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Osuch S, Laskus T, Perlejewski K, Berak H, Bukowska-Ośko I, Pollak A, Zielenkiewicz M, Radkowski M, Caraballo Cortés K. CD8 + T-Cell Exhaustion Phenotype in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Is Associated With Epitope Sequence Variation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832206. [PMID: 35386708 PMCID: PMC8977521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims During chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, CD8+ T-cells become functionally exhausted, undergoing progressive phenotypic changes, i.e., overexpression of “inhibitory” molecules such as PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and/or Tim-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3). The extreme intrahost genetic diversity of HCV is a major mechanism of immune system evasion, facilitating epitope escape. The aim of the present study was to determine whether T-cell exhaustion phenotype in chronic HCV infection is related to the sequence repertoire of NS3 viral immunodominant epitopes. Methods The study population was ninety prospective patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection. Populations of peripheral blood CD8+ T-cells expressing PD-1/Tim-3 were assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry, including HCV-specific T-cells after magnetic-based enrichment using MHC-pentamer. Autologous epitope sequences were inferred from next-generation sequencing. The correction of sequencing errors and genetic variants reconstruction was performed using Quasirecomb. Results There was an interplay between the analyzed epitopes sequences and exhaustion phenotype of CD8+ T-cells. A predominance of NS31406 epitope sequence, representing neither prototype KLSGLGLNAV nor cross-reactive variants (KLSSLGLNAV, KLSGLGINAV or KLSALGLNAV), was associated with higher percentage of HCV-specific CD8+PD-1+Tim-3+ T-cells, P=0.0102. Variability (at least two variants) of NS31406 epitope sequence was associated with increased frequencies of global CD8+PD-1+Tim-3+ T-cells (P=0.0197) and lower frequencies of CD8+PD-1−Tim-3− T-cells (P=0.0079). In contrast, infection with NS31073 dominant variant epitope (other than prototype CVNGVCWTV) was associated with lower frequency of global CD8+PD-1+Tim-3+ T-cells (P=0.0054). Conclusions Our results indicate that PD-1/Tim-3 receptor expression is largely determined by viral epitope sequence and is evident for both HCV-specific and global CD8+ T-cells, pointing to the importance of evaluating autologous viral epitope sequences in the investigation of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Osuch
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Laskus
- Department of Adult Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Perlejewski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hanna Berak
- Outpatient Clinic, Warsaw Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Bukowska-Ośko
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pollak
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Caraballo Cortés
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Ciraolo E, Althoff S, Ruß J, Rosnev S, Butze M, Pühl M, Frentsch M, Bullinger L, Na IK. Simultaneous Genetic Ablation of PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 in CD8 T Cells Delays Tumor Growth and Improves Survival Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063207. [PMID: 35328630 PMCID: PMC8955581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) represented a step forward in improving the outcome of patients with various refractory solid tumors and several therapeutic regimens incorporating ICI have already been approved for a variety of tumor entities. However, besides remarkable long-term responses, checkpoint inhibition can trigger severe immune-related adverse events in some patients. In order to improve safety of ICI as well as T cell therapy, we tested the feasibility of combining T cell-based immunotherapy with genetic disruption of checkpoint molecule expression. Therefore, we generated H-Y and ovalbumin antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with abolished PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 expression through CRISPR/Cas9 technology. CD8+ T cells, subjected to PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3 genetic editing, showed a strong reduction in immune checkpoint molecule expression after in vitro activation, while no relevant reduction in responsiveness to in vitro stimulation was observed. At the same time, in B16-OVA tumor model, transferred genetically edited OT-1 CD8+ T cells promoted longer survival compared to control T cells and showed enhanced expansion without associated toxicity. Our study supports the notion that antigen-specific adoptive T cell therapy with concomitant genetic disruption of multiple checkpoint inhibitory receptors could represent an effective antitumor immunotherapy approach with improved tolerability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ciraolo
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.); (S.A.); (J.R.); (M.B.); (M.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Stefanie Althoff
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.); (S.A.); (J.R.); (M.B.); (M.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Josefine Ruß
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.); (S.A.); (J.R.); (M.B.); (M.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Stanislav Rosnev
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.R.); (M.F.)
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monique Butze
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.); (S.A.); (J.R.); (M.B.); (M.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Miriam Pühl
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.); (S.A.); (J.R.); (M.B.); (M.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Marco Frentsch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.R.); (M.F.)
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.); (S.A.); (J.R.); (M.B.); (M.P.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.R.); (M.F.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Il-Kang Na
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany; (E.C.); (S.A.); (J.R.); (M.B.); (M.P.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (S.R.); (M.F.)
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Chiu CY, Chang JJ, Dantanarayana AI, Soloman A, Evans VA, Pascoe R, Gubser C, Trautman L, Fromentin R, Chomont N, McMahon JH, Cameron PU, Rasmussen TA, Lewin SR. Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade Enhances IL-2 and CD107a Production from HIV-Specific T Cells Ex Vivo in People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:54-62. [PMID: 34853078 PMCID: PMC8702486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), immune dysfunction persists, including elevated expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins on total and HIV-specific T cells. Reversing immune exhaustion is one strategy to enhance the elimination of HIV-infected cells that persist in PWH on ART. We aimed to evaluate whether blocking CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), T cell Ig domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), T cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) alone or in combination would enhance HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function ex vivo. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed using human PBMCs from PWH on ART (n = 11) and expression of CD107a, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 was quantified with HIV peptides and Abs to IC. We found the following: 1) IC blockade enhanced the induction of CD107a and IL-2 but not IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to Gag and Nef peptides; 2) the induction of CD107a and IL-2 was greatest with multiple combinations of two Abs; and 3) Abs to LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT in combinations showed synergistic induction of IL-2 in HIV-specific CD8+ and CD107a and IL-2 production in HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that the combination of Abs to LAG-3, CTLA-4, or TIGIT can increase the frequency of cells expressing CD107a and IL-2 that associated with cytotoxicity and survival of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PWH on ART. These combinations should be further explored for an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Y. Chiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Judy J. Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ashanti I. Dantanarayana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ajantha Soloman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vanessa A. Evans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rachel Pascoe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Céline Gubser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lydie Trautman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada;,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - James H. McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia;,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000
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TGF-β Increases MFGE8 Production in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Promote B16F10 Melanoma Metastasis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080896. [PMID: 34440100 PMCID: PMC8389657 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are directly involved in all stages leading to metastasis. Many mechanisms for this effect have been proposed, but mechanisms of coregulation between tumor cells and MDSCs remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that MDSCs are a source of milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor (EGF) factor 8 (MFGE8), which is known to be involved in tumor metastasis. Interestingly, TGF-β, an abundant cytokine in the tumor microenvironment (TME), increased MFGE8 production by MDSCs. In addition, co-culturing MDSCs with B16F10 melanoma cells increased B16F10 cell migration, while MFGE8 neutralization decreased their migration. Taken together, these findings suggest that MFGE8 is an important effector molecule through which MDSCs promote tumor metastasis, and the TME positively regulates MFGE8 production by MDSCs through TGF-β.
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Pan SW, Shu CC, Lee CC, Feng JY, Chan YJ, Chen YM, Su WJ. Role of Soluble T-Cell Immunoglobulin Mucin Domain-3 in Differentiating Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease from Pulmonary Colonization. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 58:S0300-2896(21)00063-6. [PMID: 33745754 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiating between nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD) and pulmonary NTM colonization (NTM-Col) is difficult. Compared with healthy controls, patients with NTM-LD generally present immune tolerance along with increased expressions of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) on T lymphocytes. However, the role of soluble TIM-3 (sTIM-3) and soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) in differentiating NTM-LD from NTM colonization (NTM-Col) remains unclear. METHODS Patients with NTM-positive respiratory samples and controls were enrolled from 2016 to 2019. Patients were classified into NTM-Col and NTM-LD groups. Levels of sTIM-3, sPD-1, soluble PD-ligand-1 (sPD-L1), and TIM-3 expression were measured. Factors associated with NTM-LD were analyzed by logistical regression. RESULTS TIM-3 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were highest in NTM-LD group, followed by NTM-Col, and control (P=.017 and P=.011 for trend). sTIM-3 elevated in the NTM-Col group compared with the NTM-LD and control groups (856.3±518.7 vs. 595.3±352.6pg/mL, P=.009; vs. 437.0±267.4pg/mL, P<.001). Levels of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 were similar among groups. Among the 79 NTM-positive patients, sTIM-3 was associated with NTM-LD (100-pg/mL increase, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.658 [95% CI, 0.502-0.864], P=.003). Patients with ≥2 risk factors (sTIM-3≤530pg/mL, BMI≤22.5, and radiographic score ≥5) were 13 times more likely to exhibit NTM-LD than those without (aOR 13.234 [2.983-58.709], P=.001). CONCLUSIONS sTIM-3 was an independent factor for differentiating NTM-LD from NTM-Col, suggesting the immunologic role of sTIM-3 in NTM-LD pathogenesis. By assessing sTIM-3 levels and other risk factors, physicians may be able to identify NTM-LD cases in a simplified manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Pan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Lee
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yih Feng
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jiun Chan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Juin Su
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Chest Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
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D'Arrigo P, Tufano M, Rea A, Vigorito V, Novizio N, Russo S, Romano MF, Romano S. Manipulation of the Immune System for Cancer Defeat: A Focus on the T Cell Inhibitory Checkpoint Molecules. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2402-2448. [PMID: 30398102 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181106114421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system actively counteracts the tumorigenesis process; a breakout of the immune system function, or its ability to recognize transformed cells, can favor cancer development. Cancer becomes able to escape from immune system control by using multiple mechanisms, which are only in part known at a cellular and molecular level. Among these mechanisms, in the last decade, the role played by the so-called "inhibitory immune checkpoints" is emerging as pivotal in preventing the tumor attack by the immune system. Physiologically, the inhibitory immune checkpoints work to maintain the self-tolerance and attenuate the tissue injury caused by pathogenic infections. Cancer cell exploits such immune-inhibitory molecules to contrast the immune intervention and induce tumor tolerance. Molecular agents that target these checkpoints represent the new frontier for cancer treatment. Despite the heterogeneity and multiplicity of molecular alterations among the tumors, the immune checkpoint targeted therapy has been shown to be helpful in selected and even histologically different types of cancer, and are currently being adopted against an increasing variety of tumors. The most frequently used is the moAb-based immunotherapy that targets the Programmed Cell Death 1 protein (PD-1), the PD-1 Ligand (PD-L1) or the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4). However, new therapeutic approaches are currently in development, along with the discovery of new immune checkpoints exploited by the cancer cell. This article aims to review the inhibitory checkpoints, which are known up to now, along with the mechanisms of cancer immunoediting. An outline of the immune checkpoint targeting approaches, also including combined immunotherapies and the existing trials, is also provided. Notwithstanding the great efforts devoted by researchers in the field of biomarkers of response, to date, no validated FDA-approved immunological biomarkers exist for cancer patients. We highlight relevant studies on predictive biomarkers and attempt to discuss the challenges in this field, due to the complex and largely unknown dynamic mechanisms that drive the tumor immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo D'Arrigo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Tufano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Rea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza Vigorito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Chen H, Moussa M, Catalfamo M. The Role of Immunomodulatory Receptors in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection: A Therapeutic Opportunity for HIV Cure? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1223. [PMID: 32714317 PMCID: PMC7343933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation is the hallmark of HIV infection and plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. In the context of suppressed HIV RNA replication by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), there remains immune activation which is associated to the HIV reservoirs. Persistent virus contributes to a sustained inflammatory environment promoting accumulation of "activated/exhausted" T cells with diminished effector function. These T cells show increased expression of immunomodulatory receptors including Programmed cell death protein (PD1), Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4 (CTLA4), Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 3 (TIM3) among others. More importantly, recent reports had demonstrated that, HIV infected T cells express checkpoint receptors, contributing to their survival and promoting maintenance of the viral reservoir. Therapeutic strategies are focused on viral reservoir elimination and/or those to achieve sustained cART-free virologic remission. In this review, we will discuss the immunological basis and the latest advances of the use of checkpoint inhibitors to treat HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
- CMRS/Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maha Moussa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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Adjei-Fremah S, Worku M. Cowpea polyphenol extract regulates galectin gene expression in bovine blood. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 32:1-12. [PMID: 31424327 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1640234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Galectins (GAL) are animal lectins that play important roles in the immune response through regulation of homeostasis and immune function. Bioactive polyphenols are able to bind and regulate galectins in inflammatory diseases. Cowpea is a nutritious and polyphenol-rich legume used as feed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of cowpea polyphenol extract (CPE) on galectin gene transcription and translation in bovine peripheral blood. Blood from lactating cows (n = 10) were treated with CPE (10 μg/mL) or LPS (0.1 μg/mL), and control, to measure mRNA levels of bovine LGALS1, LGALS3, LGALS9, and some innate immune response genes. Secretion of GAL-1, GAL-3 and GAL-9 in plasma were measured using ELISAs. The mRNA expression of LGALS1, LGALS3 and LGALS9 decreased post CPE exposure. CPE decreased plasma GAL-1, but had no effect on GAL-3 and GAL-9. In addition, CPE decreased expression of TNFA, COX2 and upregulated TLR2, IL10 and IL4. LPS stimulation upregulated galectin genes expression and secretion. Overall, cowpea polyphenols modulated galectin expression, particularly GAL 1 in blood. The results provide a springboard for further studies on the use of polyphenol extracts from cowpea enriched feed supplements to target specific galectin genes for improved health and production in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adjei-Fremah
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Mulumebet Worku
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Wang J, Li C, Fu J, Wang X, Feng X, Pan X. Tim-3 regulates inflammatory cytokine expression and Th17 cell response induced by monocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis B. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12755. [PMID: 30729555 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tim-3 is expressed on monocytes/macrophages and is involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Tim-3 on inflammatory response triggered by peripheral monocytes from patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Tim-3 expression on peripheral monocytes and frequency of Th17 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from CHB patients were detected. Followed by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activation of circulating monocytes from CHB patients, expression of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 were examined in the presence and absence of Galectin-9 which is the ligand for Tim-3. Subsequently, after purified CD4+T cells were cocultured with LPS-activated monocytes from CHB patients in the presence of anti-Tim-3 antibody, percentage of Th17 cells and production of IL-17 were measured. Tim-3 expression was significantly upregulated and closely correlated to the frequency of Th17 cells in patients with CHB. Expression of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 increased significantly in monocytes stimulated with LPS and Galectin-9, compared to LPS stimulation alone. LPS-activated monocytes from CHB patients could drive differentiation of memory CD4+T cells to Th17 cells. However, under the blockade of Tim-3 signalling by anti-Tim-3 antibody, percentage of Th17 cells and production of IL-17 decreased significantly. Our results demonstrate that upregulated expression of Tim-3 on circulating monocytes accelerates inflammatory response by promoting production of inflammatory cytokines and Th17 responses in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Fu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xia Feng
- Central Laboratory of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiucheng Pan
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Mohammadizad H, Shahbazi M, Hasanjani Roushan MR, Soltanzadeh-Yamchi M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M. TIM-3 as a marker of exhaustion in CD8 + T cells of active chronic hepatitis B patients. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:323-328. [PMID: 30660734 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic HBV infection presents weak or no virus-specific T-cell responses, implying to an exhausted phenotype, characterized by overexpression of several inhibitory receptors. In the present study, it was aimed to characterize the panel of inhibitory molecules on the CD8+ T cells in patients with active chronic HBV infection. METHODS In this study, 31 active and 32 inactive individuals with chronic HBV infection were recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and a multicolor flow cytometry was applied to evaluate the surface inhibitory molecules of TIM3, PD-1, and CD39. RESULTS CD8+ T cells expressing TIM3 were significantly higher in cases with active chronic HBV infection compared to inactive chronic HBV group (8.43 ± 1.4 vs. 5.15 ± 1.43; P < 0.0001). CD8+TIM3+PD-1+ T cells were significantly higher in active chronic HBV cases in comparison to the inactive chronic HBV subjects (4.26 ± 1.04 vs. 3.41 ± 0.74; P < 0.001). Different subpopulations of the CD8+ T cells were correlated with the duration of infection and HBV DNA load in the cases with active chronic HBV infection. CONCLUSION It appears that CD8+ TIM3+ T cells are the major exhausted phenotype of T cells during the active state of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiva Mohammadizad
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahbazi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Soltanzadeh-Yamchi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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11
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Sequential monitoring of TIM-3 mRNA expression in blood and urine samples of renal transplant recipients. Transpl Immunol 2018; 54:9-16. [PMID: 30395925 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), as a co-inhibitory receptor expressed on Th1, Th17, CD8T, FoxP3 + Treg and innate immune cells, plays an important role in suppression of T cell-mediated immune responses, tolerance induction and T cell exhaustion. In this study, we evaluated sequential alterations of TIM-3 mRNA expression level in blood and urine samples of renal transplant recipients to predict approaching clinical episodes. METHODS A total of 52 adult renal transplant recipients (31 male and 21 female) were enrolled in this study. All the patients received kidney transplant from living unrelated donors. TIM-3 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and urinary cells were quantified using Real Time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 4 different time points (pre-transplantation, 2, 90 and 180 days post-transplantation). RESULT TIM-3 mRNA expression level on days 2, 90 and 180 after transplantation was significantly higher in blood and urine samples of patients with graft dysfunction (GD) compared with patients with well-functioning graft (WFG). Our results also showed a high correlation between blood and urinary level of TIM-3 mRNA expression. The data from Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve Analysis showed that blood and urinary TIM-3 mRNA expression level at month 3 and 6 could discriminate graft dysfunction (GD) from well-functioning graft (WFG) with high specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that serial monitoring of TIM-3 mRNA level in the blood and urine samples of renal transplant recipients could be a useful non-invasive biomarker for prediction and diagnosis of allograft dysfunction.
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12
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Liu Z, McMichael EL, Shayan G, Li J, Chen K, Srivastava R, Kane LP, Lu B, Ferris RL. Novel Effector Phenotype of Tim-3 + Regulatory T Cells Leads to Enhanced Suppressive Function in Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4529-4538. [PMID: 29712685 PMCID: PMC6139056 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important suppressive cells among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Treg cells express the well-known immune checkpoint receptor PD-1, which is reported to mark "exhausted" Treg with lower suppressive function. T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (Tim)-3, a negative regulator of Th1 immunity, is expressed by a sizeable fraction of TIL Tregs, but the functional status of Tim-3+ Tregs remains unclear.Experimental Design: CD4+CTLA-4+CD25high Treg cells were sorted from freshly excised head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) TIL based on Tim-3 expression. Functional and phenotypic features of these Tim-3+ and Tim-3- TIL Tregs were tested by in vitro suppression assays and multi-color flow cytometry. Gene-expression profiling and NanoString analysis of Tim-3+ TIL Treg were performed. A murine HNSCC tumor model was used to test the effect of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy on Tim-3+ Treg.Results: Despite high PD-1 expression, Tim-3+ TIL Treg displayed a greater capacity to inhibit naïve T-cell proliferation than Tim-3- Treg. Tim-3+ Treg from human HNSCC TIL also displayed an effector-like phenotype, with more robust expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, CD39, and IFN-γ receptor. Exogenous IFN-γ treatment could partially reverse the suppressive function of Tim-3+ TIL Treg. Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy downregulated Tim-3 expression on Tregs isolated from murine HNSCC tumors, and this treatment reversed the suppressive function of HNSCC TIL Tregs.Conclusions: Tim-3+ Treg are functionally and phenotypically distinct in HNSCC TIL, and are highly effective at inhibiting T-cell proliferation despite high PD-1 expression. IFN-γ induced by anti-PD-1 immunotherapy may be beneficial by reversing Tim-3+ Treg suppression. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4529-38. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Jing Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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Burugu S, Dancsok AR, Nielsen TO. Emerging targets in cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 52:39-52. [PMID: 28987965 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1) targeted natural immune homeostasis pathways, co-opted by cancers, to drive anti-tumor immune responses. These agents led to unprecedented results in patients with previously incurable metastatic disease and may become first-line therapies for some advanced cancers. However, these agents are efficacious in only a minority of patients. Newer strategies are becoming available that target additional immunomodulatory mechanisms to activate patients' own anti-tumor immune responses. Herein, we present a succinct summary of emerging immune targets with reported pre-clinical efficacy that have progressed to active investigation in clinical trials. These emerging targets include co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory markers of the innate and adaptive immune system. In this review, we discuss: 1) T lymphocyte markers: Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 [LAG-3], T-cell Immunoglobulin- and Mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 [TIM-3], V-domain containing Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation [VISTA], T cell ImmunoGlobulin and ITIM domain [TIGIT], B7-H3, Inducible T-cell Co-stimulator [ICOS/ICOS-L], CD27/CD70, and Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor [GITR]; 2) macrophage markers: CD47/Signal-Regulatory Protein alpha [SIRPα] and Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase [IDO]; and 3) natural killer cell markers: CD94/NKG2A and the Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptor [KIR] family. Finally, we briefly highlight combination strategies and potential biomarkers of response and resistance to these cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Burugu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Koerner Pavilion, #G-227 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Amanda R Dancsok
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Koerner Pavilion, #G-227 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Koerner Pavilion, #G-227 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Attanasio J, Wherry EJ. Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Receptor Pathways in Infectious Disease. Immunity 2017; 44:1052-68. [PMID: 27192569 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory and inhibitory receptors play a key role in regulating immune responses to infections. Recent translation of knowledge about inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 into the cancer clinic highlights the opportunities to manipulate these pathways to treat human disease. Studies in infectious disease have provided key insights into the specific roles of these pathways and the effects of their manipulation. Here, recent studies are discussed that have addressed how major inhibitory and costimulatory pathways play a role in regulating immune responses during acute and chronic infections. Mechanistic insights from studies of infectious disease provide opportunities to further expand our toolkit to treat cancer and chronic infections in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Attanasio
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Xu Y, Zhang H, Huang Y, Rui X, Zheng F. Role of TIM-3 in ovarian cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:1079-1083. [PMID: 28357631 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidences have suggested that immunotherapy for ovarian cancer is effective. Immune checkpoints have emerged in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Multiple studies have shown negative regulation of TIM-3 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and other immunocytes. Overexpression of TIM-3 in innate immune cells has been found in certain types of tumor. The blockade of TIM-3 leads to sustained anti-tumor reactions. TIM-3 plays an inhibitive role for immunity in ovarian cancer. TIM-3 is involved in the development of various subtypes of ovarian cancer and thus has the potential to be a therapeutic target for treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Y Huang
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - X Rui
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - F Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Street, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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16
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Du W, Yang M, Turner A, Xu C, Ferris RL, Huang J, Kane LP, Lu B. TIM-3 as a Target for Cancer Immunotherapy and Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030645. [PMID: 28300768 PMCID: PMC5372657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has produced impressive clinical results in recent years. Despite the success of the checkpoint blockade strategies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), a large portion of cancer patients have not yet benefited from this novel therapy. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) has been shown to mediate immune tolerance in mouse models of infectious diseases, alloimmunity, autoimmunity, and tumor Immunity. Thus, targeting TIM-3 emerges as a promising approach for further improvement of current immunotherapy. Despite a large amount of experimental data showing an immune suppressive function of TIM-3 in vivo, the exact mechanisms are not well understood. To enable effective targeting of TIM-3 for tumor immunotherapy, further in-depth mechanistic studies are warranted. These studies will also provide much-needed insight for the rational design of novel combination therapy with other checkpoint blockers. In this review, we summarize key evidence supporting an immune regulatory role of TIM-3 and discuss possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, EBST E1047, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, EBST E1047, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
- Department of Immunology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Abbey Turner
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, EBST E1047, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Chunling Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, EBST E1047, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Jianan Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, EBST E1047, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, EBST E1047, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Kamran N, Calinescu A, Candolfi M, Chandran M, Mineharu Y, Asad AS, Koschmann C, Nunez FJ, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Recent advances and future of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1245-64. [PMID: 27411023 PMCID: PMC5014608 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outcome for glioma (GBM) remains dismal despite advances in therapeutic interventions including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical resection. The overall survival benefit observed with immunotherapies in cancers such as melanoma and prostate cancer has fuelled research into evaluating immunotherapies for GBM. AREAS COVERED Preclinical studies have brought a wealth of information for improving the prognosis of GBM and multiple clinical studies are evaluating a wide array of immunotherapies for GBM patients. This review highlights advances in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches. We discuss the strategies and outcomes of active and passive immunotherapies for GBM including vaccination strategies, gene therapy, check point blockade and adoptive T cell therapies. We also focus on immunoediting and tumor neoantigens that can impact the efficacy of immunotherapies. EXPERT OPINION Encouraging results have been observed with immunotherapeutic strategies; some clinical trials are reaching phase III. Significant progress has been made in unraveling the molecular and genetic heterogeneity of GBM and its implications to disease prognosis. There is now consensus related to the critical need to incorporate tumor heterogeneity into the design of therapeutic approaches. Recent data also indicates that an efficacious treatment strategy will need to be combinatorial and personalized to the tumor genetic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kamran
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Alexandra Calinescu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Mayuri Chandran
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- d Department of Neurosurgery , Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Antonela S Asad
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Carl Koschmann
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Felipe J Nunez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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Sato F, Omura S, Jaffe S, Tsunoda I. Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7150304 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800763-1.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the precise etiology of MS remains unclear, CD4+ T cells have been proposed to play not only effector but also regulatory roles in MS. CD4+ T cells can be divided into four subsets: pro-inflammatory helper T (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, anti-inflammatory Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The roles of CD4+ T cells in MS have been clarified by either “loss-of-function” or “gain-of-function” methods, which have been carried out mainly in autoimmune and viral models of MS: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, respectively. Observations in MS patients were consistent with the mechanisms found in the MS models, that is, increased pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 activity is associated with disease exacerbation, while anti-inflammatory Th2 cells and Tregs appear to play a protective role.
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Li X, Hu W, Zheng X, Zhang C, Du P, Zheng Z, Yang Y, Wu J, Ji M, Jiang J, Wu C. Emerging immune checkpoints for cancer therapy. Acta Oncol 2015; 54:1706-13. [PMID: 26361073 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2015.1071918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has emerged as promising treatment modality for cancer based on the success of anti-CTLA-4 and -PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. LAG-3 and TIM-3 are two new immune checkpoints. The aim of this work is to review the role and application of LAG-3 and TIM-3 for cancer immunotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literatures were searched and collected in Medline/PubMed. RESULTS LAG-3 is presented as a CD4 homolog type I transmembrane protein which binds MHC class II molecules. LAG-3 negatively regulates T cell proliferation, homeostasis and function. IMP321 is formed of an extracellular portion of human LAG-3 fused to the Fc fraction of human IgG1 and has shown increased T cell responses and tolerability in phase I studies on advanced renal cell cancer. When combined with paclitaxel, IMP321 has exerted immune enhancement and tumor inhibition with no significant IMP321-related adverse events. TIM-3 belongs to the TIM family and mainly negatively regulates Th1 immunity. The TIM-3/galectin-9 pathway contributes to the suppressive tumor microenvironment. TIM-3 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. Both LAG-3 and TIM-3 are coexpressed with other immune checkpoints. The application of LAG-3 or TIM-3 does play an important role in anti-tumor responses, and maybe better when combing with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/L1 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS These two immune checkpoints play crucial roles in cancer development and may be used in future clinical practice of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Chu Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Peng Du
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Zhuojun Zheng
- d Department of Hematology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Yan Yang
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Jun Wu
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Mei Ji
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
| | - Changping Wu
- a Department of Oncology , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- b Department of Tumor Biological Treatment , The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Changzhou , China
- c Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy , Changzhou , China
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Preusser M, Lim M, Hafler DA, Reardon DA, Sampson JH. Prospects of immune checkpoint modulators in the treatment of glioblastoma. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:504-14. [PMID: 26260659 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour in adults. Prognosis is poor: even with the current gold-standard first-line treatment—maximal safe resection and combination of radiotherapy with temozolomide chemotherapy—the median overall survival time is only approximately 15-17 months, because the tumour recurs in virtually all patients, and no commonly accepted standard treatment for recurrent disease exists. Several targeted agents have failed to improve patient outcomes in glioblastoma. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors such as ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab has provided relevant clinical improvements in other advanced tumours for which conventional therapies have had limited success, making immunotherapy an appealing strategy in glioblastoma. This Review summarizes current knowledge on immune checkpoint modulators and evaluates their potential role in glioblastoma on the basis of preclinical studies and emerging clinical data. Furthermore, we discuss challenges that need to be considered in the clinical development of drugs that target immune checkpoint pathways in glioblastoma, such as specific properties of the immune system in the CNS, issues with radiological response assessment, and potential interactions with established and emerging treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Centre CNS Tumours Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Lim
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, 15 York Street, PO Box 208018, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Dana 2134, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John H Sampson
- Division of Neurosurgery, 220 Sands Building, Research Drive, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Fujita T, Burwitz BJ, Chew GM, Reed JS, Pathak R, Seger E, Clayton KL, Rini JM, Ostrowski MA, Ishii N, Kuroda MJ, Hansen SG, Sacha JB, Ndhlovu LC. Expansion of dysfunctional Tim-3-expressing effector memory CD8+ T cells during simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5576-83. [PMID: 25348621 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The T cell Ig- and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) negative immune checkpoint receptor demarcates functionally exhausted CD8(+) T cells arising from chronic stimulation in viral infections like HIV. Tim-3 blockade leads to improved antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses in vitro and, therefore, represents a novel intervention strategy to restore T cell function in vivo and protect from disease progression. However, the Tim-3 pathway in the physiologically relevant rhesus macaque SIV model of AIDS remains uncharacterized. We report that Tim-3(+)CD8(+) T cell frequencies are significantly increased in lymph nodes, but not in peripheral blood, in SIV-infected animals. Tim-3(+)PD-1(+)CD8(+) T cells are similarly increased during SIV infection and positively correlate with SIV plasma viremia. Tim-3 expression was found primarily on effector memory CD8(+) T cells in all tissues examined. Tim-3(+)CD8(+) T cells have lower Ki-67 content and minimal cytokine responses to SIV compared with Tim-3(-)CD8(+) T cells. During acute-phase SIV replication, Tim-3 expression peaked on SIV-specific CD8(+) T cells by 2 wk postinfection and then rapidly diminished, irrespective of mutational escape of cognate Ag, suggesting non-TCR-driven mechanisms for Tim-3 expression. Thus, rhesus Tim-3 in SIV infection partially mimics human Tim-3 in HIV infection and may serve as a novel model for targeted studies focused on rejuvenating HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96813; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Glen M Chew
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96813
| | - Jason S Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Reesab Pathak
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Elizabeth Seger
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Kiera L Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - James M Rini
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Naoto Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, HI 96813;
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Gautron AS, Dominguez-Villar M, de Marcken M, Hafler DA. Enhanced suppressor function of TIM-3+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2703-2711. [PMID: 24838857 PMCID: PMC4165702 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) is an Ig-superfamily member expressed on IFN-γ-secreting Th1 and Tc1 cells and was identified as a negative regulator of immune tolerance. TIM-3 is expressed by a subset of activated CD4(+) T cells, and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation increases both the level of expression and the number of TIM-3(+) T cells. In mice, TIM-3 is constitutively expressed on natural regulatory T (Treg) cells and has been identified as a regulatory molecule of alloimmunity through its ability to modulate CD4(+) T-cell differentiation. Here, we examined TIM-3 expression on human Treg cells to determine its role in T-cell suppression. In contrast to mice, TIM-3 is not expressed on Treg cells ex vivo but is upregulated after activation. While TIM-3(+) Treg cells with increased gene expression of LAG3, CTLA4, and FOXP3 are highly efficient suppressors of effector T (Teff) cells, TIM-3(-) Treg cells poorly suppressed Th17 cells as compared with their suppression of Th1 cells; this decreased suppression ability was associated with decreased STAT-3 expression and phosphorylation and reduced gene expression of IL10, EBI3, GZMB, PRF1, IL1Rα, and CCR6. Thus, our results suggest that TIM-3 expression on Treg cells identifies a population highly effective in inhibiting pathogenic Th1- and Th17-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Gautron
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | | - Marine de Marcken
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - David A Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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23
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Tandon R, Chew GM, Byron MM, Borrow P, Niki T, Hirashima M, Barbour JD, Norris PJ, Lanteri MC, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Ndhlovu LC. Galectin-9 is rapidly released during acute HIV-1 infection and remains sustained at high levels despite viral suppression even in elite controllers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:654-64. [PMID: 24786365 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactosidase-binding lectin that promotes apoptosis, tissue inflammation, and T cell immune exhaustion, and alters HIV infection in part through engagement with the T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) receptor and protein disulfide isomerases (PDI). Gal-9 was initially thought to be an eosinophil attractant, but is now known to mediate multiple complex signaling events that affect T cells in both an immunosuppressive and inflammatory manner. To understand the kinetics of circulating Gal-9 levels during HIV infection we measured Gal-9 in plasma during HIV acquisition, in subjects with chronic HIV infection with differing virus control, and in uninfected individuals. During acute HIV infection, circulating Gal-9 was detected as early as 5 days after quantifiable HIV RNA and tracked plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β. In chronic HIV infection, Gal-9 levels positively correlated with plasma HIV RNA levels (r=0.29; p=0.023), and remained significantly elevated during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (median: 225.3 pg/ml) and in elite controllers (263.3 pg/ml) compared to age-matched HIV-uninfected controls (54 pg/ml). Our findings identify Gal-9 as a novel component of the first wave of the cytokine storm in acute HIV infection that is sustained at elevated levels in virally suppressed subjects and suggest that Gal-9:Tim-3 crosstalk remains active in elite controllers and antiretroviral (ARV)-suppressed subjects, potentially contributing to ongoing inflammation and persistent T cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Tandon
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Glen M. Chew
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Mary M. Byron
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Jason D. Barbour
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Philip J. Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- HIV/AIDS Division, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
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24
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Mohan T, Bhatnagar S, Gupta DL, Rao DN. Current understanding of HIV-1 and T-cell adaptive immunity: progress to date. Microb Pathog 2014; 73:60-9. [PMID: 24930593 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has different components originating from both the adaptive and innate immune systems. HIV cleverly utilizes the host machinery to survive by its intricate nature of interaction with the host immune system. HIV evades the host immune system at innate ad adaptive, allows the pathogen to replicate and transmit from one host to another. Researchers have shown that HIV has multipronged effects especially on the adaptive immunity, with CD4(+) cells being the worst effect T-cell populations. Various analyses have revealed that, the exposure to HIV results in clonal expansion and excessive activation of the immune system. Also, an abnormal process of differentiation has been observed suggestive of an alteration and blocks in the maturation of various T-cell subsets. Additionally, HIV has shown to accelerate immunosenescence and exhaustion of the overtly activated T-cells. Apart from causing phenotypic changes, HIV has adverse effects on the functional aspect of the immune system, with evidences implicating it in the loss of the capacity of T-cells to secrete various antiviral cytokines and chemokines. However, there continues to be many aspects of the immune- pathogenesis of HIV that are still unknown and thus required further research in order to convert the malaise of HIV into a manageable epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Santwana Bhatnagar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Dablu L Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - D N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
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T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 genetic variants and HIV+ non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Inflammation 2014; 36:793-9. [PMID: 23385979 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) has been established as a negative regulatory molecule and plays a critical role in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis B and C, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related inflammation. Recent studies have shown that chronic inflammation may greatly affect the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). The aim of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in the TIM-3 gene were associated with susceptibility to non-NHL and HIV-related NHL. Three polymorphisms in TIM-3 gene (-1516G/T, -574G/T, and +4259T/G) were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 434 NHL patients, 62 HIV-related NHL cases, and 512 healthy controls. Results showed that the prevalence of -574GT genotype and +4259TG genotype were significantly increased in the NHL cases than in controls (odds ratio (OR) = 2.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.50-4.92, p = 0.0006 and OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.49-4.49, p = 0.0005, respectively). The -1516G/T polymorphism did not reveal significant difference between patients and healthy controls. When analyzing the TIM-3 polymorphisms in HIV-related NHL patients, data showed that HIV+ NHL patients had higher prevalence of -574GT or +4259TG genotypes than those cases without HIV infection (OR = 3.48, 95% CI = 1.67-7.28, p = 0.0005 and OR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.42-6.01, p = 0.0026, respectively). These results suggested polymorphisms in TIM-3 gene could be new risk factors for NHL as well as HIV-related NHL and suggested a possible role of the inflammatory factor in these diseases.
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Shan NN, Hu Y, Hou M, Gao J, Wang X, Liu X, Li Y. Decreased Tim-3 and its correlation with Th1 cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 2014; 133:52-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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Ju Y, Shang X, Liu Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Shen Y, Liu Y, Liu C, Liu B, Xu L, Wang Y, Zhang B, Zou J. The Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway involves in the homeostasis of hepatic Tregs in a mouse model of concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Mol Immunol 2013; 58:85-91. [PMID: 24333756 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) is a negative regulator of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting CD4(+) Th1 cells and plays a key role in autoimmune diseases. Here, we report that galectin-9 expression was increased in hepatic CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in a mouse model of concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis. Moreover, Tim-3 showed increased levels in CD4(+)CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Further analyses showed that blocking the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway resulted in the suppression of Tregs in vitro, thereby significantly increasing interferon (IFN)-γ production from hepatic Teffs. Moreover, blockade of Tim-3 in vivo with an anti-Tim-3 antibody exacerbated the acute hepatitis, possibly by increased IFN-γ production. Furthermore, we found that in vitro activation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells with the T cell receptor (TCR) plus interleukin 2 (IL-2) up-regulated Tim-3 expression. And the induced Tim-3 interacted with galectin-9 to induce CD4(+) T cell apoptosis which could be partly reversed by blocking Tim-3 signaling. Our results suggested that the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway plays a critical role in the homeostasis of hepatic Tregs through the elimination induction in Teffs and the inhibition of IFN-γ release, which contributes to the pathogenesis of liver damage and constitutes at least part of the mechanism underlying the induction of hepatitis by Con A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ju
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Xuming Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Zhanfeng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yuantang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yajuan Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Chunmei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Center Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Liyun Xu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital of Zhoushan, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316000, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.
| | - Jianwen Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China.
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Decreased galectin-9 and increased Tim-3 expression are related to poor prognosis in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81799. [PMID: 24339967 PMCID: PMC3858245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Galectin-9 (Gal-9) induces adhesion and aggregation of certain cell types and inhibits the metastasis of tumor cells. T-cell immunoglobulin–and mucin domain-3–containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) plays a pivotal role in immune regulation. The aim of this study is to investigate Gal-9 and TIM-3 alterations in gastric cancer and their prognostic values. Methods Gal-9 and Tim-3 expression was evaluated using a tissue microarray immunohistochemistry method in 305 gastric cancers, of which 84 had paired adjacent normal samples. Cell lines SGC-7901, BGC-823, MGC-803, MKN45 and GES-1 were also stained. Correlations were analyzed between expression levels of Gal-9 and Tim-3 protein and tumor parameters or clinical outcomes. Results Gal-9 and Tim-3 stained positive on tumor cells in 86.2% (263/305), and 60.0% (183/305) patients with gastric cancer, respectively. Gal-9 expression was significantly higher in cancer than in normal mucosa (P<0.001). Reduced Gal-9 expression was associated with lymph-vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and worse TNM staging (P = 0.034, P = 0.009, P = 0.002 and P = 0.043, respectively). In contrast, Tim-3 expression was significantly lower in cancer than in control mucosa (P<0.001). Patients with lymph-vascular invasion had higher expression levels of Tim-3 (P<0.001). Moreover, multivariate analysis shows that both high Gal-9 expression and low Tim-3 expression were significantly associated with long overall survival (P = 0.002, P = 0.010, respectively); the combination of Gal-9 and Tim-3 expression was an independent prognostic predictor for patients with gastric cancer (RR: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.20–0.93). H.pylori infection status was not associated with Gal-9 and Tim-3 expression (P = 0.102, P = 0.565). Conclusion The results suggest that expression of Gal-9 and Tim-3 in tumor cells may be a potential, independent prognostic factor for patients with gastric cancer. Gal-9 and TIM-3 may play an important part in the gastric carcinogenesis.
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Dirks J, Tas H, Schmidt T, Kirsch S, Gärtner BC, Sester U, Sester M. PD-1 analysis on CD28(-) CD27(-) CD4 T cells allows stimulation-independent assessment of CMV viremic episodes in transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:3132-41. [PMID: 24148296 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) on cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4 T cells defines a phenotype associated with CMV viremia in transplant recipients. Moreover, CD28(-) CD27(-) double negativity is known as a typical phenotype of CMV-specific CD4 T cells. Therefore, the co-expression of inhibitory receptors on CD28(-) CD27(-) CD4 T cells was assessed as a rapid, stimulation-independent parameter for monitoring CMV complications after transplantation. Ninety-three controls, 67 hemodialysis patients and 81 renal transplant recipients were recruited in a cross-sectional and longitudinal manner. CMV-specific CD4 T cell levels quantified after stimulation were compared to levels of CD28(-) CD27(-) CD4 T cells. PD-1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expression on CD28(-) CD27(-) CD4 T cells were related to viremia. A percentage of ≥0.44% CD28(-) CD27(-) CD4 T cells defined CMV seropositivity (93.3% sensitivity, 97.1% specificity), and their frequencies correlated strongly with CMV-specific CD4 T cell levels after stimulation (r = 0.73, p < 0.0001). Highest PD-1 expression levels on CD28(-) CD27(-) CD4 T cells were observed in patients with primary CMV viremia and reactivation (p < 0.0001), whereas CTLA-4 expression was only elevated during primary CMV viremia (p < 0.05). Longitudinal analysis showed a significant increase in PD-1 expression in relation to viremia (p < 0.001), whereas changes in nonviremic patients were nonsignificant. In conclusion, increased PD-1 expression on CD28(-) CD27(-) CD4 T cells correlates with CMV viremia in transplant recipients and may serve as a specific, stimulation-independent parameter to guide duration of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dirks
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Kaur G, Sharma G, Kumar N, Kaul MH, Bansal RA, Vajpayee M, Wig N, Sharma SK, Mehra NK. Genomic architecture of HIV-1 infection: current status & challenges. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:663-81. [PMID: 24434320 PMCID: PMC3928698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on host genomics have revealed the existence of identifiable HIV-1 specific protective factors among infected individuals who remain naturally resistant viraemia controllers with little or no evidence of virus replication. These factors are broadly grouped into those that are immune associated (MHC, chemokines, cytokines, CTLs and others), linked to viral entry (chemokine co-receptors and ligands), act as post-entry restriction elements (TRIM5a, APOBEC3) and those associated with viral replication (cytokines and others). These features have been identified through multiple experimental approaches ranging from candidate gene approaches, genome wide association studies (GWAS), expression analysis in conjunction with functional assays in humans to primate based models. Several studies have highlighted the individual and population level gross differences both in the viral clade sequences as well as host determined genetic associations. This review collates current information on studies involving major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as well as non MHC genes in the context of HIV-1 infection and AIDS involving varied ethnic groups. Special focus of the review is on the genetic studies carried out on the Indian population. Further challenges with regard to therapeutic interventions based on current knowledge have been discussed along with discussion on documented cases of stem cell therapy and very early highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurvinder Kaur
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinali H. Kaul
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rhea A. Bansal
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhu Vajpayee
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveet Wig
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Surender K. Sharma
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Narinder K. Mehra
- Department of Transplant Immunology & Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Hansen JA, Hanash SM, Tabellini L, Baik C, Lawler RL, Grogan BM, Storer B, Chin A, Johnson M, Wong CH, Zhang Q, Martin PJ, McDonald GB. A novel soluble form of Tim-3 associated with severe graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:1323-30. [PMID: 23791624 PMCID: PMC3966623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The T cell Ig and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) receptor has been implicated as a negative regulator of adaptive immune responses. We have utilized a proteomic strategy to identify novel proteins associated with graft versus host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Mass spectrometry analysis of plasma from subjects with mid-gut and upper-gut GVHD compared with those without GVHD identified increased levels of a protein identified with high confidence as Tim-3. A follow-up validation study using an immunoassay to measure Tim-3 levels in individual plasma samples from 127 patients demonstrated significantly higher plasma Tim-3 concentrations in patients with the more severe mid-gut GVHD, compared with those with upper-gut GVHD (P = .005), patients without GVHD (P = .002), and normal controls (P < .0001). Surface expression of Tim-3 was increased on CD8(+) T cells from patients with grade 2 to 4 acute GVHD (P = .01). Mass spectrometry-based profiling of plasma from multiple subjects diagnosed with common diseases provided evidence for restricted release of soluble Tim-3 in the context of GVHD. These findings have mechanistic implications for the development of novel strategies for targeting the Tim-3 immune regulatory pathway as an approach to improving control of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hansen
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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Ma CJ, Li GY, Cheng YQ, Wang JM, Ying RS, Shi L, Wu XY, Niki T, Hirashima M, Li CF, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Cis association of galectin-9 with Tim-3 differentially regulates IL-12/IL-23 expressions in monocytes via TLR signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72488. [PMID: 23967307 PMCID: PMC3743775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocytes/macrophages (M/MФ) of the innate immunity sense and respond to microbial products via specific receptor coupling with stimulatory (such as TLR) and inhibitory (such as Tim-3) receptors. Current models imply that Tim-3 expression on M/MØ can deliver negative signaling to TLR-mediated IL-12 expression through trans association with its ligand Galectin-9 (Gal-9) presented by other cells. However, Gal-9 is also expressed within M/MØ, and the effect of intracellular Gal-9 on Tim-3 activities and inflammatory responses in the same M/MØ remains unknown. In this study, our data suggest that Tim-3 and IL-12/IL-23 gene transcriptions are regulated by enhanced or silenced Gal-9 expression within monocytes through synergizing with TLR signaling. Additionally, TLR activation facilitates Gal-9/Tim-3 cis association within the same M/MØ to differentially regulate IL-12/IL-23 expressions through STAT-3 phosphorylation. These results reveal a ligand (Gal-9) compartment-dependent regulatory effect on receptor (Tim-3) activities and inflammatory responses via TLR pathways—a novel mechanism underlying cellular responses to external or internal cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Guang Y. Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yong Q. Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- International Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Diseases, 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia M. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruo S. Ying
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Hepatology, Guangzhou Number 8 People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xian Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
- GalPharma, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsumi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
- GalPharma, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Chuan F. Li
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Patel J, Bozeman EN, Selvaraj P. Taming dendritic cells with TIM-3: another immunosuppressive strategy used by tumors. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:1795-8. [PMID: 23240746 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Chiba S, Baghdadi M, Akiba H et al. Tumor-infiltrating DCs suppress nucleic acid-mediated innate immune responses through interactions between the receptor TIM-3 and the alarmin HMGB1. Nat. Immunol. 13, 832-842 (2012). The identification of TIM-3 expression on tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs) provides insight into another aspect of tumor-mediated immunosuppression. The role of TIM-3 has been well characterized on tumor-infiltrating T cells; however, its role on TADCs was not previously known. The current paper demonstrated that TIM-3 was predominantly expressed by TADCs and its interaction with the nuclear protein HMGB1 suppressed nucleic acid-mediated activation of an effective antitumor immune response. The authors were able to show that TIM-3 interaction with HMGB1 prevented the localization of nucleic acids into endosomal vesicles. Furthermore, chemotherapy was found to be more effective in anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibody-treated mice or mice depleted of all DCs, which indicated that a significant role is played by TADCs in inhibiting tumor regression. Taken together, these findings identify TIM-3 as a potential target for inducing antitumor immunity in conjunction with DNA vaccines and/or immunogenic chemotherapy in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaina Patel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Yao ZQ, Moorman JP. Immune exhaustion and immune senescence: two distinct pathways for HBV vaccine failure during HCV and/or HIV infection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:193-201. [PMID: 23400275 PMCID: PMC3792483 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given the shared risk factors for transmission, co-infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is quite common, and may lead to increases in morbidity and mortality. As such, HBV vaccine is recommended as the primary means to prevent HBV super-infection in HCV- and/or HIV-infected individuals. However, vaccine response (sero-conversion with a hepatitis B surface antibody titer >10 IU/L) in this setting is often blunted, with poor response rates to standard HBV vaccinations in virally infected individuals when compared with the healthy subjects. This phenomenon also occurs to other vaccines in adults, such as pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, in other immunocompromised hosts who are really at risk for opportunistic infections, such as individuals with hemodialysis, transplant, and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms involving vaccine failure in these conditions, focusing on immune exhaustion and immune senescence--two distinct signaling pathways regulating cell function and fate. We raise the possibility that blocking these negative signaling pathways might improve success rates of immunizations in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Q Yao
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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35
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Wang JM, Ma CJ, Li GY, Wu XY, Thayer P, Greer P, Smith AM, High KP, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 alters the balance of IL-12/IL-23 and drives TH17 cells: role in hepatitis B vaccine failure during hepatitis C infection. Vaccine 2013; 31:2238-45. [PMID: 23499521 PMCID: PMC3667544 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is recommended for individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection given their shared risk factors and increased liver-related morbidity and mortality upon super-infection. Vaccine responses in this setting are often blunted, with poor response rates to HBV vaccinations in chronically HCV-infected individuals compared to healthy subjects. In this study, we investigated the role of T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3)-mediated immune regulation in HBV vaccine responses during HCV infection. We found that Tim-3, a marker for T cell exhaustion, was over-expressed on monocytes, leading to a differential regulation of IL-12/IL-23 production which in turn TH17 cell accumulation, in HCV-infected HBV vaccine non-responders compared to HCV-infected HBV vaccine responders or healthy subjects (HS). Importantly, ex vivo blockade of Tim-3 signaling corrected the imbalance of IL-12/IL-23 as well as the IL-17 bias observed in HBV vaccine non-responders during HCV infection. These results suggest that Tim-3-mediated dysregulation of innate to adaptive immune responses is involved in HBV vaccine failure in individuals with chronic HCV infection, raising the possibility that blocking this negative signaling pathway might improve the success rate of HBV immunization in the setting of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia M. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of
Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Guang Y. Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Penny Thayer
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Pamela Greer
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Ashley M. Smith
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Kevin P. High
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest
University Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United State of America
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of
Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of
America
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Ji XJ, Ma CJ, Wang JM, Wu XY, Niki T, Hirashima M, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. HCV-infected hepatocytes drive CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development through the Tim-3/Gal-9 pathway. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:458-67. [PMID: 23161469 PMCID: PMC3757554 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
HCV is remarkable at disrupting human immunity to establish chronic infection. The accumulation of Treg cells at the site of infection and upregulation of inhibitory signaling pathways (such as T-cell Ig and mucin domain protein-3 (Tim-3) and galectin-9 (Gal-9)) play pivotal roles in suppressing antiviral effector T (Teff) cells that are essential for viral clearance. While Tim-3/Gal-9 interactions have been shown to negatively regulate Teff cells, their role in regulating Treg cells is poorly understood. To explore how Tim-3/Gal-9 interactions regulate HCV-mediated Treg-cell development, here we provide pilot data showing that HCV-infected human hepatocytes express higher levels of Gal-9 and TGF-β, and upregulate Tim-3 expression and regulatory cytokines TGF-β/IL-10 in co-cultured human CD4(+) T cells, driving conventional CD4(+) T cells into CD25(+) Foxp3(+) Treg cells. Additionally, recombinant Gal-9 protein can transform TCR-activated CD4(+) T cells into Foxp3(+) Treg cells in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, blocking Tim-3/Gal-9 ligations abrogates HCV-mediated Treg-cell induction by HCV-infected hepatocytes, suggesting that Tim-3/Gal-9 interactions may regulate human Foxp3(+) Treg-cell development and function during HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao J Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Sada-Ovalle I, Chávez-Galán L, Torre-Bouscoulet L, Nava-Gamiño L, Barrera L, Jayaraman P, Torres-Rojas M, Salazar-Lezama MA, Behar SM. The Tim3-galectin 9 pathway induces antibacterial activity in human macrophages infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23180819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cell Ig and mucin domain 3 (Tim3) is an inhibitory molecule involved in immune tolerance, autoimmune responses, and antiviral immune evasion. However, we recently demonstrated that Tim3 and Galectin-9 (Gal9) interaction induces a program of macrophage activation that results in killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse model of infection. In this study, we sought to determine whether the Tim3-Gal9 pathway plays a similar role in human pulmonary TB. We identified that pulmonary TB patients have reduced expression of Tim3 on CD14(+) monocytes in vivo. By blocking Tim3 and Gal9 interaction in vitro, we show that these molecules contribute to the control of intracellular bacterial replication in human macrophages. The antimicrobial effect was partially dependent on the production of IL-1β. Our results establish that Tim3-Gal9 interaction activates human M. tuberculosis -infected macrophages and leads to the control of bacterial growth through the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Data presented in this study suggest that one of the potential pathways activated by Tim3/Gal9 is the secretion of IL-1β, which plays a crucial role in antimicrobial immunity by modulating innate inflammatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sada-Ovalle
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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Chabtini L, Mfarrej B, Mounayar M, Zhu B, Batal I, Dakle PJ, Smith BD, Boenisch O, Najafian N, Akiba H, Yagita H, Guleria I. TIM-3 regulates innate immune cells to induce fetomaternal tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23180822 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
TIM-3 is constitutively expressed on subsets of macrophages and dendritic cells. Its expression on other cells of the innate immune system and its role in fetomaternal tolerance has not yet been explored. In this study, we investigate the role of TIM-3-expressing innate immune cells in the regulation of tolerance at the fetomaternal interface (FMI) using an allogeneic mouse model of pregnancy. Blockade of TIM-3 results in accumulation of inflammatory granulocytes and macrophages at the uteroplacental interface and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, TIM-3 blockade inhibits the phagocytic potential of uterine macrophages resulting in a build up of apoptotic bodies at the uteroplacental interface that elicits a local immune response. In response to inflammatory cytokines, Ly-6C(hi)G(neg) monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells expressing inducible NO synthase and arginase 1 are induced. However, these suppressive cells fail to downregulate the inflammatory cascade induced by inflammatory granulocytes (Ly-6C(int)G(hi)) and apoptotic cells; the increased production of IFN-γ and TNF-α by inflammatory granulocytes leads to abrogation of tolerance at the FMI and fetal rejection. These data highlight the interplay between cells of the innate immune system at the FMI and their influence on successful pregnancy in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Chabtini
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Qiu Y, Chen J, Liao H, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li S, Luo Y, Fang D, Li G, Zhou B, Shen L, Chen CY, Huang D, Cai J, Cao K, Jiang L, Zeng G, Chen ZW. Tim-3-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in human tuberculosis (TB) exhibit polarized effector memory phenotypes and stronger anti-TB effector functions. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002984. [PMID: 23144609 PMCID: PMC3493466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immune responses modulated by T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans remain poorly understood. Here, we found that active TB patients exhibited increases in numbers of Tim-3-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which preferentially displayed polarized effector memory phenotypes. Consistent with effector phenotypes, Tim-3+CD4+ and Tim-3+CD8+ T-cell subsets showed greater effector functions for producing Th1/Th22 cytokines and CTL effector molecules than Tim-3− counterparts, and Tim-3-expressing T cells more apparently limited intracellular Mtb replication in macrophages. The increased effector functions for Tim-3-expressing T cells consisted with cellular activation signaling as Tim-3+CD4+ and Tim-3+CD8+ T-cell subsets expressed much higher levels of phosphorylated signaling molecules p38, stat3, stat5, and Erk1/2 than Tim-3- controls. Mechanistic experiments showed that siRNA silencing of Tim-3 or soluble Tim-3 treatment interfering with membrane Tim-3-ligand interaction reduced de novo production of IFN-γ and TNF-α by Tim-3-expressing T cells. Furthermore, stimulation of Tim-3 signaling pathways by antibody cross-linking of membrane Tim-3 augmented effector function of IFN-γ production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggesting that Tim-3 signaling helped to drive stronger effector functions in active TB patients. This study therefore uncovered a previously unknown mechanism for T-cell immune responses regulated by Tim-3, and findings may have implications for potential immune intervention in TB. Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell effector functions producing Th1 or cytotoxic cytokines are required to mount anti-mycobacterial immunity, insufficiency or failure to mount anti-mycobacterial effector functions by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells may lead to impaired immunity against TB. Therefore, it is important to elucidate functional characteristics and regulatory pathways for Mtb-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during immune responses to Mtb infection. It was postulated that T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) might represent a T-cell exhaustion marker, and expression of Tim-3 on T cells may be linked to progressive loss of secretion of cytokines. Thus, Tim-3 expression on T cells might correlate with T-cell dysfunction and disease pathogenic events. However, T-cell immune responses modulated by Tim-3 in human TB disease remain poorly understood. Here, we found that up-regulation of Tim-3 expression in active human TB disease allows CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to mount stronger, but not impaired, anti-mycobacterium effector functions. This study therefore uncovers a previously unknown mechanism for T-cell immune responses regulated by Tim-3, and has an important implication for TB diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department for Clinical Microbiological Assays, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongying Liao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomotology, Guanghua School of Stomotology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyun Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guobao Li
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Hepatology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Crystal Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jiye Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zheng W. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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van Esch EMG, Welters MJP, Jordanova ES, Trimbos JBMZ, van der Burg SH, van Poelgeest MIE. Treatment failure in patients with HPV 16-induced vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: understanding different clinical responses to immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:821-40. [PMID: 22913259 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Failure of the immune system to launch a strong and effective immune response to high-risk HPV is related to viral persistence and the development of anogenital (pre)malignant lesions such as vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN). Different forms of immunotherapy, aimed at overcoming the inertia of the immune system, have been developed and met with clinical success. Unfortunately these, in principal successful, therapeutic approaches also fail to induce clinical responses in a substantial number of cases. In this review, the authors summarize the traits of the immune response to HPV in healthy individuals and in patients with HPV-induced neoplasia. The potential mechanisms involved in the escape of HPV-induced lesions from the immune system indicate gaps in our knowledge. Finally, the interaction between the immune system and VIN is discussed with a special focus on the different forms of immunotherapy applied to treat VIN and the potential causes of therapy failure. The authors conclude that there are a number of pre-existing conditions that determine the patients' responsiveness to immunotherapy. An immunotherapeutic strategy in which different aspects of immune failure are attacked by complementary approaches, will improve the clinical response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M G van Esch
- Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Moorman JP, Wang JM, Zhang Y, Ji XJ, Ma CJ, Wu XY, Jia ZS, Wang KS, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 pathway controls regulatory and effector T cell balance during hepatitis C virus infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:755-66. [PMID: 22706088 PMCID: PMC3392408 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is remarkable at disrupting human immunity to establish chronic infection. Upregulation of inhibitory signaling pathways (such as T cell Ig and mucin domain protein-3 [Tim-3]) and accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in suppressing antiviral effector T cell (Teff) responses that are essential for viral clearance. Although the Tim-3 pathway has been shown to negatively regulate Teffs, its role in regulating Foxp3(+) Tregs is poorly explored. In this study, we investigated whether and how the Tim-3 pathway alters Foxp3(+) Treg development and function in patients with chronic HCV infection. We found that Tim-3 was upregulated, not only on IL-2-producing CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(-) Teffs, but also on CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs, which accumulate in the peripheral blood of chronically HCV-infected individuals when compared with healthy subjects. Tim-3 expression on Foxp3(+) Tregs positively correlated with expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 on Tregs, but it was inversely associated with proliferation of IL-2-producing Teffs. Moreover, Foxp3(+) Tregs were found to be more resistant to, and Foxp3(-) Teffs more sensitive to, TCR activation-induced cell apoptosis, which was reversible by blocking Tim-3 signaling. Consistent with its role in T cell proliferation and apoptosis, blockade of Tim-3 on CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells promoted expansion of Teffs more substantially than Tregs through improving STAT-5 signaling, thus correcting the imbalance of Foxp3(+) Tregs/Foxp3(-) Teffs that was induced by HCV infection. Taken together, the Tim-3 pathway appears to control Treg and Teff balance through altering cell proliferation and apoptosis during HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Moorman
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Jia M. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao J. Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Critical Care Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Zhan S. Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ke S. Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United State of America
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play an important role against viral infections and cancer. This effect is achieved through a complex mosaic of inhibitory and activating receptors expressed by NK cells that ultimately determine the magnitude of the NK-cell response. The T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin domain-containing (Tim)-3 receptor was initially identified as a T-helper 1-specific type I membrane protein involved in regulating T-cell responses. Human NK cells transcribe the highest amounts of Tim-3 among lymphocytes. Tim-3 protein is expressed on essentially all mature CD56(dim)CD16(+) NK cells and is expressed heterogeneously in the immature CD56(bright)CD16(-) NK-cell subset in blood from healthy adults and in cord blood. Tim-3 expression was induced on CD56(bright)CD16(-) NK cells after stimulation with IL-15 or IL-12 and IL-18 in vitro, suggesting that Tim-3 is a maturation marker on NK cells. Whereas Tim-3 has been used to identify dysfunctional T cells, NK cells expressing high amounts of Tim-3 are fully responsive with respect to cytokine production and cytotoxicity. However, when Tim-3 was cross-linked with antibodies it suppressed NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that NK-cell responses may be negatively regulated when NK cells encounter target cells expressing cognate ligands of Tim-3.
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Brown WC. Adaptive immunity to Anaplasma pathogens and immune dysregulation: implications for bacterial persistence. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:241-52. [PMID: 22226382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium that infects ruminants, and notably causes severe economic losses in cattle worldwide. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects neutrophils and causes disease in many mammals, including ruminants, dogs, cats, horses, and humans. Both bacteria cause persistent infection - infected cattle never clear A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum can also cause persistent infection in ruminants and other animals for several years. This review describes correlates of the protective immune response to these two pathogens as well as subversion and dysregulation of the immune response following infection that likely contribute to long-term persistence. I also compare the immune dysfunction observed with intraerythrocytic A. marginale to that observed in other models of chronic infection resulting in high antigen loads, including malaria, a disease caused by another intraerythrocytic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Brown
- Program in Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, United States.
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Zhang Y, Ma CJ, Wang JM, Ji XJ, Wu XY, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 regulates pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in human CD14+ monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:189-96. [PMID: 21844165 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1010591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tim-3 and PD-1 are powerful immunoinhibitory molecules involved in immune tolerance, autoimmune responses, and antitumor or antiviral immune evasion. A current model for Tim-3 regulation during immune responses suggests a divergent function, such that Tim-3 acts synergistically with TLR signaling pathways in innate immune cells to promote inflammation, yet the same molecule terminates Th1 immunity in adaptive immune cells. To better understand how Tim-3 might be functioning in innate immune responses, we examined the kinetics of Tim-3 expression in human CD14+ M/M(Ф) in relation to expression of IL-12, a key cytokine in the transition of innate to adaptive immunity. Here, we show that Tim-3 is constitutively expressed on unstimulated peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes but decreases rapidly upon TLR stimulation. Conversely, IL-12 expression is low in these cells but increases rapidly in CD14+ M/M(Ф) in correlation with the decrease in Tim-3. Blocking Tim-3 signaling or silencing Tim-3 expression led to a significant increase in TLR-mediated IL-12 production, as well as a decrease in activation-induced up-regulation of the immunoinhibitor, PD-1; TNF-α production was not altered significantly, but IL-10 production was increased. These results suggest that Tim-3 has a role as a regulator of pro- and anti-inflammatory innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen Veterans Administration Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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Abstract
Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of HIV infection, yet the underlying triggers of immune activation remain unclear. Persistent antigenic stimulation during HIV infection may also lead to immune exhaustion, a phenomenon in which effector T cells become dysfunctional and lose effector functions and proliferative capacity. Several markers of immune exhaustion, such as PD-1, LAG-3, Tim-3, and CTLA-4, which are also negative regulators of immune activation, are preferentially upregulated on T cells during HIV infection. It is not yet clear whether accumulation of T cells expressing activation inhibitory molecules is a consequence of general immune or chronic HIV-specific immune activation. Importantly, however, in vitro blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 restores HIV-specific T-cell responses, indicating potential for immunotherapies. In this review we discuss the evolution of our understanding of immune exhaustion during HIV infection, highlighting novel markers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Khaitan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA.
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Zhang Y, Ma CJ, Wang JM, Ji XJ, Wu XY, Jia ZS, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Tim-3 negatively regulates IL-12 expression by monocytes in HCV infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19664. [PMID: 21637332 PMCID: PMC3102652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) is a newly identified negative immunomodulator that is up-regulated on dysfunctional T cells during viral infections. The expression and function of Tim-3 on human innate immune responses during HCV infection, however, remains poorly characterized. In this study, we report that Tim-3 is constitutively expressed on human resting CD14+ monocyte/macrophages (M/MØ) and functions as a cap to block IL-12, a key pro-inflammatory cytokine linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Tim-3 expression is significantly reduced and IL-12 expression increased upon stimulation with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand - lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TLR7/8 ligand - R848. Notably, Tim-3 is over-expressed on un-stimulated as well as TLR-stimulated M/MØ, which is inversely associated with the diminished IL-12 expression in chronically HCV-infected individuals when compared to healthy subjects. Up-regulation of Tim-3 and inhibition of IL-12 are also observed in M/MØ incubated with HCV-expressing hepatocytes, as well as in primary M/MØ or monocytic THP-1 cells incubated with HCV core protein, an effect that mimics the function of complement C1q and is reversible by blocking the HCV core/gC1qR interaction. Importantly, blockade of Tim-3 signaling significantly rescues HCV-mediated inhibition of IL-12, which is primarily expressed by Tim-3 negative M/MØ. Tim-3 blockade reduces HCV core-mediated expression of the negative immunoregulators PD-1 and SOCS-1 and increases STAT-1 phosphorylation. Conversely, blocking PD-1 or silencing SOCS-1 gene expression also decreases Tim-3 expression and enhances IL-12 secretion and STAT-1 phosphorylation. These findings suggest that Tim-3 plays a crucial role in negative regulation of innate immune responses, through crosstalk with PD-1 and SOCS-1 and limiting STAT-1 phosphorylation, and may be a novel target for immunotherapy to HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng J. Ma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jia M. Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao J. Ji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhan S. Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
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Abdelbary NH, Abdullah HM, Matsuzaki T, Hayashi D, Tanaka Y, Takashima H, Izumo S, Kubota R. Reduced Tim-3 expression on human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HTLV-I infection. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:948-59. [PMID: 21402546 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) are T cell exhaustion molecules. We investigated the expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 in human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection. Tim-3 expression, but not PD-1 expression, was reduced on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients and HTLV-I carriers as compared with healthy controls. Tim-3 expression was also reduced in HTLV-I Tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as compared with cytomegalovirus-specific CTLs. Tim-3(+), but not PD-1(+), Tax-specific CTLs produced less interferon-γ and exhibited low cytolytic activity. However, we observed no difference in the expression of Tim-3 or cytolytic activity between Tax-specific CTLs of HAM/TSP patients or carriers. Moreover, HTLV-I-infected CD4(+) T cells showed decreased Tim-3 expression. These data suggest that Tim-3 expression is reduced in HTLV-I infection and that a high number of Tim-3(-) HTLV-I-specific CTLs preserves their cytolytic activity, thereby controlling viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa H Abdelbary
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
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HTLV-1 tax specific CD8+ T cells express low levels of Tim-3 in HTLV-1 infection: implications for progression to neurological complications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1030. [PMID: 21541358 PMCID: PMC3082508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (Tim-3) receptor is highly expressed on HIV-1-specific T cells, rendering them partially "exhausted" and unable to contribute to the effective immune mediated control of viral replication. To elucidate novel mechanisms contributing to the HTLV-1 neurological complex and its classic neurological presentation called HAM/TSP (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis), we investigated the expression of the Tim-3 receptor on CD8(+) T cells from a cohort of HTLV-1 seropositive asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Patients diagnosed with HAM/TSP down-regulated Tim-3 expression on both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells compared to asymptomatic patients and HTLV-1 seronegative controls. HTLV-1 Tax-specific, HLA-A*02 restricted CD8(+) T cells among HAM/TSP individuals expressed markedly lower levels of Tim-3. We observed Tax expressing cells in both Tim-3(+) and Tim-3(-) fractions. Taken together, these data indicate that there is a systematic downregulation of Tim-3 levels on T cells in HTLV-1 infection, sustaining a profoundly highly active population of potentially pathogenic T cells that may allow for the development of HTLV-1 complications.
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Kassu A, Marcus RA, D'Souza MB, Kelly-McKnight EA, Palmer BE. Suppression of HIV replication by antiretroviral therapy reduces TIM-3 expression on HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:1-3. [PMID: 20860535 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Afework Kassu
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Roland A. Marcus
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michelle B. D'Souza
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A. Kelly-McKnight
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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50
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Shankar EM, Che KF, Messmer D, Lifson JD, Larsson M. Expression of a broad array of negative costimulatory molecules and Blimp-1 in T cells following priming by HIV-1 pulsed dendritic cells. Mol Med 2010; 17:229-40. [PMID: 21103670 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that immune impairment in persistent viral infections could lead to T-cell exhaustion. To evaluate the potential contribution of induction of negative costimulatory molecules to impaired T-cell responses, we primed naïve T cells with mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) pulsed with HIV-1 in vitro. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, respectively, to compare the gene and surface-protein expression profiles of naïve T cells primed with HIV-pulsed or mock-pulsed DCs. We detected elevated expressions of negative costimulatory molecules, including lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), CD160, cytolytic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-containing domain-3 (TIM-3), programmed death-1 (PD-1) and TRAIL (tumor necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) in T cells primed by HIV-pulsed DCs. The PD-1(+) T-cell population also coexpressed TIM-3, LAG-3, and CTLA-4. Interestingly, we also found an increase in gene expression of the transcriptional repressors Blimp-1 (B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1) and Foxp3 (forkhead transcription factor) in T-cells primed by HIV-pulsed DCs; Blimp-1 expression was directly proportional to the expression of the negative costimulatory molecules. Furthermore, levels of the effector cytokines interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, and perforin and granzyme B were decreased in T-cell populations primed by HIV-pulsed DCs. In conclusion, in vitro priming of naïve T-cells with HIV-pulsed DC leads to expansion of T cells with coexpression of a broad array of negative costimulatory molecules and Blimp-1, with potential deleterious consequences for T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esaki Muthu Shankar
- Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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