1
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Disturbances in microbial skin recolonization and cutaneous immune response following allogeneic stem cell transfer. Leukemia 2022; 36:2705-2714. [PMID: 36224329 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the gut microbiome influences the clinical course after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but little is known about the relevance of skin microorganisms. In a single-center, observational study, we recruited a cohort of 50 patients before undergoing conditioning treatment and took both stool and skin samples up to one year after HSCT. We could confirm intestinal dysbiosis following HSCT and report that the skin microbiome is likewise perturbed in HSCT-recipients. Overall bacterial colonization of the skin was decreased after conditioning. Particularly patients that developed acute skin graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) presented with an overabundance of Staphylococcus spp. In addition, a loss in alpha diversity was indicative of aGVHD development already before disease onset and correlated with disease severity. Further, co-localization of CD45+ leukocytes and staphylococci was observed in the skin of aGVHD patients even before disease development and paralleled with upregulated genes required for antigen-presentation in mononuclear phagocytes. Overall, our data reveal disturbances of the skin microbiome as well as cutaneous immune response in HSCT recipients with changes associated with cutaneous aGVHD.
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2
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Eiro N, Fraile M, González-Jubete A, González LO, Vizoso FJ. Mesenchymal (Stem) Stromal Cells Based as New Therapeutic Alternative in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Basic Mechanisms, Experimental and Clinical Evidence, and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168905. [PMID: 36012170 PMCID: PMC9408403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are an example of chronic diseases affecting 40% of the population, which involved tissue damage and an inflammatory process not satisfactorily controlled with current therapies. Data suggest that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) may be a therapeutic option for these processes, and especially for IBD, due to their multifactorial approaches such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, regenerative, angiogenic, anti-tumor, or anti-microbial. However, MSC therapy is associated with important limitations as safety issues, handling difficulties for therapeutic purposes, and high economic cost. MSC-derived secretome products (conditioned medium or extracellular vesicles) are therefore a therapeutic option in IBD as they exhibit similar effects to their parent cells and avoid the issues of cell therapy. In this review, we proposed further studies to choose the ideal tissue source of MSC to treat IBD, the implementation of new standardized production strategies, quality controls and the integration of other technologies, such as hydrogels, which may improve the therapeutic effects of derived-MSC secretome products in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Eiro
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Av. de Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +34-98-5320050 (ext. 84216) (N.E.); Fax: +34-98-531570 (N.E.)
| | - Maria Fraile
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Av. de Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain
| | | | - Luis O. González
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Av. de Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Vizoso
- Research Unit, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Av. de Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Av. de Eduardo Castro, 161, 33290 Gijón, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.E.); (F.J.V.); Tel.: +34-98-5320050 (ext. 84216) (N.E.); Fax: +34-98-531570 (N.E.)
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3
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Challenges and opportunities targeting mechanisms of epithelial injury and recovery in acute intestinal graft-versus-host disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:605-619. [PMID: 35654837 PMCID: PMC9259481 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in immunosuppressive prophylaxis and overall supportive care, gastrointestinal (GI) graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major, lethal side effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). It has become increasingly clear that the intestinal epithelium, in addition to being a target of transplant-related toxicity and GVHD, plays an important role in the onset of GVHD. Over the last two decades, increased understanding of the epithelial constituents and their microenvironment has led to the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic interventions, with the potential to protect the intestinal epithelium from GVHD-associated damage and promote its recovery following insult. In this review, we will discuss intestinal epithelial injury and the role of the intestinal epithelium in GVHD pathogenesis. In addition, we will highlight possible approaches to protect the GI tract from damage posttransplant and to stimulate epithelial regeneration, in order to promote intestinal recovery. Combined treatment modalities integrating immunomodulation, epithelial protection, and induction of regeneration may hold the key to unlocking mucosal recovery and optimizing therapy for acute intestinal GVHD.
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4
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Lin D, Hu B, Li P, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Wu D. Roles of the intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites in acute GVHD. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:49. [PMID: 34706782 PMCID: PMC8555140 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is one of the most curative strategies for the treatment of many hematologic malignancies and diseases. However, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) limits the success of allo-HSCT. The prevention and treatment of acute GVHD is the key issue for improving the efficacy of allo-HSCT and has become a research hotspot. The intestine is the primary organ targeted by acute GVHD, and the intestinal microbiota is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal microenvironment and the immune response. Many studies have demonstrated the close association between the intestinal microbiota and the pathogenesis of acute GVHD. Furthermore, dysbiosis of the microbiota, which manifests as alterations in the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota, and alterations of microbial metabolites are pronounced in acute GVHD and associated with poor patient prognosis. The microbiota interacts with the host directly via microbial surface antigens or microbiota-derived metabolites to regulate intestinal homeostasis and the immune response. Therefore, intervention strategies targeting the intestinal microbiota, including antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), are potential new treatment options for acute GVHD. In this review, we discuss the alterations and roles of the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites in acute GVHD, as well as interventions targeting microbiota for the prevention and treatment of acute GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Depei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Hardman CS, Chen YL, Salimi M, Nahler J, Corridoni D, Jagielowicz M, Fonseka CL, Johnson D, Repapi E, Cousins DJ, Barlow JL, McKenzie ANJ, Simmons A, Ogg G. IL-6 effector function of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) is NOD2 dependent. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabe5084. [PMID: 34021026 PMCID: PMC7611333 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe5084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are spatially and epigenetically poised to respond to barrier compromise and associated immunological threats. ILC2, lacking rearranged antigen-specific receptors, are primarily activated by damage-associated cytokines and respond with type 2 cytokine production. To investigate ILC2 potential for direct sensing of skin pathogens and allergens, we performed RNA sequencing of ILC2 derived from in vivo challenged human skin or blood. We detected expression of NOD2 and TLR2 by skin and blood ILC2. Stimulation of ILC2 with TLR2 agonist alone not only induced interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-13 expression but also elicited IL-6 expression in combination with Staphylococcus aureus muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Heat-killed skin-resident bacteria provoked an IL-6 profile in ILC2 in vitro that was notably impaired in ILC2 derived from patients with nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) mutations. In addition, we show that NOD2 signaling can stimulate autophagy in ILC2, which was also impaired in patients with NOD2 mutations. Here, we have identified a role for ILC2 NOD2 signaling in the differential regulation of ILC2-derived IL-6 and have reported a previously unrecognized pathway of direct ILC2 bacterial sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare S Hardman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maryam Salimi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janina Nahler
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniele Corridoni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Jagielowicz
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chathuranga L Fonseka
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Johnson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Emmanouela Repapi
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Cousins
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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6
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Carlos D, Pérez MM, Leite JA, Rocha FA, Martins LMS, Pereira CA, Fraga-Silva TFC, Pucci TA, Ramos SG, Câmara NOS, Bonato VLD, Tostes RC, Silva JS. NOD2 Deficiency Promotes Intestinal CD4+ T Lymphocyte Imbalance, Metainflammation, and Aggravates Type 2 Diabetes in Murine Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1265. [PMID: 32774333 PMCID: PMC7381387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease characterized by increased inflammation, NOD-like receptors (NLRs) activation and gut dysbiosis. Our research group has recently reported that intestinal Th17 response limits gut dysbiosis and LPS translocation to visceral adipose tissue (VAT), protecting against metabolic syndrome. However, whether NOD2 receptor contributes intestinal Th17 immunity, modulates dysbiosis-driven metabolic tissue inflammation, and obesity-induced T2D remain poorly understood. In this context, we observed that mice lacking NOD2 fed a high-fat diet (HFD) display severe obesity, exhibit greater adiposity, and more hepatic steatosis compared to HFD-fed wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, they develop increased hyperglycemia, worsening of glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Notably, the deficiency of NOD2 causes a deviation from M2 macrophage and regulatory T cells (Treg) to M1 macrophage and mast cells into VAT compared to WT mice fed HFD. An imbalance was also observed in Th17/Th1 cell populations, with reduced IL-17 and IL-22 gene expression in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and ileum, respectively, of NOD2-deficient mice fed HFD. 16S rRNA sequencing indicates lower richness, alpha diversity, and a depletion of Allobaculum, Lactobacillus, and enrichment with Bacteroides genera in these mice compared to HFD-fed WT mice. These alterations were associated with disrupted tight-junctions expression, augmented serum LPS, and bacterial translocation into VAT. Overall, NOD2 activation is required for a protective Th17 over Th1 immunity in the gut, which seems to decrease gram-negative bacteria outgrowth in gut microbiota, attenuating the endotoxemia, metainflammation, and protecting against obesity-induced T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carlos
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Malena M Pérez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jefferson A Leite
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Rocha
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa M S Martins
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Thais F C Fraga-Silva
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Taís A Pucci
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vânia L D Bonato
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Fiocruz-Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Plataform, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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7
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Tikka C, Manthari RK, Ommati MM, Niu R, Sun Z, Zhang J, Wang J. Immune disruption occurs through altered gut microbiome and NOD2 in arsenic induced mice: Correlation with colon cancer markers. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125791. [PMID: 31927375 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbial compositions are easily affected by the environmental chemicals like arsenic (As) leading to dysbiosis. The dysbiosis of gut microbiome has associated with numerous diseases; among which cancer is one of the major diseases. The meticulous mechanism underlying As- altered gut microbiome, Nucleotide domine containing protein 2 (NOD2) and how altered gut microbiome disturbs the intestinal homeostasis to regulate colon cancer markers remains unclear. For this, one hundred twenty 8-week old age male mice were divided into two exposure periods (3 and 6 months), and each exposure group animals were further divided into four groups as control (received only distilled H2O), low (0.15 mg As2O3/L), medium (1.5 mg As2O3/L) and high (15 mg As2O3/L) dose (each group containing 15 mice) administrated for 3 and 6 months. The results showed that As exposure highly altered gut microbiome with a significant depletion in NOD2 in contrast to control groups. Moreover, the dendritic cells (CD11a, CD103, CX3CR1) and macrophages (F4/80) were significantly increased by As exposure. Interestingly, increased trend of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17) and depleted anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) was observed in As exposed mice. Furthermore, the colon cancer markers β-catenin has increased while APC was arrested by As both in 3 and 6 months treated animals. Many studies reported that As altered gut microbial compositions, in this study, our results suggested that altered gut microbiome indirectly regulates colon cancer marker through immune system destruction mediated by inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjeevi Tikka
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Ram Kumar Manthari
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China; Department of Life Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Zilong Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jianhai Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China.
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8
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Zama D, Bossù G, Leardini D, Muratore E, Biagi E, Prete A, Pession A, Masetti R. Insights into the role of intestinal microbiota in hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Ther Adv Hematol 2020; 11:2040620719896961. [PMID: 32010434 PMCID: PMC6974760 DOI: 10.1177/2040620719896961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) is able to modulate the human immune system. The development of novel investigation methods has provided better characterization of the GM, increasing our knowledge of the role of GM in the context of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). In particular, the GM influences the development of the major complications seen after HSCT, having an impact on overall survival. In fact, this evidence highlights the possible therapeutic implications of modulation of the GM during HSCT. Insights into the complex mechanisms and functions of the GM are essential for the rational design of these therapeutics. To date, preemptive and curative approaches have been tested. The current state of understanding of the impact of the GM on HSCT, and therapies targeting the GM balance is reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zama
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Unit ‘Lalla
Seràgnoli,’ Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via
Massarenti 11, Bologna, 40137, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bossù
- Department of Pediatrics, ‘Lalla Seràgnoli,’
Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Leardini
- Department of Pediatrics, ‘Lalla Seràgnoli,’
Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Muratore
- Department of Pediatrics, ‘Lalla Seràgnoli,’
Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology,
University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Prete
- Department of Pediatrics, ‘Lalla Seràgnoli,’
Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Department of Pediatrics, ‘Lalla Seràgnoli,’
Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Masetti
- Department of Pediatrics, ‘Lalla Seràgnoli,’
Hematology-Oncology Unit, University of Bologna, Italy
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9
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Maeda K, Caldez MJ, Akira S. Innate immunity in allergy. Allergy 2019; 74:1660-1674. [PMID: 30891811 PMCID: PMC6790574 DOI: 10.1111/all.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune system quickly responds to invasion of microbes and foreign substances through the extracellular and intracellular sensing receptors, which recognize distinctive molecular and structural patterns. The recognition of innate immune receptors leads to the induction of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses by activating downstream signaling pathways. Allergy is an immune-related disease and results from a hypersensitive immune response to harmless substances in the environment. However, less is known about the activation of innate immunity during exposure to allergens. New insights into the innate immune system by sensors and their signaling cascades provide us with more important clues and a framework for understanding allergy disorders. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in the innate immune sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Maeda
- Laboratory of Host Defense, The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Matias J. Caldez
- Laboratory of Host Defense, The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, The World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
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10
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Li S, Deng P, Wang M, Liu X, Jiang M, Jiang B, Yang L, Hu J. IL-1α and IL-1β promote NOD2-induced immune responses by enhancing MAPK signaling. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1321-1334. [PMID: 31019287 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Both toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) induce a tightly regulated inflammatory response at risk of causing tissue damage, depending on the effectiveness of ensuing negative feedback regulatory mechanisms. Cross-regulation between TLRs, NLRs, and cytokine receptors has been observed. However, the cross-regulation between interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptors and NOD2 is not completely understood. In this study, we found that IL-1α/β increased NOD2-induced inflammatory response in human monocytic THP1 cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), mouse macrophage RWA264.7 cells and spleen cells, and in an in vivo experiment. IL-1α/β pre-treatment induced the production of CXC chemokines, including growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)-α, GRO-β, and IL-8, and proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, which are induced by the activation of NOD2, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, pre-treatment with the NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP) did not up-regulate the expression of cytokines induced by IL-1α/β re-treatment. IL-1β treatment increased the expression of A20, which is an important inhibitor of the innate immune response. However, the overexpression of A20 failed to inhibit MDP-induced cytokine production, suggesting that A20 had no effects on the NOD2-induced immune response. In addition, IL-1α/β increased the expression of NOD2 and its downstream adaptor RIP2, and IL-1α/β pre-treatment increased MDP-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including ERK, JNK, and P38, which contributed to MDP-induced cytokine production. Based on these results, IL-1α/β promote the NOD2-induced immune responses by enhancing MDP-induced activation of MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China.,Graduate School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Manzhi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Manli Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Binyuan Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Li Yang
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyue Hu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China. .,Changsha Cancer Institute, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China.
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11
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NOD2 Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Protects Toward the Development of Inflammation and Associated Carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:357-369. [PMID: 30704984 PMCID: PMC6357788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that senses bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs in cytosol and stimulates host immune response including epithelial and immune cells. The association of NOD2 mutations with a number of inflammatory pathologies including Crohn's disease (CD), graft-versus-host diseases, or Blau syndrome, highlights its pivotal role in inflammatory response and the associated-carcinogenesis development. Since its identification in 2001 and its association with CD, the role of NOD2 in epithelial cells and immune cells has been investigated extensively but the precise mechanism by which NOD2 mutations lead to CD and the associated carcinogenesis development is largely unknown. In this review, we present and discuss recent developments about the role of NOD2 inside epithelial cells on the control of the inflammatory process and its linked carcinogenesis development.
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12
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Wong SY, Coffre M, Ramanan D, Hines MJ, Gomez LE, Peters LA, Schadt EE, Koralov SB, Cadwell K. B Cell Defects Observed in Nod2 Knockout Mice Are a Consequence of a Dock2 Mutation Frequently Found in Inbred Strains. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 201:1442-1451. [PMID: 30012848 PMCID: PMC6103850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic differences among substrains of laboratory mice due to spontaneous mutations or pre-existing genetic variation confound the interpretation of targeted mutagenesis experiments and contribute to challenges with reproducibility across institutions. Notably, C57BL/6 Hsd mice and gene-targeted mice that have been backcrossed to this substrain have been reported to harbor a duplication in exons 28 and 29 of Dock2 In this study, we demonstrate the presence of this Dock2 variant in the widely used Nod2-/- mice. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) is a cytosolic innate immune receptor associated with inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility. Consistent with a role of NOD2 in an immunological disorder, Nod2-/- mice bred at our institution displayed multiple B cell defects including deficiencies in recirculating B cells, marginal zone B cells, and B1a cells in vivo, as well as defects in class switch recombination in vitro. However, we found that these effects are due to the Dock2 variant and are independent of Nod2 deletion. Despite originating from the same gene-targeted founder mice, Nod2-/- mice from another source did not harbor the Dock2 variant or B cell defects. Finally, we show that Dock2-/- mice display the same B cell defects as mice harboring the Dock2 variant, confirming that the variant is a loss-of-function mutation and is sufficient to explain the alterations to the B cell compartment observed in Nod2-/- mice. Our findings highlight the effects of confounding mutations from widely used inbred strains on gene-targeted mice and reveal new functions of DOCK2 in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serre-Yu Wong
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Maryaline Coffre
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Deepshika Ramanan
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Marcus J Hines
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Luis E Gomez
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lauren A Peters
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai Venture, Stamford, CT 06902; and
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai Venture, Stamford, CT 06902; and
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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13
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Chen X, Xiao Z, Xie X, Liu X, Jiang M, Yuan C, Yang L, Hu J. TNF‐α‐Induced NOD2 and RIP2 Contribute to the Up‐Regulation of Cytokines Induced by MDP in Monocytic THP‐1 Cells. J Cell Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha 410008China
| | - Zhilin Xiao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha 410008China
| | - Xiumei Xie
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangsha 410008China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Medical Research CenterChangsha Central HospitalChangshaHunan 410004China
| | - Manli Jiang
- Medical Research CenterChangsha Central HospitalChangshaHunan 410004China
| | - Chuang Yuan
- Medical Research CenterChangsha Central HospitalChangshaHunan 410004China
| | - Li Yang
- Tuberculosis Research CenterChangsha Central HospitalChangshaHunan 410004China
| | - Jinyue Hu
- Medical Research CenterChangsha Central HospitalChangshaHunan 410004China
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14
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Dolasia K, Bisht MK, Pradhan G, Udgata A, Mukhopadhyay S. TLRs/NLRs: Shaping the landscape of host immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:3-19. [PMID: 29193992 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1397656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogenic organisms. It has a varied and large collection of molecules known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which can tackle the pathogens promptly and effectively. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are members of the PRR family that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play pivotal roles to mediate defense against infections from bacteria, fungi, virus and various other pathogens. In this review, we discuss the critical roles of TLRs and NLRs in the regulation of host immune-effector functions such as cytokine production, phagosome-lysosome fusion, inflammasome activation, autophagy, antigen presentation, and B and T cell immune responses that are known to be essential for mounting a protective immune response against the pathogens. This review may be helpful to design TLRs/NLRs based immunotherapeutics to control various infections and pathophysiological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Dolasia
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Manoj K Bisht
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Gourango Pradhan
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Atul Udgata
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
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15
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Complementary Roles of Nod2 in Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Cells in Preventing Gut Barrier Dysfunction Dependent on MLCK Activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1109-1119. [PMID: 28520587 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis is multifactorial involving genetic and environmental factors. Loss of function mutations in the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) gene are the main genetic risk factor for CD. Like patients with CD, Nod2 mice are characterized by an enhanced Th1 immune response and a defective mucosal barrier function evidenced by increased intestinal permeability. We previously showed that the latter is related to hematopoietic Nod2 deficiency. Our aim was to explore the mechanisms by which Nod2 expressed in the hematopoietic and in the nonhematopoietic compartments interplay to control epithelial paracellular permeability. METHODS Depletion of CD4 T cells in Nod2 mice and treatments with inhibitors were conducted in chimeric mice transplanted with bone marrow cells from Nod2-deficient donors into Nod2-sufficient recipients or vice versa. Caco-2 cells overexpressing a NOD2 gene which did or did not include a CD-associated polymorphism were treated with inhibitors or siRNAs and cocultured with hematopoietic cells from Peyer's patches. RESULTS In vivo and in vitro Nod2 in hematopoietic cells regulates epithelial paracellular permeability through cytokine production influencing myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity. Indeed, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ secretion by CD4 T cells upregulated expression and activity of epithelial MLCK leading to increased epithelial tight junction opening. When stimulated by muramyl dipeptide, Nod2 in the nonhematopoietic compartment normalized the permeability and T-cell cytokine secretion and regulated MLCK activity. This MLCK regulation is mediated by TAK1 and RICK-dependent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates how hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic Nod2 regulate intestinal barrier function, improving our knowledge on the mechanisms involved in CD pathogenesis.
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Kasimsetty SG, Shigeoka AA, Scheinok AA, Gavin AL, Ulevitch RJ, McKay DB. Lack of Both Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Containing Proteins 1 and 2 Primes T Cells for Activation-Induced Cell Death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1196-1205. [PMID: 28652394 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-containing proteins Nod1 and Nod2 play important roles in the innate immune response to pathogenic microbes, but mounting data suggest these pattern recognition receptors might also play key roles in adaptive immune responses. Targeting Nod1 and Nod2 signaling pathways in T cells is likely to provide a new strategy to modify inflammation in a variety of disease states, particularly those that depend on Ag-induced T cell activation. To better understand how Nod1 and Nod2 proteins contribute to adaptive immunity, this study investigated their role in alloantigen-induced T cell activation and asked whether their absence might impact in vivo alloresponses using a severe acute graft versus host disease model. The study provided several important observations. We found that the simultaneous absence of Nod1 and Nod2 primed T cells for activation-induced cell death. T cells from Nod1 × 2-/- mice rapidly underwent cell death upon exposure to alloantigen. The Nod1 × 2-/- T cells had sustained p53 expression that was associated with downregulation of its negative regulator MDM2. In vivo, mice transplanted with an inoculum containing Nod1 × 2-/- T cells were protected from severe graft versus host disease. The results show that the simultaneous absence of Nod1 and Nod2 is associated with accelerated T cell death upon alloantigen encounter, suggesting these proteins might provide new targets to ameliorate T cell responses in a variety of inflammatory states, including those associated with bone marrow or solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi G Kasimsetty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Alana A Shigeoka
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Andrew A Scheinok
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
| | - Amanda L Gavin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Richard J Ulevitch
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and
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17
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Ghimire S, Weber D, Mavin E, Wang XN, Dickinson AM, Holler E. Pathophysiology of GvHD and Other HSCT-Related Major Complications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:79. [PMID: 28373870 PMCID: PMC5357769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 60 years, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been the major curative therapy for several hematological and genetic disorders, but its efficacy is limited by the secondary disease called graft versus host disease (GvHD). Huge advances have been made in successful transplantation in order to improve patient quality of life, and yet, complete success is hard to achieve. This review assimilates recent updates on pathophysiology of GvHD, prophylaxis and treatment of GvHD-related complications, and advances in the potential treatment of GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakhila Ghimire
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Centre , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Centre , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Emily Mavin
- Hematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle , UK
| | - Xiao Nong Wang
- Hematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle , UK
| | - Anne Mary Dickinson
- Hematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle , UK
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Centre , Regensburg , Germany
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18
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Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that senses bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN)-conserved motifs in cytosol and stimulates host immune response. The association of NOD2 mutations with a number of inflammatory pathologies, including Crohn disease (CD), Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and Blau syndrome, highlights its pivotal role in host–pathogen interactions and inflammatory response. Stimulation of NOD2 by its ligand (muramyl dipeptide) activates pro-inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Caspase-1. A loss of NOD2 function may result in a failure in the control of microbial infection, thereby initiating systemic responses and aberrant inflammation. Because the ligand of Nod2 is conserved in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, NOD2 detects a wide variety of microorganisms. Furthermore, current literature evidences that NOD2 is also able to control viruses’ and parasites’ infections. In this review, we present and discuss recent developments about the role of NOD2 in shaping the gut commensal microbiota and pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and the mechanisms by which Nod2 mutations participate in disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Nabhani
- Laboratoire Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- Laboratoire Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1149, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JPH); (FB)
| | - Frederick Barreau
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (JPH); (FB)
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19
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Mengwasser J, Babes L, Cordes S, Mertlitz S, Riesner K, Shi Y, McGearey A, Kalupa M, Reinheckel T, Penack O. Cathepsin E Deficiency Ameliorates Graft-versus-Host Disease and Modifies Dendritic Cell Motility. Front Immunol 2017; 8:203. [PMID: 28298913 PMCID: PMC5331043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial products influence immunity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). In this context, the role of cathepsin E (Ctse), an aspartate protease known to cleave bacterial peptides for antigen presentation in dendritic cells (DCs), has not been studied. During experimental acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we found infiltration by Ctse-positive immune cells leading to higher Ctse RNA- and protein levels in target organs. In Ctse-deficient allo-SCT recipients, we found ameliorated GVHD, improved survival, and lower numbers of tissue-infiltrating DCs. Donor T cell proliferation was not different in Ctse-deficient vs. wild-type allo-SCT recipients in MHC-matched and MHC-mismatched models. Furthermore, Ctse-deficient DCs had an intact ability to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation, suggesting that its role in antigen presentation may not be the main mechanism how Ctse impacts GVHD. We found that Ctse deficiency significantly decreases DC motility in vivo, reduces adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM), and diminishes invasion through ECM. We conclude that Ctse has a previously unrecognized role in regulating DC motility that possibly contributes to reduced DC counts and ameliorated inflammation in GVHD target organs of Ctse-deficient allo-SCT recipients. However, our data do not provide definite proof that the observed effect of Ctse−/− deficiency is exclusively mediated by DCs. A contribution of Ctse−/−-mediated functions in other recipient cell types, e.g., macrophages, cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Mengwasser
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Liane Babes
- Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Steffen Cordes
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Sarah Mertlitz
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Katarina Riesner
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Yu Shi
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Aleixandria McGearey
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Martina Kalupa
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Olaf Penack
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
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20
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Staffas A, Burgos da Silva M, van den Brink MRM. The intestinal microbiota in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant and graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2017; 129:927-933. [PMID: 27940475 PMCID: PMC5324712 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-691394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a critical treatment of patients with high-risk hematopoietic malignancies, hematological deficiencies, and other immune diseases. In allogeneic HCT (allo-HCT), donor-derived T cells recognize host tissues as foreign, causing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) which is a main contributor to morbidity and mortality. The intestine is one of the organs most severely affected by GVHD and research has recently highlighted the importance of bacteria, particularly the gut microbiota, in HCT outcome and in GVHD development. Loss of intestinal bacterial diversity is common during the course of HCT and is associated with GVHD development and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Loss of intestinal diversity and outgrowth of opportunistic pathogens belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria and Enterococcus genus have also been linked to increased treatment-related mortality including GVHD, infections, and organ failure after allo-HCT. Experimental studies in allo-HCT animal models have shown some promising results for prebiotic and probiotic strategies as prophylaxis or treatment of GVHD. Continuous research will be important to define the relation of cause and effect for these associations between microbiota features and HCT outcomes. Importantly, studies focused on geographic and cultural differences in intestinal microbiota are necessary to define applicability of new strategies targeting the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Staffas
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marina Burgos da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY; and
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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21
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Pessach I, Tsirigotis P, Nagler A. The gastrointestinal tract: properties and role in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:315-326. [PMID: 28136133 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1288566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The GI-tract is a major target for both the intensive chemo and/or radiotherapy conditioning as well as for GVHD and therefore is closely associated with transplant outcome. Apart from being a target, the GI-tract is also a mediator and therefore is also a key player of the pathogenetic process following allogeneic transplantation. Areas covered: The intestinal homeostasis is regulated through complicated interactions between the key players of this process which are the intestinal epithelium, the intestinal immune system, and the intestinal microbiota. A brief description of these elements, based on published english-language articles in PubMed, as well as their role during the process of allo-HSCT is discussed in this review. Expert commentary: Data on GI-tract properties suggest a central role for the intestine in regulation of immunity, both in healthy - steady state conditions and in pathological states such as during allo-HSCT. Given the fact that in the allogeneic transplant setting severe complications such as infections and GVHD are limiting this treatment modality, understanding the mechanisms that mediate intestinal homeostasis could lead to new preventive methods and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Pessach
- a Second Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, ATTIKO University Hospital , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsirigotis
- a Second Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, ATTIKO University Hospital , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Arnon Nagler
- b Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation , Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel
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22
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Toubai T, Mathewson ND, Magenau J, Reddy P. Danger Signals and Graft-versus-host Disease: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2016; 7:539. [PMID: 27965667 PMCID: PMC5126092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host response after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) represents one of the most intense inflammatory responses observed in humans. Host conditioning facilitates engraftment of donor cells, but the tissue injury caused from it primes the critical first steps in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Tissue injuries release pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) through widespread stimulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by the release of danger stimuli, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). DAMPs and PAMPs function as potent stimulators for host and donor-derived antigen presenting cells (APCs) that in turn activate and amplify the responses of alloreactive donor T cells. Emerging data also point towards a role for suppression of DAMP induced inflammation by the APCs and donor T cells in mitigating GVHD severity. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on the role of danger stimuli, such as the DAMPs and PAMPs, in GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Toubai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Nathan D Mathewson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA , USA
| | - John Magenau
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Pavan Reddy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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23
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Elahimehr R, Scheinok AT, McKay DB. Hematopoietic stem cells and solid organ transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:227-34. [PMID: 27553809 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation provides lifesaving therapy for patients with end stage organ disease. In order for the transplanted organ to survive, the recipient must take a lifelong cocktail of immunosuppressive medications that increase the risk for infections, malignancies and drug toxicities. Data from many animal studies have shown that recipients can be made tolerant of their transplanted organ by infusing stem cells, particularly hematopoietic stem cells, prior to the transplant. The animal data have been translated into humans and now several clinical trials have demonstrated that infusion of hematopoietic stem cells, along with specialized conditioning regimens, can permit solid organ allograft survival without immunosuppressive medications. This important therapeutic advance has been made possible by understanding the immunologic mechanisms by which stem cells modify the host immune system, although it must be cautioned that the conditioning regimens are often severe and associated with significant morbidity. This review discusses the role of hematopoietic stem cells in solid organ transplantation, provides an understanding of how these stem cells modify the host immune system and describes how newer information about adaptive and innate immunity might lead to improvements in the use of hematopoietic stem cells to induce tolerance to transplanted organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Elahimehr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew T Scheinok
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Sniping the scout: Targeting the key molecules in dendritic cell functions for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Respective Roles of Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Nod2 on the Gut Microbiota and Mucosal Homeostasis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:763-73. [PMID: 26963567 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NOD2 mutations are associated with Crohn's disease (CD). Both CD (in human) and Nod2 deficiency (in mice) are characterized by increased mucosal CD4 T-cells, an altered permeability and a microbial dysbiosis. However, the respective roles of the gut epithelial and immune compartments on the phenotype are not known. METHODS Microbial composition, epithelial peptide secretion, intestinal permeability, and immune cell composition of Peyer patches were studied in Nod2 knock-out mice transplanted with wild-type bone marrow cells and vice versa. RESULTS The nonhematopoietic cells control the microbiota composition and epithelial secretion of mucins and antimicrobial peptides. These parameters are correlated with recurrent associations between bacterial species and luminal products. In contrast, Nod2 in the hematopoietic compartment regulates the epithelial permeability and the gut-associated lymphoid tissue independently of the bacterial composition. CONCLUSIONS The immune system and the gut permeability in one hand and the microbial and epithelial peptide compositions in the other hand are separate couples of interdependent parameters, both controlled by Nod2 in either the hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic lineages.
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Apostolova P, Zeiser R. The role of danger signals and ectonucleotidases in acute graft-versus-host disease. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1037-1047. [PMID: 26902992 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) represents the only curative treatment approach for many patients with benign or malignant diseases of the hematopoietic system. However, post-transplant morbidity and mortality are significantly increased by the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). While alloreactive T cells act as the main cellular mediator of the GvH reaction, recent evidence suggests a critical role of the innate immune system in the early stages of GvHD initiation. Danger-associated molecular patterns released from the intracellular space as well as from the extracellular matrix activate antigen-presenting cells and set pro-inflammatory pathways in motion. This review gives an overview about danger signals representing therapeutic targets with a clinical perspective with a particular focus on extracellular nucleotides and ectonucleotidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Apostolova
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
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Choi S, Reddy P. Principles of hematopoietic cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119072997.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Intestinal barrier loss as a critical pathogenic link between inflammatory bowel disease and graft-versus-host disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:720-30. [PMID: 25943273 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Compromised intestinal barrier function is a prominent feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, links between intestinal barrier loss and disease extend much further, including documented associations with celiac disease, type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Intestinal barrier loss has also been proposed to have a critical role in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a serious, potentially fatal consequence of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Experimental evidence has begun to support this view, as barrier loss and its role in initiating and establishing a pathogenic inflammatory cycle in GVHD is emerging. Here we discuss similarities between IBD and GVHD, mechanisms of intestinal barrier loss in these diseases, and the crosstalk between barrier loss and the immune system, with a special focus on natural killer (NK) cells. Unanswered questions and future research directions on the topic are discussed along with implications for treatment.
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Shono Y, Docampo MD, Peled JU, Perobelli SM, Jenq RR. Intestinal microbiota-related effects on graft-versus-host disease. Int J Hematol 2015; 101:428-37. [PMID: 25812838 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an increasingly important treatment for conditions including hematopoietic malignancies and inherited hematopoietic disorders, and is considered to be the most effective form of tumor immunotherapy available to date. However, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major source of morbidity and mortality following allo-HSCT, and understanding the mechanisms of GVHD has been highlighted as a key research priority. During development of GVHD, activation of various immune cells, especially donor T cells, leads to damage of target organs including skin, liver, hematopoietic system, and of particular clinical importance, gut. In addition to histocompatibility complex differences between the donor and recipient, pretransplant conditioning with chemotherapy and irradiation also contributes to GVHD by damaging the gut, resulting in systemic exposure to microbial products normally confined to the intestinal lumen. The intestinal microbiota is a modulator of gastrointestinal immune homeostasis. It also promotes the maintenance of epithelial cells. Recent reports provide growing evidence of the impact of intestinal microbiota on GVHD pathophysiology. This review summarizes current knowledge of changes and effects of intestinal microbiota in the setting of allo-HSCT. We will also discuss potential future strategies of intestinal microbiota manipulation that might be advantageous in decreasing allo-HSCT-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shono
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA,
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30
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Zeiser R. Activation of Innate Immunity in Graft-versus-Host Disease: Implications for Novel Targets? Oncol Res Treat 2015; 38:239-43. [PMID: 25966771 DOI: 10.1159/000381296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is mediated by alloreactive donor-derived T cells with a suitable T cell receptor recognizing recipient major histocompatibility complex or minor histocompatibility antigens. However, the process of T cell activation and tissue injury sensing is also dependent on innate immune cells and non-hematopoietic cells. Different cell types of the innate immune system have the ability to sense danger-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns via pattern recognition receptors which can be transmembrane Toll-like receptors or cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors. Infectious stimuli include bacterial, viral, and fungal components, while non-infectious stimuli can be components derived from damaged cells or extracellular matrix. A better understanding of the complex sensing and effector mechanisms of innate immune cells in GvHD may help to improve preventive and therapeutic strategies in GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zeiser
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
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31
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Docampo MD, Auletta JJ, Jenq RR. Emerging Influence of the Intestinal Microbiota during Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Control the Gut and the Body Will Follow. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:1360-6. [PMID: 25708215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has many critical roles in maintaining gastrointestinal epithelial and gastrointestinal systemic immune homeostasis. This review provides insight into how allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and its associated complications and supportive care therapies affect the microbiota. Additionally, the review discusses how preservation and restoration of the microbiota might be advantageous in decreasing HCT-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Docampo
- Department of Immunology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York.
| | - Jeffery J Auletta
- Host Defense Program, Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robert R Jenq
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Galvani RG, Lemos R, Areal RB, Salvador PA, Zamboni DS, Wanderley JLM, Bonomo A. Disease severity and mortality can be independently regulated in a mouse model of experimental graft versus host disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118079. [PMID: 25643148 PMCID: PMC4313938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is the major limitation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) presenting high mortality and morbidity rates. However, the exact cause of death is not completely understood and does not correlate with specific clinical and histological parameters of disease. Here we show, by using a semi-allogeneic mouse model of GVHD, that mortality and morbidity can be experimentally separated. We injected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) from NOD2/CARD15-deficient donors into semi-allogeneic irradiated chimaeras and observed that recipients were protected from death. However, no protection was observed regarding clinical or pathological scores up to 20 days after transplantation. Protection from death was associated with decreased bacterial translocation, faster hematologic recovery and epithelial integrity maintenance despite mononuclear infiltration at day 20 post-GVHD induction with no skew towards different T helper phenotypes. The protected mice recovered from aGVHD and progressively reached scores compatible with healthy animals. Altogether, our data indicate that severity and mortality can be separate events providing a model to study transplant-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo G. Galvani
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ramon Lemos
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo B. Areal
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna A. Salvador
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dario S. Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Luiz M. Wanderley
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- NUPEM, Campus Macaé Professor Aloísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Adriana Bonomo
- Divisão de Medicina Experimental, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa sobre o Timo, Instituo Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors are essential mediators of host defense and inflammation in the gastrointestinal system. Recent data have revealed that toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) function to maintain homeostasis between the host microbiome and mucosal immunity. The NLR proteins are a diverse class of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors. In humans, only about half of the identified NLRs have been adequately characterized. The majority of well-characterized NLRs participate in the formation of a multiprotein complex, termed the inflammasome, which is responsible for the maturation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. However, recent observations have also uncovered the presence of a novel subgroup of NLRs that function as positive or negative regulators of inflammation through modulating critical signaling pathways, including NF-κB. Dysregulation of specific NLRs from both proinflammatory and inhibitory subgroups have been associated with the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in genetically susceptible human populations. Our own preliminary retrospective data mining efforts have identified a diverse range of NLRs that are significantly altered at the messenger RNA level in colons from patients with IBD. Likewise, studies using genetically modified mouse strains have revealed that multiple NLR family members have the potential to dramatically modulate the immune response during IBD. Targeting NLR signaling represents a promising and novel therapeutic strategy. However, significant effort is necessary to translate the current understanding of NLR biology into effective therapies.
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35
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Hubbard-Lucey VM, Shono Y, Maurer K, West ML, Singer NV, Ziegler CGK, Lezcano C, Motta ACF, Schmid K, Levi SM, Murphy GF, Liu C, Winkler JD, Amaravadi RK, Rogler G, Dickinson AM, Holler E, van den Brink MRM, Cadwell K. Autophagy gene Atg16L1 prevents lethal T cell alloreactivity mediated by dendritic cells. Immunity 2014; 41:579-91. [PMID: 25308334 PMCID: PMC4237219 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Atg16L1 mediates the cellular degradative process of autophagy and is considered a critical regulator of inflammation based on its genetic association with inflammatory bowel disease. Here we find that Atg16L1 deficiency leads to an exacerbated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a mouse model of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Atg16L1-deficient allo-HSCT recipients with GVHD displayed increased T cell proliferation due to increased dendritic cell (DC) numbers and costimulatory molecule expression. Reduced autophagy within DCs was associated with lysosomal abnormalities and decreased amounts of A20, a negative regulator of DC activation. These results broaden the function of Atg16L1 and the autophagy pathway to include a role in limiting a DC-mediated response during inflammatory disease, such as GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hubbard-Lucey
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yusuke Shono
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katie Maurer
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mallory L West
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Natalie V Singer
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Department of Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cecilia Lezcano
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Fragoso Motta
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karin Schmid
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Samuel M Levi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne M Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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36
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Association between low uric acid levels and acute graft-versus-host disease. Ann Hematol 2014; 94:139-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-014-2180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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37
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Heidegger S, van den Brink MRM, Haas T, Poeck H. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:337. [PMID: 25101080 PMCID: PMC4102927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the only treatment with curative potential for certain aggressive hematopoietic malignancies. Its success is limited by acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a life-threatening complication that occurs when allo-reactive donor T cells attack recipient organs. There is growing evidence that microbes and innate pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors (TLR) and nod-like receptors (NLR) are critically involved in the pathogenesis of acute GVHD. Currently, a widely accepted model postulates that intensive chemotherapy and/or total-body irradiation during pre-transplant conditioning results in tissue damage and a loss of epithelial barrier function. Subsequent translocation of bacterial components as well as release of endogenous danger molecules stimulate PRRs of host antigen-presenting cells to trigger the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm) that modulate T cell allo-reactivity against host tissues, but eventually also the beneficial graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. Given the limitations of existing immunosuppressive therapies, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern GVHD versus GVL is urgently needed. This may ultimately allow to design modulators, which protect from GvHD but preserve donor T-cell attack on hematologic malignancies. Here, we will briefly summarize current knowledge about the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of GVHD and GVL following allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Heidegger
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Tobias Haas
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Hendrik Poeck
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany ; Department of Medicine and Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
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Wu X, Lahiri A, Haines GK, Flavell RA, Abraham C. NOD2 regulates CXCR3-dependent CD8+ T cell accumulation in intestinal tissues with acute injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3409-18. [PMID: 24591373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in NOD2 confer risk for Crohn's disease, characterized by intestinal inflammation. How NOD2 regulates both inflammatory and regulatory intestinal T cells, which are critical to intestinal immune homeostasis, is not well understood. Anti-CD3 mAb administration is used as therapy in human autoimmune diseases, as well as a model of transient intestinal injury. The stages of T cell activation, intestinal injury, and subsequent T tolerance are dependent on migration of T cells into the small intestinal (SI) lamina propria. Upon anti-CD3 mAb treatment of mice, we found that NOD2 was required for optimal small intestinal IL-10 production, in particular from CD8(+) T cells. This requirement was associated with a critical role for NOD2 in SI CD8(+) T cell accumulation and induction of the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10, which regulate T cell migration. NOD2 was required in both the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments for optimal expression of CXCR3 ligands in intestinal tissues. NOD2 synergized with IFN-γ to induce CXCL9 and CXCL10 secretion in dendritic cells, macrophages, and intestinal stromal cells in vitro. Consistent with the in vitro studies, during anti-CD3 mAb treatment in vivo, CXCR3 blockade, CD8(+) T cell depletion, or IFN-γ neutralization each inhibited SI CD8(+) T cell recruitment, and reduced chemokine expression and IL-10 expression. Thus, NOD2 synergizes with IFN-γ to promote CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression, thereby amplifying CXCR3-dependent SI CD8(+) T cell migration during T cell activation, which, in turn, contributes to induction of both inflammatory and regulatory T cell outcomes in the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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Nod2 deficiency is associated with an increased mucosal immunoregulatory response to commensal microorganisms. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:391-404. [PMID: 23962873 PMCID: PMC4778708 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of previous studies demonstrating that a breach of the colonic epithelial barrier is associated with a microbiota-dependent increase in lamina propria (LP) regulatory cells, we investigated if the lack of spontaneous intestinal inflammation observed in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2)-/- mice was due to enhanced intestinal regulatory function. We found that the LP CD4+ T-cell population of Nod2-/- mice contains an increased percentage of CD4+ regulatory T cells bearing transforming growth factor -β/latency peptide (LP CD4+LAP (latency-associated peptide) + T cells) both under baseline conditions and following an intentional breach of the colonic barrier induced by ethanol administration. In addition, we found that Nod2-/- mice manifest decreased severity of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis and that TNBS-colitis in Nod2-/- or Nod2+/+ mice is ameliorated by adoptive transfer of LP cells from ethanol-treated mice before, but not after, depletion of LAP+ T cells. This increased regulatory T-cell response in Nod2-/- mice could explain why NOD2 polymorphisms in humans are not in themselves sufficient to establish inflammatory lesions.
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40
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Philpott DJ, Sorbara MT, Robertson SJ, Croitoru K, Girardin SE. NOD proteins: regulators of inflammation in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 14:9-23. [PMID: 24336102 DOI: 10.1038/nri3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Entry of bacteria into host cells is an important virulence mechanism. Through peptidoglycan recognition, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and NOD2 enable detection of intracellular bacteria and promote their clearance through initiation of a pro-inflammatory transcriptional programme and other host defence pathways, including autophagy. Recent findings have expanded the scope of the cellular compartments monitored by NOD1 and NOD2 and have elucidated the signalling pathways that are triggered downstream of NOD activation. In vivo, NOD1 and NOD2 have complex roles, both during bacterial infection and at homeostasis. The association of alleles that encode constitutively active or constitutively inactive forms of NOD2 with different diseases highlights this complexity and indicates that a balanced level of NOD signalling is crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Philpott
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada. [2]
| | - Matthew T Sorbara
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada. [2]
| | | | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- 1] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada. [2]
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Jiang W, Wang X, Zeng B, Liu L, Tardivel A, Wei H, Han J, MacDonald HR, Tschopp J, Tian Z, Zhou R. Recognition of gut microbiota by NOD2 is essential for the homeostasis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2465-76. [PMID: 24062413 PMCID: PMC3804938 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NOD2 signaling maintains intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes via recognition of gut microbiota and IL-15 production. NOD2 functions as an intracellular sensor for microbial pathogen and plays an important role in epithelial defense. The loss-of-function mutation of NOD2 is strongly associated with human Crohn’s disease (CD). However, the mechanisms of how NOD2 maintains the intestinal homeostasis and regulates the susceptibility of CD are still unclear. Here we found that the numbers of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were reduced significantly in Nod2−/− mice and the residual IELs displayed reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Further study showed that NOD2 signaling maintained IELs via recognition of gut microbiota and IL-15 production. Notably, recovery of IELs by adoptive transfer could reduce the susceptibility of Nod2−/− mice to the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)–induced colitis. Our results demonstrate that recognition of gut microbiota by NOD2 is important to maintain the homeostasis of IELs and provide a clue that may link NOD2 variation to the impaired innate immunity and higher susceptibility in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Maeda Y. Pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease: innate immunity amplifying acute alloimmune responses. Int J Hematol 2013; 98:293-9. [PMID: 23982970 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In addition to reduced-intensity conditioning, which has expanded the eligibility for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) to older patients, increased availability of alternative donors, including HLA-mismatched unrelated donors, has increased access to allogeneic HCT for more patients. However, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a lethal complication, even in HLA-matched donor-recipient pairs. The pathophysiology of GVHD depends on aspects of adaptive immunity and interactions between donor T-cells and host dendritic cells (DCs). Recent work has revealed that the role of other immune cells and endothelial cells and components of the innate immune response are also important. Tissue damage caused by the conditioning regimen leads to the release of exogenous and endogenous "danger signals". Exogenous danger signals called pathogen-associated molecular patterns and endogenous noninfectious molecules known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are responsible for initiating or amplifying acute GVHD by enhancing DC maturation and alloreactive T-cell responses. A significant association of innate immune receptor polymorphisms with outcomes, including GVHD severity, was observed in patients receiving allogeneic HCT. Understanding of the role of innate immunity in acute GVHD might offer new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shikata-cho 2-5-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan,
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Vinh DC, Behr MA. Crohn's as an immune deficiency: from apparent paradox to evolving paradigm. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:17-30. [PMID: 23256761 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is often considered an autoimmune condition, based on the observations of a histopathological inflammatory process in the absence of identifiable causal microorganism(s) and that immune-modulating therapeutics result in diminished host-directed inflammatory pathology. However, the evidence for a self-targeted immune response is unproven; thus, the instigating and perpetuating forces that drive this chronic inflammation remain unknown. In recent years, a convergence of findings from different fields of investigation has led to a new paradigm, where Crohn's disease appears to be the consequence of an intrinsic innate immune deficiency. While genomic/postgenomic studies and functional immunologic investigations offer a common perspective, critical details of the processes involved require further elaboration. In this review, we place this new model in the context of the emerging literature on non-HIV immune deficiencies, to compare and contrast what is known about proven intrinsic (primary) immune deficiencies to the nascent understanding of Crohn's disease. We then re-evaluate postgenomic research, looking at the functional importance of Crohn's disease-associated mutations and polymorphisms, to delineate points of consensus and issues requiring further study. We ask whether the immunologic profile can guide predictions as to which microbial triggers could exploit these defects and thereby initiate and/or perpetuate chronic enteritis. Finally, we outline potential clinical implications of this model, from immunologic assessment of patients to the selection of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Vinh
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
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Endothelial and epithelial barriers in graft-versus-host disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 763:105-31. [PMID: 23397621 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4711-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial and epithelial cells form selectively permeable barriers that separate tissue compartments. These cells coordinate movement between the lumen and tissue via the transcellular and paracellular pathways. The primary determinant of paracellular permeability is the tight junction, which forms an apical belt-like structure around endothelial and epithelial cells. This chapter discusses endothelial and epithelial barriers in graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, with a focus on the tight junction and its role in regulating paracellular permeability. Recent studies suggest that in graft-versus-host disease, pathological increases in paracellular permeability, or barrier dysfunction, are initiated by pretransplant conditioning and sustained by alloreactive cells and the proinflammatory milieu. The intestinal epithelium is a significant focus, as it is a target organ of graft-versus-host disease, and the mechanisms of barrier regulation in intestinal epithelium have been well characterized. Finally, we propose a model that incorporates endothelial and epithelial barrier dysfunction in graft-versus-host disease and discuss modulating barrier properties as a therapeutic approach.
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Abstract
NOD1 {nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1; NLRC [NOD-LRR (leucine-rich repeat) family with CARD (caspase recruitment domain) 1]} and NOD2 (NLRC2) are among the most prominent members of the NLR (NOD-LRR) family –proteins that contain nucleotide-binding NACHT domains and receptor-like LRR domains. With over 20 members identified in humans, NLRs represent important components of the mammalian innate immune system, serving as intracellular receptors for pathogens and for endogenous molecules elaborated by tissue injury. NOD1 and NOD2 proteins operate as microbial sensors through the recognition of specific PG (peptidoglycan) constituents of bacteria. Upon activation, these NLR family members initiate signal transduction mechanisms that include stimulation of NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), stress kinases, IRFs (interferon regulatory factors) and autophagy. Hereditary polymorphisms in the genes encoding NOD1 and NOD2 have been associated with an increasing number of chronic inflammatory diseases. In fact, potential roles for NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory disorders have been revealed by investigations using a series of animal models. In the present review, we describe recent experimental findings associating NOD1 and NOD2 with various autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, and we discuss prospects for development of novel therapeutics targeting these NLR family proteins.
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Guerra JF, Zasloff M, Lough D, Abdo J, Hawksworth J, Mastumoto C, Girlanda R, Island E, Shetty K, Kaufman S, Fishbein T. Nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 polymorphisms in patients with intestinal failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:309-13. [PMID: 23173613 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) has been associated with intestinal immunity after the discovery that its polymorphisms are linked to Crohn's disease (CD). Intestinal failure (IF) represents a wider spectrum of diseases where intestinal homeostasis has been disrupted. AIM To evaluate the prevalence of NOD2 mutations in a population with IF as well as its association with the different conditions causing this problem. METHODS One hundred ninety-two consecutive patients with IF and 103 healthy controls were genotyped for the three most common NOD2 polymorphisms. Genotypes were compared between the groups and were related to the entities causing IF. RESULTS A high percentage (26%) of patients had at least one of the three most common NOD2 polymorphisms, while only a 4.8% of healthy controls had a mutant genotype. In patients with IF, specific mutations for the 702W, 908R and 1007fs alleles were 11, 5 and 12.5%, respectively, compared with 0.9% (P = 0.0003), 1.9% (P = 0.1) and 1.9% (P = 0.001) in the control group. If we consider patients with any cause of IF other than CD, the percentage is still as high as 18.8%, with specific mutation frequencies of 7.6% (702W; P = 0.01), 5.8% (908R; P = 0.1) and 8.2% (1007fs; P = 0.002). We could not establish an association between a NOD2 mutant genotype with any other specific clinical condition other than CD. CONCLUSION Our finding supports the importance of NOD2 in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and may be important to a variety of intestinal stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Guerra
- Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized sentinels responsible for coordinating adaptive immunity. This function is dependent upon coupled sensitivity to environmental signs of inflammation and infection to cellular maturation-the programmed alteration of DC phenotype and function to enhance immune cell activation. Although DCs are thus well equipped to respond to pathogens, maturation triggers are not unique to infection. Given that immune cells are exquisitely sensitive to the biological functions of DCs, we now appreciate that multiple layers of suppression are required to restrict the environmental sensitivity, cellular maturation, and even life span of DCs to prevent aberrant immune activation during the steady state. At the same time, steady-state DCs are not quiescent but rather perform key functions that support homeostasis of numerous cell types. Here we review these functions and molecular mechanisms of suppression that control steady-state DC maturation. Corruption of these steady-state operatives has diverse immunological consequences and pinpoints DCs as potent drivers of autoimmune and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Elena Hammer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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Abstract
Recognition of microorganisms by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is the primary component of innate immunity that is responsible for the maintenance of host-microbial interactions in intestinal mucosa. Dysregulation in host-commensal interactions has been implicated as the central pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which predisposes to developing colorectal cancer. Recent animal studies have begun to outline some unique physiology and pathology involving each PRR signaling in the intestine. The major roles played by PRRs in the gut appear to be the regulation of the number and the composition of commensal bacteria, epithelial proliferation, and mucosal permeability in response to epithelial injury. In addition, PRR signaling in lamina propria immune cells may be involved in induction of inflammation in response to invasion of pathogens. Because some PRR-deficient mice have shown variable susceptibility to colitis, the outcome of intestinal inflammation may be modified depending on PRR signaling in epithelial cells, immune cells, and the composition of commensal flora. Through recent findings in animal models of IBD, this review will discuss how abnormal PRR signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammation and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis in the intestine.
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Role of the mycobiome in human acute graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012; 19:329-32. [PMID: 23160005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A role for gut bacteria in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been firmly established; however, the role of Candida spp, which form part of the mycobiome, remains unknown. In a homogenous group of patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), we found a significant impact of Candida colonization on the occurrence of acute GVHD. Patients colonized with Candida spp developed significantly more grade II-IV acute GVHD compared with noncolonized patients (50% vs 32%; P = .03), as well as more gastrointestinal (GI)-GVHD (33% vs 19%; P = .05). Colonization with Candida spp was more frequent in patients bearing the loss-of-function polymorphism Y238X, which results in dectin-1 dysfunction, compared with patients with the wild-type allele (73% vs 31%; P = .002). There was no direct effect of dectin-1 dysfunction on acute GVHD, although it did influence the occurrence of GVHD indirectly through Candida colonization. The exact mechanism of GVHD induction by Candida spp colonization of the mucosa is unknown, but the link might prove to be the induction of Th 17/IL-23 responses through activation of pattern recognition receptors by fungal motifs, including β-d-glucan and mannans. These data indicate a role for the mycobiome in the pathogenesis of GVHD and suggest that altering the mycobiome by antifungal drugs can help ameliorate GI-GVHD. In addition, given that the genetic constitution of patients affects susceptibility to both Candida colonization and GVHD, whether identifying gene polymorphisms will facilitate personalized treatment of SCT recipients remains to be determined.
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NOD2 Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Outcome. BONE MARROW RESEARCH 2012; 2012:180391. [PMID: 23119165 PMCID: PMC3483648 DOI: 10.1155/2012/180391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a valuable tool in the treatment of many haematological disorders. Advances in understanding HLA matching have improved prognoses. However, many recipients of well-matched HSCT develop posttransplant complications, and survival is far from absolute. The pursuit of novel genetic factors that may impact on HSCT outcome has resulted in the publication of many articles on a multitude of genes. Three NOD2 polymorphisms, identified as disease-associated variants in Crohn's disease, have recently been suggested as important candidate gene markers in the outcome of HSCT. It was originally postulated that as the clinical manifestation of inflammatory responses characteristic of several post-transplant complications was of notable similarity to those seen in Crohn's disease, it was possible that they shared a common cause. Since the publication of this first paper, numerous studies have attempted to replicate the results in different transplant settings. The data has varied considerably between studies, and as yet no consensus on the impact of NOD2 SNPs on HSCT outcome has been achieved. Here, we will review the existing literature, summarise current theories as to why the data differs, and suggest possible mechanisms by which the SNPs affect HSCT outcome.
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