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Cheng X, Shen J, Xu J, Zhu J, Xu P, Wang Y, Gao M. In vivo clinical molecular imaging of T cell activity. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:1031-1045. [PMID: 37932176 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy is refashioning traditional treatments in the clinic for certain tumors, especially by relying on the activation of T cells. However, the safety and effectiveness of many antitumor immunotherapeutic agents are suboptimal due to difficulties encountered in assessing T cell responses and adjusting treatment regimens accordingly. Here, we review advances in the clinical visualization of T cell activity in vivo, and focus particularly on molecular imaging probes and biomarkers of T cell activation. Current challenges and prospects are also discussed that aim to achieve a better strategy for real-time monitoring of T cell activity, predicting prognoses and responses to tumor immunotherapy, and assessing disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaju Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jingwei Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Institution, Suzhou 215000, PR China.
| | - Jinfeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Pei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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2
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Jaeger M, Anastasio A, Chamy L, Brustlein S, Vincentelli R, Durbesson F, Gigan J, Thépaut M, Char R, Boussand M, Lechelon M, Argüello RJ, Marguet D, He HT, Lasserre R. Light-inducible T cell engagers trigger, tune, and shape the activation of primary T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302500120. [PMID: 37722050 PMCID: PMC10523538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To mount appropriate responses, T cells integrate complex sequences of receptor stimuli perceived during transient interactions with antigen-presenting cells. Although it has been hypothesized that the dynamics of these interactions influence the outcome of T cell activation, methodological limitations have hindered its formal demonstration. Here, we have engineered the Light-inducible T cell engager (LiTE) system, a recombinant optogenetics-based molecular tool targeting the T cell receptor (TCR). The LiTE system constitutes a reversible molecular switch displaying exquisite reactivity. As proof of concept, we dissect how specific temporal patterns of TCR stimulation shape T cell activation. We established that CD4+ T cells respond to intermittent TCR stimulation more efficiently than their CD8+ T cells counterparts and provide evidence that distinct sequences of TCR stimulation encode different cytokine programs. Finally, we show that the LiTE system could be exploited to create light-activated bispecific T cell engagers and manipulate tumor cell killing. Overall, the LiTE system provides opportunities to understand how T cells integrate TCR stimulations and to trigger T cell cytotoxicity with high spatiotemporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Jaeger
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Amandine Anastasio
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Léa Chamy
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brustlein
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 273Marseille, France
| | - Renaud Vincentelli
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Fabien Durbesson
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Julien Gigan
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Thépaut
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Char
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Maud Boussand
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Mathias Lechelon
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Rafael J. Argüello
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Didier Marguet
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
| | - Rémi Lasserre
- Aix Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13 288Marseille, France
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Carpentier Solorio Y, Lemaître F, Jabbour B, Tastet O, Arbour N, Bou Assi E. Classification of T lymphocyte motility behaviors using a machine learning approach. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011449. [PMID: 37695797 PMCID: PMC10513376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes migrate into organs and interact with local cells to perform their functions. How human T lymphocytes communicate with organ-specific cells and participate in pathobiological processes remains unresolved. Brain infiltration of T lymphocytes is associated with multiple neurological disorders. Thus, to characterize the behavior of human T lymphocytes reaching the human brain, we performed time-lapse microscopy on human CD8+ T lymphocytes co-cultured with either primary human astrocytes or neurons. Using traditional manual and visual assessment of microscopy data, we identified distinct CD8+ T lymphocyte motility behaviors. However, such characterization is time and labor-intensive. In this work, we trained and validated a machine-learning model for the automated classification of behaviors of CD8+ T lymphocytes interacting with astrocytes and neurons. A balanced random forest was trained for the binary classification of established classes of cell behaviors (synapse vs. kinapse) as well as visually identified behaviors (scanning, dancing, and poking). Feature selection was performed during 3-fold cross-validation using the minimum redundancy maximum relevance algorithm. Results show promising performances when tested on a held-out dataset of CD8+ T lymphocytes interacting with astrocytes with a new experimenter and a held-out independent dataset of CD8+ T lymphocytes interacting with neurons. When tested on the independent CD8+ T cell-neuron dataset, the final model achieved a binary classification accuracy of 0.82 and a 3-class accuracy of 0.79. This novel automated classification approach could significantly reduce the time required to label cell motility behaviors while facilitating the identification of interactions of T lymphocytes with multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Carpentier Solorio
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Florent Lemaître
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bassam Jabbour
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elie Bou Assi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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4
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Beppler C, Eichorst J, Marchuk K, Cai E, Castellanos CA, Sriram V, Roybal KT, Krummel MF. Hyperstabilization of T cell microvilli contacts by chimeric antigen receptors. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202205118. [PMID: 36520493 PMCID: PMC9757849 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells typically recognize their ligands using a defined cell biology-the scanning of their membrane microvilli (MV) to palpate their environment-while that same membrane scaffolds T cell receptors (TCRs) that can signal upon ligand binding. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) present both a therapeutic promise and a tractable means to study the interplay between receptor affinity, MV dynamics and T cell function. CARs are often built using single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) with far greater affinity than that of natural TCRs. We used high-resolution lattice lightsheet (LLS) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging to visualize MV scanning in the context of variations in CAR design. This demonstrated that conventional CARs hyper-stabilized microvillar contacts relative to TCRs. Reducing receptor affinity, antigen density, and/or multiplicity of receptor binding sites normalized microvillar dynamics and synapse resolution, and effector functions improved with reduced affinity and/or antigen density, highlighting the importance of understanding the underlying cell biology when designing receptors for optimal antigen engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Beppler
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Eichorst
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - En Cai
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos A. Castellanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology and ImmunoX, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Waldman MM, Rahkola JT, Sigler AL, Chung JW, Willett BAS, Kedl RM, Friedman RS, Jacobelli J. Ena/VASP Protein-Mediated Actin Polymerization Contributes to Naïve CD8 + T Cell Activation and Expansion by Promoting T Cell-APC Interactions In Vivo. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856977. [PMID: 35757762 PMCID: PMC9222560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve T cell activation in secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes (LNs) occurs upon recognition of cognate antigen presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs). T cell activation requires cytoskeleton rearrangement and sustained interactions with APCs. Enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP) proteins are a family of cytoskeletal effector proteins responsible for actin polymerization and are frequently found at the leading edge of motile cells. Ena/VASP proteins have been implicated in motility and adhesion in various cell types, but their role in primary T cell interstitial motility and activation has not been explored. Our goal was to determine the contribution of Ena/VASP proteins to T cell–APC interactions, T cell activation, and T cell expansion in vivo. Our results showed that naïve T cells from Ena/VASP-deficient mice have a significant reduction in antigen-specific T cell accumulation following Listeria monocytogenes infection. The kinetics of T cell expansion impairment were further confirmed in Ena/VASP-deficient T cells stimulated via dendritic cell immunization. To investigate the cause of this T cell expansion defect, we analyzed T cell–APC interactions in vivo by two-photon microscopy and observed fewer Ena/VASP-deficient naïve T cells interacting with APCs in LNs during priming. We also determined that Ena/VASP-deficient T cells formed conjugates with significantly less actin polymerization at the T cell–APC synapse, and that these conjugates were less stable than their WT counterparts. Finally, we found that Ena/VASP-deficient T cells have less LFA-1 polarized to the T cell–APC synapse. Thus, we conclude that Ena/VASP proteins contribute to T cell actin remodeling during T cell–APC interactions, which promotes the initiation of stable T cell conjugates during APC scanning. Therefore, Ena/VASP proteins are required for efficient activation and expansion of T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M Waldman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy T Rahkola
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ashton L Sigler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Chung
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Benjamin A S Willett
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel S Friedman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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6
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Jamann H, Cui QL, Desu HL, Pernin F, Tastet O, Halaweh A, Farzam-kia N, Mamane VH, Ouédraogo O, Cleret-Buhot A, Daigneault A, Balthazard R, Klement W, Lemaître F, Arbour N, Antel J, Stratton JA, Larochelle C. Contact-Dependent Granzyme B-Mediated Cytotoxicity of Th17-Polarized Cells Toward Human Oligodendrocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850616. [PMID: 35479072 PMCID: PMC9035748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by the loss of myelin and of myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the central nervous system (CNS). Pro-inflammatory CD4+ Th17 cells are considered pathogenic in MS and are harmful to OLs. We investigated the mechanisms driving human CD4+ T cell-mediated OL cell death. Using fluorescent and brightfield in vitro live imaging, we found that compared to Th2-polarized cells, Th17-polarized cells show greater interactions with primary human OLs and human oligodendrocytic cell line MO3.13, displaying longer duration of contact, lower mean speed, and higher rate of vesicle-like structure formation at the sites of contact. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we assessed the transcriptomic profile of primary human OLs and Th17-polarized cells in direct contact or separated by an insert. We showed that upon close interaction, OLs upregulate the expression of mRNA coding for chemokines and antioxidant/anti-apoptotic molecules, while Th17-polarized cells upregulate the expression of mRNA coding for chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A, IFN-γ, and granzyme B. We found that secretion of CCL3, CXCL10, IFN-γ, TNFα, and granzyme B is induced upon direct contact in cocultures of human Th17-polarized cells with human OLs. In addition, we validated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence that granzyme B levels are upregulated in Th17-polarized compared to Th2-polarized cells and are even higher in Th17-polarized cells upon direct contact with OLs or MO3.13 cells compared to Th17-polarized cells separated from OLs by an insert. Moreover, granzyme B is detected in OLs and MO3.13 cells following direct contact with Th17-polarized cells, suggesting the release of granzyme B from Th17-polarized cells into OLs/MO3.13 cells. To confirm granzyme B–mediated cytotoxicity toward OLs, we showed that recombinant human granzyme B can induce OLs and MO3.13 cell death. Furthermore, pretreatment of Th17-polarized cells with a reversible granzyme B blocker (Ac-IEPD-CHO) or a natural granzyme B blocker (serpina3N) improved survival of MO3.13 cells upon coculture with Th17 cells. In conclusion, we showed that human Th17-polarized cells form biologically significant contacts with human OLs and exert direct toxicity by releasing granzyme B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Jamann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qiao-Ling Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Haritha L. Desu
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Florian Pernin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Halaweh
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Negar Farzam-kia
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Victoria Hannah Mamane
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oumarou Ouédraogo
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cleret-Buhot
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Daigneault
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Renaud Balthazard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wendy Klement
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Florent Lemaître
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack Antel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Catherine Larochelle,
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7
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Jacobelli J, Buser AE, Heiden DL, Friedman RS. Autoimmunity in motion: Mechanisms of immune regulation and destruction revealed by in vivo imaging. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:181-199. [PMID: 34825390 PMCID: PMC9135487 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity arises when mechanisms of immune tolerance fail. Here we discuss mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance and the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the site of disease. Live imaging of autoimmunity provides the ability to analyze immune cell dynamics at the single-cell level within the complex intact environment where disease occurs. These analyses have revealed mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance in the lymph nodes, mechanisms of T cell entry into sites of autoimmune disease, and mechanisms leading to pathogenesis or protection in the autoimmune lesions. The overarching conclusions point to stable versus transient T cell antigen presenting cell interactions dictating the balance between T cell activation and tolerance, and T cell restimulation as a driver of pathogenesis at the site of autoimmunity. Findings from models of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes are highlighted, however, the results have implications for basic mechanisms of T cell regulation during immune responses, tumor immunity, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jacobelli
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alan E. Buser
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dustin L. Heiden
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rachel S. Friedman
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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8
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Carmena Moratalla A, Carpentier Solorio Y, Lemaitre F, Farzam-Kia N, Levert A, Zandee SEJ, Lahav B, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Girard M, Duquette P, Larochelle C, Prat A, Arbour N. Stress Signal ULBP4, an NKG2D Ligand, Is Upregulated in Multiple Sclerosis and Shapes CD8 + T-Cell Behaviors. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/1/e1119. [PMID: 34873031 PMCID: PMC8656234 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We posit the involvement of the natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) pathway in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology via the presence of specific NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs). We aim to evaluate the expression of NKG2DLs in the CNS and CSF of patients with MS and to identify cellular stressors inducing the expression of UL16-binding protein 4 (ULBP4), the only detectable NKG2DL. Finally, we evaluate the impact of ULBP4 on functions such as cytokine production and motility by CD8+ T lymphocytes, a subset largely expressing NKG2D, the cognate receptor. METHODS Human postmortem brain samples and CSF from patients with MS and controls were used to evaluate NKG2DL expression. In vitro assays using primary cultures of human astrocytes and neurons were performed to identify stressors inducing ULBP4 expression. Human CD8+ T lymphocytes from MS donors and age/sex-matched healthy controls were isolated to evaluate the functional impact of soluble ULBP4. RESULTS We detected mRNA coding for the 8 identified human NKG2DLs in brain samples from patients with MS and controls, but only ULBP4 protein expression was detectable by Western blot. ULBP4 levels were greater in patients with MS, particularly in active and chronic active lesions and normal-appearing white matter, compared with normal-appearing gray matter from MS donors and white and gray matter from controls. Soluble ULBP4 was also detected in CSF of patients with MS and controls, but a smaller shed/soluble form of 25 kDa was significantly elevated in CSF from female patients with MS compared with controls and male patients with MS. Our data indicate that soluble ULBP4 affects various functions of CD8+ T lymphocytes. First, it enhanced the production of the proinflammatory cytokines GM-CSF and interferon-γ (IFNγ). Second, it increased CD8+ T lymphocyte motility and favored a kinapse-like behavior when cultured in the presence of human astrocytes. CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients with MS were especially altered by the presence of soluble ULBP4 compared with healthy controls. DISCUSSION Our study provides new evidence for the involvement of NKG2D and its ligand ULBP4 in MS pathology. Our results point to ULBP4 as a viable target to specifically block 1 component of the NKG2D pathway without altering immune surveillance involving other NKG2DL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carmena Moratalla
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Carpentier Solorio
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florent Lemaitre
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Negar Farzam-Kia
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Levert
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie E J Zandee
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Boaz Lahav
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Victor Guimond
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Girard
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- From the Department of Neurosciences (A.C.M., Y.C.S., F.L., N.F-k., A.L., S.E.J.Z., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P., N.A.), Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM) Montreal; MS-CHUM Clinic (B.L., M.G., P.D., C.L., A.P.); CLSC des Faubourgs (J.V.G.), CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal; and Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics (E.H.), Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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9
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Dupré L, Boztug K, Pfajfer L. Actin Dynamics at the T Cell Synapse as Revealed by Immune-Related Actinopathies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665519. [PMID: 34249918 PMCID: PMC8266300 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is composed of dynamic filament networks that build adaptable local architectures to sustain nearly all cellular activities in response to a myriad of stimuli. Although the function of numerous players that tune actin remodeling is known, the coordinated molecular orchestration of the actin cytoskeleton to guide cellular decisions is still ill defined. T lymphocytes provide a prototypical example of how a complex program of actin cytoskeleton remodeling sustains the spatio-temporal control of key cellular activities, namely antigen scanning and sensing, as well as polarized delivery of effector molecules, via the immunological synapse. We here review the unique knowledge on actin dynamics at the T lymphocyte synapse gained through the study of primary immunodeficiences caused by mutations in genes encoding actin regulatory proteins. Beyond the specific roles of individual actin remodelers, we further develop the view that these operate in a coordinated manner and are an integral part of multiple signaling pathways in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dupré
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurène Pfajfer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
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10
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Lemaître F, Carmena Moratalla A, Farzam-Kia N, Carpentier Solorio Y, Tastet O, Cleret-Buhot A, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Arbour N. Capturing T Lymphocytes' Dynamic Interactions With Human Neural Cells Using Time-Lapse Microscopy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668483. [PMID: 33968073 PMCID: PMC8100528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To fully perform their functions, T lymphocytes migrate within organs’ parenchyma and interact with local cells. Infiltration of T lymphocytes within the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Nevertheless, how these immune cells communicate and respond to neural cells remains unresolved. To investigate the behavior of T lymphocytes that reach the CNS, we have established an in vitro co-culture model and analyzed the spatiotemporal interactions between human activated CD8+ T lymphocytes and primary human astrocytes and neurons using time-lapse microscopy. By combining multiple variables extracted from individual CD8+ T cell tracking, we show that CD8+ T lymphocytes adopt a more motile and exploratory behavior upon interacting with astrocytes than with neurons. Pretreatment of astrocytes or neurons with IL-1β to mimic in vivo inflammation significantly increases CD8+ T lymphocyte motility. Using visual interpretation and analysis of numerical variables extracted from CD8+ T cell tracking, we identified four distinct CD8+ T lymphocyte behaviors: scanning, dancing, poking and round. IL-1β-pretreatment significantly increases the proportion of scanning CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are characterized by active exploration, and reduces the proportion of round CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are less active. Blocking MHC class I on astrocytes significantly diminishes the proportion of poking CD8+ T lymphocytes, which exhibit synapse-like interactions. Lastly, our co-culture time-lapse model is easily adaptable and sufficiently sensitive and powerful to characterize and quantify spatiotemporal interactions between human T lymphocytes and primary human cells in different conditions while preserving viability of fragile cells such as neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Lemaître
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana Carmena Moratalla
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Negar Farzam-Kia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Carpentier Solorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cleret-Buhot
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Victor Guimond
- Centre Local de Services Communautaires des Faubourgs, Centre Intégré Universitaire en Santé et Services Sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHU Sainte-Justine), Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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TCRα reporter mice reveal contribution of dual TCRα expression to T cell repertoire and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32574-32583. [PMID: 33288689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013188117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that a subpopulation of T cells expresses two T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes, though the extent and functional significance of this is not established. To definitively evaluate dual TCRα cells, we generated mice with green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein reporters linked to TCRα, revealing that ∼16% of T cells express dual TCRs, notably higher than prior estimates. Importantly, dual TCR expression has functional consequences, as dual TCR cells predominated response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, comprising up to 60% of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during acute responses. Dual receptor expression selectively influenced immune memory, as postinfection memory CD4+ populations contained significantly increased frequencies of dual TCR cells. These data reveal a previously unappreciated contribution of dual TCR cells to the immune repertoire and highlight their potential effects on immune responses.
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12
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Galeano Niño JL, Tay SS, Tearle JLE, Xie J, Govendir MA, Kempe D, Mazalo J, Drew AP, Colakoglu F, Kummerfeld SK, Proud CG, Biro M. The Lifeact-EGFP mouse is a translationally controlled fluorescent reporter of T cell activation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238014. [PMID: 32041902 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that T cell functions are subject to translational control in addition to transcriptional regulation. Here, by using live imaging of CD8+ T cells isolated from the Lifeact-EGFP mouse, we show that T cells exhibit a gain in fluorescence intensity following engagement of cognate tumour target cells. The GFP signal increase is governed by Erk1/2-dependent distal T cell receptor (TCR) signalling and its magnitude correlates with IFN-γ and TNF-α production, which are hallmarks of T cell activation. Enhanced fluorescence was due to increased translation of Lifeact-EGFP protein, without an associated increase in its mRNA. Activation-induced gains in fluorescence were also observed in naïve and CD4+ T cells from the Lifeact-EGFP reporter, and were readily detected by both flow cytometry and live cell microscopy. This unique, translationally controlled reporter of effector T cell activation simultaneously enables tracking of cell morphology, F-actin dynamics and activation state in individual migrating T cells. It is a valuable addition to the limited number of reporters of T cell dynamics and activation, and opens the door to studies of translational activity and heterogeneities in functional T cell responses in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Galeano Niño
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jacqueline L E Tearle
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianling Xie
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Matt A Govendir
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica Mazalo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alexander P Drew
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Feyza Colakoglu
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sarah K Kummerfeld
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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13
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Hardy IR, Schamel WW, Baeuerle PA, Getts DR, Hofmeister R. Implications of T cell receptor biology on the development of new T cell therapies for cancer. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:89-103. [PMID: 31902264 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, two chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies were approved based on their remarkable efficacy in patients with hematological malignancies. By contrast, CAR-T cell therapies results in solid tumors have been less promising. To develop the next generation of T cell therapies a better understanding of T cell receptor (TCR) biology and its implication for the design of synthetic receptors is critical. Here, we review current and newly developed forms of T cell therapies and how their utilization of different components of the TCR signaling machinery and their requirement for engagement (or not) of human leukocyte antigen impacts their design, efficacy and applicability as cancer drugs. Notably, we highlight the development of human leukocyte antigen-independent T cell platforms that utilize the full TCR complex as having promise to overcome some of the limitations of existing T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Hardy
- TCR2 Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies & Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraβe 18,79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick A Baeuerle
- TCR Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshadernerstr. 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel R Getts
- TCR Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert Hofmeister
- TCR Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Binney St. Suite 710, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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14
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Mayya V, Judokusumo E, Abu Shah E, Peel CG, Neiswanger W, Depoil D, Blair DA, Wiggins CH, Kam LC, Dustin ML. Durable Interactions of T Cells with T Cell Receptor Stimuli in the Absence of a Stable Immunological Synapse. Cell Rep 2019; 22:340-349. [PMID: 29320731 PMCID: PMC5775504 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engage in two modes of interaction with antigen-presenting surfaces: stable synapses and motile kinapses. Although it is surmised that durable interactions of T cells with antigen-presenting cells involve synapses, in situ 3D imaging cannot resolve the mode of interaction. We have established in vitro 2D platforms and quantitative metrics to determine cell-intrinsic modes of interaction when T cells are faced with spatially continuous or restricted stimulation. All major resting human T cell subsets, except memory CD8 T cells, spend more time in the kinapse mode on continuous stimulatory surfaces. Surprisingly, we did not observe any concordant relationship between the mode and durability of interaction on cell-sized stimulatory spots. Naive CD8 T cells maintain kinapses for more than 3 hr before leaving stimulatory spots, whereas their memory counterparts maintain synapses for only an hour before leaving. Thus, durable interactions do not require stable synapses. Naive T cells spend more time in the motile kinapse state Only human memory CD8 T cells spend more time in the stable synapse state Kinapses do not reduce durability of interaction with cell-sized stimulatory spots Spatial restriction of TCR stimulation does not force formation of a synapse
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Edward Judokusumo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Enas Abu Shah
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Christopher G Peel
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Willie Neiswanger
- Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David Depoil
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - David A Blair
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chris H Wiggins
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biological Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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15
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Glatzová D, Cebecauer M. Dual Role of CD4 in Peripheral T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:618. [PMID: 31001252 PMCID: PMC6454155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of T-cell receptors (TCRs) with self- and non-self-peptides in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) stimulates crucial signaling events, which in turn can activate T lymphocytes. A variety of accessory molecules further modulate T-cell signaling. Of these, the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors make the most critical contributions to T cell sensitivity in vivo. Whereas, CD4 function in T cell development is well-characterized, its role in peripheral T cells remains incompletely understood. It was originally suggested that CD4 stabilizes weak interactions between TCRs and peptides in the MHC and delivers Lck kinases to that complex. The results of numerous experiments support the latter role, indicating that the CD4-Lck complex accelerates TCR-triggered signaling and controls the availability of the kinase for TCR in the absence of the ligand. On the other hand, extremely low affinity of CD4 for MHC rules out its ability to stabilize the receptor-ligand complex. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on CD4 in T cells, with a special emphasis on the spatio-temporal organization of early signaling events and the relevance for CD4 function. We further highlight the capacity of CD4 to interact with the MHC in the absence of TCR. It drives the adhesion of T cells to the cells that express the MHC. This process is facilitated by the CD4 accumulation in the tips of microvilli on the surface of unstimulated T cells. Based on these observations, we suggest an alternative model of CD4 role in T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Glatzová
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Cebecauer
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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16
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Xia F, Qian CR, Xun Z, Hamon Y, Sartre AM, Formisano A, Mailfert S, Phelipot MC, Billaudeau C, Jaeger S, Nunès JA, Guo XJ, He HT. TCR and CD28 Concomitant Stimulation Elicits a Distinctive Calcium Response in Naive T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2864. [PMID: 30564247 PMCID: PMC6288997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation is initiated upon ligand engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) and costimulatory receptors. The CD28 molecule acts as a major costimulatory receptor in promoting full activation of naive T cells. However, despite extensive studies, why naive T cell activation requires concurrent stimulation of both the TCR and costimulatory receptors remains poorly understood. Here, we explore this issue by analyzing calcium response as a key early signaling event to elicit T cell activation. Experiments using mouse naive CD4+ T cells showed that engagement of the TCR or CD28 with the respective cognate ligand was able to trigger a rise in fluctuating calcium mobilization levels, as shown by the frequency and average response magnitude of the reacting cells compared with basal levels occurred in unstimulated cells. The engagement of both TCR and CD28 enabled a further increase of these two metrics. However, such increases did not sufficiently explain the importance of the CD28 pathways to the functionally relevant calcium responses in T cell activation. Through the autocorrelation analysis of calcium time series data, we found that combined but not separate TCR and CD28 stimulation significantly prolonged the average decay time (τ) of the calcium signal amplitudes determined with the autocorrelation function, compared with its value in unstimulated cells. This increasement of decay time (τ) uniquely characterizes the fluctuating calcium response triggered by concurrent stimulation of TCR and CD28, as it could not be achieved with either stronger TCR stimuli or by co-engaging both TCR and LFA-1, and likely represents an important feature of competent early signaling to provoke efficient T cell activation. Our work has thus provided new insights into the interplay between the TCR and CD28 early signaling pathways critical to trigger naive T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xia
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Cheng-Rui Qian
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Zhou Xun
- School of Economics, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanchang, China.,Aix Marseille University, AMSE and GREQAM, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacques A Nunès
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France.,Equipe Labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Immunology and Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Xiao-Jun Guo
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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17
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Pittet MJ, Garris CS, Arlauckas SP, Weissleder R. Recording the wild lives of immune cells. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaaq0491. [PMID: 30194240 PMCID: PMC6771424 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaq0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopic imaging can uncover fundamental aspects of immune cell behavior in real time in both healthy and pathological states. Here, we discuss approaches for single-cell imaging of adaptive and innate immune cells to explore how they migrate, communicate, and mediate regulatory or effector functions in various tissues throughout the body. We further review how intravital single-cell imaging can be used to study drug effects on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher S Garris
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean P Arlauckas
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Galiñanes GL, Marchand PJ, Turcotte R, Pellat S, Ji N, Huber D. Optical alignment device for two-photon microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3624-3639. [PMID: 30338144 PMCID: PMC6191613 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of brain structure and function through the high resolution and large penetration depth it offers. Investigating neural structures in vivo requires gaining optical access to the brain, which is typically achieved by replacing a part of the skull with one or several layers of cover glass windows. To compensate for the spherical aberrations caused by the presence of these layers of glass, collar-correction objectives are typically used. However, the efficiency of this correction has been shown to depend significantly on the tilt angle between the glass window surface and the optical axis of the imaging system. Here, we first expand these observations and characterize the effect of the tilt angle on the collected fluorescence signal with thicker windows (double cover slide) and compare these results with an objective devoid of collar-correction. Second, we present a simple optical alignment device designed to rapidly minimize the tilt angle in vivo and align the optical axis of the microscope perpendicularly to the glass window to an angle below 0.25°, thereby significantly improving the imaging quality. Finally, we describe a tilt-correction procedure for users in an in vivo setting, enabling the accurate alignment with a resolution of <0.2° in only few iterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio L. Galiñanes
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva,
Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Marchand
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva,
Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Turcotte
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147,
USA
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT,
UK
| | - Sebastien Pellat
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva,
Switzerland
| | - Na Ji
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147,
USA
- Current address: Department of Physics, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Daniel Huber
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1206 Geneva,
Switzerland
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19
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Kasprowicz R, Rand E, O'Toole PJ, Signoret N. A correlative and quantitative imaging approach enabling characterization of primary cell-cell communication: Case of human CD4 + T cell-macrophage immunological synapses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8003. [PMID: 29789661 PMCID: PMC5964238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication engages signaling and spatiotemporal reorganization events driven by highly context-dependent and dynamic intercellular interactions, which are difficult to capture within heterogeneous primary cell cultures. Here, we present a straightforward correlative imaging approach utilizing commonly available instrumentation to sample large numbers of cell-cell interaction events, allowing qualitative and quantitative characterization of rare functioning cell-conjugates based on calcium signals. We applied this approach to examine a previously uncharacterized immunological synapse, investigating autologous human blood CD4+ T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) forming functional conjugates in vitro. Populations of signaling conjugates were visualized, tracked and analyzed by combining live imaging, calcium recording and multivariate statistical analysis. Correlative immunofluorescence was added to quantify endogenous molecular recruitments at the cell-cell junction. By analyzing a large number of rare conjugates, we were able to define calcium signatures associated with different states of CD4+ T cell-MDM interactions. Quantitative image analysis of immunostained conjugates detected the propensity of endogenous T cell surface markers and intracellular organelles to polarize towards cell-cell junctions with high and sustained calcium signaling profiles, hence defining immunological synapses. Overall, we developed a broadly applicable approach enabling detailed single cell- and population-based investigations of rare cell-cell communication events with primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kasprowicz
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rand
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J O'Toole
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Signoret
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, United Kingdom.
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20
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Bohineust A, Garcia Z, Beuneu H, Lemaître F, Bousso P. Termination of T cell priming relies on a phase of unresponsiveness promoting disengagement from APCs and T cell division. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1481-1492. [PMID: 29588347 PMCID: PMC5940264 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bohineust et al. establish that recently activated T cells exhibit a phase of unresponsiveness associated with a defect in calcium entry. This stage was essential to terminate priming, distracting T cells from APCs, and favoring their clonal expansion. T cells are primed in secondary lymphoid organs by establishing stable interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the termination of T cell priming and the initiation of clonal expansion remain largely unknown. Using intravital imaging, we observed that T cells typically divide without being associated to APCs. Supporting these findings, we demonstrate that recently activated T cells have an intrinsic defect in establishing stable contacts with APCs, a feature that was reflected by a blunted capacity to stop upon T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. T cell unresponsiveness was caused, in part, by a general block in extracellular calcium entry. Forcing TCR signals in activated T cells antagonized cell division, suggesting that T cell hyporesponsiveness acts as a safeguard mechanism against signals detrimental to mitosis. We propose that transient unresponsiveness represents an essential phase of T cell priming that promotes T cell disengagement from APCs and favors effective clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Bohineust
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Beuneu
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, U1223, Paris, France
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21
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Lodygin D, Flügel A. Intravital real-time analysis of T-cell activation in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2017; 64:118-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Regulatory T Cells in Skin Facilitate Epithelial Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell 2017; 169:1119-1129.e11. [PMID: 28552347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of tissue homeostasis is critically dependent on the function of tissue-resident immune cells and the differentiation capacity of tissue-resident stem cells (SCs). How immune cells influence the function of SCs is largely unknown. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) in skin preferentially localize to hair follicles (HFs), which house a major subset of skin SCs (HFSCs). Here, we mechanistically dissect the role of Tregs in HF and HFSC biology. Lineage-specific cell depletion revealed that Tregs promote HF regeneration by augmenting HFSC proliferation and differentiation. Transcriptional and phenotypic profiling of Tregs and HFSCs revealed that skin-resident Tregs preferentially express high levels of the Notch ligand family member, Jagged 1 (Jag1). Expression of Jag1 on Tregs facilitated HFSC function and efficient HF regeneration. Taken together, our work demonstrates that Tregs in skin play a major role in HF biology by promoting the function of HFSCs.
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23
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Abstract
T cells can become activated in lymph nodes following a diverse set of interactions with antigen-presenting cells. These cellular contacts range from short and dynamic to stable and long-lasting interactions, termed kinapses and synapses, respectively. Here, we describe a methodology to generate naïve T cells expressing a fluorescent probe of interest through the generation of bone marrow chimeras and to image T cell dynamics using intravital two-photon microscopy. In these settings, the formation of kinapses and synapses can be triggered by the administration of low and high affinity peptides, respectively. Finally, 3D cell tracking can help classify distinct T cell behaviors. These approaches should offer new possibilities for dissecting the process of T cell activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, 75015, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, 75015, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, 75015, Paris, France.
- INSERM U1223, 75015, Paris, France.
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24
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Boldajipour B, Nelson A, Krummel MF. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are dynamically desensitized to antigen but are maintained by homeostatic cytokine. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e89289. [PMID: 27942588 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells that enter tumors are largely tolerized, but how that process is choreographed and how the ensuing "dysfunctional" tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are maintained are poorly understood and are difficult to assess in spontaneous disease. We exploited an autochthonous model of breast cancer for high-resolution imaging of the early and later stages of tumor residence to understand the relationships between cellular behaviors and cellular phenotypes. "Dysfunctional" differentiation began within the first days of tumor residence with an initial phase in which T cells arrest, largely on tumor-associated macrophages. Within 10 days, cellular motility increased and resembled a random walk, suggesting a relative absence of TCR signaling. We then studied the concurrent and apparently contradictory phenomenon that many of these cells express molecular markers of activation and were visualized undergoing active cell division. We found that whereas proliferation did not require ongoing TCR/ZAP70 signaling, instead this is driven in part by intratumoral IL-15 cytokine. Thus, TILs undergo sequential reprogramming by the tumor microenvironment and are actively retained, even while being antigen insensitive. We conclude that this program effectively fills the niche with ineffective yet cytokine-dependent TILs, and we propose that these might compete with new clones, when they arise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology and.,Biological Imaging Development Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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25
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Kyluik-Price DL, Scott MD. Effects of methoxypoly (Ethylene glycol) mediated immunocamouflage on leukocyte surface marker detection, cell conjugation, activation and alloproliferation. Biomaterials 2016; 74:167-77. [PMID: 26457834 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue rejection occurs subsequent to the recognition of foreign antigens via receptor-ligand contacts between APC (antigen presenting cells) and T cells, resulting in initialization of signaling cascades and T cell proliferation. Bioengineering of donor cells by the covalent attachment of methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) to membrane proteins (PEGylation) provides a novel means to attenuate these interactions consequent to mPEG-induced charge and steric camouflage. While previous studies demonstrated that polymer-mediated immunocamouflage decreased immune recognition both in vitro and in vivo, these studies monitored late events in immune recognition and activation such as T cell proliferation. Consequently little information has been provided concerning the early cellular events governing this response. Therefore, the effect of PEGylation was assessed by examining initial cell-cell interactions, changes to activation pathways, and apoptosis to understand the role that each may play in the decreased proliferative response observed in modified cells during the course of a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The mPEG-modified T cells resulted in significant immunocamouflage of lymphocyte surface proteins and decreased interactions with APC. Furthermore, mPEG-MLR exhibited decreased NFκB pathway activation, while exhibiting no significant differences in degree of cell death compared to the control MLR. These results suggest that PEGylation may prevent the direct recognition of foreign alloantigens by decreasing the stability and duration of initial cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Kyluik-Price
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mark D Scott
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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26
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Wang Z. Imaging Nanotherapeutics in Inflamed Vasculature by Intravital Microscopy. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2431-2438. [PMID: 27877245 PMCID: PMC5118605 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is the application of light microscopy to real time study biology of live animal tissues in intact and physiological conditions with the high spatial and temporal resolution. Advances in imaging systems, genetic animal models and imaging probes, IVM has offered quantitative and dynamic insight into cell biology, immunology, neurobiology and cancer. In this review, we will focus on the targeting of nanotherapeutics to inflamed vasculature. We will introduce the basic concept and principle of IVM and demonstrate that IVM is a powerful tool used to quantitatively determine the molecular mechanisms of interactions between nanotherapeutics and neutrophils or endothelium in living mice. In the future, it is needed to develop new imaging systems and novel imaging contrast agents to better understand molecular mechanisms of tissue processing of nanotherapeutics in vivo.
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27
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Jung Y, Riven I, Feigelson SW, Kartvelishvily E, Tohya K, Miyasaka M, Alon R, Haran G. Three-dimensional localization of T-cell receptors in relation to microvilli using a combination of superresolution microscopies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5916-E5924. [PMID: 27647916 PMCID: PMC5056101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605399113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte microvilli are flexible projections enriched with adhesion molecules. The role of these cellular projections in the ability of T cells to probe antigen-presenting cells has been elusive. In this study, we probe the spatial relation of microvilli and T-cell receptors (TCRs), the major molecules responsible for antigen recognition on the T-cell membrane. To this end, an effective and robust methodology for mapping membrane protein distribution in relation to the 3D surface structure of cells is introduced, based on two complementary superresolution microscopies. Strikingly, TCRs are found to be highly localized on microvilli, in both peripheral blood human T cells and differentiated effector T cells, and are barely found on the cell body. This is a decisive demonstration that different types of T cells universally localize their TCRs to microvilli, immediately pointing to these surface projections as effective sensors for antigenic moieties. This finding also suggests how previously reported membrane clusters might form, with microvilli serving as anchors for specific T-cell surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmin Jung
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Inbal Riven
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sara W Feigelson
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Kazuo Tohya
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai University of Health Sciences, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0482, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyasaka
- Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gilad Haran
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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28
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Superresolution imaging reveals nanometer- and micrometer-scale spatial distributions of T-cell receptors in lymph nodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7201-6. [PMID: 27303041 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512331113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells become activated when T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize agonist peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules on antigen-presenting cells. T-cell activation critically relies on the spatiotemporal arrangements of TCRs on the plasma membrane. However, the molecular organizations of TCRs on lymph node-resident T cells have not yet been determined, owing to the diffraction limit of light. Here we visualized nanometer- and micrometer-scale TCR distributions in lymph nodes by light sheet direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). This dSTORM and SIM approach provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, of multiscale reorganization of TCRs during in vivo immune responses. We observed nanometer-scale plasma membrane domains, known as protein islands, on naïve T cells. These protein islands were enriched within micrometer-sized surface areas that we call territories. In vivo T-cell activation caused the TCR territories to contract, leading to the coalescence of protein islands and formation of stable TCR microclusters.
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29
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Moreau HD, Bogle G, Bousso P. A virtual lymph node model to dissect the requirements for T-cell activation by synapses and kinapses. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:680-8. [PMID: 27089942 PMCID: PMC4980574 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of T-cell responses in lymph nodes requires T cells to integrate signals delivered by dendritic cells (DCs) during long-lasting contacts (synapses) or more transient interactions (kinapses). However, it remains extremely challenging to understand how a specific sequence of contacts established by T cells ultimately dictates T-cell fate. Here, we have coupled a computational model of T-cell migration and interactions with DCs with a real-time, flow cytometry-like representation of T-cell activation. In this model, low-affinity peptides trigger T-cell proliferation through kinapses but we show that this process is only effective under conditions of high DC densities and prolonged antigen availability. By contrast, high-affinity peptides favor synapse formation and a vigorous proliferation under a wide range of antigen presentation conditions. In line with the predictions, decreasing the DC density in vivo selectively abolished proliferation induced by the low-affinity peptide. Finally, our results suggest that T cells possess a biochemical memory of previous stimulations of at least 1–2 days. We propose that the stability of T-cell–DC interactions, apart from their signaling potency, profoundly influences the robustness of T-cell activation. By offering the ability to control parameters that are difficult to manipulate experimentally, the virtual lymph node model provides new possibilities to tackle the fundamental mechanisms that regulate T-cell responses elicited by infections or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
| | - Gib Bogle
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Paris, France
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30
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Fricke GM, Letendre KA, Moses ME, Cannon JL. Persistence and Adaptation in Immunity: T Cells Balance the Extent and Thoroughness of Search. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004818. [PMID: 26990103 PMCID: PMC4798282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective search strategies have evolved in many biological systems, including the immune system. T cells are key effectors of the immune response, required for clearance of pathogenic infection. T cell activation requires that T cells encounter antigen-bearing dendritic cells within lymph nodes, thus, T cell search patterns within lymph nodes may be a crucial determinant of how quickly a T cell immune response can be initiated. Previous work suggests that T cell motion in the lymph node is similar to a Brownian random walk, however, no detailed analysis has definitively shown whether T cell movement is consistent with Brownian motion. Here, we provide a precise description of T cell motility in lymph nodes and a computational model that demonstrates how motility impacts T cell search efficiency. We find that both Brownian and Lévy walks fail to capture the complexity of T cell motion. Instead, T cell movement is better described as a correlated random walk with a heavy-tailed distribution of step lengths. Using computer simulations, we identify three distinct factors that contribute to increasing T cell search efficiency: 1) a lognormal distribution of step lengths, 2) motion that is directionally persistent over short time scales, and 3) heterogeneity in movement patterns. Furthermore, we show that T cells move differently in specific frequently visited locations that we call "hotspots" within lymph nodes, suggesting that T cells change their movement in response to the lymph node environment. Our results show that like foraging animals, T cells adapt to environmental cues, suggesting that adaption is a fundamental feature of biological search.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Matthew Fricke
- Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Letendre
- Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Melanie E. Moses
- Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- External Faculty, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Signal strength regulates antigen-mediated T-cell deceleration by distinct mechanisms to promote local exploration or arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12151-6. [PMID: 26371316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506654112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are highly motile cells that decelerate upon antigen recognition. These cells can either completely stop or maintain a low level of motility, forming contacts referred to as synapses or kinapses, respectively. Whether similar or distinct molecular mechanisms regulate T-cell deceleration during synapses or kinapses is unclear. Here, we used microfabricated channels and intravital imaging to observe and manipulate T-cell kinapses and synapses. We report that high-affinity antigen induced a pronounced deceleration selectively dependent on Ca(2+) signals and actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3) activity. In contrast, low-affinity antigens induced a switch of migration mode that promotes T-cell exploratory behavior, characterized by partial deceleration and frequent direction changes. This switch depended on T-cell receptor binding but was largely independent of downstream signaling. We propose that distinct mechanisms of T-cell deceleration can be triggered during antigenic recognition to favor local exploration and signal integration upon suboptimal stimulus and complete arrest on the best antigen-presenting cells.
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Hoekstra ME, Dijkgraaf FE, Schumacher TN, Rohr JC. Assessing T lymphocyte function and differentiation by genetically encoded reporter systems. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:392-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Herz J, Johnson KR, McGavern DB. Therapeutic antiviral T cells noncytopathically clear persistently infected microglia after conversion into antigen-presenting cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1153-69. [PMID: 26122661 PMCID: PMC4516789 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clearance of neurotropic infections is challenging because the CNS is relatively intolerant of immunopathological reactions. Herz et al. use a model of persistent viral infection in mice to demonstrate therapeutic antiviral T cells can purge the CNS infection without causing tissue damage resulting from limited recruitment of inflammatory innate immune cells and conversion of microglia into APCs. Several viruses can infect the mammalian nervous system and induce neurological dysfunction. Adoptive immunotherapy is an approach that involves administration of antiviral T cells and has shown promise in clinical studies for the treatment of peripheral virus infections in humans such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and adenovirus, among others. In contrast, clearance of neurotropic infections is particularly challenging because the central nervous system (CNS) is relatively intolerant of immunopathological reactions. Therefore, it is essential to develop and mechanistically understand therapies that noncytopathically eradicate pathogens from the CNS. Here, we used mice persistently infected from birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to demonstrate that therapeutic antiviral T cells can completely purge the persistently infected brain without causing blood–brain barrier breakdown or tissue damage. Mechanistically, this is accomplished through a tailored release of chemoattractants that recruit antiviral T cells, but few pathogenic innate immune cells such as neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. Upon arrival, T cells enlisted the support of nearly all brain-resident myeloid cells (microglia) by inducing proliferation and converting them into CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Two-photon imaging experiments revealed that antiviral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells interacted directly with CD11c+ microglia and induced STAT1 signaling but did not initiate programmed cell death. We propose that noncytopathic CNS viral clearance can be achieved by therapeutic antiviral T cells reliant on restricted chemoattractant production and interactions with apoptosis-resistant microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Herz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kory R Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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34
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Ritsma L, Ponsioen B, van Rheenen J. Intravital imaging of cell signaling in mice. INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The bullseye synapse formed between CD4+ T-cell and staphylococcal enterotoxin B-pulsed dendritic cell is a suppressive synapse in T-cell response. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:99-110. [PMID: 25287444 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is a supermolecular activation cluster formed between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Although diverse IS structures have been reported, the function of the IS in T-cell activation remains unclear. Here, we found that the bullseye IS, one of IS types at the interface of CD4(+) T cells and staphylococcal enterotoxin B-pulsed dendritic cells, suppressed CD4(+) T-cell activation, whereas multifocal IS, another synapse type, stimulated CD4(+) T-cell activation. Consistent with these results, bullseye IS formation was accompanied by a low-level calcium response in T cells and a loss of T-cell receptor signalling molecules from the synapse, whereas multifocal IS exhibited the opposite. Furthermore, we found that CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)) more efficiently formed bullseye IS and promoted bullseye IS formation in CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), an inhibitory molecule expressed continuously on T(regs), was localised in bullseye IS. Moreover, blocking CTLA-4 reduced the percentage of bullseye IS formation and promoted T-cell activation. Our data thus indicate that bullseye IS formation is mediated by CTLA-4, and may negatively control T-cell activation as a suppressive synapse.
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36
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Kupfer-type immunological synapses in vivo: Raison D'être of SMAC. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:51-6. [PMID: 25267483 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells engage with antigen-presenting cells to form immunological synapses. These intimate contacts are characterized by the complex arrangement of molecules at the intercellular interface, which has been described as the supramolecular activation cluster (SMAC). However, due to T cells functioning without SMAC formation and the difficulties of studying these complex arrangements in vivo, its biological importance has been questioned. In light of recent data, we focus this review on the putative functionality of SMACs in T-cell synaptic contacts in vivo and emphasize the therapeutic potential of SMAC manipulation in immune-driven diseases.
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37
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Adding new dimensions: towards an integrative understanding of HIV-1 spread. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:563-74. [PMID: 25029025 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies in primary or immortalized cells continue to be used to elucidate the essential principles that govern the interactions between HIV-1 and isolated target cells. However, until recently, substantial technical barriers prevented this information from being efficiently translated to the more complex scenario of HIV-1 spread in the host in vivo, which has limited our understanding of the impact of host physiological parameters on the spread of HIV-1. In this Review, we discuss the recent development of imaging approaches to visualize HIV-1 spread and the adaptation of these approaches to organotypic ex vivo models and animal models. We focus on new concepts, including the mechanisms and in vivo relevance of cell-cell transmission for HIV-1 spread and the function of the HIV-1 pathogenesis factor Nef, which have emerged from the application of these integrative approaches in complex cell systems.
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Lymphocyte fate specification as a deterministic but highly plastic process. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:699-704. [PMID: 25190286 DOI: 10.1038/nri3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cellular progeny of a clonally selected lymphocyte must execute function. However, their function must often occur in more than one way, in more than one place and at more than one time. Experimental evidence supports the view that a single activated lymphocyte can produce a variety of cellular descendants. The mechanisms that are responsible for generating diversity among the progeny of a single lymphocyte remain a subject of lively controversy. Some groups have suggested stochastic mechanisms that are analogous to the diversification of the antigen receptor repertoire. We suggest that the complexity of lymphocyte fates in space and time can be derived from a single naive lymphocyte using the principles of cell diversification that are common in developmental and regenerative biology, including (but not limited to) asymmetric cell division.
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Gérard A, Patino-Lopez G, Beemiller P, Nambiar R, Ben-Aissa K, Liu Y, Totah FJ, Tyska MJ, Shaw S, Krummel MF. Detection of rare antigen-presenting cells through T cell-intrinsic meandering motility, mediated by Myo1g. Cell 2014; 158:492-505. [PMID: 25083865 PMCID: PMC4119593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To mount an immune response, T lymphocytes must successfully search for foreign material bound to the surface of antigen-presenting cells. How T cells optimize their chances of encountering and responding to these antigens is unknown. T cell motility in tissues resembles a random or Levy walk and is regulated in part by external factors including chemokines and lymph-node topology, but motility parameters such as speed and propensity to turn may also be cell intrinsic. Here we found that the unconventional myosin 1g (Myo1g) motor generates membrane tension, enforces cell-intrinsic meandering search, and enhances T-DC interactions during lymph-node surveillance. Increased turning and meandering motility, as opposed to ballistic motility, is enhanced by Myo1g. Myo1g acts as a "turning motor" and generates a form of cellular "flânerie." Modeling and antigen challenges show that these intrinsically programmed elements of motility search are critical for the detection of rare cognate antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gérard
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW512, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
| | - Genaro Patino-Lopez
- Experimental Immunology Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA
| | - Peter Beemiller
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW512, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
| | - Rajalakshmi Nambiar
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
| | - Khadija Ben-Aissa
- Experimental Immunology Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA
| | - Yin Liu
- Experimental Immunology Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA
| | - Fadi J. Totah
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW512, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
| | - Matthew J. Tyska
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37205, USA
| | - Stephen Shaw
- Experimental Immunology Branch National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW512, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
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Surface expression of the hRSV nucleoprotein impairs immunological synapse formation with T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3214-23. [PMID: 25056968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400760111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children worldwide. The recurrent hRSV outbreaks and reinfections are the cause of a significant public health burden and associate with an inefficient antiviral immunity, even after disease resolution. Although several mouse- and human cell-based studies have shown that hRSV infection prevents naïve T-cell activation by antigen-presenting cells, the mechanism underlying such inhibition remains unknown. Here, we show that the hRSV nucleoprotein (N) could be at least partially responsible for inhibiting T-cell activation during infection by this virus. Early after infection, the N protein was expressed on the surface of epithelial and dendritic cells, after interacting with trans-Golgi and lysosomal compartments. Further, experiments on supported lipid bilayers loaded with peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes showed that surface-anchored N protein prevented immunological synapse assembly by naive CD4(+) T cells and, to a lesser extent, by antigen-experienced T-cell blasts. Synapse assembly inhibition was in part due to reduced T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and pMHC clustering at the T-cell-bilayer interface, suggesting that N protein interferes with pMHC-TCR interactions. Moreover, N protein colocalized with the TCR independently of pMHC, consistent with a possible interaction with TCR complex components. Based on these data, we conclude that hRSV N protein expression at the surface of infected cells inhibits T-cell activation. Our study defines this protein as a major virulence factor that contributes to impairing acquired immunity and enhances susceptibility to reinfection by hRSV.
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An evolving autoimmune microenvironment regulates the quality of effector T cell restimulation and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9223-8. [PMID: 24927530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322193111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the processes of autoimmune attack of tissues is important for inhibiting continued tissue destruction. In type 1 diabetes, it is not known how cytotoxic effector T cell responses evolve over time in the pancreatic islets targeted for destruction. We used two-photon microscopy of live, intact, individual islets to investigate how progression of islet infiltration altered the behavior of infiltrating islet-specific CD8(+) T cells. During early-islet infiltration, T-cell interactions with CD11c(+) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were stable and real-time imaging of T cell receptor (TCR) clustering provided evidence of TCR recognition in these stable contacts. Early T cell-APC encounters supported production of IFN-γ by T effectors, and T cells at this stage also killed islet APCs. At later stages of infiltration, T-cell motility accelerated, and cytokine production was lost despite the presence of higher numbers of infiltrating APCs that were able to trigger T-cell signaling in vitro. Using timed introduction of effector T cells, we demonstrate that elements of the autoimmune-tissue microenvironment control the dynamics of autoantigen recognition by T cells and their resulting pathogenic effector functions.
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42
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Babich A, Burkhardt JK. Coordinate control of cytoskeletal remodeling and calcium mobilization during T-cell activation. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:80-94. [PMID: 24117814 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) mobilization and cytoskeletal reorganization are key hallmarks of T-cell activation, and their interdependence has long been recognized. Recent advances in the field have elucidated the molecular pathways that underlie these events and have revealed several points of intersection. Ca(2+) signaling can be divided into two phases: initial events leading to release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum stores, and a second phase involving STIM 1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) clustering and CRAC (calcium release activated calcium) channel activation. Cytoskeletal dynamics promote both phases. During the first phase, the actin cytoskeleton promotes mechanotransduction and serves as a dynamic scaffold for microcluster assembly. Proteins that drive actin polymerization such as WASp (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) and HS1 (hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein 1) promote signaling through PLCγ1 (phospholipase Cγ1) and release of Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum stores. During the second phase, the WAVE (WASP-family verprolin homologous protein) complex and the microtubule cytoskeleton promote STIM 1 clustering at sites of plasma membrane apposition, opening Orai channels. In addition, gross cell shape changes and organelle movements buffer local Ca(2+) levels, leading to sustained Ca(2+) mobilization. Conversely, elevated intracellular Ca(2+) activates cytoskeletal remodeling. This can occur indirectly, via calpain activity, and directly, via Ca(2+) -dependent cytoskeletal regulatory proteins such as myosin II and L-plastin. While it is true that the cytoskeleton regulates Ca(2+) responses and vice versa, interdependence between Ca(2+) and the cytoskeleton also encompasses signaling events that occur in parallel, downstream of shared intermediates. Inositol cleavage by PLCγ1 simultaneously triggers both endoplasmic reticulum store release and diacylglycerol-dependent microtubule organizing center reorientation, while depleting the pool of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, an activator of multiple actin-regulatory proteins. The close interdependence of Ca(2+) signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics in T cells provides positive feedback mechanisms for T-cell activation and allows for finely tuned responses to extracellular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Babich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Bhat P, Leggatt G, Matthaei KI, Frazer IH. The kinematics of cytotoxic lymphocytes influence their ability to kill target cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95248. [PMID: 24801876 PMCID: PMC4011687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) have been reported to show a range of motility patterns from rapid long-range tracking to complete arrest, but how and whether these kinematics affect their ability to kill target cells is not known. Many in vitro killing assays utilize cell lines and tumour-derived cells as targets, which may be of limited relevance to the kinetics of CTL-mediated killing of somatic cells. Here, live-cell microscopy is used to examine the interactions of CTL and primary murine skin cells presenting antigens. We developed a qualitative and quantitative killing assay using extended-duration fluorescence time-lapse microscopy coupled with large-volume objective software-based data analysis to obtain population data of cell-to-cell interactions, motility and apoptosis. In vivo and ex vivo activated antigen-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes were added to primary keratinocyte targets in culture with fluorometric detection of caspase-3 activation in targets as an objective determinant of apoptosis. We found that activated CTL achieved contact-dependent apoptosis of non-tumour targets after a period of prolonged attachment - on average 21 hours - which was determined by target cell type, amount of antigen, and activation status of CTL. Activation of CTL even without engagement of the T cell receptor was sufficient to mobilise cells significantly above baseline, while the addition of cognate antigen further enhanced their motility. Highly activated CTL showed markedly increased vector displacement, and velocity, and lead to increased antigen-specific target cell death. These data show that the inherent kinematics of CTL correlate directly with their ability to kill non-tumour cells presenting cognate antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Bhat
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Medical School, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Graham Leggatt
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Klaus I. Matthaei
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Moreau HD, Bousso P. Visualizing how T cells collect activation signals in vivo. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 26:56-62. [PMID: 24556401 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A decade ago the first movies depicting T cell behavior in vivo with the help of two-photon microscopy were generated. These initial experiments revealed that T cells migrate rapidly and randomly in secondary lymphoid organs at steady state and profoundly alter their behavior during antigen recognition, establishing both transient and stable contacts with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Since then, in vivo imaging has continuously improved our understanding of T cell activation. In particular, recent studies uncovered how T cells may be guided in their search for the best APCs. Additionally, the development of more sophisticated fluorescent tools has permitted not only to visualize T cell-APC contacts but also to probe their functional impact on T cell activation. These recent progresses are providing new insights into how T cells sense antigen, collect activation signals during distinct types of interaction and integrate information over successive encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène D Moreau
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75015 Paris, France; Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U668, 75015 Paris, France.
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Salles A, Billaudeau C, Sergé A, Bernard AM, Phélipot MC, Bertaux N, Fallet M, Grenot P, Marguet D, He HT, Hamon Y. Barcoding T cell calcium response diversity with methods for automated and accurate analysis of cell signals (MAAACS). PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003245. [PMID: 24086124 PMCID: PMC3784497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a series of experimental procedures enabling sensitive calcium monitoring in T cell populations by confocal video-microscopy. Tracking and post-acquisition analysis was performed using Methods for Automated and Accurate Analysis of Cell Signals (MAAACS), a fully customized program that associates a high throughput tracking algorithm, an intuitive reconnection routine and a statistical platform to provide, at a glance, the calcium barcode of a population of individual T-cells. Combined with a sensitive calcium probe, this method allowed us to unravel the heterogeneity in shape and intensity of the calcium response in T cell populations and especially in naive T cells, which display intracellular calcium oscillations upon stimulation by antigen presenting cells. The adaptive immune response to pathogen invasion requires the stimulation of lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells. We hypothesized that investigating the dynamics of the T lymphocyte activation by monitoring intracellular calcium fluctuations might help explain the high specificity and selectivity of this phenomenon. However, the quantitative and exhaustive analysis of calcium fluctuations by video microscopy in the context of cell-to-cell contact is a tough challenge. To tackle this, we developed a complete solution named MAAACS (Methods for Automated and Accurate Analysis of Cell Signals), in order to automate the detection, cell tracking, raw data ordering and analysis of calcium signals. Our algorithm revealed that, when in contact with antigen-presenting cells, T lymphocytes generate oscillating calcium signals and not a massive and sustained calcium response as was originally thought. We anticipate our approach providing many more new insights into the molecular mechanisms triggering adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Salles
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Cyrille Billaudeau
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (AS); (YH)
| | - Anne-Marie Bernard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Claire Phélipot
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Bertaux
- Institut Fresnel, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7249, Marseille, France
- École Centrale Marseille, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Grenot
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Marguet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7280, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (AS); (YH)
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Weigert R, Porat-Shliom N, Amornphimoltham P. Imaging cell biology in live animals: ready for prime time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:969-79. [PMID: 23798727 PMCID: PMC3691462 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy is one of the main tools used to image subcellular structures in living cells. Yet for decades it has been applied primarily to in vitro model systems. Thanks to the most recent advancements in intravital microscopy, this approach has finally been extended to live rodents. This represents a major breakthrough that will provide unprecedented new opportunities to study mammalian cell biology in vivo and has already provided new insight in the fields of neurobiology, immunology, and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Weigert
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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47
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Abstract
The fate of T lymphocytes revolves around a continuous stream of interactions between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Beginning in the thymus and continuing into the periphery, these interactions, refined by accessory molecules, direct the expansion, differentiation, and function of T-cell subsets. The cellular context of T-cell engagement with antigen-presenting cells, either in lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissues, plays an important role in determining how these cells respond to antigen encounters. CD8(+) T cells are essential for clearance of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, but the virus can present a number of unique challenges that antiviral T cells must overcome. Peripheral LCMV infection can lead to rapid cytolytic clearance or chronic viral persistence; central nervous system infection can result in T-cell-dependent fatal meningitis or an asymptomatic carrier state amenable to immunotherapeutic clearance. These diverse outcomes all depend on interactions that require TCR engagement of cognate peptide-MHC complexes. In this review, we explore the diversity in antiviral T-cell behaviors resulting from TCR engagement, beginning with an overview of the immunological synapse and progressing to regulators of TCR signaling that shape the delicate balance between immunopathology and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ashley Moseman
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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Jacobelli J, Lindsay RS, Friedman RS. Peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity: lessons from in vivo imaging. Immunol Res 2013; 55:146-54. [PMID: 22956468 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multi-photon microscopy has taken hold as a widely used technique in immunology, allowing for imaging of the kinetics of immune cell motility and cell-cell interactions, but what have we learned from this technique about the processes involved in peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity? Various studies have now looked at the dynamics of several mechanisms of peripheral T cell tolerance and efforts to examine the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the disease site are also under way. Here, we will discuss the findings of studies that use multi-photon microscopy to examine the dynamics of T cell tolerance in the lymph nodes and of the autoimmune processes involved in models of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. An emerging theme from these studies is that short T cell-antigen presenting cell interactions can lead to tolerance, and that autoreactive T cell restimulation at the disease site can play an important role in autoimmune disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jacobelli
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Tang J, van Panhuys N, Kastenmüller W, Germain RN. The future of immunoimaging--deeper, bigger, more precise, and definitively more colorful. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1407-12. [PMID: 23568494 PMCID: PMC3748132 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are thoroughbreds, moving farther and faster and surveying more diverse tissue space than their nonhematopoietic brethren. Intravital 2-photon microscopy has provided insights into the movements and interactions of many immune cell types in diverse tissues, but more information is needed to link such analyses of dynamic cell behavior to function. Here, we describe additional methods whose application promises to extend our vision, allowing more complete, multiscale dissection of how immune cell positioning and movement are linked to system state, host defense, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Tang
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1892, USA
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Benninger RK, Piston DW. Two-photon excitation microscopy for the study of living cells and tissues. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CELL BIOLOGY 2013; Chapter 4:4.11.1-4.11.24. [PMID: 23728746 PMCID: PMC4004770 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0411s59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon excitation microscopy is an alternative to confocal microscopy that provides advantages for three-dimensional and deep tissue imaging. This unit will describe the basic physical principles behind two-photon excitation and discuss the advantages and limitations of its use in laser-scanning microscopy. The principal advantages of two-photon microscopy are reduced phototoxicity, increased imaging depth, and the ability to initiate highly localized photochemistry in thick samples. Practical considerations for the application of two-photon microscopy will then be discussed, including recent technological advances. This unit will conclude with some recent applications of two-photon microscopy that highlight the key advantages over confocal microscopy and the types of experiments which would benefit most from its application.
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