogenesis. Here, we attempt to dissect the role and underlying mechanism of S-nitrosylation-mediated VEGFD suppression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Methods Messenger RNA and protein expression of VEGFD in LUAD were analyzed by TCGA and CPTAC database, respectively, and Assistant for Clinical Bioinformatics was performed for complex analysis. Mouse models with urethane (Ure)–induced LUAD or LUAD xenograft were established to investigate the role of S-nitrosylation in VEGFD expression and of VEGFD mutants in the oncogenesis of LUAD. Molecular, cellular, and biochemical approaches were applied to explore the underlying mechanism of S-nitrosylation-mediated VEGFD suppression. Tube formation and wound healing assays were used to examine the role of VEGFD on the angiogenesis and migration of LUAD cells, and the molecular modeling was applied to predict the protein stability of VEGFD mutant. Results VEGFD mRNA and protein levels were decreased to a different extent in multiple primary malignancies, especially in LUAD. Low VEGFD protein expression was closely related to the oncogenesis of LUAD and resultant from excessive NO-induced VEGFD S-nitrosylation at Cys277. Moreover, inhibition of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase consistently decreased the VEGFD denitrosylation at Cys277 and consequently promoted angiogenesis of LUAD. Finally, the VEGFDC277S mutant decreased the secretion of mature VEGFD by attenuating the PC7-dependent proteolysis and VEGFDC277S mutant thus reversed the effect of VEGFD on angiogenesis of LUAD. Conclusion Low-expression of VEGFD positively correlates with LUAD development. Aberrant S-nitrosylation of VEGFD negates itself to induce the tumorigenesis of LUAD, whereas normal S-nitrosylation of VEGFD is indispensable for its secretion and repression of angiogenesis of LUAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02453-8.
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Chen ML, Yuan TT, Chuang CF, Huang YT, Chung IC, Huang WC. A Novel Enolase-1 Antibody Targets Multiple Interacting Players in the Tumor Microenvironment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1337-1347. [PMID: 35700013 PMCID: PMC9662882 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in men worldwide, and the treatment options are limited for patients with advanced stages of prostate cancer. Upon oncogenic or inflammatory stimulation, tumor cells or immune cells express cell surface enolase-1 (ENO1) as plasminogen receptor to facilitate their migration via plasmin activation. Little is known about the roles of ENO1 in prostate cancer, especially in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We hypothesized that targeting surface ENO1 with specific mAbs would exert multifactorial therapeutic potentials against prostate cancer. In vivo, we showed ENO1 mAb (HuL227) reduced the growth of subcutaneous PC-3 xenograft, monocytes recruitment, and intratumoral angiogenesis. In a PC-3 intratibial implantation model, HuL227 reduced tumor growth and osteoclast activation in the bone. To investigate the antitumor mechanism of ENO1 mAb, we found that blocking surface ENO1 significantly reduced VEGF-A-induced tube formation of endothelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, HuL227 inhibited inflammation-enhanced osteoclasts activity and the secretion of invasion-related cytokines CCL2 and TGFβ from osteoclasts. In addition, inflammation-induced migration and chemotaxis of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells were dose-dependently inhibited by HuL227. In summary, we showed that, ENO1 mAb targets multiple TME niches involved in prostate cancer progression and bone metastasis via a plasmin-related mechanism, which may provide a novel immunotherapy approach for men with advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ta-Tung Yuan
- HuniLife Biotechnology Inc., Taiwan.,Corresponding Authors: Wei-Ching Huang, Department of Research and Development, HuniLife Biotechnology Inc., Rm. 1, 6F, No.308, Sec. 1, Neihu Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan. Phone: 8862-2657-9668; Fax: 8862-2657-9669; E-mail: ; and Ta-Tung Yuan,
| | | | | | | | - Wei-Ching Huang
- HuniLife Biotechnology Inc., Taiwan.,Corresponding Authors: Wei-Ching Huang, Department of Research and Development, HuniLife Biotechnology Inc., Rm. 1, 6F, No.308, Sec. 1, Neihu Road, Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan. Phone: 8862-2657-9668; Fax: 8862-2657-9669; E-mail: ; and Ta-Tung Yuan,
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Wysmołek ME, Długosz E, Wiśniewski M. The Immunological Role of Vascular and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Filarial Infections. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040426. [PMID: 35203133 PMCID: PMC8868237 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The endothelium is a monolayer of cells forming a thin membrane that lines the inside of blood vessels. These cells release molecules that regulate vascular relaxation, contraction, and can control blood clotting and the immune response. During infections with filarial nematodes, common parasites of humans and animals, the endothelium is believed to play a key role in the communication between the host and the parasite, since the embryonic stage of filaroids is distributed in the bloodstream. Therefore, this review aims to gather research from different scientists in order to better understand the host immune response in infections with filarial nematodes. Abstract The embryonic stage of filarial nematodes, or microfilariae (Mf), shows daily and seasonal periodicity that requires their migration through blood vessels into the lungs, where they are sequestered when not circulating in the peripheral blood. Therefore, Mf and the host endothelium are likely in a permanent state of hide and seek. Interestingly, filarial nematodes co-cultured in media with a murine endothelial cell line survive eight times longer than those cultured in media alone. This suggests that the endothelium is an important element of the immune response in filarial nematodes, perversely promoting their survival in the host. In this review, we will focus on potential pathways involved in the relationship between filarial nematodes and the host endothelium, including the role of endothelial ICAM/VCAM/PECAM adhesion molecules, surface markers involved in the passage of Mf through host tissue, anti-thrombolic effects caused by the presence of filarial nematodes (including plasmins), endothelial cell proliferation (VEGF), and other aspects of the immune activation of the endothelium. The aim of this review is to merge the knowledge about the cross-talk between Mf of different filarial nematode species and endothelial cells (EC), thus allowing a better understanding of the mechanism of these parasitic infections.
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12
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Kumar AA, Buckley BJ, Ranson M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Pancreatic Cancer: Prospective Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35204653 PMCID: PMC8961517 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy that features high recurrence rates and the poorest prognosis of all solid cancers. The urokinase plasminogen activation system (uPAS) is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which accounts for more than 90% of all pancreatic cancers. Overexpression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or its cell surface receptor uPAR is a key step in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype via multiple mechanisms, including the increased activation of cell surface localised plasminogen which generates the serine protease plasmin. This triggers multiple downstream processes that promote tumour cell migration and invasion. Increasing clinical evidence shows that the overexpression of uPA, uPAR, or of both is strongly associated with worse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in PDAC patients. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the uPAS in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on PDAC, and summarises the substantial body of evidence that supports the role of uPAS components, including plasminogen receptors, in this disease. The review further outlines the clinical utility of uPAS components as prospective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PDAC, as well as a rationale for the development of novel uPAS-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A. Kumar
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Linton AE, Weekman EM, Wilcock DM. Pathologic sequelae of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia sheds light on potential targets for intervention. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 2:100030. [PMID: 36324710 PMCID: PMC9616287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is one of the leading causes of dementia along with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, importantly, VCID often manifests as a comorbidity of AD(Vemuri and Knopman 2016; Schneider and Bennett 2010)(Vemuri and Knopman 2016; Schneider and Bennett 2010). Despite its common clinical manifestation, the mechanisms underlying VCID disease progression remains elusive. In this review, existing knowledge is used to propose a novel hypothesis linking well-established risk factors of VCID with the distinct neurodegenerative cascades of neuroinflammation and chronic hypoperfusion. It is hypothesized that these two synergistic signaling cascades coalesce to initiate aberrant angiogenesis and induce blood brain barrier breakdown trough a mechanism mediated by vascular growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases respectively. Finally, this review concludes by highlighting several potential therapeutic interventions along this neurodegenerative sequalae providing diverse opportunities for future translational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria E. Linton
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Erica M. Weekman
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, Lexington KY 40536, USA
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Martin-Almedina S, Mortimer PS, Ostergaard P. Development and physiological functions of the lymphatic system: insights from human genetic studies of primary lymphedema. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1809-1871. [PMID: 33507128 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary lymphedema is a long-term (chronic) condition characterized by tissue lymph retention and swelling that can affect any part of the body, although it usually develops in the arms or legs. Due to the relevant contribution of the lymphatic system to human physiology, while this review mainly focuses on the clinical and physiological aspects related to the regulation of fluid homeostasis and edema, clinicians need to know that the impact of lymphatic dysfunction with a genetic origin can be wide ranging. Lymphatic dysfunction can affect immune function so leading to infection; it can influence cancer development and spread, and it can determine fat transport so impacting on nutrition and obesity. Genetic studies and the development of imaging techniques for the assessment of lymphatic function have enabled the recognition of primary lymphedema as a heterogenic condition in terms of genetic causes and disease mechanisms. In this review, the known biological functions of several genes crucial to the development and function of the lymphatic system are used as a basis for understanding normal lymphatic biology. The disease conditions originating from mutations in these genes are discussed together with a detailed clinical description of the phenotype and the up-to-date knowledge in terms of disease mechanisms acquired from in vitro and in vivo research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin-Almedina
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Dermatology and Lymphovascular Medicine, St. George's Universities NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Stritt S, Koltowska K, Mäkinen T. Homeostatic maintenance of the lymphatic vasculature. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:955-970. [PMID: 34332911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is emerging as a multifaceted regulator of tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Lymphatic vessels drain fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes (LNs) and the systemic circulation. Their recently uncovered functions extend beyond drainage and include direct modulation of adaptive immunity and paracrine regulation of organ growth. The developmental mechanisms controlling lymphatic vessel growth have been described with increasing precision. It is less clear how the essential functional features of lymphatic vessels are established and maintained. We discuss the mechanisms that maintain lymphatic vessel integrity in adult tissues and control vessel repair and regeneration. This knowledge is crucial for understanding the pathological vessel changes that contribute to disease, and provides an opportunity for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stritt
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Regulation of VEGFR Signalling in Lymphatic Vascular Development and Disease: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147760. [PMID: 34299378 PMCID: PMC8306507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of lymphatic vessels in a myriad of human diseases is rapidly gaining recognition; lymphatic vessel dysfunction is a feature of disorders including congenital lymphatic anomalies, primary lymphoedema and obesity, while improved lymphatic vessel function increases the efficacy of immunotherapy for cancer and neurological disease and promotes cardiac repair following myocardial infarction. Understanding how the growth and function of lymphatic vessels is precisely regulated therefore stands to inform the development of novel therapeutics applicable to a wide range of human diseases. Lymphatic vascular development is initiated during embryogenesis following establishment of the major blood vessels and the onset of blood flow. Lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells arise from a combination of venous and non-venous sources to generate the initial lymphatic vascular structures in the vertebrate embryo, which are then further ramified and remodelled to elaborate an extensive lymphatic vascular network. Signalling mediated via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinases is crucial for development of both the blood and lymphatic vascular networks, though distinct components are utilised to different degrees in each vascular compartment. Although much is known about the regulation of VEGFA/VEGFR2 signalling in the blood vasculature, less is understood regarding the mechanisms by which VEGFC/VEGFD/VEGFR3 signalling is regulated during lymphatic vascular development. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating VEGFA-, VEGFC- and VEGFD-mediated signalling via VEGFRs which are important for driving the construction of lymphatic vessels during development and disease.
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17
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Llorián-Salvador M, Barabas P, Byrne EM, Lechner J, Augustine J, Curtis TM, Chen M, Xu H. VEGF-B Is an Autocrine Gliotrophic Factor for Müller Cells under Pathologic Conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:35. [PMID: 32945843 PMCID: PMC7509798 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Müller glia are important in retinal health and disease and are a major source of retinal VEGF-A. Of the different VEGF family members, the role of VEGF-A in retinal health and disease has been studied extensively. The potential contribution of other VEGF family members to retinal pathophysiology, however, remains poorly defined. This study aimed to understand the role of VEGF-B in Müller cell pathophysiology. Methods The expression of different VEGFs and their receptors in human MIO-M1 and mouse QMMuC-1 Müller cell lines and primary murine Müller cells was examined by RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot. The effect of recombinant VEGF-B or VEGF-B neutralization on Müller cell viability and survival under normal, hypoxic, and oxidative (4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE]) conditions was evaluated by Alamar Blue, Yo-Pro uptake, and immunocytochemistry. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, aquaporin-4, inward rectifying K+ channel subtype 4.1, glutamine synthetase, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 under different treatment conditions was examined by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel activity was assessed using a Fura-2–based calcium assay. Results VEGF-B was expressed in Müller cells at the highest levels compared with other members of the VEGF family. VEGF-B neutralization did not affect Müller cell viability or functionality under normal conditions, but enhanced hypoxia– or 4-HNE–induced Müller cell death and decreased inward rectifying K+ channel subtype 4.1 and aquaporin-4 expression. Recombinant VEGF-B restored Müller cell glutamine synthetase expression under hypoxic conditions and protected Müller cells from 4-HNE–induced damage by normalizing transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel expression and activity. Conclusions Autocrine production of VEGF-B protects Müller cells under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorián-Salvador
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Barabas
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Eimear M Byrne
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Lechner
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Josy Augustine
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Curtis
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Chen
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
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18
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Zhang C, Hu J, Li H, Ma H, Othmane B, Ren W, Yi Z, Qiu D, Ou Z, Chen J, Zu X. Emerging Biomarkers for Predicting Bladder Cancer Lymph Node Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:648968. [PMID: 33869048 PMCID: PMC8044933 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.648968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Early detection of lymph node metastasis of bladder cancer is essential to improve patients' prognosis and overall survival. Current diagnostic methods are limited, so there is an urgent need for new specific biomarkers. Non-coding RNA and m6A have recently been reported to be abnormally expressed in bladder cancer related to lymph node metastasis. In this review, we tried to summarize the latest knowledge about biomarkers, which predict lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer and their mechanisms. In particular, we paid attention to the impact of non-coding RNA on lymphatic metastasis of bladder cancer and its specific molecular mechanisms, as well as some prediction models based on imaging, pathology, and biomolecules, in an effort to find more accurate diagnostic methods for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huihuang Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongzhi Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Belaydi Othmane
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbiao Ren
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, University of Rochester Medical Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zhenglin Yi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongxu Qiu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenyu Ou
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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19
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Künnapuu J, Bokharaie H, Jeltsch M. Proteolytic Cleavages in the VEGF Family: Generating Diversity among Angiogenic VEGFs, Essential for the Activation of Lymphangiogenic VEGFs. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:167. [PMID: 33672235 PMCID: PMC7926383 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Specific proteolytic cleavages turn on, modify, or turn off the activity of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). Proteolysis is most prominent among the lymph-angiogenic VEGF-C and VEGF-D, which are synthesized as precursors that need to undergo enzymatic removal of their C- and N-terminal propeptides before they can activate their receptors. At least five different proteases mediate the activating cleavage of VEGF-C: plasmin, ADAMTS3, prostate-specific antigen, cathepsin D, and thrombin. All of these proteases except for ADAMTS3 can also activate VEGF-D. Processing by different proteases results in distinct forms of the "mature" growth factors, which differ in affinity and receptor activation potential. The "default" VEGF-C-activating enzyme ADAMTS3 does not activate VEGF-D, and therefore, VEGF-C and VEGF-D do function in different contexts. VEGF-C itself is also regulated in different contexts by distinct proteases. During embryonic development, ADAMTS3 activates VEGF-C. The other activating proteases are likely important for non-developmental lymphangiogenesis during, e.g., tissue regeneration, inflammation, immune response, and pathological tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. The better we understand these events at the molecular level, the greater our chances of developing successful therapies targeting VEGF-C and VEGF-D for diseases involving the lymphatics such as lymphedema or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Künnapuu
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Honey Bokharaie
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (H.B.)
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Lymphatic metastasis of bladder cancer: Molecular mechanisms, diagnosis and targeted therapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 505:13-23. [PMID: 33610730 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common and lethal cancer of the urinary system. Lymphatic metastasis is the primary and main metastatic type of bladder cancer, leading to an extremely poor prognosis in patients. Therefore, a better understanding of molecular mechanisms may provide potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of lymphatic metastasis in bladder cancer. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of the lymphatic metastasis in bladder cancer, including lymphangiogenesis and its regulators, noncoding RNAs, and microenvironment-associated molecules. Novel radiomics and genomics approaches have substantially improved the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of lymph node metastasis in patients with bladder cancer. Newly discovered targets may lead to promising therapeutic strategies for clinical intervention in lymphatic metastasis of bladder cancer. More basic and translational studies need to be conducted to further clarify the molecular mechanisms, and identify predictive markers and therapeutic targets of lymphatic metastasis for bladder cancer patients.
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21
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González-Loyola A, Petrova TV. Development and aging of the lymphatic vascular system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:63-78. [PMID: 33316347 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature has a pivotal role in regulating body fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and dietary fat absorption. The increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies in the last decades has shed light on the processes of lymphatic vascular development and function. Here, we will discuss the current progress in lymphatic vascular biology such as the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vascular maturation and maintenance and the emerging mechanisms of lymphatic vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra González-Loyola
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Zhao L, Chen H, Lu L, Wang L, Zhang X, Guo X. New insights into the role of co-receptor neuropilins in tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and targeted therapy strategies. J Drug Target 2020; 29:155-167. [PMID: 32838575 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1815210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Local tumour sites lead to pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis due to malignant conditions such as hypoxia. Although VEGF and VEGFR are considered to be the main anti-tumour treatment targets, the problems of limited efficacy and observable side effects of some drugs relevant to this target still remain to be solved. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new therapeutic targets for angiogenesis or lymphangiogenesis. The neuropilin family is a class of single transmembrane glycoprotein receptors, including neuropilin1 (NRP1) and neuropilin2 (NRP2), which could act as co-receptors of VEGFA-165 and VEGFC and play a key role in promoting tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis. In this review, we introduced the schematic diagram to visually reveal the function of NRP1 and NRP2 in enhancing the binding affinity of VEGFR2 to VEGFA-165 and VEGFR3 to VEGFC, respectively. We also discussed the signalling pathways that depend on the co-receptors NRP1 and NRP2 and some existing targeted therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies, targeted peptides, microRNAs and small molecule inhibitors. It will contribute a vital foundation for the future research and development of new drugs targeting NRPs. HIGHLIGHTS NRP1 acts as a co-receptor with VEGFR2 and the pro-angiogenic factor VEGFA-165 to up-regulate tumour angiogenesis by promoting endothelial cells proliferation, survival, migration, invasion and by preventing of apoptosis. NRP2 acts as a co-receptor with VEGFR3 and the pro-lymphogenic factor VEGFC to facilitate tumour metastasis by promoting lymphangiogenesis. Although NRP1 and NRP2 do not have enzymatic signalling activity, the affinity of VEGFR2 for VEGFA-165 and VEGFR3 for VEGFC can increase in a co-receptor manner, as detailed in the schematic. The exclusive roles of NRP1 and NRP2 in signalling pathways are specifically described to emphasise the molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in co-receptors. Various studies have shown that the co-receptors NRP1 and NRP2 can be directly or indirectly targeted by different methods to prevent tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting NRPs look promising soon as evidenced by preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongyuan Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shandong University Affiliated Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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23
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Suzuki-Inoue K, Tsukiji N, Otake S. Crosstalk between hemostasis and lymphangiogenesis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:767-770. [PMID: 32233027 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nagaharu Tsukiji
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shimon Otake
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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24
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Hemostasis stimulates lymphangiogenesis through release and activation of VEGFC. Blood 2020; 134:1764-1775. [PMID: 31562136 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis associated with tissue injury is followed by wound healing, a complex process by which damaged cellular material is removed and tissue repaired. Angiogenic responses are a central aspect of wound healing, including the growth of new lymphatic vessels by which immune cells, protein, and fluid are transported out of the wound area. The concept that hemostatic responses might be linked to wound healing responses is an old one, but demonstrating such a link in vivo and defining specific molecular mechanisms by which the 2 processes are connected has been difficult. In the present study, we demonstrate that the lymphangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) and VEGFD are cleaved by thrombin and plasmin, serine proteases generated during hemostasis and wound healing. Using a new tail-wounding assay to test the relationship between clot formation and lymphangiogenesis in mice, we find that platelets accelerate lymphatic growth after injury in vivo. Genetic studies reveal that platelet enhancement of lymphatic growth after wounding is dependent on the release of VEGFC, but not VEGFD, a finding consistent with high expression of VEGFC in both platelets and avian thrombocytes. Analysis of lymphangiogenesis after full-thickness skin excision, a wound model that is not associated with significant clot formation, also revealed an essential role for VEGFC, but not VEGFD. These studies define a concrete molecular and cellular link between hemostasis and lymphangiogenesis during wound healing and reveal that VEGFC, the dominant lymphangiogenic factor during embryonic development, continues to play a dominant role in lymphatic growth in mature animals.
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25
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Re-engineered cell-derived extracellular matrix as a new approach to clarify the role of native ECM. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 156:205-231. [PMID: 32222220 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular matrix (ECM) has both biochemical and mechanophysical characteristics obtained from multiple components, which provides cells a dynamic microenvironment. During reciprocal interactions with ECM, the cells actively remodel the matrix, including synthesis, degradation, and chemical modification, which play a pivotal role in various biological events such as disease progression or tissue developmental processes. Since a cell-derived decellularized ECM (cdECM) holds in vivo-like compositional heterogeneity and interconnected fibrillary architecture, it has received much attention as a promising tool for developing more physiological in vitro model systems. Despite these advantages, the cdECM has obvious limitations to mimic versatile ECMs precisely, suggesting the need for improved in vitro modeling to clarify the functions of native ECM. Recent studies propose to tailor the cdECM via biochemically, biomechanically, or incorporation with other systems as a new approach to address the limitations. In this chapter, we summarize the studies that re-engineered the cdECM to examine the features of native ECM in-depth and to increase physiological relevancy.
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26
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Wu ZS, Ding W, Cai J, Bashir G, Li YQ, Wu S. Communication Of Cancer Cells And Lymphatic Vessels In Cancer: Focus On Bladder Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:8161-8177. [PMID: 31632067 PMCID: PMC6781639 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s219111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and causes the highest lifetime treatment costs per patient. Bladder cancer is most likely to metastasize through lymphatic ducts, and once the lymph nodes are involved, the prognosis is poorly and finitely improved by current modalities. The underlying metastatic mechanism for bladder cancer is thus becoming a research focus to date. To identify relevant published data, an online search of the PubMed/Medline archives was performed to locate original articles and review articles regarding lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in urinary bladder cancer (UBC), and was limited to articles in English published between 1998 and 2018. A further search of the clinical trials.gov search engine was conducted to identify both trials with results available and those with results not yet available. Herein, we summarized the unique mechanisms and biomarkers involved in the malignant progression of bladder cancer as well as their emerging roles in therapeutics, and that current data suggests that lymphangiogenesis and lymph node invasion are important prognostic factors for UBC. The growing knowledge about their roles in bladder cancers provides the basis for novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, more basic and clinical research needs to be conducted in order to identify further accurate predictive molecules and relevant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-song Wu
- Medical College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wa Ding
- Medical College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Cai
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan232001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ghassan Bashir
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-qing Li
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wu
- Medical College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen following Precision Medical Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518000, People’s Republic of China
- Medical College, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan232001, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Morfoisse F, Noel A. Lymphatic and blood systems: Identical or fraternal twins? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 114:105562. [PMID: 31278994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood and lymphatic systems work in close collaboration to ensure their respective physiological functions. The lymphatic vessel network is being extensively studied, but has been overlooked as compared to the blood vasculature mainly due to the problematic discrimination of lymphatic vessels from the blood ones. This issue has been fortunately resolved in the past decade leading to the emergence of a huge amount of data in lymphatic biology revealing many shared features with the blood vasculature. However, this likeliness between the two vascular systems may lead to a simplistic view of lymphatics and a direct transcription of what is known for the blood system to the lymphatic one, thereby neglecting the lymphatic specificities. In this context, this review aims to clarify the main differences between the two vascular systems focusing on recently discovered lymphatic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Morfoisse
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
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28
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Jha SK, Rauniyar K, Chronowska E, Mattonet K, Maina EW, Koistinen H, Stenman UH, Alitalo K, Jeltsch M. KLK3/PSA and cathepsin D activate VEGF-C and VEGF-D. eLife 2019; 8:44478. [PMID: 31099754 PMCID: PMC6588350 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) acts primarily on endothelial cells, but also on non-vascular targets, for example in the CNS and immune system. Here we describe a novel, unique VEGF-C form in the human reproductive system produced via cleavage by kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3), aka prostate-specific antigen (PSA). KLK3 activated VEGF-C specifically and efficiently through cleavage at a novel N-terminal site. We detected VEGF-C in seminal plasma, and sperm liquefaction occurred concurrently with VEGF-C activation, which was enhanced by collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1). After plasmin and ADAMTS3, KLK3 is the third protease shown to activate VEGF-C. Since differently activated VEGF-Cs are characterized by successively shorter N-terminal helices, we created an even shorter hypothetical form, which showed preferential binding to VEGFR-3. Using mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated VEGF-C-cleaving activity from human saliva, we identified cathepsin D as a protease that can activate VEGF-C as well as VEGF-D. The lymphatic system is composed of networks of vessels that drain fluids from the body’s tissues and filter it back into the blood. Growing these vessels depends on a factor known as VEGF-C, which is released in an inactive form and must be cut by enzymes before it can work. One enzyme that is known to activate the VEGF-C signal when the early embryo is developing is ADAMTS3. If this signal fails to switch on this can result in a condition known as lymphedema – whereby problems in the lymphatic system cause tissues to swell due to insufficient drainage. However, it is unknown whether the VEGF-C signal can be activated by enzymes other than ADAMTS3. To investigate this Jha, Rauniyar et al. tested a specific family of proteins commonly found in the human prostate, which have previously been predicted to act on VEGF-C. This revealed that the lymphatic vessel growth factor can also be activated by an enzyme found in seminal fluid called prostate specific antigen, or PSA for short. To see if enzymes in other bodily fluids could switch on VEGF-C, different components of human saliva were separated and tested to see which could cut inactive VEGF-C. This showed that VEGF-C could be converted to an active form by another enzyme called cathepsin D. Unexpectedly, Jha, Rauniyar et al. found that VEGF-C was also present in semen. For conception to occur PSA must liquify the semen following ejaculation. It was discovered that PSA activates VEGF-C just as the semen starts to liquify, suggesting that the lymphatic vessel growth factor might also play an important role in reproduction. In addition to VEGF-C, both PSA and cathepsin D were found to activate another growth factor called VEGF-D, which has an unknown role in the human body. VEGF-C helps the spread of tumors, and blocking the two enzymes that activate this growth factor may be a new therapeutic approach for cancer. However, more work is needed to validate which types of tumor, if any, use these enzymes to activate VEGF-C. In addition, understanding the relationship between PSA and VEGF-C could help improve our knowledge of human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawan Kumar Jha
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Khushbu Rauniyar
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ewa Chronowska
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Kenny Mattonet
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Eunice Wairimu Maina
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf-Håkan Stenman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D Following Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071594. [PMID: 30935023 PMCID: PMC6479775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) A and B occur during blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and angiogenesis following brain injury. In this study, the temporal and spatial expression of VEGF-D and VEGF receptors-2 and -3 (VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, respectively) was determined at the mRNA and protein level in the rat cortical cold-injury model over a period of 0.5 to 6 days post-injury. In order to relate endothelial VEGF-D protein expression with BBB breakdown, dual labeling immunofluorescence was performed using antibodies to VEGF-D and to fibronectin, a marker of BBB breakdown. In control rats, VEGF-D signal was only observed in scattered perivascular macrophages in the cerebral cortex. The upregulation of VEGF-D mRNA expression was observed in the injury site between days 0.5 to 4, coinciding with the period of BBB breakdown and angiogenesis. At the protein level, intracerebral vessels with BBB breakdown to fibronectin in the lesion on days 0.5 to 4 failed to show endothelial VEGF-D. Between days 0.5 to 6, an increased VEGF-D immunoreactivity was noted in the endothelium of pial vessels overlying the lesion site, in neutrophils, macrophages, and free endothelial cells within the lesion. The upregulation of VEGFR-2 and -3 mRNA and protein expression was observed early post-injury on day 0.5. Although there was concurrent expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and VEGF-D post-injury, differences in their spatial expression during BBB breakdown and angiogenesis suggest that they have specific and separate roles in these processes.
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Ryu SH, Min SW, Kim JH, Jeong HJ, Kim GC, Kim DK, Sim YJ. Diagnostic Significance of Fibrin Degradation Products and D-Dimer in Patients With Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema. Ann Rehabil Med 2019; 43:81-86. [PMID: 30852874 PMCID: PMC6409666 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2019.43.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find out whether levels of fibrin degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer are increased in breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) as in many vascular diseases. FDP and D-dimer have been used in blood tests to help differentiate deep vein thrombosis in the diagnosis of lymphedema. Levels of FDP and D-dimer are often elevated in patients with BCRL. METHODS Patients with BCRL (group I), non-lymphedema after breast cancer treatment (group II), and deep venous thrombosis (group III) from January 2012 to December 2016 were enrolled. Levels of FDP and D-dimer were measured in all groups and compared among groups. RESULTS Mean values of FDP and D-dimer of group I were 5.614±12.387 and 1.179±2.408 μg/μL, respectively. These were significantly higher than their upper normal limits set in our institution. Levels of FDP or D-dimer were not significantly different between group I and group II. However, values of FDP and D-dimer in group III were significantly higher than those in group I. CONCLUSION Values of FDP and D-dimer were much higher in patients with thrombotic disease than those in patients with lymphedema. Thus, FDP and D-dimer can be used to differentiate between DVT and lymphedema. However, elevated levels of FDP or D-dimer cannot indicate the occurrence of lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeong Ryu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang Won Min
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ho Joong Jeong
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ghi Chan Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Chungju, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Sim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea
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31
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Smani T, Gómez LJ, Regodon S, Woodard GE, Siegfried G, Khatib AM, Rosado JA. TRP Channels in Angiogenesis and Other Endothelial Functions. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1731. [PMID: 30559679 PMCID: PMC6287032 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels mediated by proliferation, migration, and spatial organization of endothelial cells. This mechanism is regulated by a balance between stimulatory and inhibitory factors. Proangiogenic factors include a variety of VEGF family members, while thrombospondin and endostatin, among others, have been reported as suppressors of angiogenesis. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels belong to a superfamily of cation-permeable channels that play a relevant role in a number of cellular functions mostly derived from their influence in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Endothelial cells express a variety of TRP channels, including members of the TRPC, TRPV, TRPP, TRPA, and TRPM families, which play a relevant role in a number of functions, including endothelium-induced vasodilation, vascular permeability as well as sensing hemodynamic and chemical changes. Furthermore, TRP channels have been reported to play an important role in angiogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge and limitations concerning the involvement of particular TRP channels in growth factor-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Smani
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysic, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis J Gómez
- Department of Animal Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sergio Regodon
- Department of Animal Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Geoffrey E Woodard
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Juan A Rosado
- Cell Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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32
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Sharma MC. Annexin A2 (ANX A2): An emerging biomarker and potential therapeutic target for aggressive cancers. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:2074-2081. [PMID: 30125343 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ANX A2 is an important member of annexin family of proteins expressed on surface of endothelial cells (ECs), macrophages, mononuclear cells and various types of cancer cells. It exhibits high affinity binding for calcium (Ca++ ) and phospholipids. ANX A2 plays an important role in many biological processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, autophagy, cell-cell communications and biochemical activation of plasminogen. On the cell surface ANX A2 organizes the assembly of plasminogen (PLG) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for efficient conversion of PLG to plasmin, a serine protease. Proteolytic activity of plasmin is required for activation of inactive pro-metalloproteases (pro-MMPs) and latent growth factors for their biological actions. These activation steps are critical for degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement proteins (BM) for cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Increased expression of ANX A2 protein/gene has been correlated with invasion and metastasis in a variety of human cancers. Moreover, clinical studies have positively correlated ANX A2 protein expression with aggressive cancers and with resistance to anticancer drugs, shorter disease-free survival (DFS), and worse overall survival (OS). The mechanism(s) by which ANX A2 regulates cancer invasion and metastasis are beginning to emerge. Investigators used various technologies to target ANX A2 in preclinical model of human cancers and demonstrated exciting results. In this review article, we analyzed existing literature concurrent with our own findings and provided a critical overview of ANX A2-dependent mechanism(s) of cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh C Sharma
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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33
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Norouzi S, Gorgi Valokala M, Mosaffa F, Zirak MR, Zamani P, Behravan J. Crosstalk in cancer resistance and metastasis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 132:145-153. [PMID: 30447920 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The main obstacles that lead to clinical failure in cancer treatment are the development of resistant to chemotherapy and a rise in invasive characteristics in cancer tumor cells due to prolonged chemotherapeutic processes. Recent studies have revealed some evidence about the existence of a direct relationship between development of drug resistance and triggering of invasive capability in tumor cells. Therefore, devising and application of chemotherapeutic procedures that are not prone to the development of chemotherapy resistance are necessary. Here, we focus on CD147, CD44, ANAX2, P-gp, MMPs, and UCH-L1 proteins involved in the crosstalk between metastasis and cancer treatment. We think that further structural and functional analysis of these proteins may direct scientists towards designing highly effective chemotherapy procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Norouzi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Gorgi Valokala
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zirak
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Behravan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Mediphage Bioceuticals, Inc., 661 University Avenue, Suite 1300, MaRS Centre, West Tower, Toronto, Canada; School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, Canada.
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34
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Bydoun M, Sterea A, Weaver ICG, Bharadwaj AG, Waisman DM. A novel mechanism of plasminogen activation in epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14091. [PMID: 30237490 PMCID: PMC6148250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer dissemination is initiated by the movement of cells into the vasculature which has been reported to be triggered by EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition). Cellular dissemination also requires proteases that remodel the extracellular matrix. The protease, plasmin is a prominent player in matrix remodeling and invasion. Despite the contribution of both EMT and the plasminogen activation (PA) system to cell dissemination, these processes have never been functionally linked. We reveal that canonical Smad-dependent TGFβ1 signaling and FOXC2-mediated PI3K signaling in cells undergoing EMT reciprocally modulate plasminogen activation partly by regulating the plasminogen receptor, S100A10 and the plasminogen activation inhibitor, PAI-1. Plasminogen activation and plasminogen-dependent invasion were more prominent in epithelial-like cells and were partly dictated by the expression of S100A10 and PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moamen Bydoun
- Department of Pathology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andra Sterea
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian C G Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Alamelu G Bharadwaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David M Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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35
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Nadarajah N, Schulte D, McConnell V, Martin-Almedina S, Karapouliou C, Mortimer PS, Jeffery S, Schulte-Merker S, Gordon K, Mansour S, Ostergaard P. A Novel Splice-Site Mutation in VEGFC Is Associated with Congenital Primary Lymphoedema of Gordon. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082259. [PMID: 30071673 PMCID: PMC6121331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is characterized by chronic swelling of any body part caused by malfunctioning or obstruction in the lymphatic system. Primary lymphedema is often considered genetic in origin. VEGFC, which is a gene encoding the ligand for the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3/FLT4) and important for lymph vessel development during lymphangiogenesis, has been associated with a specific subtype of primary lymphedema. Through Sanger sequencing of a proband with bilateral congenital pedal edema resembling Milroy disease, we identified a novel mutation (NM_005429.2; c.361+5G>A) in VEGFC. The mutation induced skipping of exon 2 of VEGFC resulting in a frameshift and the introduction of a premature stop codon (p.Ala50ValfsTer18). The mutation leads to a loss of the entire VEGF-homology domain and the C-terminus. Expression of this Vegfc variant in the zebrafish floorplate showed that the splice-site variant significantly reduces the biological activity of the protein. Our findings confirm that the splice-site variant, c.361+5G>A, causes the primary lymphedema phenotype in the proband. We examine the mutations and clinical phenotypes of the previously reported cases to review the current knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noeline Nadarajah
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Dörte Schulte
- Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003 CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Vivienne McConnell
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK.
| | - Silvia Martin-Almedina
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Christina Karapouliou
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Peter S Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Steve Jeffery
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003 CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Kristiana Gordon
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Unit, St George's University Hospitals, London SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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Karaman S, Leppänen VM, Alitalo K. Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in development and disease. Development 2018; 145:145/14/dev151019. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.151019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are best known for their involvement in orchestrating the development and maintenance of the blood and lymphatic vascular systems. VEGFs are secreted by a variety of cells and they bind to their cognate tyrosine kinase VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) in endothelial cells to elicit various downstream effects. In recent years, there has been tremendous progress in elucidating different VEGF/VEGFR signaling functions in both the blood and lymphatic vascular systems. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we present key elements of the VEGF/VEGFR pathway and highlight the classical and newly discovered functions of VEGF signaling in blood and lymphatic vessel development and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Karaman
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Leppänen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
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37
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Jha SK, Rauniyar K, Jeltsch M. Key molecules in lymphatic development, function, and identification. Ann Anat 2018; 219:25-34. [PMID: 29842991 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While both blood and lymphatic vessels transport fluids and thus share many similarities, they also show functional and structural differences, which can be used to differentiate them. Specific visualization of lymphatic vessels has historically been and still is a pivot point in lymphatic research. Many of the proteins that are investigated by molecular biologists in lymphatic research have been defined as marker molecules, i.e. to visualize and distinguish lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) from other cell types, most notably from blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) and cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Among the factors that drive the developmental differentiation of lymphatic structures from venous endothelium, Prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX1) is the master transcriptional regulator. PROX1 maintains lymphatic identity also in the adult organism and thus is a universal LEC marker. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) is the major tyrosine kinase receptor that drives LEC proliferation and migration. The major activator for VEGFR-3 is vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). However, before VEGF-C can signal, it needs to be proteolytically activated by an extracellular protein complex comprised of Collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) protein and the protease A disintegrin and metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 3 (ADAMTS3). This minireview attempts to give an overview of these and a few other central proteins that scientific inquiry has linked specifically to the lymphatic vasculature. It is limited in scope to a brief description of their main functions, properties and developmental roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawan Kumar Jha
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Khushbu Rauniyar
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland.
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38
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Rauniyar K, Jha SK, Jeltsch M. Biology of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C in the Morphogenesis of Lymphatic Vessels. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:7. [PMID: 29484295 PMCID: PMC5816233 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Because virtually all tissues contain blood vessels, the importance of hemevascularization has been long recognized in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, the lymphatic vasculature has only recently become a subject of interest. Central to the task of growing a lymphatic network are lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), which constitute the innermost layer of all lymphatic vessels. The central molecule that directs proliferation and migration of LECs during embryogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). VEGF-C is therefore an important ingredient for LEC culture and attempts to (re)generate lymphatic vessels and networks. During its biosynthesis VEGF-C undergoes a stepwise proteolytic processing, during which its properties and affinities for its interaction partners change. Many of these fundamental aspects of VEGF-C biosynthesis have only recently been uncovered. So far, most—if not all—applications of VEGF-C do not discriminate between different forms of VEGF-C. However, for lymphatic regeneration and engineering purposes, it appears mandatory to understand these differences, since they relate, e.g., to important aspects such as biodistribution and receptor activation potential. In this review, we discuss the molecular biology of VEGF-C as it relates to the growth of LECs and lymphatic vessels. However, the properties of VEGF-C are similarly relevant for the cardiovascular system, since both old and recent data show that VEGF-C can have a profound effect on the blood vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Rauniyar
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sawan Kumar Jha
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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39
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Emerging Roles for VEGF-D in Human Disease. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8010001. [PMID: 29300337 PMCID: PMC5871970 DOI: 10.3390/biom8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are located in many tissues and organs throughout the body, and play important roles in a wide variety of prevalent diseases in humans. Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) is a secreted protein that can promote the remodeling of blood vessels and lymphatics in development and disease. Recent fundamental and translational studies have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms by which VEGF-D exerts its effects in human disease. Hence this protein is now of interest as a therapeutic and/or diagnostic target, or as a potential therapeutic agent, in a diversity of indications in cardiovascular medicine, cancer and the devastating pulmonary condition lymphangioleiomyomatosis. This has led to clinical trial programs to assess the effect of targeting VEGF-D signaling pathways, or delivering VEGF-D, in angina, cancer and ocular indications. This review summarizes our understanding of VEGF-D signaling in human disease, which is largely based on animal disease models and clinicopathological studies, and provides information about the outcomes of recent clinical trials testing agonists or antagonists of VEGF-D signaling.
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40
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Stepanova V, Dergilev KV, Holman KR, Parfyonova YV, Tsokolaeva ZI, Teter M, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Volgina A, Zaitsev SV, Lewis SP, Zabozlaev FG, Obraztsova K, Krymskaya VP, Cines DB. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is critical for progression of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)-deficient tumors. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20528-20543. [PMID: 28972182 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a fatal lung disease associated with germline or somatic inactivating mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex genes (TSC1 or TSC2). LAM is characterized by neoplastic growth of smooth muscle-α-actin-positive cells that destroy lung parenchyma and by the formation of benign renal neoplasms called angiolipomas. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor rapamycin slows progression of these diseases but is not curative and associated with notable toxicity at clinically effective doses, highlighting the need for better understanding LAM's molecular etiology. We report here that LAM lesions and angiomyolipomas overexpress urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Tsc1-/- and Tsc2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressed higher uPA levels than their WT counterparts, resulting from the TSC inactivation. Inhibition of uPA expression in Tsc2-null cells reduced the growth and invasiveness and increased susceptibility to apoptosis. However, rapamycin further increased uPA expression in TSC2-null tumor cells and immortalized TSC2-null angiomyolipoma cells, but not in cells with intact TSC. Induction of glucocorticoid receptor signaling or forkhead box (FOXO) 1/3 inhibition abolished the rapamycin-induced uPA expression in TSC-compromised cells. Moreover, rapamycin-enhanced migration of TSC2-null cells was inhibited by the uPA inhibitor UK122, dexamethasone, and a FOXO inhibitor. uPA-knock-out mice developed fewer and smaller TSC2-null lung tumors, and introduction of uPA shRNA in tumor cells or amiloride-induced uPA inhibition reduced tumorigenesis in vivo These findings suggest that interference with the uPA-dependent pathway, when used along with rapamycin, might attenuate LAM progression and potentially other TSC-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantin V Dergilev
- the Angiogenesis Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Kelci R Holman
- the College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Yelena V Parfyonova
- the Angiogenesis Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Zoya I Tsokolaeva
- the Angiogenesis Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Mimi Teter
- the College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Alla Volgina
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Shane P Lewis
- the College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Fedor G Zabozlaev
- the Department of Pathology, Federal Research Clinical Center Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow 115682, Russia
| | - Kseniya Obraztsova
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Vera P Krymskaya
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Douglas B Cines
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
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41
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Miura A, Ishiguro K, Koizumi K, Yaita Y, Ozaki-Masuzawa Y, Hosono T, Seki T. Effects of pharmacological inhibition of plasminogen binding on liver regeneration in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:2105-2111. [PMID: 28914172 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1372180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The fibrinolysis system is thought to play an important role in liver regeneration. We previously found that plasminogen (Plg) is localized to the cell surface of regenerating liver tissue as well as proliferating hepatocytes in vitro. Here, we investigated the significance of Plg binding to the cell surface during liver regeneration. Pre-administration of tranexamic acid (TXA), which is a competitive inhibitor of Plg binding, to hepatectomized rats mildly delayed restoration of liver weight in vivo. Although binding of Plg to the cell membrane decreased following TXA administration, TXA showed little effect on hepatocyte proliferation in rats. We also discovered that Plg treatment did not stimulate proliferation of primary rat hepatocytes in vitro. These results suggest that Plg/plasmin potentiates liver regeneration via a pathway distinct from those through which hepatocyte proliferation is stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Miura
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences , Fujisawa , Japan
| | - Kyoko Ishiguro
- b Department of Chemistry and Life Science , Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences , Fujisawa , Japan
| | - Kouta Koizumi
- b Department of Chemistry and Life Science , Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences , Fujisawa , Japan
| | - Yuki Yaita
- b Department of Chemistry and Life Science , Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences , Fujisawa , Japan
| | - Yori Ozaki-Masuzawa
- b Department of Chemistry and Life Science , Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences , Fujisawa , Japan
| | - Takashi Hosono
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences , Fujisawa , Japan.,b Department of Chemistry and Life Science , Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences , Fujisawa , Japan
| | - Taiichiro Seki
- a Department of Applied Life Sciences , Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences , Fujisawa , Japan.,b Department of Chemistry and Life Science , Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences , Fujisawa , Japan
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Efficient activation of the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C requires the C-terminal domain of VEGF-C and the N-terminal domain of CCBE1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4916. [PMID: 28687807 PMCID: PMC5501841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The collagen- and calcium-binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) protein is necessary for lymphangiogenesis. Its C-terminal collagen-like domain was shown to be required for the activation of the major lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C) along with the ADAMTS3 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs-3) protease. However, it remained unclear how the N-terminal domain of CCBE1 contributed to lymphangiogenic signaling. Here, we show that efficient activation of VEGF-C requires its C-terminal domain both in vitro and in a transgenic mouse model. The N-terminal EGF-like domain of CCBE1 increased VEGFR-3 signaling by colocalizing pro-VEGF-C with its activating protease to the lymphatic endothelial cell surface. When the ADAMTS3 amounts were limited, proteolytic activation of pro-VEGF-C was supported by the N-terminal domain of CCBE1, but not by its C-terminal domain. A single amino acid substitution in ADAMTS3, identified from a lymphedema patient, was associated with abnormal CCBE1 localization. These results show that CCBE1 promotes VEGFR-3 signaling and lymphangiogenesis by different mechanisms, which are mediated independently by the two domains of CCBE1: by enhancing the cleavage activity of ADAMTS3 and by facilitating the colocalization of VEGF-C and ADAMTS3. These new insights should be valuable in developing new strategies to therapeutically target VEGF-C/VEGFR-3-induced lymphangiogenesis.
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43
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Sulfuretin has therapeutic activity against acquired lymphedema by reducing adipogenesis. Pharmacol Res 2017; 121:230-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Paquet-Fifield S, Roufail S, Zhang YF, Sofian T, Byrne DJ, Coughlin PB, Fox SB, Stacker SA, Achen MG. The fibrinolysis inhibitor α 2-antiplasmin restricts lymphatic remodelling and metastasis in a mouse model of cancer. Growth Factors 2017; 35:61-75. [PMID: 28697634 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2017.1349765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Remodelling of lymphatic vessels in tumours facilitates metastasis to lymph nodes. The growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D are well known inducers of lymphatic remodelling and metastasis in cancer. They are initially produced as full-length proteins requiring proteolytic processing in order to bind VEGF receptors with high affinity and thereby promote lymphatic remodelling. The fibrinolytic protease plasmin promotes processing of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in vitro, but its role in processing them in cancer was unknown. Here we explore plasmin's role in proteolytically activating VEGF-D in vivo, and promoting lymphatic remodelling and metastasis in cancer, by co-expressing the plasmin inhibitor α2-antiplasmin with VEGF-D in a mouse tumour model. We show that α2-antiplasmin restricts activation of VEGF-D, enlargement of intra-tumoural lymphatics and occurrence of lymph node metastasis. Our findings indicate that the fibrinolytic system influences lymphatic remodelling in tumours which is consistent with previous clinicopathological observations correlating fibrinolytic components with cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Paquet-Fifield
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Sally Roufail
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - You-Fang Zhang
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Trifina Sofian
- b Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , Prahran, Melbourne , Australia
| | - David J Byrne
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- c Department of Pathology , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Paul B Coughlin
- b Australian Centre for Blood Diseases , Monash University , Prahran, Melbourne , Australia
- d Eastern Health , Box Hill , Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- c Department of Pathology , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- e Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- e Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- a Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
- e Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Australia
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Xu M, Doyle MM, Banan B, Vachharajani N, Wang X, Saad N, Fowler K, Brunt EM, Lin Y, Chapman WC. Neoadjuvant Locoregional Therapy and Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Liver Transplantation. J Am Coll Surg 2017; 225:28-40. [PMID: 28400300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neoadjuvant locoregional therapies (LRTs) have been widely used to reduce tumor burden or to downstage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) before orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). We examined the impact of LRT response on HCC recurrence after OLT. STUDY DESIGN We performed a retrospective study of 384 patients with HCC treated by OLT. Tumor necrosis was determined by pathologic evaluation. The vascular and lymphatic vessels were localized by immunofluorescence staining in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue; expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 and VEGFR-3 were analyzed by Western blot. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C levels of a consecutive cohort of 171 HCC patients were detected by ELISA. RESULTS Of the 384 patients with HCC, 268 had undergone pretransplantation neoadjuvant LRTs. Patients with no tumor necrosis (n = 58; 5.2% recurrence) or complete tumor necrosis (n = 70; 6.1% recurrence) had significantly lower 5-year recurrence rates than those with partial tumor necrosis (n = 140; 22.6% recurrence; p < 0.001). Lymphatic metastases were significantly more numerous in patients with partial tumor necrosis than in those without tumor necrosis after OLT (p < 0.001). With immunofluorescence staining of peritumor zone, lymphatics were visualized around partially necrotic tumors, but not around tumors without necrosis. Plasma levels of VEGF-A and VEGF-C were elevated significantly in patients with evidence of tumor necrosis (n = 102) compared with those without necrosis (n = 69; p < 0.001). By Western blot, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 expression in the peritumoral tissue associated with partially necrotic tumors was significantly higher than in peritumoral tissue of non-necrosis tumors (n = 3/group, p < 0.020 and p < 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Locoregional therapy-induced or spontaneous partially necrotic HCC was associated with increased risk of lymphatic metastases compared with tumors with no or complete tumor necrosis. Anti-lymphangiogenic agents with neoadjuvant LRTs can decrease the pattern of lymphatic metastasis after OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Mb Majella Doyle
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Babak Banan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Neeta Vachharajani
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Xuanchuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Nael Saad
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Kathryn Fowler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Elizabeth M Brunt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - William C Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
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46
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Bower NI, Vogrin AJ, Le Guen L, Chen H, Stacker SA, Achen MG, Hogan BM. Vegfd modulates both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during zebrafish embryonic development. Development 2017; 144:507-518. [PMID: 28087639 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) control angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during development and in pathological conditions. In the zebrafish trunk, Vegfa controls the formation of intersegmental arteries by primary angiogenesis and Vegfc is essential for secondary angiogenesis, giving rise to veins and lymphatics. Vegfd has been largely thought of as dispensable for vascular development in vertebrates. Here, we generated a zebrafish vegfd mutant by genome editing. vegfd mutants display significant defects in facial lymphangiogenesis independent of vegfc function. Strikingly, we find that vegfc and vegfd cooperatively control lymphangiogenesis throughout the embryo, including during the formation of the trunk lymphatic vasculature. Interestingly, we find that vegfd and vegfc also redundantly drive artery hyperbranching phenotypes observed upon depletion of Flt1 or Dll4. Epistasis and biochemical binding assays suggest that, during primary angiogenesis, Vegfd influences these phenotypes through Kdr (Vegfr2) rather than Flt4 (Vegfr3). These data demonstrate that, rather than being dispensable during development, Vegfd plays context-specific indispensable and also compensatory roles during both blood vessel angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adam J Vogrin
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ludovic Le Guen
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Huijun Chen
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Davydova N, Harris NC, Roufail S, Paquet-Fifield S, Ishaq M, Streltsov VA, Williams SP, Karnezis T, Stacker SA, Achen MG. Differential Receptor Binding and Regulatory Mechanisms for the Lymphangiogenic Growth Factors Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-C and -D. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27265-27278. [PMID: 27852824 PMCID: PMC5207153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF-C and VEGF-D are secreted glycoproteins that induce angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in cancer, thereby promoting tumor growth and spread. They exhibit structural homology and activate VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, receptors on endothelial cells that signal for growth of blood vessels and lymphatics. VEGF-C and VEGF-D were thought to exhibit similar bioactivities, yet recent studies indicated distinct signaling mechanisms (e.g. tumor-derived VEGF-C promoted expression of the prostaglandin biosynthetic enzyme COX-2 in lymphatics, a response thought to facilitate metastasis via the lymphatic vasculature, whereas VEGF-D did not). Here we explore the basis of the distinct bioactivities of VEGF-D using a neutralizing antibody, peptide mapping, and mutagenesis to demonstrate that the N-terminal α-helix of mature VEGF-D (Phe93–Arg108) is critical for binding VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. Importantly, the N-terminal part of this α-helix, from Phe93 to Thr98, is required for binding VEGFR-3 but not VEGFR-2. Surprisingly, the corresponding part of the α-helix in mature VEGF-C did not influence binding to either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3, indicating distinct determinants of receptor binding by these growth factors. A variant of mature VEGF-D harboring a mutation in the N-terminal α-helix, D103A, exhibited enhanced potency for activating VEGFR-3, was able to promote increased COX-2 mRNA levels in lymphatic endothelial cells, and had enhanced capacity to induce lymphatic sprouting in vivo. This mutant may be useful for developing protein-based therapeutics to drive lymphangiogenesis in clinical settings, such as lymphedema. Our studies shed light on the VEGF-D structure/function relationship and provide a basis for understanding functional differences compared with VEGF-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Davydova
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Nicole C Harris
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Sally Roufail
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Sophie Paquet-Fifield
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Musarat Ishaq
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Victor A Streltsov
- the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, and
| | - Steven P Williams
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Tara Karnezis
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Steven A Stacker
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000.,the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, .,the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are uniquely required to balance the formation of new blood vessels with the maintenance and remodelling of existing ones, during development and in adult tissues. Recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of the tight and multi-level regulation of VEGFR2 signalling, which is the primary focus of this Review. Important insights have been gained into the regulatory roles of VEGFR-interacting proteins (such as neuropilins, proteoglycans, integrins and protein tyrosine phosphatases); the dynamics of VEGFR2 endocytosis, trafficking and signalling; and the crosstalk between VEGF-induced signalling and other endothelial signalling cascades. A clear understanding of this multifaceted signalling web is key to successful therapeutic suppression or stimulation of vascular growth.
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49
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Johns SC, Yin X, Jeltsch M, Bishop JR, Schuksz M, El Ghazal R, Wilcox-Adelman SA, Alitalo K, Fuster MM. Functional Importance of a Proteoglycan Coreceptor in Pathologic Lymphangiogenesis. Circ Res 2016; 119:210-21. [PMID: 27225479 PMCID: PMC4938725 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: Lymphatic vessel growth is mediated by major prolymphangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D, among other endothelial effectors. Heparan sulfate is a linear polysaccharide expressed on proteoglycan core proteins on cell membranes and matrix, playing roles in angiogenesis, although little is known about any function(s) in lymphatic remodeling in vivo. Objective: To explore the genetic basis and mechanisms, whereby heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate pathological lymphatic remodeling. Methods and Results: Lymphatic endothelial deficiency in the major heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1; involved in glycan-chain sulfation) was associated with reduced lymphangiogenesis in pathological models, including spontaneous neoplasia. Mouse mutants demonstrated tumor-associated lymphatic vessels with apoptotic nuclei. Mutant lymphatic endothelia demonstrated impaired mitogen (Erk) and survival (Akt) pathway signaling and reduced VEGF-C–mediated protection from starvation-induced apoptosis. Lymphatic endothelial-specific Ndst1 deficiency (in Ndst1f/fProx1+/CreERT2 mice) was sufficient to inhibit VEGF-C–dependent lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic heparan sulfate deficiency reduced phosphorylation of the major lymphatic growth receptor VEGF receptor-3 in response to multiple VEGF-C species. Syndecan-4 was the dominantly expressed heparan sulfate proteoglycan in mouse lymphatic endothelia, and pathological lymphangiogenesis was impaired in Sdc4(−/−) mice. On the lymphatic cell surface, VEGF-C induced robust association between syndecan-4 and VEGF receptor-3, which was sensitive to glycan disruption. Moreover, VEGF receptor-3 mitogen and survival signaling was reduced in the setting of Ndst1 or Sdc4 deficiency. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the genetic importance of heparan sulfate and the major lymphatic proteoglycan syndecan-4 in pathological lymphatic remodeling. This may introduce novel future strategies to alter pathological lymphatic-vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Johns
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Xin Yin
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Joseph R Bishop
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Manuela Schuksz
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Roland El Ghazal
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Sarah A Wilcox-Adelman
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Mark M Fuster
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.).
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Bui HM, Enis D, Robciuc MR, Nurmi HJ, Cohen J, Chen M, Yang Y, Dhillon V, Johnson K, Zhang H, Kirkpatrick R, Traxler E, Anisimov A, Alitalo K, Kahn ML. Proteolytic activation defines distinct lymphangiogenic mechanisms for VEGFC and VEGFD. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2167-80. [PMID: 27159393 DOI: 10.1172/jci83967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is supported by 2 homologous VEGFR3 ligands, VEGFC and VEGFD. VEGFC is required for lymphatic development, while VEGFD is not. VEGFC and VEGFD are proteolytically cleaved after cell secretion in vitro, and recent studies have implicated the protease a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 3 (ADAMTS3) and the secreted factor collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) in this process. It is not well understood how ligand proteolysis is controlled at the molecular level or how this process regulates lymphangiogenesis, because these complex molecular interactions have been difficult to follow ex vivo and test in vivo. Here, we have developed and used biochemical and cellular tools to demonstrate that an ADAMTS3-CCBE1 complex can form independently of VEGFR3 and is required to convert VEGFC, but not VEGFD, into an active ligand. Consistent with these ex vivo findings, mouse genetic studies revealed that ADAMTS3 is required for lymphatic development in a manner that is identical to the requirement of VEGFC and CCBE1 for lymphatic development. Moreover, CCBE1 was required for in vivo lymphangiogenesis stimulated by VEGFC but not VEGFD. Together, these studies reveal that lymphangiogenesis is regulated by two distinct proteolytic mechanisms of ligand activation: one in which VEGFC activation by ADAMTS3 and CCBE1 spatially and temporally patterns developing lymphatics, and one in which VEGFD activation by a distinct proteolytic mechanism may be stimulated during inflammatory lymphatic growth.
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