1
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Andreacchio G, Longo Y, Moreno Mascaraque S, Anandasothy K, Tofan S, Özün E, Wilschrey L, Ptok J, Huynh DT, Luirink J, Drexler I. Viral Vector-Based Chlamydia trachomatis Vaccines Encoding CTH522 Induce Distinct Immune Responses in C57BL/6J and HLA Transgenic Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:944. [PMID: 39204067 PMCID: PMC11360449 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis remains a major global health problem with increasing infection rates, requiring innovative vaccine solutions. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a well-established, safe and highly immunogenic vaccine vector, making it a promising candidate for C. trachomatis vaccine development. In this study, we evaluated two novel MVA-based recombinant vaccines expressing spCTH522 and CTH522:B7 antigens. Our results show that while both vaccines induced CD4+ T-cell responses in C57BL/6J mice, they failed to generate antigen-specific systemic CD8+ T cells. Only the membrane-anchored CTH522 elicited strong IgG2b and IgG2c antibody responses. In an HLA transgenic mouse model, both recombinant MVAs induced Th1-directed CD4+ T cell and multifunctional CD8+ T cells, while only the CTH522:B7 vaccine generated antibody responses, underscoring the importance of antigen localization. Collectively, our data indicate that distinct antigen formulations can induce different immune responses depending on the mouse strain used. This research contributes to the development of effective vaccines by highlighting the importance of careful antigen design and the selection of appropriate animal models to study specific vaccine-induced immune responses. Future studies should investigate whether these immune responses provide protection in humans and should explore different routes of immunization, including mucosal and systemic immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Andreacchio
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.A.)
| | - Ylenia Longo
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.A.)
| | - Sara Moreno Mascaraque
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.A.)
| | - Kartikan Anandasothy
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.A.)
| | - Sarah Tofan
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.A.)
| | - Esma Özün
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.A.)
| | - Lena Wilschrey
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.A.)
| | - Johannes Ptok
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.A.)
| | - Dung T. Huynh
- R&D Department, Abera Bioscience AB, 75184 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joen Luirink
- R&D Department, Abera Bioscience AB, 75184 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.A.)
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2
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Zhao Z, Ma X, Cai Z. The potential role of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and one branch connected with tissue-resident memory in non-luminal breast cancer. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17667. [PMID: 39006029 PMCID: PMC11246025 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the pathological mechanisms of breast cancer have resulted in the emergence of novel therapeutic strategies. However, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a molecular subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis, lacks classical and general therapeutic targets, hindering the clinical application of several therapies to breast cancer. As insights into the unique immunity and molecular mechanisms of TNBC have become more extensive, immunotherapy has gradually become a valuable complementary approach to classical radiotherapy and chemotherapy. CD8+ cells are significant actors in the tumor immunity cycle; thus, research on TNBC immunotherapy is increasingly focused in this direction. Recently, CD8+ tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells, a subpopulation of CD8+ cells, have been explored in relation to breast cancer and found to seemingly play an undeniably important role in tumor surveillance and lymphocytic infiltration. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the mechanisms and relative targets of CD8+ T cells, and discuss the features and potential applications of CD8+ TRM cells in non-luminal breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhao
- Department of Breast Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- Department of Breast Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhengang Cai
- Department of Breast Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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3
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Cheng L, Becattini S. Local antigen encounter promotes generation of tissue-resident memory T cells in the large intestine. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00046-1. [PMID: 38782240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Upon infection, CD8+ T cells that have been primed in the draining lymph nodes migrate to the invaded tissue, where they receive cues prompting their differentiation into tissue-resident memory cells (Trm), which display niche-specific transcriptional features. Despite the importance of these cells, our understanding of their molecular landscape and the signals that dictate their development remains limited, particularly in specific anatomical niches such as the large intestine (LI). Here, we report that LI Trm-generated following oral infection exhibits a distinct transcriptional profile compared to Trm in other tissues. Notably, we observe that local cues play a crucial role in the preferential establishment of LI Trm, favoring precursors that migrate to the tissue early during infection. Our investigations identify cognate antigen recognition as a major driver of Trm differentiation at this anatomical site. Local antigen presentation not only promotes the proliferation of effector cells and memory precursors but also facilitates the acquisition of transcriptional features characteristic of gut Trm. Thus, antigen recognition in the LI favors the establishment of Trm by impacting T cell expansion and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simone Becattini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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Beumer-Chuwonpad A, Behr FM, van Alphen FPJ, Kragten NAM, Hoogendijk AJ, van den Biggelaar M, van Gisbergen KPJM. Intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells maintain distinct identity from circulating memory T cells after in vitro restimulation. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350873. [PMID: 38501878 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Resident memory T (TRM) cells have been recently established as an important subset of memory T cells that provide early and essential protection against reinfection in the absence of circulating memory T cells. Recent findings showing that TRM expand in vivo after repeated antigenic stimulation indicate that these memory T cells are not terminally differentiated. This suggests an opportunity for in vitro TRM expansion to apply in an immunotherapy setting. However, it has also been shown that TRM may not maintain their identity and form circulating memory T cells after in vivo restimulation. Therefore, we set out to determine how TRM respond to antigenic activation in culture. Using Listeria monocytogenes and LCMV infection models, we found that TRM from the intraepithelial compartment of the small intestine expand in vitro after antigenic stimulation and subsequent resting in homeostatic cytokines. A large fraction of the expanded TRM retained their phenotype, including the expression of key TRM markers CD69 and CD103 (ITGAE). The optimal culture of TRM required low O2 pressure to maintain the expression of these and other TRM-associated molecules. Expanded TRM retained their effector capacity to produce cytokines after restimulation, but did not acquire a highly glycolytic profile indicative of effector T cells. The proteomic analysis confirmed TRM profile retention, including expression of TRM-related transcription factors, tissue retention factors, adhesion molecules, and enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Collectively, our data indicate that limiting oxygen conditions supports in vitro expansion of TRM cells that maintain their TRM phenotype, at least in part, suggesting an opportunity for therapeutic strategies that require in vitro expansion of TRM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Memory T Cells/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Mice
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammarina Beumer-Chuwonpad
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris P J van Alphen
- Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin Research and Laboratory Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arie J Hoogendijk
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Pei L, Hickman HD. T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:679. [PMID: 38793562 PMCID: PMC11126121 DOI: 10.3390/v16050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex tissue that provides a strong physical barrier against invading pathogens. Despite this, many viruses can access the skin and successfully replicate in either the epidermal keratinocytes or dermal immune cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the antiviral T cell biology responding to cutaneous viral infections and how these responses differ depending on the cellular targets of infection. Much of our mechanistic understanding of T cell surveillance of cutaneous infection has been gained from murine models of poxvirus and herpesvirus infection. However, we also discuss other viral infections, including flaviviruses and papillomaviruses, in which the cutaneous T cell response has been less extensively studied. In addition to the mechanisms of successful T cell control of cutaneous viral infection, we highlight knowledge gaps and future directions with possible impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather D. Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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6
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Torcellan T, Friedrich C, Doucet-Ladevèze R, Ossner T, Solé VV, Riedmann S, Ugur M, Imdahl F, Rosshart SP, Arnold SJ, Gomez de Agüero M, Gagliani N, Flavell RA, Backes S, Kastenmüller W, Gasteiger G. Circulating NK cells establish tissue residency upon acute infection of skin and mediate accelerated effector responses to secondary infection. Immunity 2024; 57:124-140.e7. [PMID: 38157853 PMCID: PMC10783803 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are present in the circulation and can also be found residing in tissues, and these populations exhibit distinct developmental requirements and are thought to differ in terms of ontogeny. Here, we investigate whether circulating conventional NK (cNK) cells can develop into long-lived tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells following acute infections. We found that viral and bacterial infections of the skin triggered the recruitment of cNK cells and their differentiation into Tcf1hiCD69hi trNK cells that share transcriptional similarity with CD56brightTCF1hi NK cells in human tissues. Skin trNK cells arose from interferon (IFN)-γ-producing effector cells and required restricted expression of the transcriptional regulator Blimp1 to optimize Tcf1-dependent trNK cell formation. Upon secondary infection, trNK cells rapidly gained effector function and mediated an accelerated NK cell response. Thus, cNK cells redistribute and permanently position at sites of previous infection via a mechanism promoting tissue residency that is distinct from Hobit-dependent developmental paths of NK cells and ILC1 seeding tissues during ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Torcellan
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christin Friedrich
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rémi Doucet-Ladevèze
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ossner
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics, and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Virgínia Visaconill Solé
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sofie Riedmann
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milas Ugur
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Imdahl
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Department of Microbiome Research, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simone Backes
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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7
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Osman M, Park SL, Mackay LK. Tissue-resident memory T (T RM ) cells: Front-line workers of the immune system. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250060. [PMID: 36597841 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM ) cells play a vital role in local immune protection against infection and cancer. The location of TRM cells within peripheral tissues at sites of pathogen invasion allows for the rapid detection and elimination of microbes, making their generation an attractive goal for the development of next-generation vaccines. Here, we discuss differential requirements for CD8+ TRM cell development across tissues with implications for establishing local prophylactic immunity, emphasizing the role of tissue-derived factors, local antigen, and adjuvants on TRM cell generation in the context of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleika Osman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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8
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Abstract
T cells can acquire a broad spectrum of differentiation states following activation. At the extreme ends of this continuum are short-lived cells equipped with effector machinery and more quiescent, long-lived cells with heightened proliferative potential and stem cell-like developmental plasticity. The latter encompass stem-like exhausted T cells and memory T cells, both of which have recently emerged as key determinants of cancer immunity and response to immunotherapy. Here, we discuss key similarities and differences in the regulation and function of stem-like exhausted CD8+ T cells and memory CD8+ T cells, and consider their context-specific contributions to protective immunity in diverse outcomes of cancer, including tumour escape, long-term control and eradication. Finally, we emphasize how recent advances in the understanding of the molecular regulation of stem-like exhausted T cells and memory T cells are being explored for clinical benefit in cancer immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibition, adoptive cell therapy and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Parish
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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9
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Abdelbary M, Hobbs SJ, Gibbs JS, Yewdell JW, Nolz JC. T cell receptor signaling strength establishes the chemotactic properties of effector CD8 + T cells that control tissue-residency. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3928. [PMID: 37402742 PMCID: PMC10319879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells are largely derived from recently activated effector T cells, but the mechanisms that control the extent of TRM differentiation within tissue microenvironments remain unresolved. Here, using an IFNγ-YFP reporter system to identify CD8+ T cells executing antigen-dependent effector functions, we define the transcriptional consequences and functional mechanisms controlled by TCR-signaling strength that occur within the skin during viral infection to promote TRM differentiation. TCR-signaling both enhances CXCR6-mediated migration and suppresses migration toward sphingosine-1-phosphate, indicating the programming of a 'chemotactic switch' following secondary antigen encounter within non-lymphoid tissues. Blimp1 was identified as the critical target of TCR re-stimulation that is necessary to establish this chemotactic switch and for TRM differentiation to efficiently occur. Collectively, our findings show that access to antigen presentation and strength of TCR-signaling required for Blimp1 expression establishes the chemotactic properties of effector CD8+ T cells to promote residency within non-lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdelbary
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Samuel J Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James S Gibbs
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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10
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Straub A, Grassmann S, Jarosch S, Richter L, Hilgendorf P, Hammel M, Wagner KI, Buchholz VR, Schober K, Busch DH. Recruitment of epitope-specific T cell clones with a low-avidity threshold supports efficacy against mutational escape upon re-infection. Immunity 2023:S1074-7613(23)00179-6. [PMID: 37164014 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive pathogen exposure leads to the dominant outgrowth of T cell clones with high T cell receptor (TCR) affinity to the relevant pathogen-associated antigens. However, low-affinity clones are also known to expand and form immunological memory. While these low-affinity clones contribute less immunity to the original pathogen, their role in protection against pathogens harboring immune escape mutations remains unclear. Based on identification of the TCR repertoire and functionality landscape of naive epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, we reconstructed defined repertoires that could be followed as polyclonal populations during immune responses in vivo. We found that selective clonal expansion is governed by clear TCR avidity thresholds. Simultaneously, initial recruitment of broad TCR repertoires provided a polyclonal niche from which flexible secondary responses to mutant epitopes could be recalled. Elucidating how T cell responses develop "from scratch" is informative for the development of enhanced immunotherapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Straub
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; The Joseph Sun Lab, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Richter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Hilgendorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Karolin I Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Partner site Munich, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany.
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11
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Qiu Z, Khairallah C, Chu TH, Imperato JN, Lei X, Romanov G, Atakilit A, Puddington L, Sheridan BS. Retinoic acid signaling during priming licenses intestinal CD103+ CD8 TRM cell differentiation. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20210923. [PMID: 36809399 PMCID: PMC9960115 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide frontline protection at barrier tissues; however, mechanisms regulating TRM cell development are not completely understood. Priming dictates the migration of effector T cells to the tissue, while factors in the tissue induce in situ TRM cell differentiation. Whether priming also regulates in situ TRM cell differentiation uncoupled from migration is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that T cell priming in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) regulates CD103+ TRM cell differentiation in the intestine. In contrast, T cells primed in the spleen were impaired in the ability to differentiate into CD103+ TRM cells after entry into the intestine. MLN priming initiated a CD103+ TRM cell gene signature and licensed rapid CD103+ TRM cell differentiation in response to factors in the intestine. Licensing was regulated by retinoic acid signaling and primarily driven by factors other than CCR9 expression and CCR9-mediated gut homing. Thus, the MLN is specialized to promote intestinal CD103+ CD8 TRM cell development by licensing in situ differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Timothy H. Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jessica N. Imperato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xinyuan Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Galina Romanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Amha Atakilit
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lynn Puddington
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Brian S. Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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12
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Tieu R, Zeng Q, Zhao D, Zhang G, Feizi N, Manandhar P, Williams AL, Popp B, Wood-Trageser MA, Demetris AJ, Tso JY, Johnson AJ, Kane LP, Abou-Daya KI, Shlomchik WD, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Lakkis FG. Tissue-resident memory T cell maintenance during antigen persistence requires both cognate antigen and interleukin-15. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd8454. [PMID: 37083450 PMCID: PMC10334460 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell biology has been largely developed from acute infection models in which antigen is cleared and sterilizing immunity is achieved. Less is known about TRM cells in the context of chronic antigen persistence and inflammation. We investigated factors that underlie TRM maintenance in a kidney transplantation model in which TRM cells drive rejection. In contrast to acute infection, we found that TRM cells declined markedly in the absence of cognate antigen, antigen presentation, or antigen sensing by the T cells. Depletion of graft-infiltrating dendritic cells or interruption of antigen presentation after TRM cells were established was sufficient to disrupt TRM maintenance and reduce allograft pathology. Likewise, removal of IL-15 transpresentation or of the IL-15 receptor on T cells during TRM maintenance led to a decline in TRM cells, and IL-15 receptor blockade prevented chronic rejection. Therefore, antigen and IL-15 presented by dendritic cells play nonredundant key roles in CD8 TRM cell maintenance in settings of antigen persistence and inflammation. These findings provide insights that could lead to improved treatment of chronic transplant rejection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Tieu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Daqiang Zhao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Neda Feizi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Priyanka Manandhar
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Amanda L. Williams
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Benjamin Popp
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Division of Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michelle A. Wood-Trageser
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Division of Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anthony J. Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Division of Transplant Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J. Yun Tso
- JN Biosciences, Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Departments of Immunology, Neurology, and Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lawrence P. Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Khodor I. Abou-Daya
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Warren D. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Martin H. Oberbarnscheidt
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Fadi G. Lakkis
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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13
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Ma C, Zhang N. Lymphoid tissue residency: A key to understand Tcf-1 +PD-1 + T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1074698. [PMID: 36569850 PMCID: PMC9767944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1074698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic antigen exposure, a subset of exhausted CD8+ T cells differentiate into stem cell-like or progenitor-like T cells expressing both transcription factor Tcf-1 (T cell factor-1) and co-inhibitory receptor PD-1. These Tcf-1+ stem-like or progenitor exhausted T cells represent the key target for immunotherapies. Deeper understanding of the biology of Tcf-1+PD-1+ CD8+ T cells will lead to rational design of future immunotherapies. Here, we summarize recent findings about the migratory and resident behavior of Tcf-1+ T cells. Specifically, we will focus on TGF-β-dependent lymphoid tissue residency program of Tcf-1+ T cells, which may represent a key to understanding the differentiation and maintenance of Tcf-1+ stem-like CD8+ T cells during persistent antigen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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14
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Hirai T. Competition between T Cells for a Finite Epidermal Niche Promotes Selective Retention of Antigen-specific Memory T Cells in the Epidermis. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1327-1332. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives/Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
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15
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Cheng L, Becattini S. Intestinal CD8 + tissue-resident memory T cells: From generation to function. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1547-1560. [PMID: 35985020 PMCID: PMC9804592 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm), and particularly the CD8+ subset, have been shown to play a pivotal role in protection against infections and tumors. Studies in animal models and human tissues have highlighted that, while a core functional program is shared by Trm at all anatomical sites, distinct tissues imprint unique features through specific molecular cues. The intestinal tissue is often the target of pathogens for local proliferation and penetration into the host systemic circulation, as well as a prominent site of tumorigenesis. Therefore, promoting the formation of Trm at this location is an appealing therapeutic option. The various segments composing the gastrointestinal tract present distinctive histological and functional characteristics, which may reflect on the imprinting of unique functional features in the respective Trm populations. What these features are, and whether they can effectively be harnessed to promote local and systemic immunity, is still under investigation. Here, we review how Trm are generated and maintained in distinct intestinal niches, analyzing the required molecular signals and the models utilized to uncover them. We also discuss evidence for a protective role of Trm against infectious agents and tumors. Finally, we integrate the knowledge obtained from animal models with that gathered from human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Simone Becattini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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16
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Multiple modes of antigen exposure induce clonotypically diverse epitope-specific CD8+ T cells across multiple tissues in nonhuman primates. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010611. [PMID: 35797339 PMCID: PMC9262242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells play a key role in the host’s antiviral response. T cells recognize viral epitopes via the T cell receptor (TCR), which contains the complementarity-determining region-3 (CDR3), comprising the variable, diversity and joining regions of the TCRβ gene. During chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Asian macaque nonhuman primates, tissue-specific clonotypes are identifiable among SIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Here, we sought to determine level of antigen exposure responsible for the tissue-specific clonotypic structure. We examined whether the priming event and/or chronic antigen exposure is response for tissue-specific TCR repertoires. We evaluated the TCR repertoire of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells after acute antigen exposure following inoculation with a SIV DNA vaccine, longitudinally during the acute and chronic phases of SIV, and after administration of antiretrovirals (ARVs). Finally, we assessed the TCR repertoire of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8+ T cells to establish if TCR tissue-specificity is shared among viruses that chronically replicate. TCR sequences unique to anatomical sites were identified after acute antigen exposure via vaccination and upon acute SIV infection. Tissue-specific clones also persisted into chronic infection and the clonotypic structure continued to evolve after ARV administration. Finally, tissue-specific clones were also observed in CMV-specific CD8+ T cells. Together, these data suggest that acute antigen priming is sufficient to induce tissue-specific clones and that this clonal hierarchy can persist when antigen loads are naturally or therapeutically reduced, providing mechanistic insight into tissue-residency. During viral infection, CD8+ T cells that bind a specific viral particle through their T cell receptor (TCR) can help control viral replication. Infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in nonhuman primates is a commonly used animal model of HIV infection. Here we assess the TCR sequences of CD8+ T cells specific for the SIV gag gene during vaccination with an experimental SIV vaccine and throughout SIV infection, including during treatment with antiretroviral drugs. We identified unique TCR sequences in specific tissues, which were not identified in the blood or in other tissues, both in response to vaccination and throughout SIV infection with and without antiretroviral treatment. We also observed tissue-specific TCR sequences in CD8+ T cells specific for Cytomegalovius, another virus that causes a chronic infection in humans. Together, our findings identify the conditions required to form a tissue-specific TCR repertoire.
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17
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Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. The paradox of radiation and T cells in tumors. Neoplasia 2022; 31:100808. [PMID: 35691060 PMCID: PMC9194456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we consider what appears to be a paradox in immunotherapies based around radiation therapy. The paradox is based on three main points. 1. That T cells are needed for radiation's efficacy; 2. That tumor-specific T cells are enriched in the field of treatment; and 3. That radiation kills T cells in the treatment field. We discuss evidence of the effect of radiation on T cells in the field given their ongoing movement in and out of tissues and the tumor, and how the movement of T cells impacts the treated primary tumor and untreated distant metastases. Given this evidence, we revisit the paradox to understand how the extraordinary efficacy of radiation and immunity in preclinical models is dependent on this radiation sensitive cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA.
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
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18
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Jaiswal A, Verma A, Dannenfelser R, Melssen M, Tirosh I, Izar B, Kim TG, Nirschl CJ, Devi KSP, Olson WC, Slingluff CL, Engelhard VH, Garraway L, Regev A, Minkis K, Yoon CH, Troyanskaya O, Elemento O, Suárez-Fariñas M, Anandasabapathy N. An activation to memory differentiation trajectory of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes informs metastatic melanoma outcomes. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:524-544.e5. [PMID: 35537413 PMCID: PMC9122099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for better classification and understanding of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Here, we applied advanced functional genomics to interrogate 9,000 human tumors and multiple single-cell sequencing sets using benchmarked T cell states, comprehensive T cell differentiation trajectories, human and mouse vaccine responses, and other human TILs. Compared with other T cell states, enrichment of T memory/resident memory programs was observed across solid tumors. Trajectory analysis of single-cell melanoma CD8+ TILs also identified a high fraction of memory/resident memory-scoring TILs in anti-PD-1 responders, which expanded post therapy. In contrast, TILs scoring highly for early T cell activation, but not exhaustion, associated with non-response. Late/persistent, but not early activation signatures, prognosticate melanoma survival, and co-express with dendritic cell and IFN-γ response programs. These data identify an activation-like state associated to poor response and suggest successful memory conversion, above resuscitation of exhaustion, is an under-appreciated aspect of successful anti-tumoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Jaiswal
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Dannenfelser
- Department of Computer Science and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Marit Melssen
- Division of Surgical Oncology - Breast and Melanoma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Carter Immunology Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Itay Tirosh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Benjamin Izar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Program for Mathematical Genomics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Christopher J Nirschl
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - K Sanjana P Devi
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA
| | - Walter C Olson
- Division of Surgical Oncology - Breast and Melanoma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Division of Surgical Oncology - Breast and Melanoma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Carter Immunology Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Levi Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA; Center for Cancer for Cancer Precision Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kira Minkis
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA
| | - Charles H Yoon
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Surgical Oncology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olga Troyanskaya
- Department of Computer Science and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA.
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19
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Kok L, Masopust D, Schumacher TN. The precursors of CD8 + tissue resident memory T cells: from lymphoid organs to infected tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:283-293. [PMID: 34480118 PMCID: PMC8415193 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ tissue resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are essential for immune defence against pathogens and malignancies, and the molecular processes that lead to TRM cell formation are therefore of substantial biomedical interest. Prior work has demonstrated that signals present in the inflamed tissue micro-environment can promote the differentiation of memory precursor cells into mature TRM cells, and it was therefore long assumed that TRM cell formation adheres to a 'local divergence' model, in which TRM cell lineage decisions are exclusively made within the tissue. However, a growing body of work provides evidence for a 'systemic divergence' model, in which circulating T cells already become preconditioned to preferentially give rise to the TRM cell lineage, resulting in the generation of a pool of TRM cell-poised T cells within the lymphoid compartment. Here, we review the emerging evidence that supports the existence of such a population of circulating TRM cell progenitors, discuss current insights into their formation and highlight open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Kok
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Masopust
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Ton N. Schumacher
- grid.430814.a0000 0001 0674 1393Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Park SL, Mackay LK. Decoding Tissue-Residency: Programming and Potential of Frontline Memory T Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a037960. [PMID: 33753406 PMCID: PMC8485744 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory T-cell responses are partitioned between the blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and nonlymphoid tissues. Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are a population of immune cells that remain permanently in tissues without recirculating in blood. These nonrecirculating cells serve as a principal node in the anamnestic response to invading pathogens and developing malignancies. Here, we contemplate how T-cell tissue residency is defined and shapes protective immunity in the steady state and in the context of disease. We review the properties and heterogeneity of Trm cells, highlight the critical roles these cells play in maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliciting immune pathology, and explore how they might be exploited to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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21
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Humphries DC, O’Connor RA, Larocque D, Chabaud-Riou M, Dhaliwal K, Pavot V. Pulmonary-Resident Memory Lymphocytes: Pivotal Orchestrators of Local Immunity Against Respiratory Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738955. [PMID: 34603321 PMCID: PMC8485048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that lung-resident memory T and B cells play a critical role in protecting against respiratory reinfection. With a unique transcriptional and phenotypic profile, resident memory lymphocytes are maintained in a quiescent state, constantly surveying the lung for microbial intruders. Upon reactivation with cognate antigen, these cells provide rapid effector function to enhance immunity and prevent infection. Immunization strategies designed to induce their formation, alongside novel techniques enabling their detection, have the potential to accelerate and transform vaccine development. Despite most data originating from murine studies, this review will discuss recent insights into the generation, maintenance and characterisation of pulmonary resident memory lymphocytes in the context of respiratory infection and vaccination using recent findings from human and non-human primate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C. Humphries
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Sanofi Pasteur, R&D, Marcy l’Etoile, Lyon, France
| | - Richard A. O’Connor
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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22
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Emmanuel T, Mistegård J, Bregnhøj A, Johansen C, Iversen L. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Skin Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169004. [PMID: 34445713 PMCID: PMC8396505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In health, the non-recirculating nature and long-term persistence of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in tissues protects against invading pathogens. In disease, pathogenic TRMs contribute to the recurring traits of many skin diseases. We aimed to conduct a systematic literature review on the current understanding of the role of TRMs in skin diseases and identify gaps as well as future research paths. EMBASE, PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Clinicaltrials.gov and WHO Trials Registry were searched systematically for relevant studies from their inception to October 2020. Included studies were reviewed independently by two authors. This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-S guidelines. This protocol was registered with the PROSPERO database (ref: CRD42020206416). We identified 96 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. TRMs have mostly been investigated in murine skin and in relation to infectious skin diseases. Pathogenic TRMs have been characterized in various skin diseases including psoriasis, vitiligo and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Studies are needed to discover biomarkers that may delineate TRMs poised for pathogenic activity in skin diseases and establish to which extent TRMs are contingent on the local skin microenvironment. Additionally, future studies may investigate the effects of current treatments on the persistence of pathogenic TRMs in human skin.
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23
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Dijkgraaf FE, Kok L, Schumacher TNM. Formation of Tissue-Resident CD8 + T-Cell Memory. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a038117. [PMID: 33685935 PMCID: PMC8327830 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells permanently reside in nonlymphoid tissues where they act as a first line of defense against recurrent pathogens. How and when antigen-inexperienced CD8+ T cells differentiate into Trm has been a topic of major interest, as knowledge on how to steer this process may be exploited in the development of vaccines and anticancer therapies. Here, we first review the current understanding of the early signals that CD8+ T cells receive before they have entered the tissue and that govern their capacity to develop into tissue-resident memory T cells. Subsequently, we discuss the tissue-derived factors that promote Trm maturation in situ. Combined, these data sketch a model in which a subset of responding T cells develops a heightened capacity to respond to local cues present in the tissue microenvironment, which thereby imprints their ability to contribute to the tissue-resident memory CD8+ T-cell pool that provide local control against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feline E Dijkgraaf
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lianne Kok
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton N M Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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24
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Pritzl CJ, Daniels MA, Teixeiro E. Interplay of Inflammatory, Antigen and Tissue-Derived Signals in the Development of Resident CD8 Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636240. [PMID: 34234771 PMCID: PMC8255970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 positive, tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are a specialized subset of CD8 memory T cells that surveil tissues and provide critical first-line protection against tumors and pathogen re-infection. Recently, much effort has been dedicated to understanding the function, phenotype and development of TRM. A myriad of signals is involved in the development and maintenance of resident memory T cells in tissue. Much of the initial research focused on the roles tissue-derived signals play in the development of TRM, including TGFß and IL-33 which are critical for the upregulation of CD69 and CD103. However, more recent data suggest further roles for antigenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review will focus on the interplay of pro-inflammatory, tissue and antigenic signals in the establishment of resident memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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25
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Hochheiser K, Wiede F, Wagner T, Freestone D, Enders MH, Olshansky M, Russ B, Nüssing S, Bawden E, Braun A, Bachem A, Gressier E, McConville R, Park SL, Jones CM, Davey GM, Gyorki DE, Tscharke D, Parish IA, Turner S, Herold MJ, Tiganis T, Bedoui S, Gebhardt T. Ptpn2 and KLRG1 regulate the generation and function of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in skin. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212037. [PMID: 33914023 PMCID: PMC8091133 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are key elements of tissue immunity. Here, we investigated the role of the regulator of T cell receptor and cytokine signaling, Ptpn2, in the formation and function of TRM cells in skin. Ptpn2-deficient CD8+ T cells displayed a marked defect in generating CD69+ CD103+ TRM cells in response to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) skin infection. This was accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of KLRG1− memory precursor cells and a transcriptional bias toward terminal differentiation. Of note, forced expression of KLRG1 was sufficient to impede TRM cell formation. Normalizing memory precursor frequencies by transferring equal numbers of KLRG1− cells restored TRM generation, demonstrating that Ptpn2 impacted skin seeding with precursors rather than downstream TRM cell differentiation. Importantly, Ptpn2-deficient TRM cells augmented skin autoimmunity but also afforded superior protection from HSV-1 infection. Our results emphasize that KLRG1 repression is required for optimal TRM cell formation in skin and reveal an important role of Ptpn2 in regulating TRM cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hochheiser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Florian Wiede
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teagan Wagner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Freestone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias H Enders
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moshe Olshansky
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan Russ
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone Nüssing
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Bawden
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asolina Braun
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elise Gressier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn McConville
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gayle M Davey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David E Gyorki
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Tscharke
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ian A Parish
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Blair TC, Alice AF, Zebertavage L, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. The Dynamic Entropy of Tumor Immune Infiltrates: The Impact of Recirculation, Antigen-Specific Interactions, and Retention on T Cells in Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653625. [PMID: 33968757 PMCID: PMC8101411 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of tumor infiltration using conventional methods reveals a snapshot view of lymphocyte interactions with the tumor environment. However, lymphocytes have the unique capacity for continued recirculation, exploring varied tissues for the presence of cognate antigens according to inflammatory triggers and chemokine gradients. We discuss the role of the inflammatory and cellular makeup of the tumor environment, as well as antigen expressed by cancer cells or cross-presented by stromal antigen presenting cells, on recirculation kinetics of T cells. We aim to discuss how current cancer therapies may manipulate lymphocyte recirculation versus retention to impact lymphocyte exclusion in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Blair
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alejandro F Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Lauren Zebertavage
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States.,Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States.,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
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27
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Mora-Buch R, Bromley SK. Discipline in Stages: Regulating CD8 + Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624199. [PMID: 33815352 PMCID: PMC8017121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident memory CD8+ T (TRM) cells are a lymphocyte lineage distinct from circulating memory CD8+ T cells. TRM lodge within peripheral tissues and secondary lymphoid organs where they provide rapid, local protection from pathogens and control tumor growth. However, dysregulation of CD8+ TRM formation and/or activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Intrinsic mechanisms, including transcriptional networks and inhibitory checkpoint receptors control TRM differentiation and response. Additionally, extrinsic stimuli such as cytokines, cognate antigen, fatty acids, and damage signals regulate TRM formation, maintenance, and expansion. In this review, we will summarize knowledge of CD8+ TRM generation and highlight mechanisms that regulate the persistence and responses of heterogeneous TRM populations in different tissues and distinct microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Mora-Buch
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shannon K Bromley
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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28
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Kumar V. Innate Lymphoid Cells and Adaptive Immune Cells Cross-Talk: A Secret Talk Revealed in Immune Homeostasis and Different Inflammatory Conditions. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 40:217-251. [PMID: 33733998 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory immune response has evolved to protect the host from different pathogens, allergens, and endogenous death or damage-associated molecular patterns. Both innate and adaptive immune components are crucial in inducing an inflammatory immune response depending on the stimulus type and its duration of exposure or the activation of the primary innate immune response. As the source of inflammation is removed, the aggravated immune response comes to its homeostatic level. However, the failure of the inflammatory immune response to subside to its normal level generates chronic inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly discovered innate immune cells, which are present in abundance at mucosal surfaces, including lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. Also, they are present in peripheral blood circulation, skin, and lymph nodes. They play a crucial role in generating the pro-inflammatory immune response during diverse conditions. On the other hand, adaptive immune cells, including different types of T and B cells are major players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.) and cancers. Thus the article is designed to discuss the immunological role of different ILCs and their interaction with adaptive immune cells in maintaining the immune homeostasis, and during inflammatory autoimmune diseases along with other inflammatory conditions (excluding pathogen-induced inflammation), including cancer, graft-versus-host diseases, and human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Kok L, Dijkgraaf FE, Urbanus J, Bresser K, Vredevoogd DW, Cardoso RF, Perié L, Beltman JB, Schumacher TN. A committed tissue-resident memory T cell precursor within the circulating CD8+ effector T cell pool. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151985. [PMID: 32728699 PMCID: PMC7537386 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence emphasizes the role of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the defense against recurring pathogens and malignant neoplasms. However, little is known with regard to the origin of these cells and their kinship to other CD8+ T cell compartments. To address this issue, we followed the antigen-specific progeny of individual naive CD8+ T cells to the T effector (TEFF), T circulating memory (TCIRCM), and TRM pools by lineage-tracing and single-cell transcriptome analysis. We demonstrate that a subset of T cell clones possesses a heightened capacity to form TRM, and that enriched expression of TRM–fate-associated genes is already apparent in the circulating TEFF offspring of such clones. In addition, we demonstrate that the capacity to generate TRM is permanently imprinted at the clonal level, before skin entry. Collectively, these data provide compelling evidence for early stage TRM fate decisions and the existence of committed TRM precursor cells in the circulatory TEFF compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Kok
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Feline E Dijkgraaf
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos Urbanus
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kaspar Bresser
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David W Vredevoogd
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rebeca F Cardoso
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leïla Perié
- Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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30
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Tokura Y, Phadungsaksawasdi P, Kurihara K, Fujiyama T, Honda T. Pathophysiology of Skin Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618897. [PMID: 33633737 PMCID: PMC7901930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells reside in peripheral, non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin, where they act as alarm-sensor cells or cytotoxic cells. Physiologically, skin TRM cells persist for a long term and can be reactivated upon reinfection with the same antigen, thus serving as peripheral sentinels in the immune surveillance network. CD8+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells are the well-characterized subtype that develops in the epidermis. The local mediators such as interleukin (IL)-15 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are required for the formation of long-lived TRM cell population in skin. Skin TRM cells engage virus-infected cells, proliferate in situ in response to local antigens and do not migrate out of the epidermis. Secondary TRM cell populations are derived from pre-existing TRM cells and newly recruited TRM precursors from the circulation. In addition to microbial pathogens, topical application of chemical allergen to skin causes delayed-type hypersensitivity and amplifies the number of antigen-specific CD8+ TRM cells at challenged site. Skin TRM cells are also involved in the pathological conditions, including vitiligo, psoriasis, fixed drug eruption and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). The functions of these TRM cells seem to be different, depending on each pathology. Psoriasis plaques are seen in a recurrent manner especially at the originally affected sites. Upon stimulation of the skin of psoriasis patients, the CD8+CD103+CD49a- TRM cells in the epidermis seem to be reactivated and initiate IL-17A production. Meanwhile, autoreactive CD8+CD103+CD49a+ TRM cells secreting interferon-γ are present in lesional vitiligo skin. Fixed drug eruption is another disease where skin TRM cells evoke its characteristic clinical appearance upon administration of a causative drug. Intraepidermal CD8+ TRM cells with an effector-memory phenotype resident in the skin lesions of fixed drug eruption play a major contributing role in the development of localized tissue damage. CTCL develops primarily in the skin by a clonal expansion of a transformed TRM cells. CD8+ CTCL with the pagetoid epidermotropic histology is considered to originate from epidermal CD8+ TRM cells. This review will discuss the current understanding of skin TRM biology and their contribution to skin homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Kurihara
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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31
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van de Wall S, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Influenza-Specific Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a037978. [PMID: 33288540 PMCID: PMC7849341 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of seasonal vaccines, influenza A (IAV) prevails as a leading cause of respiratory infection worldwide. Current vaccination efforts aim at increasing protection against heterologous and potentially pandemic IAV strains. Lung-resident CD8+ T cells (Trm) generated upon IAV infection are vital for heterosubtypic immunity to IAV reexposure and provide quick and robust responses upon reactivation. Yet, protection wanes with time as lung Trm cell numbers decline, a contrasting feature with Trm cells at other mucosal sites such as the skin. In this review, we discuss current data on lung Trm compared to Trm cells in other tissues. Furthermore, major knowledge gaps in the generation and maintenance of IAV-specific lung Trm are addressed and mechanisms that may contribute to their decline are discussed. Further understanding in the mechanisms that govern effector function versus immunopathology is paramount for future IAV vaccine design in enhancing durability of lung Trm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Vladimer P. Badovinac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;,Department of Pathology,, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - John T. Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;,Department of Pathology,, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA;,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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32
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Functional Heterogeneity and Therapeutic Targeting of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010164. [PMID: 33467606 PMCID: PMC7829818 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells mediate potent local innate and adaptive immune responses and provide long-lasting protective immunity. TRM cells localize to many different tissues, including barrier tissues, and play a crucial role in protection against infectious and malignant disease. The formation and maintenance of TRM cells are influenced by numerous factors, including inflammation, antigen triggering, and tissue-specific cues. Emerging evidence suggests that these signals also contribute to heterogeneity within the TRM cell compartment. Here, we review the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of CD8+ TRM cells at different tissue sites and the molecular determinants defining CD8+ TRM cell subsets. We further discuss the possibilities of targeting the unique cell surface molecules, cytokine and chemokine receptors, transcription factors, and metabolic features of TRM cells for therapeutic purposes. Their crucial role in immune protection and their location at the frontlines of the immune defense make TRM cells attractive therapeutic targets. A better understanding of the possibilities to selectively modulate TRM cell populations may thus improve vaccination and immunotherapeutic strategies employing these potent immune cells.
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33
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Hirai T, Yang Y, Zenke Y, Li H, Chaudhri VK, De La Cruz Diaz JS, Zhou PY, Nguyen BAT, Bartholin L, Workman CJ, Griggs DW, Vignali DAA, Singh H, Masopust D, Kaplan DH. Competition for Active TGFβ Cytokine Allows for Selective Retention of Antigen-Specific Tissue- Resident Memory T Cells in the Epidermal Niche. Immunity 2020; 54:84-98.e5. [PMID: 33212014 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Following antigen-driven expansion in lymph node, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is required for differentiation of skin-recruited CD8+ T cell effectors into epidermal resident memory T (Trm) cells and their epidermal persistence. We found that the source of TGFβ -supporting Trm cells was autocrine. In addition, antigen-specific Trm cells that encountered cognate antigen in the skin, and bystander Trm cells that did not, both displayed long-term persistence in the epidermis under steady-state conditions. However, when the active-TGFβ was limited or when new T cell clones were recruited into the epidermis, antigen-specific Trm cells were more efficiently retained than bystander Trm cells. Genetically enforced TGFβR signaling allowed bystander Trm cells to persist in the epidermis as efficiently as antigen-specific Trm cells in both contexts. Thus, competition between T cells for active TGFβ represents an unappreciated selective pressure that promotes the accumulation and persistence of antigen-specific Trm cells in the epidermal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yukari Zenke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haiyue Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No. 1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Virendra K Chaudhri
- Center for Systems Immunology and the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacinto S De La Cruz Diaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Paul Yifan Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Breanna Anh-Thu Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- TGF-b & Pancreatic Cancer Lab, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - David W Griggs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, MO 63104, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology and the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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34
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Bedford JG, Caminschi I, Wakim LM. Intranasal Delivery of a Chitosan-Hydrogel Vaccine Generates Nasal Tissue Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells That Are Protective against Influenza Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040572. [PMID: 33019568 PMCID: PMC7712318 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid antigen clearance from the nasal mucosa is one of the major challenges in the development of intranasal vaccines. Here, we tested whether intranasal immunization with a chitosan-hydrogel vaccine, with in situ gelling properties, extended antigen retention time within the nasal mucosa. Intranasal immunization with a chitosan-hydrogel vaccine retained antigen within the upper respiratory tract (URT), while intranasal delivery of less viscous vaccines led to antigen accumulation within the lower airways. Interestingly, sustained antigen retention within the URT following chitosan-hydrogel vaccination boosted the number of vaccine-specific, tissue resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells that developed within the nasal mucosa. Mice immunized with a chitosan-hydrogel vaccine loaded with influenza virus peptides developed a large pool of influenza-specific CD8+ nasal Trm and these cells were highly protective during an influenza challenge. Our results describe an effective vaccine formulation that can be utilized to boost local immunity in the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Bedford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia; (J.G.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia; (J.G.B.); (I.C.)
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia; (J.G.B.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9035-4141
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35
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Takamura S. Divergence of Tissue-Memory T Cells: Distribution and Function-Based Classification. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037762. [PMID: 32816841 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) comprise the majority of memory cells in nonlymphoid tissues and play a predominant role in immunity at barrier surfaces. A better understanding of Trm cell maintenance and function is essential for the development of vaccines that confer frontline protection. However, it is currently challenging to precisely distinguish Trm cells from other T cells, and this has led to confusion in the literature. Here we highlight gaps in our understanding of tissue memory and discuss recent advances in the classification of Trm cell subsets based on their distribution and functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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36
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Ren HM, Kolawole EM, Ren M, Jin G, Netherby-Winslow CS, Wade Q, Shwetank, Rahman ZSM, Evavold BD, Lukacher AE. IL-21 from high-affinity CD4 T cells drives differentiation of brain-resident CD8 T cells during persistent viral infection. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/51/eabb5590. [PMID: 32948671 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8 T cells depends on CD4 T cells. In polyomavirus central nervous system infection, brain CXCR5hi PD-1hi CD4 T cells produce interleukin-21 (IL-21), and CD8 T cells lacking IL-21 receptors (IL21R-/-) fail to become bTRM IL-21+ CD4 T cells exhibit elevated T cell receptor (TCR) affinity and higher TCR density. IL21R-/- brain CD8 T cells do not express CD103, depend on vascular CD8 T cells for maintenance, are antigen recall defective, and lack TRM core signature genes. CD4 T cell-deficient and IL21R-/- brain CD8 T cells show similar deficiencies in expression of genes for oxidative metabolism, and intrathecal delivery of IL-21 to CD4 T cell-depleted mice restores expression of electron transport genes in CD8 T cells to wild-type levels. Thus, high-affinity CXCR5hi PD-1hi CD4 T cells in the brain produce IL-21, which drives CD8 bTRM differentiation in response to a persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mingqiang Ren
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military & Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | - Quinn Wade
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shwetank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aron E Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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37
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Takamura S. Impact of multiple hits with cognate antigen on memory CD8+ T-cell fate. Int Immunol 2020; 32:571-581. [PMID: 32506114 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-driven activation of CD8+ T cells results in the development of a robust anti-pathogen response and ultimately leads to the establishment of long-lived memory T cells. During the primary response, CD8+ T cells interact multiple times with cognate antigen on distinct types of antigen-presenting cells. The timing, location and context of these antigen encounters significantly impact the differentiation programs initiated in the cells. Moderate re-activation in the periphery promotes the establishment of the tissue-resident memory T cells that serve as sentinels at the portal of pathogen entry. Under some circumstances, moderate re-activation of T cells in the periphery can result in the excessive expansion and accumulation of circulatory memory T cells, a process called memory inflation. In contrast, excessive re-activation stimuli generally impede conventional T-cell differentiation programs and can result in T-cell exhaustion. However, these conditions can also elicit a small population of exhausted T cells with a memory-like signature and self-renewal capability that are capable of responding to immunotherapy, and restoration of functional activity. Although it is clear that antigen re-encounter during the primary immune response has a significant impact on memory T-cell development, we still do not understand the molecular details that drive these fate decisions. Here, we review our understanding of how antigen encounters and re-activation events impact the array of memory CD8+ T-cell subsets subsequently generated. Identification of the molecular programs that drive memory T-cell generation will advance the development of new vaccine strategies that elicit high-quality CD8+ T-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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38
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Becattini S, Littmann ER, Seok R, Amoretti L, Fontana E, Wright R, Gjonbalaj M, Leiner IM, Plitas G, Hohl TM, Pamer EG. Enhancing mucosal immunity by transient microbiota depletion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4475. [PMID: 32901029 PMCID: PMC7479140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells (Trm) are poised for immediate reactivation at sites of pathogen entry and provide optimal protection of mucosal surfaces. The intestinal tract represents a portal of entry for many infectious agents; however, to date specific strategies to enhance Trm responses at this site are lacking. Here, we present TMDI (Transient Microbiota Depletion-boosted Immunization), an approach that leverages antibiotic treatment to temporarily restrain microbiota-mediated colonization resistance, and favor intestinal expansion to high densities of an orally-delivered Listeria monocytogenes strain carrying an antigen of choice. By augmenting the local chemotactic gradient as well as the antigenic load, this procedure generates a highly expanded pool of functional, antigen-specific intestinal Trm, ultimately enhancing protection against infectious re-challenge in mice. We propose that TMDI is a useful model to dissect the requirements for optimal Trm responses in the intestine, and also a potential platform to devise novel mucosal vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Becattini
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Eric R Littmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60606, USA
| | - Ruth Seok
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Luigi Amoretti
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Emily Fontana
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Roberta Wright
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mergim Gjonbalaj
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ingrid M Leiner
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60606, USA
| | - George Plitas
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60606, USA
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39
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Kumar V. Innate lymphoid cell and adaptive immune cell cross-talk: A talk meant not to forget. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:397-417. [PMID: 32557732 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mir0420-500rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a relatively new class of innate immune cells with phenotypical characters of lymphocytes but genotypically or functionally behave as typical innate immune cells. They have been classically divided into 3 groups (group 1 ILCs or ILC1s, group 2 ILCs or ILC2s, and group 3 ILCs or ILC3s). They serve as the first line of defense against invading pathogens and allergens at mucosal surfaces. The adaptive immune response works effectively in association with innate immunity as innate immune cells serve as APCs to directly stimulate the adaptive immune cells (various sets of T and B cells). Additionally, innate immune cells also secrete various effector molecules, including cytokines or chemokines impacting the function, differentiation, proliferation, and reprogramming among adaptive immune cells to maintain immune homeostasis. Only superantigens do not require their processing by innate immune cells as they are recognized directly by T cells and B cells. Thus, a major emphasis of the current article is to describe the cross-talk between different ILCs and adaptive immune cells during different conditions varying from normal physiological situations to different infectious diseases to allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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40
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Morris SE, Farber DL, Yates AJ. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Mice and Humans: Towards a Quantitative Ecology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:2561-2569. [PMID: 31685700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) have emerged as essential components of immunological memory. Following antigenic challenge, TRM remain in nonlymphoid tissues and defend against re-exposure. Although accumulating evidence suggests important roles for TRM in mediating protective immunity, fundamental aspects of the population biology of TRM remain poorly understood. In this article, we discuss how results from different systems shed light on the ecological dynamics of TRM in mice and humans. We highlight the importance of dissecting processes contributing to TRM maintenance, and how these might vary across phenotypically and spatially heterogeneous subsets. We also discuss how the diversity of TRM communities within specific tissues may evolve under competition and in response to antigenic perturbation. Throughout, we illustrate how mathematical models can clarify inferences obtained from experimental data and help elucidate the homeostatic mechanisms underpinning the ecology of TRM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead E Morris
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; and.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032;
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41
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Abstract
One of the hallmarks of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is the prolific expansion of individual cell clones that encounter their cognate antigen. More recently, however, there is growing evidence for the clonal expansion of innate lymphocytes, particularly in the context of pathogen challenge. Clonal expansion not only serves to amplify the number of specific lymphocytes to mount a robust protective response to the pathogen at hand but also results in selection and differentiation of the responding lymphocytes to generate a multitude of cell fates. Here, we summarize the evidence for clonal expansion in innate lymphocytes, which has primarily been observed in natural killer (NK) cells responding to cytomegalovirus infection, and consider the requirements for such a response in NK cells in light of those for T cells. Furthermore, we discuss multiple aspects of heterogeneity that both contribute to and result from the fundamental immunological process of clonal expansion, highlighting the parallels between innate and adaptive lymphocytes, with a particular focus on NK cells and CD8+ T cells.
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42
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Wang Z, Wang S, Goplen NP, Li C, Cheon IS, Dai Q, Huang S, Shan J, Ma C, Ye Z, Xiang M, Limper AH, Porquera EC, Kohlmeier JE, Kaplan MH, Zhang N, Johnson AJ, Vassallo R, Sun J. PD-1 hi CD8 + resident memory T cells balance immunity and fibrotic sequelae. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/36/eaaw1217. [PMID: 31201259 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide frontline immunity in mucosal tissues. The mechanisms regulating CD8+ TRM maintenance, heterogeneity, and protective and pathological functions are largely elusive. Here, we identify a population of CD8+ TRM cells that is maintained by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) signaling, and CD80 and CD86 costimulation after acute influenza infection. These TRM cells have both exhausted-like phenotypes and memory features and provide heterologous immunity against secondary infection. PD-L1 blockade after the resolution of primary infection promotes the rejuvenation of these exhausted-like TRM cells, restoring protective immunity at the cost of promoting postinfection inflammatory and fibrotic sequelae. Thus, PD-1 serves to limit the pathogenic capacity of exhausted-like TRM cells at the memory phase. Our data indicate that TRM cell exhaustion is the result of a tissue-specific cellular adaptation that balances fibrotic sequelae with protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nick P Goplen
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chaofan Li
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - In Su Cheon
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qigang Dai
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Su Huang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhenqing Ye
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Min Xiang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eva-Carmona Porquera
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- HB Wells Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert Vassallo
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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43
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Hirai T, Whitley SK, Kaplan DH. Migration and Function of Memory CD8 + T Cells in Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:748-755. [PMID: 31812277 PMCID: PMC7573784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ memory T cells provide anamnestic host defense against intracellular pathogens and cancer immunosurveillance but are also pathogenic in some autoimmune diseases. In mouse skin, there are two unique subsets of CD8+ memory T cells, resident memory cells that reside long-term in steady state skin and recirculating memory cells that are transient. They have distinct mechanisms of recruitment, development, and maintenance in response to skin-derived signals. In this review, we will focus on these mechanisms and the functional relationship of these two types of CD8+ memory cells with host defense and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah K Whitley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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44
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Tao S, Tao R, Busch DH, Widera M, Schaal H, Drexler I. Sequestration of Late Antigens Within Viral Factories Impairs MVA Vector-Induced Protective Memory CTL Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2850. [PMID: 31867011 PMCID: PMC6904312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell (CTL) responses play an essential role in antiviral immunity. Here, we focused on the activation of CTL which recognize epitopes derived from viral or recombinant antigens with either early or late expression kinetics after infection with Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA). Late antigens but not early antigens failed to efficiently stimulate murine CTL lines in vitro and were unable to activate and expand protective memory T cell responses in mice in vivo. The reduced or absent presentation of late antigens was not due to impaired antigen presentation or delayed protein synthesis, but was caused by sequestration of late antigens within viral factories (VFs). Additionally, the trapping of late antigens in VFs conflicts with antigen processing and presentation as proteasomal activity was strongly reduced or absent in VFs, suggesting inefficient antigen degradation. This study gives for the first time a mechanistic explanation for the weak immunogenicity of late viral antigens for memory CTL activation. Since MVA is preferentially used as a boost vector in heterologous prime/boost vaccinations, this is an important information for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Tao
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronny Tao
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute of Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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45
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Lai JCY, Cheng WK, Hopkins PD, Komba M, Carlow DA, Dutz JP. Topical Adjuvant Application during Subcutaneous Vaccination Promotes Resident Memory T Cell Generation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2443-2450. [PMID: 31578270 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) provide superior protection to a second infection. In this study, we evaluated the use of topical CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) as adjuvant to generate skin TRM in mice. Topical or s.c. CpG ODN adjuvant administration at the time of a s.c. Ag injection led to an accumulation of CD103- CD8 T cells in the epidermis. However, only mice with CpG ODN administered topically had significant numbers of CD103+ Ag-specific CD8 T cells persisting in the local epidermal skin, enhanced circulating memory cells in the blood, and showed protection from intradermal challenge with melanoma cells. Generation of Ag-specific CD8 T cells was dependent on TLR9 expression on hematopoietic cells and partially dependent on receptor expression on stromal cells. Topical challenge of immunized mice at a distal site led to significant expansion of Ag-specific T cells in the blood and accumulation in the challenged skin. We demonstrate that local and systemic T cell memory can be generated with topical CpG ODN at the time of s.c. immunization, suggesting a new method of enhancing current vaccine formulations to generate tissue TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Wing Ki Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Patrick D Hopkins
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Mitsuhiro Komba
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Douglas A Carlow
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jan P Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and .,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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46
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Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have emerged as a major component of T cell biology. Recent investigations have greatly advanced our understanding of TRMs. Common features have been discovered to distinguish memory T cells residing in various mucosal and non-mucosal tissues from their circulating counterparts. Given that most organs and tissues contain a unique microenvironment, local signal-induced tissue-specific features are tightly associated with the differentiation, homeostasis, and protective functions of TRMs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the TRM field with a special emphasis on the interaction between local signals and TRMs in the context of individual tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South Univeristy, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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47
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Fiege JK, Stone IA, Fay EJ, Markman MW, Wijeyesinghe S, Macchietto MG, Shen S, Masopust D, Langlois RA. The Impact of TCR Signal Strength on Resident Memory T Cell Formation during Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:936-945. [PMID: 31235552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRM) in the lung are vital for heterologous protection against influenza A virus (IAV). Environmental factors are necessary to establish lung TRM; however, the role of T cell-intrinsic factors like TCR signal strength have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the impact of TCR signal strength on the generation and maintenance of lung TRM after IAV infection. We inserted high- and low-affinity OT-I epitopes into IAV and infected mice after transfer of OT-I T cells. We uncovered a bias in TRM formation in the lung elicited by lower affinity TCR stimulation. TCR affinity did not impact the overall phenotype or long-term maintenance of lung TRM Overall, these findings demonstrate that TRM formation is negatively correlated with increased TCR signal strength. Lower affinity cells may have an advantage in forming TRM to ensure diversity in the Ag-specific repertoire in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Fiege
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ian A Stone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Elizabeth J Fay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Matthew W Markman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marissa G Macchietto
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Steven Shen
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; .,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
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48
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Gamradt P, Laoubi L, Nosbaum A, Mutez V, Lenief V, Grande S, Redoulès D, Schmitt AM, Nicolas JF, Vocanson M. Inhibitory checkpoint receptors control CD8+ resident memory T cells to prevent skin allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:2147-2157.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Abstract
Resident memory T (Trm) cells stably occupy tissues and cannot be sampled in superficial venous blood. Trm cells are heterogeneous but collectively constitute the most abundant memory T cell subset. Trm cells form an integral part of the immune sensing network, monitor for local perturbations in homeostasis throughout the body, participate in protection from infection and cancer, and likely promote autoimmunity, allergy, and inflammatory diseases and impede successful transplantation. Thus Trm cells are major candidates for therapeutic manipulation. Here we review CD8+ and CD4+ Trm ontogeny, maintenance, function, and distribution within lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and strategies for their study. We briefly discuss other resident leukocyte populations, including innate lymphoid cells, macrophages, natural killer and natural killer T cells, nonclassical T cells, and memory B cells. Lastly, we highlight major gaps in knowledge and propose ways in which a deeper understanding could result in new methods to prevent or treat diverse human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; ,
| | - Andrew G Soerens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; ,
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50
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Hirai T, Zenke Y, Yang Y, Bartholin L, Beura LK, Masopust D, Kaplan DH. Keratinocyte-Mediated Activation of the Cytokine TGF-β Maintains Skin Recirculating Memory CD8 + T Cells. Immunity 2019; 50:1249-1261.e5. [PMID: 30952606 PMCID: PMC6531326 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulated activation of the cytokine TGF-β by integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 expressed on keratinocytes is required for residence of epidermal-resident memory T cells, but whether skin-derived signals also affect recirculating memory cells in the skin remains unclear. Here, we show that after resolution of skin vaccinia virus (VV) infection, antigen-specific circulating memory CD8+ T cells migrated into skin. In mice lacking αvβ6 and αvβ8 integrins (Itgb6-/-Itgb8fl/fl-K14-cre), the absence of epidermal-activated TGF-β resulted in a gradual loss of E- or P-selectin-binding central and peripheral memory populations, which were rescued when skin entry was inhibited. Skin recirculating memory cells were required for optimal host defense against skin VV infection. These data demonstrate that skin migration can persist after resolution of local skin infection and that the cytokine environment within this nonlymphoid tissue shapes the differentiation state and persistence of the central and peripheral memory-T-cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yukari Zenke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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