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Tsai CY, Oo M, Peh JH, Yeo BCM, Aptekmann A, Lee B, Liu JJJ, Tsao WS, Dick T, Fink K, Gengenbacher M. Splenic marginal zone B cells restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by shaping the cytokine pattern and cell-mediated immunity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114426. [PMID: 38959109 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of B cells in tuberculosis (TB) is crucial for developing new TB vaccines. However, the changes in B cell immune landscapes during TB and their functional implications remain incompletely explored. Using high-dimensional flow cytometry to map the immune landscape in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, our results show an accumulation of marginal zone B (MZB) cells and other unconventional B cell subsets in the lungs and spleen, shaping an unconventional B cell landscape. These MZB cells exhibit activated and memory-like phenotypes, distinguishing their functional profiles from those of conventional B cells. Notably, functional studies show that MZB cells produce multiple cytokines and contribute to systemic protection against TB by shaping cytokine patterns and cell-mediated immunity. These changes in the immune landscape are reversible upon successful TB chemotherapy. Our study suggests that, beyond antibody production, targeting the regulatory function of B cells may be a valuable strategy for TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Tsai
- Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Myo Oo
- Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Jih Hou Peh
- Biosafety Level 3 Core, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Level 15, Centre for Translational Medicine (MD6), NUS, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Benjamin C M Yeo
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme and Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Level 2, Blk MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Ariel Aptekmann
- Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research, Biopolis, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4, Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Centre for Biomedical Informatics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove #05-13, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Joe J J Liu
- Biosafety Level 3 Core, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Level 15, Centre for Translational Medicine (MD6), NUS, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Wen-Shan Tsao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research, Biopolis, 8A Biomedical Grove, Level 3 & 4, Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Center for Discovery and Innovation (CDI), Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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2
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Slamanig S, González-Domínguez I, Chang LA, Lemus N, Lai TY, Martínez JL, Singh G, Dolange V, Abdeljawad A, Kowdle S, Noureddine M, Warang P, Singh G, Lee B, García-Sastre A, Krammer F, Schotsaert M, Palese P, Sun W. Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant vaccines elicit humoral and cellular mucosal immunity in female mice. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105185. [PMID: 38848648 PMCID: PMC11200293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to prevent the emergence and spread of future variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), developing vaccines capable of stopping transmission is crucial. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine NDV-HXP-S can be administered live intranasally (IN) and thus induce protective immunity in the upper respiratory tract. The vaccine is based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing a stabilised SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. NDV-HXP-S can be produced as influenza virus vaccine at low cost in embryonated chicken eggs. METHODS The NDV-HXP-S vaccine was genetically engineered to match the Omicron variants of concern (VOC) BA.1 and BA.5 and tested as an IN two or three dose vaccination regimen in female mice. Furthermore, female mice intramuscularly (IM) vaccinated with mRNA-lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were IN boosted with NDV-HXP-S. Systemic humoral immunity, memory T cell responses in the lungs and spleens as well as immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses in distinct mucosal tissues were characterised. FINDINGS NDV-HXP-S Omicron variant vaccines elicited high mucosal IgA and serum IgG titers against respective SARS-CoV-2 VOC in female mice following IN administration and protected against challenge from matched variants. Additionally, antigen-specific memory B cells and local T cell responses in the lungs were induced. Host immunity against the NDV vector did not interfere with boosting. Intramuscular vaccination with mRNA-LNPs was enhanced by IN NDV-HXP-S boosting resulting in improvement of serum neutralization titers and induction of mucosal immunity. INTERPRETATION We demonstrate that NDV-HXP-S Omicron variant vaccines utilised for primary immunizations or boosting efficiently elicit humoral and cellular immunity. The described induction of systemic and mucosal immunity has the potential to reduce infection and transmission. FUNDING This work was partially funded by the NIAIDCenters of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR) and by the NIAID Collaborative Vaccine Innovation Centers and by institutional funding from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. See under Acknowledgements for details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Slamanig
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Lauren A Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Lemus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tsoi Ying Lai
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Luis Martínez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Dolange
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Abdeljawad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moataz Noureddine
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Kallarakal MA, Cohen G, Ibukun FI, Krummey SM. Marginal Zone B Cells Are Necessary for the Formation of Anti-donor IgG After Allogeneic Sensitization. Transplantation 2024; 108:1357-1367. [PMID: 38361235 PMCID: PMC11136604 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antibodies is a significant barrier for many patients awaiting organ transplantation. Patients with preformed anti-MHC antibodies have limited options for suitable donors, and the formation of donor-specific anti-MHC antibodies after transplantation is a harbinger of graft rejection. Despite the recognized importance of anti-MHC antibodies, the mechanisms responsible for the differentiation of B cells after exposure to allogeneic antigens are poorly understood. METHODS To evaluate the differentiation of B cells in response to allogeneic antigen, we used a model of H-2 b C57Bl/6 sensitization with H-2 d antigen. We used a class I MHC tetramer-based approach to identify allogeneic B cells and flow cytometric crossmatch to identify allogeneic IgM and IgG. RESULTS We found that although the formation of anti-H-2 d IgG was robust, few class-switched B cells and germinal center B cells were formed. Antigen-specific B cells did not express classical memory B-cell markers after sensitization but had an IgM + CD21 + marginal zone B-cell phenotype. The frequency of marginal zone B cells increased after sensitization. Depletion of marginal zone B cells before sensitization or skin grafting resulted in a significant diminution of anti-H-2 d IgG and fewer germinal center B cells. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that marginal zone B cells more efficiently differentiated into germinal center B cells and anti-donor IgG-producing cells than follicular B cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate an important role for marginal zone B cells as a reservoir of alloreactive B cells that are activated by allogeneic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Francis I. Ibukun
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Scott M. Krummey
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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4
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Lee S, Ko Y, Lee HW, Oh WJ, Hong HG, Ariyaratne D, Im SJ, Kim TJ. Two distinct subpopulations of marginal zone B cells exhibit differential antibody-producing capacities and radioresistance. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:393-408. [PMID: 38424169 PMCID: PMC10978899 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells, which are splenic innate-like B cells that rapidly secrete antibodies (Abs) against blood-borne pathogens, are composed of heterogeneous subpopulations. Here, we showed that MZ B cells can be divided into two distinct subpopulations according to their CD80 expression levels. CD80high MZ B cells exhibited greater Ab-producing, proliferative, and IL-10-secreting capacities than did CD80low MZ B cells. Notably, CD80high MZ B cells survived 2-Gy whole-body irradiation, whereas CD80low MZ B cells were depleted by irradiation and then repleted with one month after irradiation. Depletion of CD80low MZ B cells led to accelerated development of type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis upon immunization with bovine CII. CD80high MZ B cells exhibited higher expression of genes involved in proliferation, plasma cell differentiation, and the antioxidant response. CD80high MZ B cells expressed more autoreactive B cell receptors (BCRs) that recognized double-stranded DNA or CII, expressed more immunoglobulin heavy chain sequences with shorter complementarity-determining region 3 sequences, and included more clonotypes with no N-nucleotides or with B-1a BCR sequences than CD80low MZ B cells. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that CD21+CD23+ transitional 2 MZ precursors preferentially generated CD80low MZ B cells and that a proportion of CD80low MZ B cells were converted into CD80high MZ B cells; in contrast, CD80high MZ B cells stably remained CD80high MZ B cells. In summary, MZ B cells can be divided into two subpopulations according to their CD80 expression levels, Ab-producing capacity, radioresistance, and autoreactivity, and these findings may suggest a hierarchical composition of MZ B cells with differential stability and BCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeunjung Ko
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Immunology and Microbiology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Oh
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Gi Hong
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinuka Ariyaratne
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Se Jin Im
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Pecha B, Martinez S, Milburn LJ, Rojas OL, Koch MA. Identification of Intestinal Lamina Propria Plasma Cells by Surface Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1022-1028. [PMID: 38294253 PMCID: PMC10932850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Plasma cells secrete an abundance of Abs and are a crucial component of our immune system. The intestinal lamina propria harbors the largest population of plasma cells, most of which produce IgA. These Abs can bind to beneficial gut bacteria to reinforce intestinal homeostasis and provide protection against enteric pathogens. Plasma cells downregulate many cell-surface proteins commonly used to identify B cells. In mice, expression of the surface marker CD138 has been widely used to identify plasma cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen. Intestinal plasma cells require liberation via extensive tissue processing involving treatment with collagenase. We report that detection of CD138 surface expression is reduced following collagenase treatment. Using a mouse in which yellow fluorescent protein expression is controlled by the plasma cell requisite transcription factor Blimp-1, we show that surface detection of transmembrane activator and CAML interactor captures a significant proportion of Ab-secreting plasma cells in the intestinal lamina propria and gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes. Additionally, we describe a flow cytometry panel based on the detection of surface markers to identify murine B cell subsets in the intestinal lamina propria and, as a proof of concept, combine it with a cutting-edge fate-tracking system to characterize the fate of germinal center B cells activated in early life. By identifying plasma cells and other key intestinal B subsets in a manner compatible with several downstream applications, including sorting and culturing and in vitro manipulations, this efficient and powerful approach can enhance studies of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Pecha
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Luke J Milburn
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan A Koch
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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6
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Syeda MZ, Hong T, Huang C, Huang W, Mu Q. B cell memory: from generation to reactivation: a multipronged defense wall against pathogens. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:117. [PMID: 38453885 PMCID: PMC10920759 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of B cell memory is a conundrum that scientists are still exploring. Studies have been conducted in vitro and using advanced animal models to elucidate the mechanism underlying the generation of memory B cells (MBCs), the precise roles of MBCs against pathogens, and their protective functions against repeated infections throughout life. Lifelong immunity against invading diseases is mainly the result of overcoming a single infection. This protection is largely mediated by the two main components of B cell memory-MBCs and long-lived plasma cells (PCs). The chemical and cellular mechanisms that encourage fat selection for MBCs or long-lived PCs are an area of active research. Despite the fact that nearly all available vaccinations rely on the capacity to elicit B-cell memory, we have yet to develop successful vaccines that can induce broad-scale protective MBCs against some of the deadliest diseases, including malaria and AIDS. A deeper understanding of the specific cellular and molecular pathways that govern the generation, function, and reactivation of MBCs is critical for overcoming the challenges associated with vaccine development. Here, we reviewed literature on the development of MBCs and their reactivation, interaction with other cell types, strategies against invading pathogens, and function throughout life and discussed the recent advances regarding the key signals and transcription factors which regulate B cell memory and their relevance to the quest for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Zahra Syeda
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong Medical University, Maoming, 525200, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tu Hong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunming Huang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong Medical University, Maoming, 525200, China.
| | - Wenhua Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Qingchun Mu
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong Medical University, Maoming, 525200, China.
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7
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Babushku T, Lechner M, Ehrenberg S, Rambold U, Schmidt-Supprian M, Yates AJ, Rane S, Zimber-Strobl U, Strobl LJ. Notch2 controls developmental fate choices between germinal center and marginal zone B cells upon immunization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1960. [PMID: 38438375 PMCID: PMC10912316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustained Notch2 signals induce trans-differentiation of Follicular B (FoB) cells into Marginal Zone B (MZB) cells in mice, but the physiology underlying this differentiation pathway is still elusive. Here, we demonstrate that most B cells receive a basal Notch signal, which is intensified in pre-MZB and MZB cells. Ablation or constitutive activation of Notch2 upon T-cell-dependent immunization reveals an interplay between antigen-induced activation and Notch2 signaling, in which FoB cells that turn off Notch2 signaling enter germinal centers (GC), while high Notch2 signaling leads to generation of MZB cells or to initiation of plasmablast differentiation. Notch2 signaling is dispensable for GC dynamics but appears to be re-induced in some centrocytes to govern expansion of IgG1+ GCB cells. Mathematical modelling suggests that antigen-activated FoB cells make a Notch2 dependent binary fate-decision to differentiate into either GCB or MZB cells. This bifurcation might serve as a mechanism to archive antigen-specific clones into functionally and spatially diverse B cell states to generate robust antibody and memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Babushku
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Lechner
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ehrenberg
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Rambold
- Institute of Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, D-81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sanket Rane
- Irving Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Lothar J Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Research Group B Cell Development and Activation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 21, D-81377, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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8
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Callahan D, Smita S, Joachim S, Hoehn K, Kleinstein S, Weisel F, Chikina M, Shlomchik M. Memory B cell subsets have divergent developmental origins that are coupled to distinct imprinted epigenetic states. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:562-575. [PMID: 38200277 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are phenotypically and functionally diverse, but their developmental origins remain undefined. Murine MBCs can be divided into subsets by expression of CD80 and PD-L2. Upon re-immunization, CD80/PD-L2 double-negative (DN) MBCs spawn germinal center B cells (GCBCs), whereas CD80/PD-L2 double-positive (DP) MBCs generate plasmablasts but not GCBCs. Using multiple approaches, including generation of an inducible GCBC-lineage reporter mouse, we demonstrate in a T cell-dependent response that DN cells formed independently of the germinal center (GC), whereas DP cells exhibited either extrafollicular (DPEX) or GCBC (DPGC) origins. Chromatin and transcriptional profiling revealed similarity of DN cells with an early memory precursor. Reciprocally, GCBC-derived DP cells shared distinct genomic features with GCBCs, while DPEX cells had hybrid features. Upon restimulation, DPEX cells were more prone to divide, while DPGC cells differentiated toward IgG1+ plasmablasts. Thus, MBC functional diversity is generated through distinct developmental histories, which imprint characteristic epigenetic patterns onto their progeny, thereby programming them for divergent functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Callahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Joachim
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Steven Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Florian Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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9
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Yanagi M, Ikegami I, Kamekura R, Sato T, Sato T, Kamiya S, Murayama K, Jitsukawa S, Ito F, Yorozu A, Kihara M, Abe T, Takaki H, Kawata K, Shigehara K, Miyajima S, Nishikiori H, Sato A, Tohse N, Takano KI, Chiba H, Ichimiya S. Bob1 maintains T follicular helper cells for long-term humoral immunity. Commun Biol 2024; 7:185. [PMID: 38360857 PMCID: PMC10869348 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity is vital for host protection, yet aberrant antibody responses can trigger harmful inflammation and immune-related disorders. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, central to humoral immunity, have garnered significant attention for unraveling immune mechanisms. This study shows the role of B-cell Oct-binding protein 1 (Bob1), a transcriptional coactivator, in Tfh cell regulation. Our investigation, utilizing conditional Bob1-deficient mice, suggests that Bob1 plays a critical role in modulating inducible T-cell costimulator expression and cellular respiration in Tfh cells. This regulation maintains the long-term functionality of Tfh cells, enabling their reactivation from central memory T cells to produce antibodies during recall responses. In a bronchial asthma model induced by house dust mite (HDM) inhalation, Bob1 is observed to enhance HDM-specific antibodies, including IgE, highlighting its pivotal function in Tfh cell regulation. Further exploration of Bob1-dependent mechanisms in Tfh cells holds promise for governing protective immunity and addressing immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yanagi
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ippei Ikegami
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kamekura
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Taiki Sato
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Shiori Kamiya
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murayama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Sumito Jitsukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Fumie Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Yorozu
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Miho Kihara
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takaki
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Koji Kawata
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Katsunori Shigehara
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Satsuki Miyajima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nishikiori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akinori Sato
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Healthcare and Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa, 061-1449, Japan
| | - Noritsugu Tohse
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Chiba
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Shingo Ichimiya
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections, particularly from variant viruses. Hence, insights into the development of high-quality memory B cells that can generate broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind such variants are key for successful vaccine development. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which memory B cells are generated and how these processes shape the antibody diversity and breadth of memory B cells. Then, we discuss the mechanisms of memory B cell reactivation in the context of established immune memory; the contribution of antibody feedback to this process has now begun to be reappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.
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11
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Budeus B, Kibler A, Küppers R. Human IgM-expressing memory B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308378. [PMID: 38143767 PMCID: PMC10748387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of T cell dependent (TD) humoral immune responses is the generation of long-lived memory B cells. The generation of these cells occurs primarily in the germinal center (GC) reaction, where antigen-activated B cells undergo affinity maturation as a major consequence of the combined processes of proliferation, somatic hypermutation of their immunoglobulin V (IgV) region genes, and selection for improved affinity of their B-cell antigen receptors. As many B cells also undergo class-switching to IgG or IgA in these TD responses, there was traditionally a focus on class-switched memory B cells in both murine and human studies on memory B cells. However, it has become clear that there is also a large subset of IgM-expressing memory B cells, which have important phenotypic and functional similarities but also differences to class-switched memory B cells. There is an ongoing discussion about the origin of distinct subsets of human IgM+ B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes. We argue here that the vast majority of human IgM-expressing B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes in adults is indeed derived from GC reactions, even though a generation of some mostly lowly mutated IgM+ B cells from other differentiation pathways, mainly in early life, may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
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12
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Satitsuksanoa P, Iwasaki S, Boersma J, Imam MB, Schneider SR, Chang I, van de Veen W, Akdis M. B cells: The many facets of B cells in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:567-581. [PMID: 37247640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a key role in our immune system through their ability to produce antibodies, suppress a proinflammatory state, and contribute to central immune tolerance. We aim to provide an in-depth knowledge of the molecular biology of B cells, including their origin, developmental process, types and subsets, and functions. In allergic diseases, B cells are well known to induce and maintain immune tolerance through the production of suppressor cytokines such as IL-10. Similarly, B cells protect against viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that caused the recent coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Considering the unique and multifaceted functions of B cells, we hereby provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of B-cell biology and its clinical applications in allergic diseases, organ transplantation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattraporn Satitsuksanoa
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - Sayuri Iwasaki
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Boersma
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manal Bel Imam
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R Schneider
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Iris Chang
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Sean N. Parker Centre for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland.
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13
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Zheng X, Dozmorov MG, Strohlein CE, Bastacky S, Sawalha AH. Ezh2 Knockout in B Cells Impairs Plasmablast Differentiation and Ameliorates Lupus-like Disease in MRL/lpr Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1395-1406. [PMID: 36897808 PMCID: PMC10492897 DOI: 10.1002/art.42492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES EZH2 regulates B cell development and differentiation. We previously demonstrated increased EZH2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from lupus patients. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of EZH2 expression in B cells in the pathogenesis of lupus. METHODS We generated an MRL/lpr mouse with floxed Ezh2, which was crossed with CD19-Cre mice to examine the effect of B cell EZH2 deficiency in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice. Differentiation of B cells was assessed using flow cytometry. Single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell B cell receptor sequencing were performed. In vitro B cell culture with an X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) inhibitor was performed. EZH2 and XBP1 messenger RNA levels in CD19+ B cells isolated from lupus patients and healthy controls were analyzed. RESULTS We show that Ezh2 deletion in B cells significantly decreased autoantibody production and improved glomerulonephritis. B cell development was altered in the bone marrow and spleen of EZH2-deficient mice. Differentiation of germinal center B cells and plasmablasts was impaired. Single-cell RNA sequencing showed that XBP1, a key transcription factor in B cell development, is down-regulated in the absence of EZH2. Inhibiting XBP1 in vitro impairs plasmablast development similar to EZH2 deficiency in mice. Single-cell B cell receptor RNA sequencing revealed defective immunoglobulin class-switch recombination in EZH2-deficient mice. In human lupus B cells, we observed a strong correlation between EZH2 and XBP1 messenger RNA expression levels. CONCLUSION EZH2 overexpression in B cells contributes to disease pathogenesis in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Colleen E Strohlein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheldon Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amr H Sawalha
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Lupus Center of Excellence, and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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14
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Grimsholm O. CD27 on human memory B cells-more than just a surface marker. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:164-172. [PMID: 36508329 PMCID: PMC10361737 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory protects the human body from re-infection with an earlier recognized pathogen. This memory comprises the durable serum antibody titres provided by long-lived plasma cells and the memory T and B cells with help from other cells. Memory B cells are the main precursor cells for new plasma cells during a secondary infection. Their formation starts very early in life, and they continue to form and undergo refinements throughout our lifetime. While the heterogeneity of the human memory B-cell pool is still poorly understood, specific cellular surface markers define most of the cell subpopulations. CD27 is one of the most commonly used markers to define human memory B cells. In addition, there are molecular markers, such as somatic mutations in the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains and isotype switching to, for example, IgG. Although not every memory B cell undergoes somatic hypermutation or isotype switching, most of them express these molecular traits in adulthood. In this review, I will focus on the most recent knowledge regarding CD27+ human memory B cells in health and disease, and describe how Ig sequencing can be used as a tool to decipher the evolutionary pathways of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Grimsholm
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Martínez-Riaño A, Delgado P, Tercero R, Barrero S, Mendoza P, Oeste CL, Abia D, Rodríguez-Bovolenta E, Turner M, Alarcón B. Recreation of an antigen-driven germinal center in vitro by providing B cells with phagocytic antigen. Commun Biol 2023; 6:437. [PMID: 37081131 PMCID: PMC10119099 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccines rely on activating a functional humoral immune response through the generation of class-switched high affinity immunoglobulins (Igs). The germinal center (GC) reaction is crucial for this process, in which B cells are selected in their search for antigen and T cell help. A major hurdle to understand the mechanisms of B cell:T cell cooperation has been the lack of an antigen-specific in vitro GC system. Here we report the generation of antigen-specific, high-affinity, class-switched Igs in simple 2-cell type cultures of naive B and T cells. B cell antigen uptake by phagocytosis is key to generate these Igs. We have used the method to interrogate if T cells confer directional help to cognate B cells that present antigen and to bystander B cells. We find that bystander B cells do not generate class-switched antibodies due to a defective formation of T-B conjugates and an early conversion into memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martínez-Riaño
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rut Tercero
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Barrero
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara L Oeste
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Abia
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Martin Turner
- The Brabaham Institute, Babraham Hall House, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Kibler A, Seifert M, Budeus B. Age-related changes of the human splenic marginal zone B cell compartment. Immunol Lett 2023; 256-257:59-65. [PMID: 37044264 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will summarize the growing body of knowledge on the age-related changes of human splenic B cell composition and molecular evidence of immune maturation and discuss the contribution of these changes on splenic protective function. From birth on, the splenic marginal zone (sMZ) contains a specialized B cell subpopulation, which recruits and archives memory B cells from immune responses throughout the organism. The quality of sMZ B cell responses is augmented by germinal center (GC)-dependent maturation of memory B cells during childhood, however, in old age, these mechanisms likely contribute to waning of splenic protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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17
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Reusch L, Angeletti D. Memory B-cell diversity: From early generation to tissue residency and reactivation. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250085. [PMID: 36811174 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) have a crucial function in providing an enhanced response to repeated infections. Upon antigen encounter, MBC can either rapidly differentiate to antibody secreting cells or enter germinal centers (GC) to further diversify and affinity mature. Understanding how and when MBC are formed, where they reside and how they select their fate upon reactivation has profound implications for designing strategies to improve targeted, next-generation vaccines. Recent studies have crystallized much of our knowledge on MBC but also reported several surprising discoveries and gaps in our current understanding. Here, we review the latest advancements in the field and highlight current unknowns. In particular, we focus on timing and cues leading to MBC generation before and during the GC reaction, discuss how MBC become resident in mucosal tissues, and finally, provide an overview of factors shaping MBC fate-decision upon reactivation in mucosal and lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reusch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Angeletti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Henry B, Laidlaw BJ. Functional heterogeneity in the memory B-cell response. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 80:102281. [PMID: 36652774 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most vaccines induce robust antibody and memory B-cell (MBC) responses that are capable of mediating protective immunity. However, antibody titers wane following vaccination necessitating the administration of booster vaccines to maintain a protective antibody titer. MBCs are stably maintained following vaccination and can rapidly give rise to antibody-secreting cells or undergo further affinity maturation upon antigen re-encounter. Repeated antigen encounter results in the development of MBCs that encode antibodies capable of mediating broadly protective immunity against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. Here, we summarize emerging evidence that MBCs are a heterogeneous population composed of transcriptionally and phenotypically distinct subsets that have discrete roles in mediating protective immunity upon antigen re-encounter and examine the implications of these findings for the development of vaccines capable of eliciting broadly protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Henry
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian J Laidlaw
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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19
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Daum P, Ottmann SR, Meinzinger J, Schulz SR, Côrte-Real J, Hauke M, Roth E, Schuh W, Mielenz D, Jäck HM, Pracht K. The microRNA processing subunit DGCR8 is required for a T cell-dependent germinal center response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:991347. [PMID: 36591274 PMCID: PMC9800915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the microRNA (miRNA) processor complex consisting of the RNAse Drosha and the DiGeorge Critical Region (DGCR) 8 protein is essential for B cell maturation. To determine whether miRNA processing is required to initiate T cell-mediated antibody responses, we deleted DGCR8 in maturing B2 cells by crossing a mouse with loxP-flanked DGCR8 alleles with a CD23-Cre mouse. As expected, non-immunized mice showed reduced numbers of mature B2 cells and IgG-secreting cells and diminished serum IgG titers. In accordance, germinal centers and antigen-specific IgG-secreting cells were absent in mice immunized with T-dependent antigens. Therefore, DGCR8 is required to mount an efficient T-dependent antibody response. However, DGCR8 deletion in B1 cells was incomplete, resulting in unaltered B1 cell numbers and normal IgM and IgA titers in DGCR8-knock-out mice. Therefore, this mouse model could be used to analyze B1 responses in the absence of functional B2 cells.
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20
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Homma T, Nagata N, Hashimoto M, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Seki NM, Shiwa-Sudo N, Ainai A, Dohi K, Nikaido E, Mukai A, Ukai Y, Nakagawa T, Shimo Y, Maeda H, Shirai S, Aoki M, Sonoyama T, Sato M, Fumoto M, Nagira M, Nakata F, Hashiguchi T, Suzuki T, Omoto S, Hasegawa H. Immune response and protective efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine S-268019-b in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20861. [PMID: 36460696 PMCID: PMC9718471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that efficiently target severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), are the best means for controlling viral spread. This study evaluated the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine S-268019-b, which comprises the recombinant full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S-910823 (antigen) and A-910823 (adjuvant). In addition to eliciting both Th1-type and Th2-type cellular immune responses, two doses of S-910823 plus A-910823 induced anti-spike protein IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. In a SARS-CoV-2 challenge test, S-910823 plus A-910823 mitigated SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced weight loss and death and inhibited viral replication in mouse lungs. S-910823 plus A-910823 promoted cytokine and chemokine at the injection site and immune cell accumulation in the draining lymph nodes. This led to the formation of germinal centers and the induction of memory B cells, antibody-secreting cells, and memory T cells. These findings provide fundamental property of S-268019-b, especially importance of A-910823 to elicit humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Homma
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwata-Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Naomi M Seki
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Nozomi Shiwa-Sudo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Keiji Dohi
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Eiji Nikaido
- Laboratory for Bio-Modality Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Akiko Mukai
- UMN Pharma Inc., 7F, Tekko Building, 1-8-2, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0005, Japan
| | - Yuuta Ukai
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimo
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroki Maeda
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Seiki Shirai
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Miwa Aoki
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Sonoyama
- Medical Science Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 8F, Nissei East Building, 3-3-16, Imabashi, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-0032, Japan
| | - Mamoru Sato
- UMN Pharma Inc., 7F, Tekko Building, 1-8-2, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0005, Japan
| | - Masataka Fumoto
- Laboratory for Bio-Modality Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Morio Nagira
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Fumihisa Nakata
- UMN Pharma Inc., 7F, Tekko Building, 1-8-2, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0005, Japan
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shinya Omoto
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan.
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
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21
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Shenoy AT, De Ana CL, Barker KA, Arafa EI, Martin IM, Mizgerd JP, Belkina AC. CPHEN-011: Comprehensive phenotyping of murine lung resident lymphocytes after recovery from pneumococcal pneumonia. Cytometry A 2022; 101:892-902. [PMID: 34854229 PMCID: PMC9160214 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recovery from pneumococcal (Spn) pneumonia induces development of tissue resident memory CD4+ TRM cells, BRM cells, and antibody secreting plasma cells in experienced lungs. These tissue resident lymphocytes confer protection against subsequent lethal challenge by serotype mismatched Spn (termed as heterotypic immunity). While traditional flow cytometry and gating strategies support premeditated identification of cells using a limited set of markers, discovery of novel tissue resident lymphocytes necessitates stable platforms that can handle larger sets of phenotypic markers and lends itself to unbiased clustering approaches. In this report, we leverage the power of full spectrum flow cytometry (FSFC) to develop a comprehensive panel of phenotypic markers that allows identification of multiple subsets of tissue resident lymphocytes in Spn-experienced murine lungs. Using Phenograph algorithm on this multidimensional data, we identify unforeseen heterogeneity in lung resident adaptive immune landscape which includes unexpected subsets of TRM and BRM cells. Further, using conventional gating strategy informed by our unsupervised clustering data, we confirm their presence exquisitely in Spn-experienced lungs as potentially relevant to heterotypic immunity and define CD73 as a highly expressed marker on TRM cells. Thus, our study emphasizes the utility of FSFC for confirmatory and discovery studies relating to tissue resident adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukul T. Shenoy
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Carolina Lyon De Ana
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Barker
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Emad I. Arafa
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ian M.C. Martin
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joseph P. Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anna C. Belkina
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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22
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Brown SL, Bauer JJ, Lee J, Ntirandekura E, Stumhofer JS. IgM + and IgM - memory B cells represent heterogeneous populations capable of producing class-switched antibodies and germinal center B cells upon rechallenge with P. yoelii. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1115-1135. [PMID: 35657097 PMCID: PMC9613510 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0921-523r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are essential for maintaining long-term humoral immunity to infectious organisms, including Plasmodium. MBCs are a heterogeneous population whose function can be dictated by isotype or expression of particular surface proteins. Here, aided by antigen-specific B-cell tetramers, MBC populations were evaluated to discern their phenotype and function in response to infection with a nonlethal strain of P. yoelii. Infection of mice with P. yoelii 17X resulted in 2 predominant MBC populations: somatically hypermutated isotype-switched (IgM- ) and IgM+ MBCs that coexpressed CD73 and CD80 that produced antigen-specific antibodies in response to secondary infection. Rechallenge experiments indicated that IgG-producing cells dominated the recall response over the induction of IgM-secreting cells, with both populations expanding with similar timing during the secondary response. Furthermore, using ZsGreen1 expression as a surrogate for activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression alongside CD73 and CD80 coexpression, ZsGreen1+ CD73+ CD80+ IgM+ , and IgM- MBCs gave rise to plasmablasts that secreted Ag-specific Abs after adoptive transfer and infection with P. yoelii. Moreover, ZsGreen1+ CD73+ CD80+ IgM+ and IgM- MBCs could differentiate into B cells with a germinal center phenotype after adoptive transfer. A third population of B cells (ZsGreen1- CD73- CD80- IgM- ) that is apparent after infection responded poorly to reactivation in vitro and in vivo, indicating that these cells do not represent a canonical population of MBCs. Together these data indicated that MBC function is not defined by immunoglobulin isotype, nor does coexpression of key surface markers limit the potential fate of MBCs after recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie L Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jonathan J Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Juhyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Enatha Ntirandekura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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23
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Wei SY, Wu TT, Huang JQ, Kang ZP, Wang MX, Zhong YB, Ge W, Zhou BG, Zhao HM, Wang HY, Liu DY. Curcumin alleviates experimental colitis via a potential mechanism involving memory B cells and Bcl-6-Syk-BLNK signaling. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:5865-5880. [PMID: 36353208 PMCID: PMC9639655 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i40.5865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysfunction is the crucial cause in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is mainly related to lymphocytes (T or B cells, incl-uding memory B cells), mast cells, activated neutrophils, and macrophages. As the precursor of B cells, the activation of memory B cells can trigger and differentiate B cells to produce a giant variety of inducible B cells and tolerant B cells, whose dysfunction can easily lead to autoimmune diseases, including IBD.
AIM To investigate whether or not curcumin (Cur) can alleviate experimental colitis by regulating memory B cells and Bcl-6-Syk-BLNK signaling.
METHODS Colitis was induced in mice with a dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) solution in drinking water. Colitis mice were given Cur (100 mg/kg/d) orally for 14 con-secutive days. The colonic weight, colonic length, intestinal weight index, occult blood scores, and histological scores of mice were examined to evaluate the curative effect. The levels of memory B cells in peripheral blood of mice were measured by flow cytometry, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-7A, and TNF-α expression in colonic tissue homogenates were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot was used to measure the expression of Bcl-6, BLNK, Syk, and other signaling pathway related proteins.
RESULTS After Cur treatment for 14 d, the body weight, colonic weight, colonic length, colonic weight index, and colonic pathological injury of mice with colitis were ameliorated. The secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-7A was statistically decreased, while the IL-35 and IL-10 levels were considerably increased. Activation of memory B cell subsets in colitis mice was confirmed by a remarkable reduction in the expression of IgM, IgG, IgA, FCRL5, CD103, FasL, PD-1, CD38, and CXCR3 on the surface of CD19+ CD27+ B cells, while the number of CD19+ CD27+ IL-10+ and CD19+ CD27+ Tim-3+ B cells increased significantly. In addition, Cur significantly inhibited the protein levels of Syk, p-Syk, Bcl-6, and CIN85, and increased BLNK and p-BLNK expression in colitis mice.
CONCLUSION Cur could effectively alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice by regulating memory B cells and the Bcl-6-Syk-BLNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yi Wei
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wu
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jia-Qi Huang
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zeng-Ping Kang
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Meng-Xue Wang
- Department of Postgraduate, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - You-Bao Zhong
- Laboratory Animal Research Center for Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Bu-Gao Zhou
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Mei Zhao
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Duan-Yong Liu
- Formula-Pattern Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
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24
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Abstract
Barrier tissues are the primary site of infection for pathogens likely to cause future pandemics. Tissue-resident lymphocytes can rapidly detect pathogens upon infection of barrier tissues and are critical in preventing viral spread. However, most vaccines fail to induce tissue-resident lymphocytes and are instead reliant on circulating antibodies to mediate protective immunity. Circulating antibody titers wane over time following vaccination leaving individuals susceptible to breakthrough infections by variant viral strains that evade antibody neutralization. Memory B cells were recently found to establish tissue residence following infection of barrier tissues. Here, we summarize emerging evidence for the importance of tissue-resident memory B cells in the establishment of protective immunity against viral and bacterial challenge. We also discuss the role of tissue-resident memory B cells in regulating the progression of non-infectious diseases. Finally, we examine new approaches to develop vaccines capable of eliciting barrier immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Brian J Laidlaw
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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25
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Abstract
Epithelial barriers, which include the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary mucosa, compose the body’s front line of defense. Since barrier tissues are persistently exposed to microbial challenges, a rapid response that can deal with diverse invading pathogens is crucial. Because B cells have been perceived as indirectly contributing to immune responses through antibody production, B cells functioning in the peripheral organs have been outside the scope of researchers. However, recent evidence supports the existence of tissue-resident memory B cells (BRMs) in the lungs. This population’s defensive response was stronger and faster than that of their circulating counterparts and could resist heterogeneous strains. With such traits, BRMs could be a promising target for vaccine design, but much about them remains to be revealed, including their locations, origin, specific markers, and the mechanisms of their establishment and maintenance. There is evidence for resident B cells in organs other than the lungs, suggesting that B cells are directly involved in the immune reactions of multiple non-lymphoid organs. This review summarizes the history of the discovery of BRMs and discusses important unresolved questions. Unique characteristics of humoral immunity that play an important role in the peripheral organs will be described briefly. Future research on B cells residing in non-lymphoid organs will provide new insights to help solve major problems regarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong Man Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- BioMedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ji Eun Oh,
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26
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Gregoire C, Spinelli L, Villazala-Merino S, Gil L, Holgado MP, Moussa M, Dong C, Zarubica A, Fallet M, Navarro JM, Malissen B, Milpied P, Gaya M. Viral infection engenders bona fide and bystander subsets of lung-resident memory B cells through a permissive mechanism. Immunity 2022; 55:1216-1233.e9. [PMID: 35768001 PMCID: PMC9396418 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung-resident memory B cells (MBCs) provide localized protection against reinfection in respiratory airways. Currently, the biology of these cells remains largely unexplored. Here, we combined influenza and SARS-CoV-2 infection with fluorescent-reporter mice to identify MBCs regardless of antigen specificity. We found that two main transcriptionally distinct subsets of MBCs colonized the lung peribronchial niche after infection. These subsets arose from different progenitors and were both class switched, somatically mutated, and intrinsically biased in their differentiation fate toward plasma cells. Combined analysis of antigen specificity and B cell receptor repertoire segregated these subsets into “bona fide” virus-specific MBCs and “bystander” MBCs with no apparent specificity for eliciting viruses generated through an alternative permissive process. Thus, diverse transcriptional programs in MBCs are not linked to specific effector fates but rather to divergent strategies of the immune system to simultaneously provide rapid protection from reinfection while diversifying the initial B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Gregoire
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Spinelli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Sergio Villazala-Merino
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Laurine Gil
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - María Pía Holgado
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Myriam Moussa
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Chuang Dong
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Zarubica
- Centre d'Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Navarro
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France; Centre d'Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Milpied
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.
| | - Mauro Gaya
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.
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27
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Caiazzo E, Cerqua I, Turiello R, Riemma MA, De Palma G, Ialenti A, Roviezzo F, Morello S, Cicala C. Lack of Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase Protects Sensitized Mice against Allergen Challenge. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050697. [PMID: 35625624 PMCID: PMC9139122 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73), the ectoenzyme that together with CD39 is responsible for extracellular ATP hydrolysis and adenosine accumulation, regulates immune/inflammatory processes by controlling innate and acquired immunity cell functions. We previously demonstrated that CD73 is required for the assessment of a controlled allergic sensitization, in mice. Here, we evaluated the response to aerosolized allergen of female-sensitized mice lacking CD73 in comparison with their wild type counterpart. Results obtained show, in mice lacking CD73, the absence of airway hyperreactivity in response to an allergen challenge, paralleled by reduced airway CD23+B cells and IL4+T cells pulmonary accumulation together with reduced mast cells accumulation and degranulation. Our findings indicate CD73 as a potential therapeutic target for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.C.); (I.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.D.P.); (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Ida Cerqua
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.C.); (I.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.D.P.); (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Roberta Turiello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (R.T.); (S.M.)
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Riemma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.C.); (I.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.D.P.); (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Giacomo De Palma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.C.); (I.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.D.P.); (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Armando Ialenti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.C.); (I.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.D.P.); (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Fiorentina Roviezzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.C.); (I.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.D.P.); (A.I.); (F.R.)
| | - Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (R.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.C.); (I.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.D.P.); (A.I.); (F.R.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Lee MSJ, Inoue T, Ise W, Matsuo-Dapaah J, Wing JB, Temizoz B, Kobiyama K, Hayashi T, Patil A, Sakaguchi S, Simon AK, Bezbradica JS, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Inoue JI, Akira S, Kurosaki T, Ishii KJ, Coban C. B cell-intrinsic TBK1 is essential for germinal center formation during infection and vaccination in mice. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212912. [PMID: 34910106 PMCID: PMC8679780 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a site where somatic hypermutation and clonal selection are coupled for antibody affinity maturation against infections. However, how GCs are formed and regulated is incompletely understood. Here, we identified an unexpected role of Tank-binding kinase-1 (TBK1) as a crucial B cell–intrinsic factor for GC formation. Using immunization and malaria infection models, we show that TBK1-deficient B cells failed to form GC despite normal Tfh cell differentiation, although some malaria-infected B cell–specific TBK1-deficient mice could survive by GC-independent mechanisms. Mechanistically, TBK1 phosphorylation elevates in B cells during GC differentiation and regulates the balance of IRF4/BCL6 expression by limiting CD40 and BCR activation through noncanonical NF-κB and AKTT308 signaling. In the absence of TBK1, CD40 and BCR signaling synergistically enhanced IRF4 expression in Pre-GC, leading to BCL6 suppression, and therefore failed to form GCs. As a result, memory B cells generated from TBK1-deficient B cells fail to confer sterile immunity upon reinfection, suggesting that TBK1 determines B cell fate to promote long-lasting humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S J Lee
- Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ise
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Julia Matsuo-Dapaah
- Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James B Wing
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Immunology), Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Human Single Cell Immunology Team, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Burcu Temizoz
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hayashi
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Katharina Simon
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Research Platform Office, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Research Platform Office, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Inoue
- Research Platform Office, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Weisel NM, Joachim SM, Smita S, Callahan D, Elsner RA, Conter LJ, Chikina M, Farber DL, Weisel FJ, Shlomchik MJ. Surface phenotypes of naive and memory B cells in mouse and human tissues. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:135-145. [PMID: 34937918 PMCID: PMC8712407 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) protect the body from recurring infections. MBCs differ from their naive counterparts (NBCs) in many ways, but functional and surface marker differences are poorly characterized. In addition, although mice are the prevalent model for human immunology, information is limited concerning the nature of homology in B cell compartments. To address this, we undertook an unbiased, large-scale screening of both human and mouse MBCs for their differential expression of surface markers. By correlating the expression of such markers with extensive panels of known markers in high-dimensional flow cytometry, we comprehensively identified numerous surface proteins that are differentially expressed between MBCs and NBCs. The combination of these markers allows for the identification of MBCs in humans and mice and provides insight into their functional differences. These results will greatly enhance understanding of humoral immunity and can be used to improve immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors contributed equally
| | - Stephen M. Joachim
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors contributed equally
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Derrick Callahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Laura J. Conter
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Florian J. Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors jointly supervised this work
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,these authors jointly supervised this work,Correspondence to:
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30
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Abrignani S, Addo R, Akdis M, Andrä I, Andreata F, Annunziato F, Arranz E, Bacher P, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Baumjohann D, Beccaria CG, Bernardo D, Boardman DA, Borger J, Böttcher C, Brockmann L, Burns M, Busch DH, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cassotta A, Chang Y, Chirdo FG, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Cook L, Corbett AJ, Cornelis R, Cosmi L, Davey MS, De Biasi S, De Simone G, del Zotto G, Delacher M, Di Rosa F, Di Santo J, Diefenbach A, Dong J, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dutertre CA, Eckle SBG, Eede P, Evrard M, Falk CS, Feuerer M, Fillatreau S, Fiz-Lopez A, Follo M, Foulds GA, Fröbel J, Gagliani N, Galletti G, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Garrote JA, Geginat J, Gherardin NA, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Godfrey DI, Gruarin P, Haftmann C, Hansmann L, Harpur CM, Hayday AC, Heine G, Hernández DC, Herrmann M, Hoelsken O, Huang Q, Huber S, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hwang WYK, Iannacone M, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Keller B, Kessler N, Ketelaars S, Knop L, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Krueger A, Kuehne JF, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Latorre D, Lenz D, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Long HM, Lugli E, MacDonald KN, Maggi L, Maini MK, Mair F, Manta C, Manz RA, Mashreghi MF, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Monin L, Moretta L, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Muscate F, Natalini A, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Niemz J, Almeida LN, Notarbartolo S, Ostendorf L, Pallett LJ, Patel AA, Percin GI, Peruzzi G, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pujol-Autonell I, Pulvirenti N, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Rhys H, Rodrigo MB, Romagnani C, Saggau C, Sakaguchi S, Sallusto F, Sanderink L, Sandrock I, Schauer C, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schober K, Schoen J, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulz AR, Schulz S, Schulze J, Simonetti S, Singh J, Sitnik KM, Stark R, Starossom S, Stehle C, Szelinski F, Tan L, Tarnok A, Tornack J, Tree TIM, van Beek JJP, van de Veen W, van Gisbergen K, Vasco C, Verheyden NA, von Borstel A, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Waskow C, Wiedemann A, Wilharm A, Wing J, Wirz O, Wittner J, Yang JHM, Yang J. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition). Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2708-3145. [PMID: 34910301 PMCID: PMC11115438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Addo
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristian G. Beccaria
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Brockmann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Marie Burns
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cornelis
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michael Delacher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Aida Fiz-Lopez
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julia Fröbel
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - José Antonio Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hansmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Harpur
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Guido Heine
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Carolina Hernández
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hoelsken
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine M. Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny F. Kuehne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Lenz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine N. MacDonald
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Calin Manta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, Härtelstr.16, −18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leticia Monin
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Franziska Muscate
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jana Niemz
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Lennard Ostendorf
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amit A. Patel
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Gulce Itir Percin
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Pulvirenti
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundorra, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Maria B. Rodrigo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel R. Schulz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schulze
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Jeeshan Singh
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Regina Stark
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin – BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Sanquin Research – Adaptive Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Starossom
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Tornack
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy I. M. Tree
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jasper J. P. van Beek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Vasco
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Nikita A. Verheyden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten A. Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Wing
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Oliver Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jens Wittner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells prevent the deletion of antiviral B cells in chronic infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108157118. [PMID: 34772811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108157118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections subvert protective B cell immunity. An early type I interferon (IFN-I)-driven bias to short-lived plasmablast differentiation leads to clonal deletion, so-called "decimation," of antiviral memory B cells. Therefore, prophylactic countermeasures against decimation remain an unmet need. We show that vaccination-induced CD4 T cells prevented the decimation of naïve and memory B cells in chronically lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-infected mice. Although these B cell responses were largely T independent when IFN-I was blocked, preexisting T help assured their sustainability under conditions of IFN-I-driven inflammation by instructing a germinal center B cell transcriptional program. Prevention of decimation depended on T cell-intrinsic Bcl6 and Tfh progeny formation. Antigen presentation by B cells, interactions with antigen-specific T helper cells, and costimulation by CD40 and ICOS were also required. Importantly, B cell-mediated virus control averted Th1-driven immunopathology in LCMV-challenged animals with preexisting CD4 T cell immunity. Our findings show that vaccination-induced Tfh cells represent a cornerstone of effective B cell immunity to chronic virus challenge, pointing the way toward more effective B cell-based vaccination against persistent viral diseases.
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32
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Duan L, Liu D, Chen H, Mintz MA, Chou MY, Kotov DI, Xu Y, An J, Laidlaw BJ, Cyster JG. Follicular dendritic cells restrict interleukin-4 availability in germinal centers and foster memory B cell generation. Immunity 2021; 54:2256-2272.e6. [PMID: 34555336 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
B cells within germinal centers (GCs) enter cycles of antibody affinity maturation or exit the GC as memory cells or plasma cells. Here, we examined the contribution of interleukin (IL)-4 on B cell fate decisions in the GC. Single-cell RNA-sequencing identified a subset of light zone GC B cells expressing high IL-4 receptor-a (IL4Ra) and CD23 and lacking a Myc-associated signature. These cells could differentiate into pre-memory cells. B cell-specific deletion of IL4Ra or STAT6 favored the pre-memory cell trajectory, and provision of exogenous IL-4 in a wild-type context reduced pre-memory cell frequencies. IL-4 acted during antigen-specific interactions but also influenced bystander cells. Deletion of IL4Ra from follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) increased the availability of IL-4 in the GC, impaired the selection of affinity-matured B cells, and reduced memory cell generation. We propose that GC FDCs establish a niche that limits bystander IL-4 activity, focusing IL-4 action on B cells undergoing selection and enhancing memory cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hsin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michelle A Mintz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marissa Y Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jinping An
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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33
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Müller-Winkler J, Mitter R, Rappe JCF, Vanes L, Schweighoffer E, Mohammadi H, Wack A, Tybulewicz VLJ. Critical requirement for BCR, BAFF, and BAFFR in memory B cell survival. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211510. [PMID: 33119032 PMCID: PMC7604764 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are long-lived cells that form a critical part of immunological memory, providing rapid antibody responses to recurring infections. However, very little is known about signals controlling MBC survival. Previous work has shown that antigen is not required for MBC survival, but a requirement for the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) has not been tested. Other studies have shown that, unlike naive B cells, MBCs do not express BAFFR and their survival is independent of BAFF, the ligand for BAFFR. Here, using inducible genetic ablation, we show that survival of MBCs is critically dependent on the BCR and on signaling through the associated CD79A protein. Unexpectedly, we found that MBCs express BAFFR and that their survival requires BAFF and BAFFR; hence, loss of BAFF or BAFFR impairs recall responses. Finally, we show that MBC survival requires IKK2, a kinase that transduces BAFFR signals. Thus, MBC survival is critically dependent on signaling from BCR and BAFFR.
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34
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Lau AWY, Turner VM, Bourne K, Hermes JR, Chan TD, Brink R. BAFFR controls early memory B cell responses but is dispensable for germinal center function. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211511. [PMID: 33119033 PMCID: PMC7604765 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNF superfamily ligand BAFF maintains the survival of naive B cells by signaling through its surface receptor, BAFFR. Activated B cells maintain expression of BAFFR after they differentiate into germinal center (GC) or memory B cells (MBCs). However, the functions of BAFFR in these antigen-experienced B cell populations remain unclear. Here, we show that B cell-intrinsic BAFFR does not play a significant role in the survival or function of GC B cells or in the generation of the somatically mutated MBCs derived from them. Instead, BAFF/BAFFR signaling was required to generate the unmutated, GC-independent MBCs that differentiate directly from activated B cell blasts early in the response. Furthermore, amplification of BAFFR signaling in responding B cells did not affect GCs or the generation of GC-derived MBCs but greatly expanded the GC-independent MBC response. Although BAFF/BAFFR signaling specifically controlled the formation of the GC-independent MBC response, both types of MBCs required input from this pathway for optimal long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica W Y Lau
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vivian M Turner
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine Bourne
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jana R Hermes
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tyani D Chan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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35
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Cancro MP, Tomayko MM. Memory B cells and plasma cells: The differentiative continuum of humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:72-82. [PMID: 34396546 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a composite of lasting antibody titers maintained by plasma cells in conjunction with memory T and B cells. Memory B cells are a critical reservoir for plasma cell generation in the secondary response. Identification of memory B cells requires that they be distinguished from naïve, activated, and germinal center precursors and from plasma cells. Memory B cells are heterogeneous in isotype usage, immunoglobulin mutational content, and phenotypic marker expression. Phenotypic subsets of memory B cells are defined by PD-L2, CD80, and CD73 expression in mice, by CD27 and FCRL4 expression in humans and by T-bet in both mice and humans. These subsets display marked functional heterogeneity, including the ability to rapidly differentiate into plasma cells versus seed germinal centers in the secondary response. Memory B cells are located in the spleen, blood, other lymphoid organs, and barrier tissues, and recent evidence indicates that some memory B cells may be dedicated tissue-resident populations. Open questions about memory B cell longevity, renewal and progenitor-successor relationships with plasma cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary M Tomayko
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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36
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Kitamura D. Mechanisms for the regulation of memory B-cell recall responses in mice. Int Immunol 2021; 33:791-796. [PMID: 34279036 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection by pathogens or vaccination, the adaptive immune system rapidly but transiently produces antibodies. Some weeks later, however, long-lasting immunity is established that protects the host against the same pathogens almost for life through continuous production of antibodies on one hand and the maintenance of cytotoxic T cells on the other, collectively called immunological memory. The antibody-mediated arm, also called serological memory, is mainly exerted by long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells (MBCs). MBCs express receptors for the specific pathogens and circulate to survey the body for almost a life-long period. Upon recognizing the pathogen, MBCs clonally expand and produce a large amount of the specific antibodies to stop the infection, the process called a (memory) recall response. Although such a function of MBCs has long been known, the mechanism of how their performance is regulated has been obscure. This is due to their paucity in the body, lack of definitive surface markers and obscure ontogeny. However, recent studies have revealed the multifold mechanisms by which the recall response of MBCs is regulated: Rapid and enhanced antibody production is due to a mechanism intrinsic to MBCs; namely, upregulated expression levels of surface molecules interacting with T cells and the property of IgG-class antigen receptors; to a property of the responsible subset of MBCs; and to co-stimulation through innate receptors and cytokines. It has also been unveiled that the recall response is negatively regulated by an inhibitory receptor on MBCs and by antigens with repetitive epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences,Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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37
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DiSano KD, Gilli F, Pachner AR. Memory B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Players in Disease Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676686. [PMID: 34168647 PMCID: PMC8217754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Once thought to be primarily driven by T cells, B cells are emerging as central players in MS immunopathogenesis. Interest in multiple B cell phenotypes in MS expanded following the efficacy of B cell-depleting agents targeting CD20 in relapsing-remitting MS and inflammatory primary progressive MS patients. Interestingly, these therapies primarily target non-antibody secreting cells. Emerging studies seek to explore B cell functions beyond antibody-mediated roles, including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and ectopic follicle-like aggregate formation. Importantly, memory B cells (Bmem) are rising as a key B cell phenotype to investigate in MS due to their antigen-experience, increased lifespan, and rapid response to stimulation. Bmem display diverse effector functions including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and serving as antigen-experienced precursors to antibody-secreting cells. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular processes involved in Bmem development, Bmem phenotypes, and effector functions. We then examine how these concepts may be applied to the potential role(s) of Bmem in MS pathogenesis. We investigate Bmem both within the periphery and inside the CNS compartment, focusing on Bmem phenotypes and proposed functions in MS and its animal models. Finally, we review how current immunomodulatory therapies, including B cell-directed therapies and other immunomodulatory therapies, modify Bmem and how this knowledge may be harnessed to direct therapeutic strategies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista D. DiSano
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine & Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
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38
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Nakagawa R, Calado DP. Positive Selection in the Light Zone of Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661678. [PMID: 33868314 PMCID: PMC8044421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are essential sites for the production of high-affinity antibody secreting plasma cells (PCs) and memory-B cells (MBCs), which form the framework of vaccination. Affinity maturation and permissive selection in GCs are key for the production of PCs and MBCs, respectively. For these purposes, GCs positively select “fit” cells in the light zone of the GC and instructs them for one of three known B cell fates: PCs, MBCs and persistent GC-B cells as dark zone entrants. In this review, we provide an overview of the positive selection process and discuss its mechanisms and how B cell fates are instructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinako Nakagawa
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dinis Pedro Calado
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Fan L, Wu Q, Kang S, Yang B, Wu C. The phenotypic and functional study of tissue B cells in respiratory system provided important information for diseases and development of vaccines. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2621-2632. [PMID: 33481318 PMCID: PMC7933955 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of tissue-resident B cells has received increasing attention, yet the feature of tissue B cells in respiratory system is unclear. Here, we first show that non-circulating B cells obtained from nasal, trachea and lung tissues are numerically and phenotypically distinct from their circulating counterparts. Analysis of single cell transcriptome sequence identified multiple differentially expressed genes between non-circulating B cells and circulating B cells, which illustrated their heterogeneity. Furthermore, we found high expression of CXCR3 on non-circulating B cells, and the chemokine CXCL11 was also up-regulated in the respiratory tissues, suggesting that CXCR3-CXCL11 axis might accelerate the local resident of non-circulating B cells in respiratory tract. Interestingly, intranasal immunization with BCG in mice elicited a sustained humoral immune response via induction of IgA and IgG Abs, which revealed the role of B cells. Meanwhile, tissue-resident B cells, IgA+ and IgG+ memory B cells (MBCs) in respiratory tissues, as well as plasma cells in bone marrow, were expanded and maintained, and these subsets probably developed into antibody-producing cells to participate in the local humoral immunity. Our data illustrate the phenotype and function of tissue B cells in the upper and lower airways, provide references for the prospective development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical College, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Qiongli Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangpeng Kang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyan Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Clifford Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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40
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Halliday N, Williams C, Kennedy A, Waters E, Pesenacker AM, Soskic B, Hinze C, Hou TZ, Rowshanravan B, Janman D, Walker LSK, Sansom DM. CD86 Is a Selective CD28 Ligand Supporting FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cell Homeostasis in the Presence of High Levels of CTLA-4. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600000. [PMID: 33363541 PMCID: PMC7753196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD80 and CD86 are expressed on antigen presenting cells and are required to engage their shared receptor, CD28, for the costimulation of CD4 T cells. It is unclear why two stimulatory ligands with overlapping roles have evolved. CD80 and CD86 also bind the regulatory molecule CTLA-4. We explored the role of CD80 and CD86 in the homeostasis and proliferation of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg), which constitutively express high levels of CTLA-4 yet are critically dependent upon CD28 signals. We observed that CD86 was the dominant ligand for Treg proliferation, survival, and maintenance of a regulatory phenotype, with higher expression of CTLA-4, ICOS, and OX40. We also explored whether CD80-CD28 interactions were specifically compromised by CTLA-4 and found that antibody blockade, clinical deficiency of CTLA-4 and CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of CTLA-4 all improved Treg survival following CD80 stimulation. Taken together, our data suggest that CD86 is the dominant costimulatory ligand for Treg homeostasis, despite its lower affinity for CD28, because CD80-CD28 interactions are selectively impaired by the high levels of CTLA-4. These data suggest a cell intrinsic role for CTLA-4 in regulating CD28 costimulation by direct competition for CD80, and indicate that that CD80 and CD86 have discrete roles in CD28 costimulation of CD4 T cells in the presence of high levels of CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Halliday
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cayman Williams
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Waters
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne M Pesenacker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Blagoje Soskic
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Hinze
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tie Zheng Hou
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Behzad Rowshanravan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Janman
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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41
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Daly CA, Spurrier MA, Jennings-Gee JE, Haas KM. B Cell Subsets Differentially Contribute to the T Cell-Independent Memory Pool. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2362-2374. [PMID: 32978280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The roles distinct B cell subsets play in clonal expansion, isotype switching, and memory B cell differentiation in response to T cell-independent type 2 Ags (TI-2 Ags) has been understudied. Using sorted B cells from VHB1-8 knock-in mice, we evaluated B-1b, marginal zone, and follicular B cell responses to the TI-2 Ag, NP-Ficoll. All subsets extensively divided in response to NP-Ficoll. Nonetheless, B-1b cells exhibited significantly increased IgG switching and differentiation into Ab-secreting cells (ASC)-a finding that coincided with increased AgR signaling capacity and Blimp1 expression by B-1b cells. All subsets formed memory cells and expressed markers previously identified for T cell-dependent memory B cells, including CD80, PDL2, and CD73, although B-1b cells generated the greatest number of memory cells with higher frequencies of IgG- and CD80-expressing cells. Despite memory formation, secondary immunization 4 wk after primary immunization did not increase NP-specific IgG. However, boosting occurred in B-1b cell-recipient mice when IgG levels declined. CD80+ memory B-1b cells divided, class switched, and differentiated into ASC in response to Ag in vivo, but this was inhibited in the presence of NP-specific IgG. Furthermore, CD80 blockade significantly increased memory B-1b cell division and differentiation to ASC upon Ag restimulation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate B-1b, marginal zone B, and follicular B subsets significantly contribute to the TI-2 Ag-specific memory B cell pool. In particular, we show B-1b cells generate a functional CD80-regulated memory population that can be stimulated to divide and differentiate into ASC upon Ag re-encounter when Ag-specific IgG levels decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - M Ariel Spurrier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jamie E Jennings-Gee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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42
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Memory CD73+IgM+ B cells protect against Plasmodium yoelii infection and express Granzyme B. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238493. [PMID: 32886698 PMCID: PMC7473529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand anti-malaria protective immune responses, we examined the cellular mechanisms that govern protective immunity in a murine Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL (PyNL) re-infection model. Initially, we confirmed that immune B cells generated during a primary PyNL infection were largely responsible for protection from a second PyNL infection. Using the previously identified memory B cell markers CD80, PD-L2, and CD73, we found an increase in the frequency of CD80-PD-L2-CD73+ B cells up to 55 days after a primary PyNL infection and at 4-6 days following a second PyNL infection. Moreover, injection of enriched immune CD19+CD73+ B cells into nonimmune mice were significantly more protective against a PyNL infection than CD73- B cells. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of these CD73+ B cells also expressed IgM and granzyme B, a biomolecule that has been increasingly associated with protective responses against malaria.
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43
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Toboso-Navasa A, Gunawan A, Morlino G, Nakagawa R, Taddei A, Damry D, Patel Y, Chakravarty P, Janz M, Kassiotis G, Brink R, Eilers M, Calado DP. Restriction of memory B cell differentiation at the germinal center B cell positive selection stage. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20191933. [PMID: 32407433 PMCID: PMC7336312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are key for protection from reinfection. However, it is mechanistically unclear how germinal center (GC) B cells differentiate into MBCs. MYC is transiently induced in cells fated for GC expansion and plasma cell (PC) formation, so-called positively selected GC B cells. We found that these cells coexpressed MYC and MIZ1 (MYC-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 [ZBTB17]). MYC and MIZ1 are transcriptional activators; however, they form a transcriptional repressor complex that represses MIZ1 target genes. Mice lacking MYC-MIZ1 complexes displayed impaired cell cycle entry of positively selected GC B cells and reduced GC B cell expansion and PC formation. Notably, absence of MYC-MIZ1 complexes in positively selected GC B cells led to a gene expression profile alike that of MBCs and increased MBC differentiation. Thus, at the GC positive selection stage, MYC-MIZ1 complexes are required for effective GC expansion and PC formation and to restrict MBC differentiation. We propose that MYC and MIZ1 form a module that regulates GC B cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arief Gunawan
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Giulia Morlino
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Andrea Taddei
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Djamil Damry
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yash Patel
- Retroviral Immunology, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Martin Janz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Eilers
- Theodor Boveri Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dinis Pedro Calado
- Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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44
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Venturutti L, Teater M, Zhai A, Chadburn A, Babiker L, Kim D, Béguelin W, Lee TC, Kim Y, Chin CR, Yewdell WT, Raught B, Phillip JM, Jiang Y, Staudt LM, Green MR, Chaudhuri J, Elemento O, Farinha P, Weng AP, Nissen MD, Steidl C, Morin RD, Scott DW, Privé GG, Melnick AM. TBL1XR1 Mutations Drive Extranodal Lymphoma by Inducing a Pro-tumorigenic Memory Fate. Cell 2020; 182:297-316.e27. [PMID: 32619424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The most aggressive B cell lymphomas frequently manifest extranodal distribution and carry somatic mutations in the poorly characterized gene TBL1XR1. Here, we show that TBL1XR1 mutations skew the humoral immune response toward generating abnormal immature memory B cells (MB), while impairing plasma cell differentiation. At the molecular level, TBL1XR1 mutants co-opt SMRT/HDAC3 repressor complexes toward binding the MB cell transcription factor (TF) BACH2 at the expense of the germinal center (GC) TF BCL6, leading to pre-memory transcriptional reprogramming and cell-fate bias. Upon antigen recall, TBL1XR1 mutant MB cells fail to differentiate into plasma cells and instead preferentially reenter new GC reactions, providing evidence for a cyclic reentry lymphomagenesis mechanism. Ultimately, TBL1XR1 alterations lead to a striking extranodal immunoblastic lymphoma phenotype that mimics the human disease. Both human and murine lymphomas feature expanded MB-like cell populations, consistent with a MB-cell origin and delineating an unforeseen pathway for malignant transformation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Venturutti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Matt Teater
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andrew Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leena Babiker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Daleum Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Wendy Béguelin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Tak C Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher R Chin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William T Yewdell
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jude M Phillip
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yanwen Jiang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Center for Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Pedro Farinha
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Andrew P Weng
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Michael D Nissen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Gilbert G Privé
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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45
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Dhenni R, Phan TG. The geography of memory B cell reactivation in vaccine-induced immunity and in autoimmune disease relapses. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:62-86. [PMID: 32472583 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (Bmem) provide an active second layer of defense against re-infection by pathogens that have bypassed the passive first layer provided by neutralizing antibodies. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of Bmem heterogeneity in terms of their origin (germinal center-dependent vs center-independent), phenotype (canonical vs atypical vs age-associated B cells), trafficking (recirculating vs tissue-resident), and fate (plasma cell vs germinal center differentiation). The development of transgenic models and intravital imaging technologies has made it possible to track the cellular dynamics of Bmem reactivation by antigen, their interactions with follicular memory T cells, and differentiation into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci in the lymph nodes of immune animals. Such in situ studies have reinforced the importance of geography in shaping the outcome of the secondary antibody response. We also review the evidence for Bmem reactivation and differentiation into short-lived plasma cells in the pathogenesis of disease flares in relapsing-remitting autoimmune diseases. Elucidating the mechanisms that control the Bmem fate decision to differentiate into plasma cells or germinal center B cells will aid future efforts to more precisely engineer fit-for-purpose vaccines as well as to treat antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dhenni
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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46
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Liu Q, Su H, Bian X, Wang S, Kong Q. Live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium with monophosphoryl lipid A retains ability to induce T-cell and humoral immune responses against heterologous polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri 2a. Int J Med Microbiol 2020; 310:151427. [PMID: 32654768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri 2a (Sf2a) is one of the most frequently isolated Shigella strains that causes the endemic shigellosis in developing countries. In this study, we used recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) strains to deliver Sf2a O-antigen and characterized the immune responses induced by the vectored O-antigen. First, we identified genes sufficient for biosynthesis of Sf2a O-antigen. A plasmid containing the identified genes was then introduced into the RASV strains, which were manipulated to produce only the heterologous O-antigen and modified lipid A. After oral immunization of mice, we demonstrated that RASV strains could induce potent humoral immune responses as well as robust CD4+ T-cell responses against Sf2a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and protect mice against virulent Sf2a challenge. The induced serum antibodies mediated high levels of Shigella-specific serum bactericidal activity and C3 deposition. Moreover, the IgG+ B220low/int BM cell and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell responses could also be triggered effectively. The live attenuated Salmonella with the modified lipid A delivering Sf2a O-antigen polysaccharide showed the same ability to induce immune responses against Sf2a LPS as the strain with the original lipid A. These findings underscore the potential of RASV delivered Sf2a O-antigen for induction of robust CD4+ T-cell and IgG responses and warrant further studies toward the development of Shigella vaccine candidates with RASV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Huali Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA
| | - Qingke Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, FL, USA.
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47
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Béguelin W, Teater M, Meydan C, Hoehn KB, Phillip JM, Soshnev AA, Venturutti L, Rivas MA, Calvo-Fernández MT, Gutierrez J, Camarillo JM, Takata K, Tarte K, Kelleher NL, Steidl C, Mason CE, Elemento O, Allis CD, Kleinstein SH, Melnick AM. Mutant EZH2 Induces a Pre-malignant Lymphoma Niche by Reprogramming the Immune Response. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:655-673.e11. [PMID: 32396861 PMCID: PMC7298875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphomas (FLs) are slow-growing, indolent tumors containing extensive follicular dendritic cell (FDC) networks and recurrent EZH2 gain-of-function mutations. Paradoxically, FLs originate from highly proliferative germinal center (GC) B cells with proliferation strictly dependent on interactions with T follicular helper cells. Herein, we show that EZH2 mutations initiate FL by attenuating GC B cell requirement for T cell help and driving slow expansion of GC centrocytes that become enmeshed with and dependent on FDCs. By impairing T cell help, mutant EZH2 prevents induction of proliferative MYC programs. Thus, EZH2 mutation fosters malignant transformation by epigenetically reprograming B cells to form an aberrant immunological niche that reflects characteristic features of human FLs, explaining how indolent tumors arise from GC B cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cellular Reprogramming
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein/genetics
- Female
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/immunology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Béguelin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Matt Teater
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kenneth B Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jude M Phillip
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexey A Soshnev
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leandro Venturutti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Martín A Rivas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - María T Calvo-Fernández
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Johana Gutierrez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jeannie M Camarillo
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences and the National Resource for Translational and Developmental Proteomics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Katsuyoshi Takata
- Center for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR 1236, Université Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences and the National Resource for Translational and Developmental Proteomics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Christian Steidl
- Center for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - C David Allis
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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48
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Abstract
The age-associated B cell subset has been the focus of increasing interest over the last decade. These cells have a unique cell surface phenotype and transcriptional signature, and they rely on TLR7 or TLR9 signals in the context of Th1 cytokines for their formation and activation. Most are antigen-experienced memory B cells that arise during responses to microbial infections and are key to pathogen clearance and control. Their increasing prevalence with age contributes to several well-established features of immunosenescence, including reduced B cell genesis and damped immune responses. In addition, they are elevated in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, and in these settings they are enriched for characteristic autoantibody specificities. Together, these features identify age-associated B cells as a subset with pivotal roles in immunological health, disease, and aging. Accordingly, a detailed understanding of their origins, functions, and physiology should make them tractable translational targets in each of these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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49
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Sanchez-Taltavull D, Perkins TJ, Dommann N, Melin N, Keogh A, Candinas D, Stroka D, Beldi G. Bayesian correlation is a robust gene similarity measure for single-cell RNA-seq data. NAR Genom Bioinform 2020; 2:lqaa002. [PMID: 33575552 PMCID: PMC7671344 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing similarity is highly important for bioinformatics algorithms to determine correlations between biological information. A common problem is that similarity can appear by chance, particularly for low expressed entities. This is especially relevant in single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data because read counts are much lower compared to bulk RNA-seq. Recently, a Bayesian correlation scheme that assigns low similarity to genes that have low confidence expression estimates has been proposed to assess similarity for bulk RNA-seq. Our goal is to extend the properties of the Bayesian correlation in scRNA-seq data by considering three ways to compute similarity. First, we compute the similarity of pairs of genes over all cells. Second, we identify specific cell populations and compute the correlation in those populations. Third, we compute the similarity of pairs of genes over all clusters, by considering the total mRNA expression. We demonstrate that Bayesian correlations are more reproducible than Pearson correlations. Compared to Pearson correlations, Bayesian correlations have a smaller dependence on the number of input cells. We show that the Bayesian correlation algorithm assigns high similarity values to genes with a biological relevance in a specific population. We conclude that Bayesian correlation is a robust similarity measure in scRNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sanchez-Taltavull
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theodore J Perkins
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, ON K1H8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, ON K1H8L6, Canada
| | - Noelle Dommann
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Melin
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Keogh
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Candinas
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Guido Beldi
- Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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Shlomchik MJ, Luo W, Weisel F. Linking signaling and selection in the germinal center. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:49-63. [PMID: 30874353 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are sites of rapid B-cell proliferation in response to certain types of immunization. They arise in about 1 week and can persist for several months. In GCs, B cells differentiate in a unique way and begin to undergo somatic mutation of the Ig V regions at a high rate. GC B cells (GCBC) thus undergo clonal diversification that can affect the affinity of the newly mutant B-cell receptor (BCR) for its driving antigen. Through processes that are still poorly understood, GCBC with higher affinity are selectively expanded while those with mutations that inactivate the BCR are lost. In addition, at various times during the extended GC reaction, some GCBC undergo differentiation into either long-lived memory B cells (MBC) or plasma cells. The cellular and molecular signals that govern these fate decisions are not well-understood, but are an active area of research in multiple laboratories. In this review, we cover both the history of this field and focus on recent work that has helped to elucidate the signals and molecules, such as key transcription factors, that coordinate both positive selection as well as differentiation of GCBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Florian Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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