1
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Varco-Merth B, Chaunzwa M, Duell DM, Marenco A, Goodwin W, Dannay R, Nekorchuk M, Shao D, Busman-Sahay K, Fennessey CM, Silipino L, Hull M, Bosche WJ, Fast R, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Bochart R, MacAllister R, Labriola CS, Smedley JV, Axthelm MK, Davenport MP, Edlefsen PT, Estes JD, Keele BF, Lifson JD, Lewin SR, Picker LJ, Okoye AA. Impact of alemtuzumab-mediated lymphocyte depletion on SIV reservoir establishment and persistence. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012496. [PMID: 39173097 PMCID: PMC11373844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistence of the rebound-competent viral reservoir (RCVR) within the CD4+ T cell compartment of people living with HIV remains a major barrier to HIV cure. Here, we determined the effects of the pan-lymphocyte-depleting monoclonal antibody (mAb) alemtuzumab on the RCVR in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques (RM) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Alemtuzumab administered during chronic ART or at the time of ART initiation induced >95% depletion of circulating CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood and substantial CD4+ T cell depletion in lymph nodes. However, treatment was followed by proliferation and reconstitution of CD4+ T cells in blood, and despite ongoing ART, levels of cell-associated SIV DNA in blood and lymphoid tissues were not substantially different between alemtuzumab-treated and control RM after immune cell reconstitution, irrespective of the time of alemtuzumab treatment. Upon ART cessation, 19 of 22 alemtuzumab-treated RM and 13 of 13 controls rebounded with no difference in the time to rebound between treatment groups. Time to rebound and reactivation rate was associated with plasma viral loads (pVLs) at time of ART initiation, suggesting lymphocyte depletion had no durable impact on the RCVR. However, 3 alemtuzumab-treated RM that had lowest levels of pre-ART viremia, failed to rebound after ART withdrawal, in contrast to controls with similar levels of SIV replication. These observations suggest that alemtuzumab therapy has little to no ability to reduce well-established RCVRs but may facilitate RCVR destabilization when pre-ART virus levels are particularly low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Morgan Chaunzwa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Derick M Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Marenco
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William Goodwin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rachel Dannay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Danica Shao
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington State, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lorna Silipino
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William J Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Randy Fast
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachele Bochart
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rhonda MacAllister
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Caralyn S Labriola
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeremy V Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington State, United States of America
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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2
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Keele BF, Okoye AA, Fennessey CM, Varco-Merth B, Immonen TT, Kose E, Conchas A, Pinkevych M, Lipkey L, Newman L, Macairan A, Bosche M, Bosche WJ, Berkemeier B, Fast R, Hull M, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Silipino L, Gorelick RJ, Duell D, Marenco A, Brantley W, Smedley J, Axthelm M, Davenport MP, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. Early antiretroviral therapy in SIV-infected rhesus macaques reveals a multiphasic, saturable dynamic accumulation of the rebound competent viral reservoir. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012135. [PMID: 38593120 PMCID: PMC11003637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The rebound competent viral reservoir (RCVR)-virus that persists during antiretroviral treatment (ART) and can reignite systemic infection when treatment is stopped-is the primary barrier to eradicating HIV. We used time to initiation of ART during primary infection of rhesus macaques (RMs) after intravenous challenge with barcoded SIVmac239 as a means to elucidate the dynamics of RCVR establishment in groups of RMs by creating a multi-log range of pre-ART viral loads and then assessed viral time-to-rebound and reactivation rates resulting from the discontinuation of ART after one year. RMs started on ART on days 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 or 12 post-infection showed a nearly 10-fold difference in pre-ART viral measurements for successive ART-initiation timepoints. Only 1 of 8 RMs initiating ART on days 3 and 4 rebounded after ART interruption despite measurable pre-ART plasma viremia. Rebounding plasma from the 1 rebounding RM contained only a single barcode lineage detected at day 50 post-ART. All RMs starting ART on days 5 and 6 rebounded between 14- and 50-days post-ART with 1-2 rebounding variants each. RMs starting ART on days 7, 9, and 12 had similar time-to-measurable plasma rebound kinetics despite multiple log differences in pre-ART plasma viral load (pVL), with all RMs rebounding between 7- and 16-days post-ART with 3-28 rebounding lineages. Calculated reactivation rates per pre-ART pVL were highest for RMs starting ART on days 5, 6, and 7 after which the rate of accumulation of the RCVR markedly decreased for RMs treated on days 9 and 12, consistent with multiphasic establishment and near saturation of the RCVR within 2 weeks post infection. Taken together, these data highlight the heterogeneity of the RCVR between RMs, the stochastic establishment of the very early RCVR, and the saturability of the RCVR prior to peak viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Afam A. Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Taina T. Immonen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emek Kose
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Conchas
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mykola Pinkevych
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leslie Lipkey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Newman
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Agatha Macairan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marjorie Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William J. Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Randy Fast
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mike Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lorna Silipino
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Derick Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Marenco
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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3
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Okoye AA, Fromentin R, Takata H, Brehm JH, Fukazawa Y, Randall B, Pardons M, Tai V, Tang J, Smedley J, Axthelm M, Lifson JD, Picker LJ, Favre D, Trautmann L, Chomont N. The ingenol-based protein kinase C agonist GSK445A is a potent inducer of HIV and SIV RNA transcription. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010245. [PMID: 35041707 PMCID: PMC8797195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by Protein Kinase C (PKC) agonists is a potent mechanism for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) latency disruption in vitro. However, significant toxicity risks and the lack of evidence supporting their activity in vivo have limited further evaluation of PKC agonists as HIV latency-reversing agents (LRA) in cure strategies. Here we evaluated whether GSK445A, a stabilized ingenol-B derivative, can induce HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transcription and virus production in vitro and demonstrate pharmacological activity in nonhuman primates (NHP). CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV and from SIV+ rhesus macaques (RM) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposed in vitro to 25 nM of GSK445A produced cell-associated viral transcripts as well as viral particles at levels similar to those induced by PMA/Ionomycin, indicating that GSK445A can potently reverse HIV/SIV latency. Importantly, these concentrations of GSK445A did not impair the proliferation or survival of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, but instead, increased their numbers and enhanced IFN-γ production in response to HIV peptides. In vivo, GSK445A tolerability was established in SIV-naïve RM at 15 μg/kg although tolerability was reduced in SIV-infected RM on ART. Increases in plasma viremia following GSK445A administration were suggestive of increased SIV transcription in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that GSK445A is a potent HIV/SIV LRA in vitro and has a tolerable safety profile amenable for further evaluation in vivo in NHP models of HIV cure/remission. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not a definitive cure for HIV infection, in part, because the virus is able to integrate its genetic material in the host cell and remain in a dormant but fully replication-competent form during ART. These latently-infected cells can persist for long periods of time and remain hidden from the host’s immune system. If ART is stopped, the virus can reactivate from this pool of infected cells and resume HIV replication and disease progression. As such, finding and eliminating cells with latent HIV infection is priority for HIV cure research. One approach is to use compounds referred to as latency-reversing agents, that can induce HIV reactivation during ART. The goal of this approach is to facilitate elimination of infected cells by the virus itself once it reactivates or by the host’s immune system, once virus induction renders the cells detectable by the immune system, while also preventing the virus from infecting new cells due to the continued presence of ART. In this study we report on the activity of a novel latency-reversing agent called GSK445A, a potent activator of the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). We show that GSK445A can induce HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) latency reversal in vitro and has a tolerable saftey profile in nonhuman primates that should permit further testing of this PKC-agonist in strategies to cure HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jessica H Brehm
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Bryan Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marion Pardons
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Tai
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jun Tang
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David Favre
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.,HIV Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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4
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Okoye AA, Duell DD, Fukazawa Y, Varco-Merth B, Marenco A, Behrens H, Chaunzwa M, Selseth AN, Gilbride RM, Shao J, Edlefsen PT, Geleziunas R, Pinkevych M, Davenport MP, Busman-Sahay K, Nekorchuk M, Park H, Smedley J, Axthelm MK, Estes JD, Hansen SG, Keele BF, Lifson JD, Picker LJ. CD8+ T cells fail to limit SIV reactivation following ART withdrawal until after viral amplification. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:141677. [PMID: 33630764 PMCID: PMC8262469 DOI: 10.1172/jci141677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To define the contribution of CD8+ T cell responses to control of SIV reactivation during and following antiretroviral therapy (ART), we determined the effect of long-term CD8+ T cell depletion using a rhesusized anti-CD8β monoclonal antibody on barcoded SIVmac239 dynamics on stable ART and after ART cessation in rhesus macaques (RMs). Among the RMs with full CD8+ T cell depletion in both blood and tissue, there were no significant differences in the frequency of viral blips in plasma, the number of SIV RNA+ cells and the average number of RNA copies/infected cell in tissue, and levels of cell-associated SIV RNA and DNA in blood and tissue relative to control-treated RMs during ART. Upon ART cessation, both CD8+ T cell-depleted and control RMs rebounded in fewer than 12 days, with no difference in the time to viral rebound or in either the number or growth rate of rebounding SIVmac239M barcode clonotypes. However, effectively CD8+ T cell-depleted RMs showed a stable, approximately 2-log increase in post-ART plasma viremia relative to controls. These results indicate that while potent antiviral CD8+ T cell responses can develop during ART-suppressed SIV infection, these responses effectively intercept post-ART SIV rebound only after systemic viral replication, too late to limit reactivation frequency or the early spread of reactivating SIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam A. Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Derick D. Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alejandra Marenco
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hannah Behrens
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Morgan Chaunzwa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Mykola Pinkevych
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Haesun Park
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffery D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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5
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Gramatica A, Schwarzer R, Brantley W, Varco-Merth B, Sperber HS, Hull PA, Montano M, Migueles SA, Rosenthal D, Hogan LE, Johnson JR, Packard TA, Grimmett ZW, Herzig E, Besnard E, Nekorchuk M, Hsiao F, Deeks SG, Snape M, Kiernan B, Roan NR, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Picker LJ, Verdin E, Krogan NJ, Henrich TJ, Connors M, Ott M, Pillai SK, Okoye AA, Greene WC. Evaluating a New Class of AKT/mTOR Activators for HIV Latency Reversing Activity Ex Vivo and In Vivo. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02393-20. [PMID: 33536176 PMCID: PMC8103695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02393-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An ability to activate latent HIV-1 expression could benefit many HIV cure strategies, but the first generation of latency reversing agents (LRAs) has proven disappointing. We evaluated AKT/mTOR activators as a potential new class of LRAs. Two glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors (GSK-3i's), SB-216763 and tideglusib (the latter already in phase II clinical trials) that activate AKT/mTOR signaling were tested. These GSK-3i's reactivated latent HIV-1 present in blood samples from aviremic individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the absence of T cell activation, release of inflammatory cytokines, cell toxicity, or impaired effector function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or NK cells. However, when administered in vivo to SIV-infected rhesus macaques on suppressive ART, tideglusib exhibited poor pharmacodynamic properties and resulted in no clear evidence of significant SIV latency reversal. Whether alternative pharmacological formulations or combinations of this drug with other classes of LRAs will lead to an effective in vivo latency-reversing strategy remains to be determined.IMPORTANCE If combined with immune therapeutics, latency reversing agents (LRAs) have the potential to reduce the size of the reservoir sufficiently that an engineered immune response can control the virus in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. We have identified a new class of LRAs that do not induce T-cell activation and that are able to potentiate, rather than inhibit, CD8+ T and NK cell cytotoxic effector functions. This new class of LRAs corresponds to inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. In this work, we have also studied the effects of one member of this drug class, tideglusib, in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. When tested in vivo, however, tideglusib showed unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, which resulted in lack of SIV latency reversal. The disconnect between our ex vivo and in vivo results highlights the importance of developing next generation LRAs with pharmacological properties that allow systemic drug delivery in relevant anatomical compartments harboring latent reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gramatica
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roland Schwarzer
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hannah S Sperber
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Free University of Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip A Hull
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mauricio Montano
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Migueles
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Danielle Rosenthal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Louise E Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas A Packard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zachary W Grimmett
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eytan Herzig
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Emilie Besnard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Feng Hsiao
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Duke ER, Peterson CW, Reeves DB, Mayer BT, Kiem HP, Schiffer JT. Thresholds for post-rebound SHIV control after CCR5 gene-edited autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. eLife 2021; 10:57646. [PMID: 33432929 PMCID: PMC7803377 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous, CCR5 gene-edited hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation is a promising strategy for achieving HIV remission. However, only a fraction of HSPCs can be edited ex vivo to provide protection against infection. To project the thresholds of CCR5-edition necessary for HIV remission, we developed a mathematical model that recapitulates blood T cell reconstitution and plasma simian-HIV (SHIV) dynamics from SHIV-1157ipd3N4-infected pig-tailed macaques that underwent autologous transplantation with CCR5 gene editing. The model predicts that viral control can be obtained following analytical treatment interruption (ATI) when: (1) transplanted HSPCs are at least fivefold higher than residual endogenous HSPCs after total body irradiation and (2) the fraction of protected HSPCs in the transplant achieves a threshold (76–94%) sufficient to overcome transplantation-dependent loss of SHIV immunity. Under these conditions, if ATI is withheld until transplanted gene-modified cells engraft and reconstitute to a steady state, spontaneous viral control is projected to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Duke
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Christopher W Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Daniel B Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Stem Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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7
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Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV.CH505 Infection of Rhesus Macaques Results in Persistent Viral Replication and Induces Intestinal Immunopathology. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00372-19. [PMID: 31217249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00372-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) have been utilized to test vaccine efficacy and characterize mechanisms of viral transmission and pathogenesis. However, the majority of SHIVs currently available have significant limitations in that they were developed using sequences from chronically HIV-infected individuals or uncommon HIV subtypes or were optimized for the macaque model by serially passaging the engineered virus in vitro or in vivo Recently, a newly developed SHIV, SHIV.C.CH505.375H.dCT (SHIV.CH505), which incorporates vpu-env (gp140) sequences from a transmitted/founder HIV-1 subtype C strain, was shown to retain attributes of primary HIV-1 strains. However, a comprehensive analysis of the immunopathology that results from infection with this virus, especially in critical tissue compartments like the intestinal mucosa, has not been completed. In this study, we evaluated the viral dynamics and immunopathology of SHIV.CH505 in rhesus macaques. In line with previous findings, we found that SHIV.CH505 is capable of infecting and replicating efficiently in rhesus macaques, resulting in peripheral viral kinetics similar to that seen in pathogenic SIV and HIV infection. Furthermore, we observed significant and persistent depletions of CCR5+ and CCR6+ CD4+ T cells in mucosal tissues, decreases in CD4+ T cells producing Th17 cell-associated cytokines, CD8+ T cell dysfunction, and alterations of B cell and innate immune cell function, indicating that SHIV.CH505 elicits intestinal immunopathology typical of SIV/HIV infection. These findings suggest that SHIV.CH505 recapitulates the early viral replication dynamics and immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection of humans and thus can serve as a new model for HIV-1 pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention research.IMPORTANCE The development of chimeric SHIVs has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of HIV-host interactions and allowing for in vivo testing of novel treatments. However, many of the currently available SHIVs have distinct drawbacks and are unable to fully reflect the features characteristic of primary SIV and HIV strains. Here, we utilize rhesus macaques to define the immunopathogenesis of the recently developed SHIV.CH505, which was designed without many of the limitations of previous SHIVs. We observed that infection with SHIV.CH505 leads to peripheral viral kinetics and mucosal immunopathogenesis comparable with those caused by pathogenic SIV and HIV. Overall, these data provide evidence of the value of SHIV.CH505 as an effective model of SIV/HIV infection and an important tool that can be used in future studies, including preclinical testing of new therapies or prevention strategies.
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8
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Abana CO, Pilkinton MA, Gaudieri S, Chopra A, McDonnell WJ, Wanjalla C, Barnett L, Gangula R, Hager C, Jung DK, Engelhardt BG, Jagasia MH, Klenerman P, Phillips EJ, Koelle DM, Kalams SA, Mallal SA. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Epitope-Specific CD4 + T Cells Are Inflated in HIV + CMV + Subjects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3187-3201. [PMID: 28972094 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Select CMV epitopes drive life-long CD8+ T cell memory inflation, but the extent of CD4 memory inflation is poorly studied. CD4+ T cells specific for human CMV (HCMV) are elevated in HIV+ HCMV+ subjects. To determine whether HCMV epitope-specific CD4+ T cell memory inflation occurs during HIV infection, we used HLA-DR7 (DRB1*07:01) tetramers loaded with the glycoprotein B DYSNTHSTRYV (DYS) epitope to characterize circulating CD4+ T cells in coinfected HLA-DR7+ long-term nonprogressor HIV subjects with undetectable HCMV plasma viremia. DYS-specific CD4+ T cells were inflated among these HIV+ subjects compared with those from an HIV- HCMV+ HLA-DR7+ cohort or with HLA-DR7-restricted CD4+ T cells from the HIV-coinfected cohort that were specific for epitopes of HCMV phosphoprotein-65, tetanus toxoid precursor, EBV nuclear Ag 2, or HIV gag protein. Inflated DYS-specific CD4+ T cells consisted of effector memory or effector memory-RA+ subsets with restricted TCRβ usage and nearly monoclonal CDR3 containing novel conserved amino acids. Expression of this near-monoclonal TCR in a Jurkat cell-transfection system validated fine DYS specificity. Inflated cells were polyfunctional, not senescent, and displayed high ex vivo levels of granzyme B, CX3CR1, CD38, or HLA-DR but less often coexpressed CD38+ and HLA-DR+ The inflation mechanism did not involve apoptosis suppression, increased proliferation, or HIV gag cross-reactivity. Instead, the findings suggest that intermittent or chronic expression of epitopes, such as DYS, drive inflation of activated CD4+ T cells that home to endothelial cells and have the potential to mediate cytotoxicity and vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chike O Abana
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mark A Pilkinton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Wyatt J McDonnell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Louise Barnett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rama Gangula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Cindy Hager
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dae K Jung
- Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Brian G Engelhardt
- Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Madan H Jagasia
- Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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9
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Olvera-García G, Aguilar-García T, Gutiérrez-Jasso F, Imaz-Rosshandler I, Rangel-Escareño C, Orozco L, Aguilar-Delfín I, Vázquez-Pérez JA, Zúñiga J, Pérez-Patrigeon S, Espinosa E. A transcriptome-based model of central memory CD4 T cell death in HIV infection. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:956. [PMID: 27875993 PMCID: PMC5120471 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human central memory CD4 T cells are characterized by their capacity of proliferation and differentiation into effector memory CD4 T cells. Homeostasis of central memory CD4 T cells is considered a key factor sustaining the asymptomatic stage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, while progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is imputed to central memory CD4 T cells homeostatic failure. We investigated if central memory CD4 T cells from patients with HIV-1 infection have a gene expression profile impeding proliferation and survival, despite their activated state. METHODS Using gene expression microarrays, we analyzed mRNA expression patterns in naive, central memory, and effector memory CD4 T cells from healthy controls, and naive and central memory CD4 T cells from patients with HIV-1 infection. Differentially expressed genes, defined by Log2 Fold Change (FC) ≥ |0.5| and Log (odds) > 0, were used in pathway enrichment analyses. RESULTS Central memory CD4 T cells from patients and controls showed comparable expression of differentiation-related genes, ruling out an effector-like differentiation of central memory CD4 T cells in HIV infection. However, 210 genes were differentially expressed in central memory CD4 T cells from patients compared with those from controls. Expression of 75 of these genes was validated by semi quantitative RT-PCR, and independently reproduced enrichment results from this gene expression signature. The results of functional enrichment analysis indicated movement to cell cycle phases G1 and S (increased CCNE1, MKI67, IL12RB2, ADAM9, decreased FGF9, etc.), but also arrest in G2/M (increased CHK1, RBBP8, KIF11, etc.). Unexpectedly, the results also suggested decreased apoptosis (increased CSTA, NFKBIA, decreased RNASEL, etc.). Results also suggested increased IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF, and RANTES (CCR5) activity upstream of the central memory CD4 T cells signature, consistent with the demonstrated milieu in HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a model where progressive loss of central memory CD4 T cells in chronic HIV-1 infection is driven by increased cell cycle entry followed by mitotic arrest, leading to a non-apoptotic death pathway without actual proliferation, possibly contributing to increased turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Olvera-García
- Department of Research in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania Aguilar-García
- Department of Research in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fany Gutiérrez-Jasso
- Department of Research in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Imaz-Rosshandler
- Computational Genomics Department, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Rangel-Escareño
- Computational Genomics Department, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irma Aguilar-Delfín
- Laboratory of Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joel A Vázquez-Pérez
- Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Department of Research in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Santiago Pérez-Patrigeon
- Infectious Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Avenida Vasco de Quiroga 15, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Espinosa
- Department of Research in Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Mexico City, Mexico.
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10
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Okoye AA, Rohankhedkar M, Konfe AL, Abana CO, Reyes MD, Clock JA, Duell DM, Sylwester AW, Sammader P, Legasse AW, Park BS, Axthelm MK, Nikolich-Žugich J, Picker LJ. Effect of IL-7 Therapy on Naive and Memory T Cell Homeostasis in Aged Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4292-305. [PMID: 26416281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with gradual deterioration of adaptive immune function, a hallmark of which is the profound loss of naive T cells (TN) associated with decline in thymic output and export of new cells into the peripheral T cell pool. Because the lymphotropic cytokine IL-7 plays crucial roles in both development of TN in the thymus and TN homeostasis in the periphery, we sought to determine the extent to which therapeutic administration of IL-7 could reverse TN deficiency in aging rhesus macaques (RM), either by enhancement of the demonstrably reduced thymopoiesis or by peripheral TN expansion. Our results indicate that treatment of both adult (8-15 y) and old (>20 y) RM with recombinant simian IL-7 (rsIL-7) results in only transient increases in peripheral CD4(+) and CD8(+) TN numbers with no long-term benefit, even with repeated therapy. This transient effect was due to peripheral TN expansion and not enhanced thymic function, and appeared to be limited by induction of IL-7 nonresponsiveness. However, rsIL-7 therapy had a more promising effect on the central memory T cell (TCM) population (both CD4(+) and CD8(+)) in adult and old RM, doubling the numbers of these cells in circulation and maintaining this larger population long term. IL-7 therapy did not reduce TCR diversity of the memory T cell compartment, suggesting that rsIL-7-induced expansion was symmetrical. Thus, although rsIL-7 failed to counter age-associated TN loss, the ability of this therapy to expand clonotypically diverse CD4(+) and CD8(+) TCM populations might potentially improve adaptive immune responsiveness in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mukta Rohankhedkar
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Audrie L Konfe
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Chike O Abana
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew D Reyes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Joseph A Clock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Derick M Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Andrew W Sylwester
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | | | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Byung S Park
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724; and The Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724.
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006;
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11
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Massanella M, Gómez-Mora E, Carrillo J, Curriu M, Ouchi D, Puig J, Negredo E, Cabrera C, Clotet B, Blanco J. Increased ex vivo cell death of central memory CD4 T cells in treated HIV infected individuals with unsatisfactory immune recovery. J Transl Med 2015; 13:230. [PMID: 26183947 PMCID: PMC4504072 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High levels of ex vivo CD4 T-cell death and the accumulation of highly differentiated and/or immunosenescent T cells have been associated with poor CD4 T-cell recovery in treated HIV-infected individuals. However, the relationship between cell death and T-cell differentiation is still unclear. Methods We have analyzed cell death, immunosenescence and differentiation parameters in HAART-treated subjects (VL <50 copies/mL for more than 2 years) with CD4 T-cell count <350 cells/μL (immunodiscordant, n = 23) or >400 cells/μL (immunoconcordant, n = 33). We included 11 healthy individuals as reference. Results As expected, suboptimal CD4 T-cell recovery was associated with low frequencies of naïve cells, high frequencies of transitional and effector memory cells and a subsequent low ratio of central/transitional memory cells in the CD4 compartment. These alterations correlated with spontaneous CD4 T-cell death. A deeper analysis of cell death in CD4 T-cell subsets showed increased cell death in memory cells of immunodiscordant individuals, mainly affecting central memory cells. Immunosenescence was also higher in immunodiscordant individuals albeit unrelated to cell death. The CD8 compartment was similar in both HIV-infected groups, except for an underrepresentation of naïve cells in immunodiscordant individuals. Conclusion Immunodiscordant individuals show alterations in memory CD4 T-cell differentiation associated with a short ex vivo lifespan of central memory cells and an in vivo low central/transitional memory cell ratio. These alterations may contribute to poor CD4 T-cell repopulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0601-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massanella
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Elisabet Gómez-Mora
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Marta Curriu
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Dan Ouchi
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Puig
- Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Eugènia Negredo
- Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya, UVIC-UCC, 08500, Vic, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Fundació Lluita contra la SIDA, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya, UVIC-UCC, 08500, Vic, Spain.
| | - Julià Blanco
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya, UVIC-UCC, 08500, Vic, Spain.
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12
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Chachage M, Geldmacher C. Immune system modulation by helminth infections: potential impact on HIV transmission and disease progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 828:131-49. [PMID: 25253030 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mkunde Chachage
- Department of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Hospital Hill road, Mbeya, Tanzania,
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Stonos N, Wootton SK, Karrow N. Immunogenetics of small ruminant lentiviral infections. Viruses 2014; 6:3311-33. [PMID: 25153344 PMCID: PMC4147697 DOI: 10.3390/v6083311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) include the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and the Maedi-Visna virus (MVV). Both of these viruses limit production and can be a major source of economic loss to producers. Little is known about how the immune system recognizes and responds to SRLVs, but due to similarities with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV research can shed light on the possible immune mechanisms that control or lead to disease progression. This review will focus on the host immune response to HIV-1 and SRLV, and will discuss the possibility of breeding for enhanced SRLV disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Stonos
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Niel Karrow
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Massanella M, Negredo E, Clotet B, Blanco J. Immunodiscordant responses to HAART--mechanisms and consequences. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:1135-49. [PMID: 24168417 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.842897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A relevant fraction of HIV-1-infected individuals (ranging from 15 to 30%) presenting virologically successful highly active antiretroviral therapy fail to recover CD4 T-cell counts. These individuals, called immunodiscordant or immunological nonresponders, are at increased risk of clinical progression and death. Although older age, lower nadir CD4 T-cell count and HCV co-infection are some of clinical predictive factors, immunological mechanisms rely on impaired thymic production and accumulation of apoptosis-prone CD4 T cells. Indeed, immunodiscordant individuals may show increased tissue fibrosis and damage of gut-associated lymphoid tissue that results in higher hyperactivation, inflammation and immunosenescence, altered Treg/Th17 ratio and increased T-cell death. A better knowledge of the final pathogenic mechanism and factors influencing CD4 T-cell recovery will help to select the optimal therapeutic strategies for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massanella
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Okoye AA, Picker LJ. CD4(+) T-cell depletion in HIV infection: mechanisms of immunological failure. Immunol Rev 2014; 254:54-64. [PMID: 23772614 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis is a progressive depletion of CD4(+) T-cell populations in close association with progressive impairment of cellular immunity and increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections (OI). Disease progression in untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can take many years, and it was originally hypothesized to be a consequence of slow, viral-mediated CD4(+) T-cell destruction. However, massive CD4(+) memory T-cell destruction is now known to occur quite early in infection, almost always without overt immunodeficiency. In most individuals, this initial destruction is countered by CD4(+) memory T-cell regeneration that preserves CD4(+) T-cell numbers and functions above the threshold associated with overt immunodeficiency. This regeneration, which occurs in the setting of chronic immune activation and immune dysregulation does not, however, restore all functionally important CD4(+) T-cell populations and is not stable over the long term. Ultimately, CD4(+) memory T-cell homeostasis fails and critical effector populations decline below the level necessary to prevent OI. Thus, the onset of overt immune deficiency appears to be intimately linked with CD4(+) memory T-cell dynamics and reflects the complex interplay of direct viral cytopathogenicity and the indirect effects of persistent immune activation on CD4(+) memory T-cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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16
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Immunopathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in nonhuman primates. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2013; 8:273-9. [PMID: 23615117 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e328361cf5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Soon after the discovery of HIV-infected humans, rhesus macaques in a colony at the New England Primate Research Center showed similar signs of a progressive immune suppression. The discovery of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-associated disease opened the door to study an AIDS-like illness in nonhuman primates (NHP). Even after 3 decades, this animal model remains an invaluable tool to provide a greater insight into HIV immunopathogenesis. In this review, recent progress in deciphering pathways of immunopathogenesis in SIV-infected NHP is discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The immense diversity of mutations in SIV stocks prepared at different laboratories has recently been realized. The massive expansion of the enteric virome is a key finding in SIV-induced immunopathogenesis. Defining the function of host restriction factors, like the recently discovered SAMHD1, helps to evaluate the impact of the innate immune responses on virus replication. Utilization of pyrosequencing and defining molecular mechanisms of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restriction helps to understand how the virus evades CD8 T-cell responses. The definition of MHC class I molecules in different NHP species provides new animal models to study SIV immunopathogenesis. T follicular helper cells have gained major interest in characterizing humoral immune responses in SIV infection and AIDS vaccine strategies. The ability of natural hosts to remain disease-free despite ongoing replication of SIV is continuing to puzzle the field. SUMMARY The HIV research field continues to realize the immense complexity of the host virus interaction. NHP present an invaluable tool to make progress towards an effective AIDS vaccine.
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Ling B, Rogers L, Johnson AM, Piatak M, Lifson J, Veazey RS. Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on Chinese rhesus macaques of simian immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:1465-74. [PMID: 23387294 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Definitive treatment of HIV infection remains a critical but elusive goal, with persistence of residual virus even in the face of prolonged administration of suppressive combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) providing a source for recrudescent infection if treatment is stopped. Characterization of the residual virus and devising strategies to target it for eradication are key goals in HIV treatment research. Indian rhesus macaques (In-RM) infected with SIVmac have been widely used in such research. However, it has proven challenging to achieve and sustain clinically relevant levels of suppression (<30 vRNA copies/ml plasma) with cART in such models. As ease of viral suppression by cART is related to pretreatment levels of viral replication, and levels of replication of SIVmac239/251 are lower in Chinese rhesus macaques (Ch-RM) than in In-RM, we evaluated cART administration to SIVmac-infected Ch-RM as a potential model for studies of residual virus and eradication strategies. Four SIVmac239-infected Ch-RM received cART including reverse transcriptase inhibitors PMPA/FTC and integrase inhibitor L-870812 daily for 8 weeks. Plasma viral loads were promptly reduced to <30 copies/ml upon initiation of cART. Cell-associated SIV DNA levels in lymphocytes from the gut were also significantly reduced. Jejunal and colonic CCR5(+)CD4(+) mucosal memory T cells increased significantly; restoration of these cells was associated with reductions in immune activation. In conclusion, cART effectively suppressed viral replication to <30 vRNA copies/ml in SIVmac239-infected Ch-RM, reducing immune activation and restoring mucosal immune cell populations. SIVmac239-infected Ch-RM may be a useful model for studying responses to cART and persistent tissue reservoirs and evaluating candidate eradication strategies to cure HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Linda Rogers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Host-pathogen interaction in HIV infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:463-9. [PMID: 23890585 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The host-pathogen interaction is strikingly complex during HIV infection. While several immune effector mechanisms (i.e. cytotoxic T cells, neutralizing antibodies, NK cells, among others) can play a strong antiviral role in vivo, the virus is remarkably able to evade these responses. In addition, the virus preferentially infects and kills activated memory CD4+ T cells, thus exploiting the host antiviral immune response as a source of new cellular targets for infection. Recent advances in understanding (i) how HIV perturbs the host immune system, (ii) how the immune system fights HIV; and (iii) how HIV disease persists when virus replication is suppressed by antiretroviral drugs may hopefully lead to better prevention and treatment strategies for this deadly viral infection.
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CD4+ T cells support production of simian immunodeficiency virus Env antibodies that enforce CD4-dependent entry and shape tropism in vivo. J Virol 2013; 87:9719-32. [PMID: 23824793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01254-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells rather than macrophages are the principal cells infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in vivo. Macrophage tropism has been linked to the ability to enter cells through CCR5 in conjunction with limiting CD4 levels, which are much lower on macrophages than on T cells. We recently reported that rhesus macaques (RM) experimentally depleted of CD4(+) T cells before SIV infection exhibit extensive macrophage infection as well as high chronic viral loads and rapid progression to AIDS. Here we show that early-time-point and control Envs were strictly CD4 dependent but that, by day 42 postinfection, plasma virus of CD4(+) T cell-depleted RM was dominated by Envs that mediate efficient infection using RM CCR5 independently of CD4. Early-time-point and control RM Envs were resistant to neutralization by SIV-positive (SIV(+)) plasma but became sensitive if preincubated with sCD4. In contrast, CD4-independent Envs were highly sensitive to SIV(+) plasma neutralization. However, plasma from SIV-infected CD4(+) T cell-depleted animals lacked this CD4-inducible neutralizing activity and failed to neutralize any Envs regardless of sCD4 pre-exposure status. Enhanced sensitivity of CD4-independent Envs from day 42 CD4(+) T cell-depleted RM was also seen with monoclonal antibodies that target both known CD4-inducible and other Env epitopes. CD4 independence and neutralization sensitivity were both conferred by Env amino acid changes E84K and D470N that arose independently in multiple animals, with the latter introducing a potential N-linked glycosylation site within a predicted CD4-binding pocket of gp120. Thus, the absence of CD4 T cells results in failure to produce antibodies that neutralize CD4-independent Envs and CD4-pretriggered control Envs. In the absence of this constraint and with a relative paucity of CD4(+) target cells, widespread macrophage infection occurs in vivo accompanied by emergence of variants carrying structural changes that enable entry independently of CD4.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past decades, AIDS research has made tremendous progress in all key areas, including pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment. In particular, the introduction of potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected individuals. However, several challenges remain, including the absence of a vaccine that can reliably prevent virus acquisition, and the inability of current ART regimens to eradicate the infection. RECENT FINDINGS Several key advances in HIV/AIDS research have been made possible by the extensive use of animal models and, in particular, the nonhuman primate models of SIV and SHIV infection of various monkey species including macaques, sooty mangabeys, vervets, and others. Key advantages of these models include the ability to control for parameters that are virtually impossible to assess in humans, to extensively study cells and tissues (including elective necropsy), and to perform proof-of-concept studies that would pose unacceptable safety risks in humans. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of animal models for HIV/AIDS research, and will break down these advances in three areas: models for virus transmission, dissemination, and pathogenesis; models for virus prevention and vaccines; and models for virus eradication and indefinite virus containment (functional cure) under ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Evans
- New England National Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Brenchley JM, Vinton C, Tabb B, Hao XP, Connick E, Paiardini M, Lifson JD, Silvestri G, Estes JD. Differential infection patterns of CD4+ T cells and lymphoid tissue viral burden distinguish progressive and nonprogressive lentiviral infections. Blood 2012; 120:4172-81. [PMID: 22990012 PMCID: PMC3501715 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-437608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) develop a nonresolving chronic infection but do not develop AIDS. Mechanisms to explain the nonprogressive nature of SIV infection in natural hosts that underlie maintained high levels of plasma viremia without apparent loss of target cells remain unclear. Here we used comprehensive approaches (ie, FACS sorting, quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization) to study viral infection within subsets of peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue (LT) CD4(+) T cells in cohorts of chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs), HIV-infected humans, and SIVsmm-infected sooty mangabeys (SMs). We find: (1) infection frequencies among CD4(+) T cells in chronically SIV-infected RMs are significantly higher than those in SIVsmm-infected SMs; (2) infected cells are found in distinct anatomic LT niches and different CD4(+) T-cell subsets in SIV-infected RMs and SMs, with infection patterns of RMs reflecting HIV infection in humans; (3) T(FH) cells are infected at higher frequencies in RMs and humans than in SMs; and (4) LT viral burden, including follicular dendritic cell deposition of virus, is increased in RMs and humans compared with SMs. These data provide insights into how natural hosts are able to maintain high levels of plasma viremia while avoiding development of immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brenchley
- Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes ofHealth, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zeng M, Paiardini M, Engram JC, Beilman GJ, Chipman JG, Schacker TW, Silvestri G, Haase AT. Critical role of CD4 T cells in maintaining lymphoid tissue structure for immune cell homeostasis and reconstitution. Blood 2012; 120:1856-67. [PMID: 22613799 PMCID: PMC3433090 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-418624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC) network in lymphoid tissues during HIV-1 infection has been shown to impair the survival of naive T cells and limit immune reconstitution after antiretroviral therapy. What causes this FRC loss is unknown. Because FRC loss correlates with loss of both naive CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets and decreased lymphotoxin-β, a key factor for maintenance of FRC network, we hypothesized that loss of naive T cells is responsible for loss of the FRC network. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the consequences of antibody-mediated depletion of CD4 and CD8 T cells in rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys. We found that only CD4 T-cell depletion resulted in FRC loss in both species and that this loss was caused by decreased lymphotoxin-β mainly produced by the CD4 T cells. We further found the same dependence of the FRC network on CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected patients before and after antiretroviral therapy and in other immunodeficiency conditions, such as CD4 depletion in cancer patients induced by chemotherapy and irradiation. CD4 T cells thus play a central role in the maintenance of lymphoid tissue structure necessary for their own homeostasis and reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Le Saout C, Lane HC, Catalfamo M. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis and treatment of HIV infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 23:207-14. [PMID: 22738931 PMCID: PMC3726258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HIV immune activation plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. The mechanisms driving this immune activation are partially defined and likely are the result of multiple factors. The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved the life expectancy of HIV infected individuals, however there is evidence that in the setting of "undetectable" HIV-RNA plasma levels, there is some level of persistent immune activation in these patients. A better understanding of the immune activation pathways should be of value in developing complementary therapies to restore the immune systems of patients with HIV infection. This review discusses the cytokine mediated pathways of immune activation of the CD4 and CD8 T cell pools during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Le Saout
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg 10 Room 11B07, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, Phone: 301-443-8313, FAX: 301-402-4097
| | - H Clifford Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Rm. 4-1479, MSC 1460, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, Office: 301-496-6572 I, Fax: 301-480-5560
| | - Marta Catalfamo
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg 10 Room 11B07, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, Phone: 301-496-5309, FAX: 301-402-4097
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