1
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Krishnan N, Priestman M, Uhía I, Charitakis N, Glegola-Madejska IT, Baer TM, Tranberg A, Faraj A, Simonsson USH, Robertson BD. A noninvasive BCG skin challenge model for assessing tuberculosis vaccine efficacy. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002766. [PMID: 39159267 PMCID: PMC11361749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We report here on the characterisation in mice of a noninvasive bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) skin challenge model for assessing tuberculosis (TB) vaccine efficacy. Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) are valuable tools for assessing the relevant biological activity of vaccine candidates, with the potential to accelerate TB vaccine development into the clinic. TB infection poses significant constraints on the design of a CHIM using the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A safer alternative is a challenge model using the attenuated vaccine agent Mycobacterium bovis BCG as a surrogate for Mtb, and intradermal (skin) challenge as an alternative to pulmonary infection. We have developed a unique noninvasive imaging system based on fluorescent reporters (FluorBCG) to quantitatively measure bacterial load over time, thereby determining a relevant biological vaccine effect. We assessed the utility of this model to measure the effectiveness of 2 TB vaccines: the currently licenced BCG and a novel subunit vaccine candidate. To assess the efficacy of the skin challenge model, a nonlinear mixed-effects models was built describing the decline of fluorescence over time. The model-based analysis identified that BCG vaccination reduced the fluorescence readout of both fluorophores compared to unvaccinated mice (p < 0.001). However, vaccination with the novel subunit candidate did not alter the fluorescence decline compared to unvaccinated mice (p > 0.05). BCG-vaccinated mice that showed the reduced fluorescent readout also had a reduced bacterial burden in the lungs when challenged with Mtb. This supports the fluorescence activity in the skin as a reflection of vaccine induced functional pulmonary immune responses. This novel noninvasive approach allows for repeated measurements from the challenge site, providing a dynamic readout of vaccine induced responses over time. This BCG skin challenge model represents an important contribution to the ongoing development of controlled challenge models for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Krishnan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Priestman
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iria Uhía
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Charitakis
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Izabella T. Glegola-Madejska
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Baer
- Stanford Photonics Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Albin Tranberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alan Faraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika SH Simonsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian D. Robertson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Abdelaal HFM, Chan ED, Young L, Baldwin SL, Coler RN. Mycobacterium abscessus: It's Complex. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1454. [PMID: 35889173 PMCID: PMC9316637 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is an opportunistic pathogen usually colonizing abnormal lung airways and is often seen in patients with cystic fibrosis. Currently, there is no vaccine available for M. abscessus in clinical development. The treatment of M. abscessus-related pulmonary diseases is peculiar due to intrinsic resistance to several commonly used antibiotics. The development of either prophylactic or therapeutic interventions for M. abscessus pulmonary infections is hindered by the absence of an adequate experimental animal model. In this review, we outline the critical elements related to M. abscessus virulence mechanisms, host-pathogen interactions, and treatment challenges associated with M. abscessus pulmonary infections. The challenges of effectively combating this pathogen include developing appropriate preclinical animal models of infection, developing proper diagnostics, and designing novel strategies for treating drug-resistant M. abscessus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem F. M. Abdelaal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98145, USA; (H.F.M.A.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Edward D. Chan
- Department of Academic Affairs and Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA;
- Pulmonary Section, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lisa Young
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98145, USA; (H.F.M.A.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98145, USA; (H.F.M.A.); (S.L.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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3
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Niu L, Luo G, Liang R, Qiu C, Yang J, Xie L, Zhang K, Tian Y, Wang D, Song S, Takiff HE, Wong KW, Fan X, Gao Q, Yan B. Negative Regulator Nlrc3-like Maintain the Balanced Innate Immune Response During Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893611. [PMID: 35693809 PMCID: PMC9174460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) have been shown to be involved in infection and autoinflammatory disease. Previously, we identified a zebrafish NLR, nlrc3-like, required for macrophage homeostasis in the brain under physiological conditions. Here, we found that a deficiency of nlrc3-like leads to decreased bacterial burden at a very early stage of Mycobacterium marinum infection, along with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as il-1β and tnf-α. Interestingly, myeloid-lineage specific overexpression of nlrc3-like achieved the opposite effects, suggesting that the impact of nlrc3-like on the host anti-mycobacterial response is mainly due to its expression in the innate immune system. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and subsequent gene expression analysis demonstrated that inflammasome activation-related genes were upregulated in the infected macrophages of nlrc3-like deficient embryos. By disrupting asc, encoding apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, a key component for inflammasome activation, the bacterial burden increased in asc and nlrc3-like double deficient embryos compared with nlrc3-like single deficient embryos, implying the involvement of inflammasome activation in infection control. We also found extensive neutrophil infiltration in the nlrc3-like deficient larvae during infection, which was associated with comparable bacterial burden but increased tissue damage and death at a later stage that could be alleviated by administration of dexamethasone. Our findings uncovered an important role of nlrc3-like in the negative regulation of macrophage inflammasome activation and neutrophil infiltration during mycobacterial infection. This highlights the importance of a balanced innate immune response during mycobacterial infection and provides a potential molecular basis to explain how anti-inflammatory drugs can improve treatment outcomes in TB patients whose infection is accompanied by a hyperinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfei Niu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Geyang Luo
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology [Ministry of Education (MOE)/National Health Commission (NHC)/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)], School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenli Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lingling Xie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaile Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Decheng Wang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shu Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Howard E. Takiff
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Nanshan Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, CMBC, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology [Ministry of Education (MOE)/National Health Commission (NHC)/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)], School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Yan, ; Qian Gao,
| | - Bo Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Yan, ; Qian Gao,
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4
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Jung BG, Samten B, Dean K, Wallace RJ, Brown-Elliott BA, Tucker T, Idell S, Philley JV, Vankayalapati R. Early IL-17A production helps establish Mycobacterium intracellulare infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010454. [PMID: 35363832 PMCID: PMC9007361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection is common in patients with structural lung damage. To address how NTM infection is established and causes lung damage, we established an NTM mouse model by intranasal inoculation of clinical isolates of M. intracellulare. During the 39-week course of infection, the bacteria persistently grew in the lung and caused progressive granulomatous and fibrotic lung damage with mortality exceeding 50%. Lung neutrophils were significantly increased at 1 week postinfection, reduced at 2 weeks postinfection and increased again at 39 weeks postinfection. IL-17A was increased in the lungs at 1–2 weeks of infection and reduced at 3 weeks postinfection. Depletion of neutrophils during early (0–2 weeks) and late (32–34 weeks) infection had no effect on mortality or lung damage in chronically infected mice. However, neutralization of IL-17A during early infection significantly reduced bacterial burden, fibrotic lung damage, and mortality in chronically infected mice. Since it is known that IL-17A regulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and that MMPs contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, we determined the levels of MMPs in the lungs of M. intracellulare-infected mice. Interestingly, MMP-3 was significantly reduced by anti-IL-17A neutralizing antibody. Moreover, in vitro data showed that exogenous IL-17A exaggerated the production of MMP-3 by lung epithelial cells upon M. intracellulare infection. Collectively, our findings suggest that early IL-17A production precedes and promotes organized pulmonary M. intracellulare infection in mice, at least in part through MMP-3 production. To determine how nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection is established and how NTM disease progresses, we established a chronic NTM mouse model by intranasal inoculation of M. intracellulare, one of the most frequently isolated strains in NTM patients. The bacteria persistently grew in the lungs and caused fibrotic lung damage with over 50% mortality over 39 weeks. Neutrophils and IL-17A rapidly increased in the lung during early (1–2 weeks) infection, and neutrophils reappeared at 39 weeks postinfection. Depletion of neutrophils during early (0–2 weeks) and chronic (32–34 weeks) infection had no effect on mortality or lung damage in chronically infected mice. Neutralization of IL-17A during early (0–2 weeks) infection significantly reduced mortality, bacterial burden, fibrotic lung damage, and lung matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 at 39 weeks postinfection. Exogenous IL-17A exaggerated the production of MMP-3, but not MMP-9, by lung epithelial cells upon M. intracellulare infection. This study demonstrates that early IL-17A production contributes to established M. intracellulare infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bock-Gie Jung
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Buka Samten
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kristin Dean
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Wallace
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Brown-Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Torry Tucker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven Idell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
- The Texas Lung Injury Institute, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julie V. Philley
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
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5
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Parker HA, Forrester L, Kaldor CD, Dickerhof N, Hampton MB. Antimicrobial Activity of Neutrophils Against Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782495. [PMID: 35003097 PMCID: PMC8732375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterium genus contains a broad range of species, including the human pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. These bacteria are best known for their residence inside host cells. Neutrophils are frequently observed at sites of mycobacterial infection, but their role in clearance is not well understood. In this review, we discuss how neutrophils attempt to control mycobacterial infections, either through the ingestion of bacteria into intracellular phagosomes, or the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Despite their powerful antimicrobial activity, including the production of reactive oxidants such as hypochlorous acid, neutrophils appear ineffective in killing pathogenic mycobacteria. We explore mycobacterial resistance mechanisms, and how thwarting neutrophil action exacerbates disease pathology. A better understanding of how mycobacteria protect themselves from neutrophils will aid the development of novel strategies that facilitate bacterial clearance and limit host tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark B. Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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6
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Kuley R, Draves KE, Fuller DH, Giltiay NV, Clark EA, Giordano D. B cell activating factor (BAFF) from neutrophils and dendritic cells is required for protective B cell responses against Salmonella typhimurium infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259158. [PMID: 34705890 PMCID: PMC8550399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking B cells are more susceptible to S. typhimurium infection. How B cells contribute to protective immunity against Salmonella and what signals drive their activation are still unclear. Neutrophils (Nphs), monocytes (MOs), and dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in early immune responses to control the initial replication of S. typhimurium. These cells can produce B cell activating factor (BAFF) required for mature B cell survival and may help regulate B cell responses during Salmonella infection. Using BAFF reporter mice (BAFF-RFP+/-), we discovered that an i.p. infection with a virulent strain of S. typhimurium increased BAFF expression in splenic conventional DCs (cDC) and inflammatory Ly6Chi MOs/DCs four days post-infection. S. typhimurium infection induced the release of BAFF from Nphs, a decrease of BAFF-RFP expression and expansion of BAFF-RFP+ Nphs in the spleen and peritoneal cavity. After S. typhimurium infection, serum BAFF levels and immature and mature B cell subsets and plasma cells increased substantially. Conditional knockout (cKO) mice lacking BAFF in either Nphs or cDCs compared to control Bafffl/fl mice had reduced up-regulation of systemic BAFF levels and reduced expansion of mature and germinal center B cell subsets after infection. Importantly, the cKO mice lacking BAFF from either Nphs or cDCs had impaired induction of Salmonella-specific IgM Abs, and were more susceptible to S. typhimurium infection. Thus, Nphs and cDCs are major cellular sources of BAFF driving B cell responses, required for mounting optimal protective immunity against lethal Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runa Kuley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RK); (DG)
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Deborah H. Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Natalia V. Giltiay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RK); (DG)
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7
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Normile TG, Bryan AM, Del Poeta M. Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581750. [PMID: 33042164 PMCID: PMC7522366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Normile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arielle M Bryan
- Ingenious Targeting Laboratory Incorporated, Ronkonkoma, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
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8
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Ndlovu LN, Peetluk L, Moodley S, Nhamoyebonde S, Ngoepe AT, Mazibuko M, Khan K, Karim F, Pym AS, Maruri F, Moosa MYS, van der Heijden YF, Sterling TR, Leslie A. Increased Neutrophil Count and Decreased Neutrophil CD15 Expression Correlate With TB Disease Severity and Treatment Response Irrespective of HIV Co-infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1872. [PMID: 32983107 PMCID: PMC7485225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death globally despite curative treatment, partly due to the difficulty of identifying patients who will not respond to therapy. Simple host biomarkers that correlate with response to drug treatment would facilitate improvement in outcomes and the evaluation of novel therapies. In a prospective longitudinal cohort study, we evaluated neutrophil count and phenotype at baseline, as well as during TB treatment in 79 patients [50 (63%) HIV-positive] with microbiologically confirmed drug susceptible TB undergoing standard treatment. At time of diagnosis, blood neutrophils were highly expanded and surface expression of the neutrophil marker CD15 greatly reduced compared to controls. Both measures changed rapidly with the commencement of drug treatment and returned to levels seen in healthy control by treatment completion. Additionally, at the time of diagnosis, high neutrophil count, and low CD15 expression was associated with higher sputum bacterial load and more severe lung damage on chest x-ray, two clinically relevant markers of disease severity. Furthermore, CD15 expression level at diagnosis was associated with TB culture conversion after 2 months of therapy (OR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.89), a standard measure of early TB treatment success. Importantly, our data was not significantly impacted by HIV co-infection. These data suggest that blood neutrophil metrics could potentially be exploited to develop a simple and rapid test to help determine TB disease severity, monitor drug treatment response, and identify subjects at diagnosis who may respond poorly to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerato N Ndlovu
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lauren Peetluk
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sashen Moodley
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shepherd Nhamoyebonde
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Abigail T Ngoepe
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Matilda Mazibuko
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alexander S Pym
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fernanda Maruri
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mahomed-Yunus S Moosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yuri F van der Heijden
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Global Division, The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Vanderbilt Tuberculosis Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Kang GY, Rhyu HJ, Choi HH, Shin SJ, Hyun YM. 3D Imaging of the Transparent Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Lung Verifies the Localization of Innate Immune Cells With Granuloma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:226. [PMID: 32500041 PMCID: PMC7243706 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a novel tissue-clearing method, we aimed to visualize the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of immune cells within Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected mice lungs. Ethyl cinnamate-based tissue clearing of Mtb-infected mice lungs was performed to obtain transparent lung samples, which were then imaged using a light sheet fluorescence microscope. Using the 3D images, we performed quantitative analysis of the immune cell population within multiple granulomas. In addition, to compare the data from the tissue clearing method, we performed histopathological and immunofluorescence analyses, and flow cytometry. We then created 3D images of the Mtb-infected lung that successfully demonstrated the distribution of blood vessels, immune cells, and granulomas. Since the immune cells within a granuloma could be separately selected and counted, the immune cell population within a specific lesion could be quantified. In addition, macroscopic analysis, e.g., the size or shape of a granuloma, as well as microscopic analysis could be performed as intact lung samples were used. The use of the tissue clearing method in infected lungs could be a novel modality for understanding the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Yi Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jun Rhyu
- Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Hilda JN, Das S, Tripathy SP, Hanna LE. Role of neutrophils in tuberculosis: A bird's eye view. Innate Immun 2020; 26:240-247. [PMID: 31735099 PMCID: PMC7251797 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919881176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells implicated in the process of killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis early during infection. Once the mycobacteria enter the human system, neutrophils sense and engulf them. By secreting bactericidal enzymes and α-defensins like human neutrophil peptides loaded in their granule armory, neutrophils kill the pathogen. Peripheral blood neutrophils secrete a wide range of cytokines like IL-8, IL-1-β and IFN-γ in response to mycobacterial infection. Thus they signal and activate distant immune cells thereby informing them of prevailing infection. The activated monocytes, dendritic cells and T cells further continue the immune response. As a final call, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps in circulation which can trap mycobacteria in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Extensive neutrophilic response is associated with inflammation, pulmonary destruction, and pathology. For example, inappropriate phagocytosis of mycobacteria-infected neutrophils can damage host cells due to necrosis of neutrophils, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. This dual nature of neutrophils makes them double-edged swords during tuberculosis, and hence data available on neutrophil functions against mycobacterium are controversial and non-uniform. This article reviews the role of neutrophils in tuberculosis infection and highlights research gaps that need to be addressed. We focus on our understanding of new research ideologies targeting neutrophils (a) in the early stages of infection for boosting specific immune functions or (b) in the later stages of infection to prevent inflammatory conditions mediated by activated neutrophils. This would plausibly lead to the development of better tuberculosis vaccines and therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nancy Hilda
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Sulochana Das
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Srikanth P Tripathy
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in
Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
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11
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Kalmantaeva OV, Firstova VV, Grishchenko NS, Rudnitskaya TI, Potapov VD, Ignatov SG. Antibacterial and Immunomodulating Activity of Silver Nanoparticles on Mice Experimental Tuberculosis Model. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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13
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Abstract
The human and animal pathogens Yersinia pestis, which causes bubonic and pneumonic plague, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica, which cause gastroenteritis, share a type 3 secretion system which injects effector proteins, Yops, into host cells. This system is critical for virulence of all three pathogens in tissue infection. Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to infected sites and all three pathogens frequently interact with and inject Yops into these cells during tissue infection. Host receptors, serum factors, and bacterial adhesins appear to collaborate to promote neutrophil- Yersinia interactions in tissues. The ability of neutrophils to control infection is mixed depending on the stage of infection and points to the efficiency of Yops and other bacterial factors to mitigate bactericidal effects of neutrophils. Yersinia in close proximity to neutrophils has higher levels of expression from yop promoters, and neutrophils in close proximity to Yersinia express higher levels of pro-survival genes than migrating neutrophils. In infected tissues, YopM increases neutrophil survival and YopH targets a SKAP2/SLP-76 signal transduction pathway. Yet the full impact of these and other Yops and other Yersinia factors on neutrophils in infected tissues has yet to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Mecsas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, 136 Harrison Ave, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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14
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The role of low molecular weight thiols in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116:44-55. [PMID: 31153518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols are molecules with a functional sulfhydryl group that enable them to detoxify reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and other free radicals. Their roles range from their ability to modulate the immune system to their ability to prevent damage of biological molecules such as DNA and proteins by protecting against oxidative, nitrosative and acidic stress. LMW thiols are synthesized and found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Due to their beneficial role to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, their specific functions need to be elucidated, most especially in pathogenic prokaryotes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), in order to provide a rationale for targeting their biosynthesis for drug development. Ergothioneine (ERG), mycothiol (MSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) are LMW thiols that have been shown to interplay to protect M.tb against cellular stress. Though ERG, MSH and GGC seem to have overlapping functions, studies are gradually revealing their unique physiological roles. Understanding their unique physiological role during the course of tuberculosis (TB) infection, would pave the way for the development of drugs that target their biosynthetic pathway. This review identifies the knowledge gap in the unique physiological roles of LMW thiols and proposes their mechanistic roles based on previous studies. In addition, it gives an update on identified inhibitors of their biosynthetic enzymes.
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15
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Boff D, Oliveira VLS, Queiroz Junior CM, Silva TA, Allegretti M, Verri WA, Proost P, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA. CXCR2 is critical for bacterial control and development of joint damage and pain in Staphylococcus aureus-induced septic arthritis in mouse. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:454-463. [PMID: 29168180 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen associated with septic arthritis. Upon infection, neutrophils are quickly recruited to the joint by different chemoattractants, especially CXCR1/2 binding chemokines. Although their excessive accumulation is associated with intense pain and permanent articular damage, neutrophils have an important function in controlling bacterial burden. This work aimed to study the role of CXCR2 in the control of infection, hypernociception and tissue damage in S. aureus-induced septic arthritis in mice. The kinetics of neutrophil recruitment correlated with the bacterial load recovered from inflamed joint after intra-articular injection of S. aureus. Treatment of mice from the start of infection with the non-competitive antagonist of CXCR1/2, DF2156A, reduced neutrophil accumulation, cytokine production in the tissue, joint hypernociception and articular damage. However, early DF2156A treatment increased the bacterial load locally. CXCR2 was important for neutrophil activation and clearance of bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Start of treatment with DF2156A 3 days after infection prevented increase in bacterial load and reduced the hypernociception in the following days, but did not improve tissue damage. In conclusion, treatment with DF2156A seems be effective in controlling tissue inflammation and dysfunction but its effects are highly dependent on the timing of the treatment start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Boff
- Imunofarmacologia, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vivian L S Oliveira
- Imunofarmacologia, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz Junior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tarcília A Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Imunofarmacologia, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Flavio A Amaral
- Imunofarmacologia, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
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16
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Targeting neutrophils for host-directed therapy to treat tuberculosis. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:142-147. [PMID: 29055689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
M. tuberculosis is one of the prime killers from infectious diseases worldwide. Infections with multidrug-resistant variants counting for almost half a million new cases per year are steadily on the rise. Tuberculosis caused by extensively drug-resistant variants that are even resistant against newly developed or last resort antibiotics have to be considered untreaTable Susceptible tuberculosis already requires a six-months combinational therapy which requires further prolongation to treat drug-resistant infections. Such long treatment schedules are often accompanied by serious adverse effects causing patients to stop therapy. To tackle the global tuberculosis emergency, novel approaches for treatment need to be urgently explored. Host-directed therapies that target components of the defense system represent such a novel approach. In this review, we put a spotlight on neutrophils and neutrophil-associated effectors as promising targets for adjunct host-directed therapies to improve antibiotic efficacy and reduce both, treatment time and long-term pathological sequelae.
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17
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Dibbern J, Eggers L, Schneider BE. Sex differences in the C57BL/6 model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10957. [PMID: 28887521 PMCID: PMC5591305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, tuberculosis (Tb) notification data show a male-to-female ratio of 1.7 and higher, but the underlying reasons for the male bias remain elusive. Despite the well-known gender bias in human pulmonary Tb, a majority of experimental animal studies either do not separate and analyze data by sex or do not report the sex of their subjects at all. In the present study, we report increased male susceptibility in one of the most commonly used mouse models for Tb, C57BL/6 mice. Our study revealed that disease progression upon aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was accelerated in males resulting in increased morbidity and mortality compared to females. Elevated Mtb loads in males were associated with an early exaggerated pulmonary inflammatory response which likely was detrimental to the host, as reflected by exacerbated pathology and increased mortality. Our data emphasis the urgent need to include and separately analyze both sexes in future animal studies of Tb in order to appreciate the differences in immune responses and disease pathogenesis between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannike Dibbern
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars Eggers
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Bianca E Schneider
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, 23845, Borstel, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the greatest threats to human health. The causative bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is acquired by the respiratory route. It is exquisitely adapted to humans and is a prototypic intracellular pathogen of macrophages, with alveolar macrophages being the primary conduit of infection and disease. However, M. tuberculosis bacilli interact with and are affected by several soluble and cellular components of the innate immune system which dictate the outcome of primary infection, most commonly a latently infected healthy human host, in whom the bacteria are held in check by the host immune response within the confines of tissue granuloma, the host histopathologic hallmark. Such individuals can develop active TB later in life with impairment in the immune system. In contrast, in a minority of infected individuals, the early host immune response fails to control bacterial growth, and progressive granulomatous disease develops, facilitating spread of the bacilli via infectious aerosols. The molecular details of the M. tuberculosis-host innate immune system interaction continue to be elucidated, particularly those occurring within the lung. However, it is clear that a number of complex processes are involved at the different stages of infection that may benefit either the bacterium or the host. In this article, we describe a contemporary view of the molecular events underlying the interaction between M. tuberculosis and a variety of cellular and soluble components and processes of the innate immune system.
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19
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Li SA, Liu L, Guo XL, Zhang YY, Xiang Y, Wang QQ, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Host Pore-Forming Protein Complex Neutralizes the Acidification of Endocytic Organelles to Counteract Intracellular Pathogens. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1753-1763. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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20
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Scordo JM, Arcos J, Kelley HV, Diangelo L, Sasindran SJ, Youngmin E, Wewers MD, Wang SH, Balada-Llasat JM, Torrelles JB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cell Wall Fragments Released upon Bacterial Contact with the Human Lung Mucosa Alter the Neutrophil Response to Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:307. [PMID: 28373877 PMCID: PMC5357626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that one person dies of tuberculosis (TB) every 21 s. A host environment that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) finds during its route of infection is the lung mucosa bathing the alveolar space located in the deepest regions of the lungs. We published that human lung mucosa, or alveolar lining fluid (ALF), contains an array of hydrolytic enzymes that can significantly alter the M.tb surface during infection by cleaving off parts of its cell wall. This interaction results in two different outcomes: modifications on the M.tb cell wall surface and release of M.tb cell wall fragments into the environment. Typically, one of the first host immune cells at the site of M.tb infection is the neutrophil. Neutrophils can mount an extracellular and intracellular innate immune response to M.tb during infection. We hypothesized that exposure of neutrophils to ALF-induced M.tb released cell wall fragments would prime neutrophils to control M.tb infection better. Our results show that ALF fragments activate neutrophils leading to an increased production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative radicals. However, neutrophil exposure to these fragments reduces production of chemoattractants (i.e., interleukin-8), and degranulation, with the subsequent reduction of myeloperoxidase release, and does not induce cytotoxicity. Unexpectedly, these ALF fragment-derived modulations in neutrophil activity do not further, either positively or negatively, contribute to the intracellular control of M.tb growth during infection. However, secreted products from neutrophils primed with ALF fragments are capable of regulating the activity of resting macrophages. These results indicate that ALF-induced M.tb fragments could further contribute to the control of M.tb growth and local killing by resident neutrophils by switching on the total oxidative response and limiting migration of neutrophils to the infection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Scordo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Jesús Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Holden V Kelley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Lauren Diangelo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Smitha J Sasindran
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Ellie Youngmin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
| | | | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
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21
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Shepelkova G, Evstifeev V, Majorov K, Bocharova I, Apt A. Therapeutic Effect of Recombinant Mutated Interleukin 11 in the Mouse Model of Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:496-501. [PMID: 27190186 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier we demonstrated that blocking of interleukin 11 (IL-11) by systemic administration of anti-IL-11 antibodies attenuates severity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. The substitution W147A in the IL-11 molecule creates the form of cytokine capable to disrupt gp130/IL11R signaling complex formation, thus serving as a high-affinity specific antagonist of IL-11-mediated signaling. We hypothesized that this mutant form of IL-11 may serve as an effective tool for inhibition of native IL-11 activity in vivo. We established the recombinant W147A mutant form of IL-11 in an optimized Escherichia coli expression system and administered it as the aerosol in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-susceptible I/St mice infected with M. tuberculosis Our results show that this therapeutic approach markedly inhibits tuberculous inflammation in lungs, increases the survival time of infected animals, and decreases expression of key inflammatory factors at the RNA and protein levels. These findings are a step toward clinical evaluation of the anti-IL-11 therapy for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Shepelkova
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Evstifeev
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Majorov
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Bocharova
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Apt
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Deng Y, Ye J, Luo Q, Huang Z, Peng Y, Xiong G, Guo Y, Jiang H, Li J. Low-Density Granulocytes Are Elevated in Mycobacterial Infection and Associated with the Severity of Tuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153567. [PMID: 27073889 PMCID: PMC4830625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global health problem caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Numerous studies have established a close correlation between the development of tuberculosis and the roles of neutrophils. Recently, a distinct population of CD15+ granulocytes was found to be present in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) fraction in humans. This population of granulocytes, termed low-density granulocytes (LDGs), was reported to be elevated and associated with disease activity or severity in a number of different conditions including SLE, asthma and HIV infection. However, both the frequency and clinical significance of LDGs associated with tuberculosis are unclear. Here we determined LDG levels and made comparisons between subjects with active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and healthy controls, between PTB patients with mild-to-moderate disease and patients with advanced disease, and among PTB patients following anti-tuberculous therapy of varying durations. The direct correlation between M. tuberculosis infection and LDG levels was confirmed by in vitro infection of whole peripheral blood and isolated granulocytes with mycobacteria. Our results demonstrated that PBMCs in PTB patients contained significantly elevated percentages of LDGs compared with control subjects. LDGs in tuberculosis expressed higher levels of activation markers compared to normal-density granulocytes (NDGs). M. tuberculosis induced the generation of LDGs in both whole blood and isolated NDGs from control subjects, which suggests that LDGs associated with M. tuberculosis infection are likely to originate from in situ activation. Furthermore, our results revealed that the frequency of LDGs is associated with the severity of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianqing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhikun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yiping Peng
- Department of Tuberculosis, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoliang Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Hodgkinson JW, Ge JQ, Katzenback BA, Havixbeck JJ, Barreda DR, Stafford JL, Belosevic M. Development of an in vitro model system to study the interactions between Mycobacterium marinum and teleost neutrophils. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:349-357. [PMID: 26231477 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The lack of a reliable mammalian neutrophil in vitro culture system has restricted our ability to examine their precise roles in mycobacterial infections. Previously, we developed the procedures for the isolation and culture of primary kidney-derived neutrophil-like cells from goldfish that are functionally and morphologically similar to mammalian neutrophils. The cultured primary goldfish neutrophils exhibited prolonged viability and functional effector responses. In this study, we demonstrate that when exposed to live or heat-killed Mycobacterium marinum, goldfish neutrophils increased their mRNA levels for several pro-inflammatory cytokines (il-1β1, il-1β2, tnfα-1, tnfα-2) and the cytokine receptors (ifngr1-1, tnfr1, tnfr2). These neutrophils also exhibited chemotaxis toward live mycobacteria, internalized the bacilli, and produced reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in response to pathogen exposure. The survival of intracellular mycobacteria was significantly reduced in activated neutrophils, indicating a robust killing response by these teleost granulocytes. We suggest that this goldfish primary neutrophil in vitro model system will provide important information regarding neutrophil-mediated host defense mechanisms against mycobacteria in teleosts as well as in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W Hodgkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jun-Qing Ge
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Havixbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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24
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Irwin SM, Driver E, Lyon E, Schrupp C, Ryan G, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Basaraba RJ, Nuermberger EL, Lenaerts AJ. Presence of multiple lesion types with vastly different microenvironments in C3HeB/FeJ mice following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:591-602. [PMID: 26035867 PMCID: PMC4457037 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cost-effective animal models that accurately reflect the pathological progression of pulmonary tuberculosis are needed to screen and evaluate novel tuberculosis drugs and drug regimens. Pulmonary disease in humans is characterized by a number of heterogeneous lesion types that reflect differences in cellular composition and organization, extent of encapsulation, and degree of caseous necrosis. C3HeB/FeJ mice have been increasingly used to model tuberculosis infection because they produce hypoxic, well-defined granulomas exhibiting caseous necrosis following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A comprehensive histopathological analysis revealed that C3HeB/FeJ mice develop three morphologically distinct lesion types in the lung that differ with respect to cellular composition, degree of immunopathology and control of bacterial replication. Mice displaying predominantly the fulminant necrotizing alveolitis lesion type had significantly higher pulmonary bacterial loads and displayed rapid and severe immunopathology characterized by increased mortality, highlighting the pathological role of an uncontrolled granulocytic response in the lung. Using a highly sensitive novel fluorescent acid-fast stain, we were able to visualize the spatial distribution and location of bacteria within each lesion type. Animal models that better reflect the heterogeneity of lesion types found in humans will permit more realistic modeling of drug penetration into solid caseous necrotic lesions and drug efficacy testing against metabolically distinct bacterial subpopulations. A more thorough understanding of the pathological progression of disease in C3HeB/FeJ mice could facilitate modulation of the immune response to produce the desired pathology, increasing the utility of this animal model. Summary: C3HeB/FeJ mice develop three morphologically distinct lesion types, which differ with respect to bacterial load, cellular composition and degree of immunopathology following low-dose aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Irwin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Emily Driver
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Edward Lyon
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Christopher Schrupp
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gavin Ryan
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Randall J Basaraba
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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25
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Arcos J, Diangelo LE, Scordo JM, Sasindran SJ, Moliva JI, Turner J, Torrelles JB. Lung Mucosa Lining Fluid Modification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Reprogram Human Neutrophil Killing Mechanisms. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:948-58. [PMID: 25748325 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that human alveolar lining fluid (ALF) contains homeostatic hydrolases capable of altering the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall and subsequently its interaction with human macrophages. Neutrophils are also an integral part of the host immune response to M. tuberculosis infection. Here we show that the human lung mucosa influences M. tuberculosis interaction with neutrophils, enhancing the intracellular killing of ALF-exposed M. tuberculosis and up-regulating the expression of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 8. In contrast, ALF-exposed M. tuberculosis does not induce neutrophil apoptosis or necrosis, degranulation, or release of extracellular traps, and it decreases the oxidative response. These results suggest an important role for the human alveolar mucosa: increasing the innate capacity of the neutrophil to recognize and kill M. tuberculosis by favoring the use of intracellular mechanisms, while at the same time limiting neutrophil extracellular inflammatory responses to minimize their associated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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26
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Essential engagement of Toll-like receptor 2 in initiation of early protective Th1 response against rough variants of Mycobacterium abscessus. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1556-67. [PMID: 25644006 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02853-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is becoming more prevalent in patients without overt immunodeficiency, little is known about the factors that contribute to disease susceptibility. This study was undertaken to investigate how Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) functionally contributes to the generation of protective immunity against M. abscessus in a morphotype-specific manner. We found that Tlr2-/- mice were extremely susceptible to an intravenous (i.v.) model of infection by M. abscessus rough variants, displaying uncontrolled infection in the lungs and a significantly lower survival rate than with wild-type (WT) mice. This uncontrolled infection resulted from failures in the following processes: (i) production of the crucial cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 12p70 (IL-12p70); (ii) early infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs) in the lungs of Tlr2-/- mice; (iii) rapid influx of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; and (iv) the expansion of memory/effector T cells. Notably, systemic administration of M. abscessus culture filtrate-treated syngeneic DCs from WT mice greatly strengthened immune priming in vivo, resulting in a dramatic reduction in bacterial growth and improved long-term survival in Tlr2-/- mice, with a recovery of protective immunity. Our findings demonstrate that TLR2 is an essential contributor to instructive and effector immunity during M. abscessus infection in a morphotype-specific manner.
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27
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Knaul JK, Jörg S, Oberbeck-Mueller D, Heinemann E, Scheuermann L, Brinkmann V, Mollenkopf HJ, Yeremeev V, Kaufmann SHE, Dorhoi A. Lung-Residing Myeloid-derived Suppressors Display Dual Functionality in Murine Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:1053-66. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201405-0828oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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28
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Innate Resistance to Tuberculosis in Man, Cattle and Laboratory Animal Models: Nipping Disease in the Bud? J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:291-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Sivick KE, Arpaia N, Reiner GL, Lee BL, Russell BR, Barton GM. Toll-like receptor-deficient mice reveal how innate immune signaling influences Salmonella virulence strategies. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:203-13. [PMID: 24528866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens utilize features of the host response as cues to regulate virulence gene expression. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) sense Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent signals to induce Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2), a locus required for intracellular replication. To examine pathogenicity in the absence of such cues, we evaluated ST virulence in mice lacking all TLR function (Tlr2(-/-)xTlr4(-/-)xUnc93b1(3d/3d)). When delivered systemically to TLR-deficient mice, ST do not require SPI2 and maintain virulence by replicating extracellularly. In contrast, SPI2 mutant ST are highly attenuated after oral infection of the same mice, revealing a role for SPI2 in the earliest stages of infection, even when intracellular replication is not required. This early requirement for SPI2 is abolished in MyD88(-/-)xTRIF(-/-) mice lacking both TLR- and other MyD88-dependent signaling pathways, a potential consequence of compromised intestinal permeability. These results demonstrate how pathogens use plasticity in virulence strategies to respond to different host immune environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E Sivick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gabrielle L Reiner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bettina L Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bethany R Russell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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The neutrophil NLRC4 inflammasome selectively promotes IL-1β maturation without pyroptosis during acute Salmonella challenge. Cell Rep 2014; 8:570-82. [PMID: 25043180 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The macrophage NLRC4 inflammasome drives potent innate immune responses against Salmonella by eliciting caspase-1-dependent proinflammatory cytokine production (e.g., interleukin-1β [IL-1β]) and pyroptotic cell death. However, the potential contribution of other cell types to inflammasome-mediated host defense against Salmonella was unclear. Here, we demonstrate that neutrophils, typically viewed as cellular targets of IL-1β, themselves activate the NLRC4 inflammasome during acute Salmonella infection and are a major cell compartment for IL-1β production during acute peritoneal challenge in vivo. Importantly, unlike macrophages, neutrophils do not undergo pyroptosis upon NLRC4 inflammasome activation. The resistance of neutrophils to pyroptotic death is unique among inflammasome-signaling cells so far described and allows neutrophils to sustain IL-1β production at a site of infection without compromising the crucial inflammasome-independent antimicrobial effector functions that would be lost if neutrophils rapidly lysed upon caspase-1 activation. Inflammasome pathway modification in neutrophils thus maximizes host proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses during pathogen challenge.
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31
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Role for Gr-1+ cells in the control of high-dose Mycobacterium bovis recombinant BCG. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1120-7. [PMID: 24920602 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00363-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attractive target for development as a live vaccine vector delivering transgenic antigens from HIV and other pathogens. Most studies aimed at defining the clearance of BCG have been performed at doses between 10(2) and 10(4) CFU. Interestingly, however, recombinant BCG (rBCG) administered at doses of >10(6) CFU effectively generates antigen-specific T-cell responses and primes for heterologous boost responses. Thus, defining clearance at high doses might aid in the optimization of rBCG as a vector. In this study, we used bioluminescence imaging to examine the kinetics of rBCG transgene expression and clearance in mice immunized with 5 × 10(7) CFU rBCG expressing luciferase. Similar to studies using low-dose rBCG, our results demonstrate that the adaptive immune response is necessary for long-term control of rBCG beginning 9 days after immunizing mice. However, in contrast to these reports, we observed that the majority of mycobacterial antigen was eliminated prior to day 9. By examining knockout and antibody-mediated depletion mouse models, we demonstrate that the rapid clearance of rBCG occurs in the first 24 h and is mediated by Gr-1(+) cells. As Gr-1(+) granulocytes have been described as having no impact on BCG clearance at low doses, our results reveal an unappreciated role for Gr-1(+) neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes in the clearance of high-dose rBCG. This work demonstrates the potential of applying bioluminescence imaging to rBCG in order to gain an understanding of the immune response and increase the efficacy of rBCG as a vaccine vector.
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32
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An elucidation of neutrophil functions against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:959650. [PMID: 24312131 PMCID: PMC3838815 DOI: 10.1155/2013/959650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the functions of neutrophils in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection, with particular reference to glutathione (GSH). We examined the effects of GSH in improving the ability of neutrophils to control intracellular M. tb infection. Our findings indicate that increasing the intracellular levels of GSH with a liposomal formulation of GSH (L-GSH) resulted in reduction in the levels of free radicals and increased acidification of M. tb containing phagosomes leading to the inhibition in the growth of M. tb. This inhibitory mechanism is dependent on the presence of TNF-α and IL-6. Our studies demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism adapted by the neutrophils to control M. tb infection.
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Park J, Lee H, Kim YK, Kim KH, Lee W, Lee KY, Park YJ, Kahng J, Kwon HJ, Kim Y, Oh EJ, Lim J, Kim M, Han K. Automated screening for tuberculosis by multiparametric analysis of data obtained during routine complete blood count. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 36:156-64. [PMID: 24034225 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main goal of this study was to develop a multiparametric cell population data (CPD) model that combines information from several morphologic parameters generated by DxH800, in addition to the traditional parameters regularly reported in the CBC-diff, and to test the performance of this model in screening the general population for primary tuberculosis (TB). METHODS A total of 3741 study cases were divided into two groups, test and validation set at cut-off value of 6000 WBCs/μL. We developed multiparametric model for primary TB screening (TB hemeprint), selected CPD, and calculated parameters which could discriminate primary TB from other non-TB diseases and normal control in test set. We applied it to the validation set, which was a set of completely different samples, to test its reproducibility if applied to a routine laboratory test. RESULTS After screening primary TB using TB hemeprint, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 85.4%, 89.6%, 31.1%, and 99.1%, respectively, in primary TB with lower than 6000 WBCs/μL of test set (test set-L). In primary TB with higher than 6000 WBCs/μL of test set (test set-H), those values were 83.1%, 85.6%, 29.7%, and 98.6%, respectively. There were only 0.4% (2/461) and 0.6% (2/326) of normal control samples included in test set-L and -H, respectively. Diagnostic efficiencies except sensitivity in each validation set were very comparable with those in each test set. CONCLUSION Tuberculosis hemeprint may allow us to screen primary TB with acceptable sensitivity and specificity using combination of TB-specific CPD and calculated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Wang J, Zhou X, Pan B, Yang L, Yin X, Xu B, Zhao D. Investigation of the effect of Mycobacterium bovis infection on bovine neutrophils functions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:675-87. [PMID: 23988278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is a disease in cattle caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis. The disease has posed significant economic losses and remains a public health hazard worldwide. Interactions between M. bovis and bovine macrophages have been extensively characterized in various studies, while similar analyses in neutrophils, which are one of the other types of white blood cells in mammals, were often overlooked. Neutrophils provide defense against all microbes and can present a diverse collection of antimicrobial molecules, which play an important role in the control of tuberculosis progression. Much of the available data about the involvement of neutrophils in the killing M. bovis is controversial. In this study, we assessed the effect of in vitro infection with M. bovis on some parameters of neutrophils functions including phenotypic changes, apoptosis rate and inflammatory cytokines production. Our results demonstrated that phagocytosis of M. bovis activated and enhanced bovine neutrophils functions as well as initialed their defense mechanism, but failed to eliminate the mycobacteria. Moreover, autophagy might get involved in the defense infection process functioning as a protective mechanism, and inducible-autophagy by lipopolysaccharides stimulation and starvation treatment could efficiently reverse the inability of neutrophils for killing M. bovis, suggesting a potential target for anti-mycobacterial drug-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; The State Key Lab of Agrobiotechnology, Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National TSE Lab, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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35
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Jayachandran R, Scherr N, Pieters J. Elimination of intracellularly residing Mycobacterium tuberculosis through targeting of host and bacterial signaling mechanisms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 10:1007-22. [PMID: 23106276 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With more than 2 billion latently infected people, TB continues to represent a serious threat to human health. According to the WHO, 1.1 million people died from TB in 2010, which is equal to approximately 3000 deaths per day. The causative agent of the disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a highly successful pathogen having evolved remarkable strategies to persist within the host. Although normally, upon phagocytosis by macrophages, bacteria are readily eliminated by lysosomes, pathogenic mycobacteria actively prevent destruction within macrophages. The strategies that pathogenic mycobacteria apply range from releasing virulence factors to manipulating host molecules resulting in the modulation of host signal transduction pathways in order to sustain their viability within the infected host. Here, we analyze the current status of how a better understanding of both the bacterial and host factors involved in virulence can be used to develop drugs that may be helpful to curb the TB epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Jayachandran
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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36
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Ordoñez-Rueda D, Jönsson F, Mancardi DA, Zhao W, Malzac A, Liang Y, Bertosio E, Grenot P, Blanquet V, Sabrautzki S, de Angelis MH, Méresse S, Duprez E, Bruhns P, Malissen B, Malissen M. A hypomorphic mutation in the Gfi1 transcriptional repressor results in a novel form of neutropenia. Eur J Immunol 2013; 42:2395-408. [PMID: 22684987 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutagenesis, we established a mouse model with a novel form of neutropenia resulting from a point mutation in the transcriptional repressor Growth Factor Independence 1 (Gfi1). These mice, called Genista, had normal viability and no weight loss, in contrast to mice expressing null alleles of the Gfi1 gene. Furthermore, the Genista mutation had a very limited impact on lymphopoiesis or on T- and B-cell function. Within the bone marrow (BM), the Genista mutation resulted in a slight increase of monopoiesis and in a block of terminal granulopoiesis. This block occurred just after the metamyelocytic stage and resulted in the generation of small numbers of atypical CD11b(+) Ly-6G(int) neutrophils, the nuclear morphology of which resembled that of mature WT neutrophils. Unexpectedly, once released from the BM, these atypical neutrophils contributed to induce mild forms of autoantibody-induced arthritis and of immune complex-mediated lung alveolitis. They additionally failed to provide resistance to acute bacterial infection. Our study demonstrates that a hypomorphic mutation in the Gfi1 transcriptional repressor results in a novel form of neutropenia characterized by a split pattern of functional responses, reflecting the distinct thresholds required for eliciting neutrophil-mediated inflammatory and anti-infectious responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ordoñez-Rueda
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, UM2, Marseille, France
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Blomgran R, Desvignes L, Briken V, Ernst JD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits neutrophil apoptosis, leading to delayed activation of naive CD4 T cells. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:81-90. [PMID: 22264515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes its replication by inhibiting the apoptosis of infected macrophages. A proapoptotic M. tuberculosis mutant lacking nuoG, a subunit of the type I NADH dehydrogenase complex, exhibits attenuated growth in vivo, indicating that this virulence mechanism is essential. We show that M. tuberculosis also suppresses neutrophil apoptosis. Compared to wild-type, the nuoG mutant spread to a larger number of lung phagocytic cells. Consistent with the shorter lifespan of infected neutrophils, infection with the nuoG mutant resulted in fewer bacteria per infected neutrophil, accelerated bacterial acquisition by dendritic cells, earlier trafficking of these dendritic cells to lymph nodes, and faster CD4 T cell priming. Neutrophil depletion abrogated accelerated CD4 T cell priming by the nuoG mutant, suggesting that inhibiting neutrophil apoptosis delays adaptive immunity in tuberculosis. Thus, pathogen modulation of apoptosis is beneficial at multiple levels, and enhancing phagocyte apoptosis promotes CD4 as well as CD8 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blomgran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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38
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Lee WB, Kang JS, Yan JJ, Lee MS, Jeon BY, Cho SN, Kim YJ. Neutrophils Promote Mycobacterial Trehalose Dimycolate-Induced Lung Inflammation via the Mincle Pathway. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002614. [PMID: 22496642 PMCID: PMC3320589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), a cord factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an important regulator of immune responses during Mtb infections. Macrophages recognize TDM through the Mincle receptor and initiate TDM-induced inflammatory responses, leading to lung granuloma formation. Although various immune cells are recruited to lung granulomas, the roles of other immune cells, especially during the initial process of TDM-induced inflammation, are not clear. In this study, Mincle signaling on neutrophils played an important role in TDM-induced lung inflammation by promoting adhesion and innate immune responses. Neutrophils were recruited during the early stage of lung inflammation following TDM-induced granuloma formation. Mincle expression on neutrophils was required for infiltration of TDM-challenged sites in a granuloma model induced by TDM-coated-beads. TDM-induced Mincle signaling on neutrophils increased cell adherence by enhancing F-actin polymerization and CD11b/CD18 surface expression. The TDM-induced effects were dependent on Src, Syk, and MAPK/ERK kinases (MEK). Moreover, coactivation of the Mincle and TLR2 pathways by TDM and Pam3CSK4 treatment synergistically induced CD11b/CD18 surface expression, reactive oxygen species, and TNFα production by neutrophils. These synergistically-enhanced immune responses correlated with the degree of Mincle expression on neutrophil surfaces. The physiological relevance of the Mincle-mediated anti-TDM immune response was confirmed by defective immune responses in Mincle⁻/⁻ mice upon aerosol infections with Mtb. Mincle-mutant mice had higher inflammation levels and mycobacterial loads than WT mice. Neutrophil depletion with anti-Ly6G antibody caused a reduction in IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression upon TDM treatment, and reduced levels of immune cell recruitment during the initial stage of infection. These findings suggest a new role of Mincle signaling on neutrophils during anti-mycobacterial responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- CD11b Antigen/genetics
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- CD18 Antigens/genetics
- CD18 Antigens/immunology
- CD18 Antigens/metabolism
- Cord Factors/adverse effects
- Cord Factors/chemistry
- Cord Factors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/chemically induced
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/genetics
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/metabolism
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/chemistry
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolism
- Neutrophil Infiltration/drug effects
- Neutrophil Infiltration/genetics
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Pneumonia/chemically induced
- Pneumonia/genetics
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Pneumonia/metabolism
- Pneumonia/pathology
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/immunology
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/genetics
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Jing Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Nae Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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de Almeida AS, Fiske CT, Sterling TR, Kalams SA. Increased frequency of regulatory T cells and T lymphocyte activation in persons with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:45-52. [PMID: 22038848 PMCID: PMC3255960 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05263-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis may be due to underlying immune compromise. Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg cells), and CD4(+) T lymphocytes in general, are important in the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We evaluated T lymphocytes from patients after recovery from extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which may reflect conditions before M. tuberculosis infection. A case-control study was conducted among HIV-uninfected adults with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis and 3 sets of controls: (i) subjects with previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis, (ii) close tuberculosis contacts with M. tuberculosis infection, and (iii) close tuberculosis contacts with no infection. Monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC-M) were stained for CD4(+) CD25(hi) CD127(low) FoxP3(+) cell (Treg cell) and T lymphocyte activation. Both characteristics were compared as continuous variables between groups with the Kruskal-Wallis test. There were 7 extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases, 18 pulmonary tuberculosis controls, 17 controls with M. tuberculosis infection, and 18 controls without M. tuberculosis infection. The median Treg cell proportion was highest among persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis (1.23%) compared to subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis (0.56%), latent M. tuberculosis infection (0.14%), or no M. tuberculosis infection (0.20%) (P = 0.001). The median proportion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes that expressed the activation markers HLA-DR and CD38 was highest for CD4(+) T lymphocytes from persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis (0.79%) compared to subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis (0.44%), latent M. tuberculosis infection (0.14%), or no M. tuberculosis infection (0.32%) (P = 0.005). Compared with controls, persons with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis had the highest Treg cell frequency, but also the highest levels of CD4(+) T lymphocyte activation. Immune dysregulation may be a feature of individuals at risk for extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S. de Almeida
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christina T. Fiske
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy R. Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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40
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Neutrophils in tuberculosis: friend or foe? Trends Immunol 2011; 33:14-25. [PMID: 22094048 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of mycobacterial infection, where they phagocytose bacilli. Whether neutrophils can kill mycobacteria in vivo probably depends on the tissue microenvironment, stage of infection, individual host, and infecting organism. The interaction of neutrophils with macrophages, as well as the downstream effects on T cell activity, could result in a range of outcomes from early clearance of infection to dissemination of viable bacteria together with an attenuated acquired immune response. In established disease, neutrophils accumulate in situations of high pathogen load or immunological dysfunction, and are likely to contribute to pathology. These activities may have clinical importance in terms of new treatments, targeted interventions and vaccine strategies.
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41
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Shang S, Gibbs S, Henao-Tamayo M, Shanley CA, McDonnell G, Duarte RS, Ordway DJ, Jackson M. Increased virulence of an epidemic strain of Mycobacterium massiliense in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24726. [PMID: 21931831 PMCID: PMC3171484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pulmonary disease and skin/soft tissue infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) of the Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus-massiliense group is an emerging health problem worldwide. Moreover, the cure rate for the infections this group causes is low despite aggressive treatment. Post-surgical outbreaks that reached epidemic proportions in Brazil recently were caused by M. massiliense isolates resistant to high-level disinfection with glutaraldehyde (GTA). Understanding the differences in the virulence and host immune responses induced by NTM differing in their sensitivity to disinfectants, and therefore their relative threat of causing outbreaks in hospitals, is an important issue. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING We compared the replication and survival inside macrophages of a GTA-susceptible reference Mycobacterium massiliense clinical isolate CIP 108297 and an epidemic strain from Brazil, CRM-0019, and characterized the immune responses of IFNγ knockout mice exposed to a high dose aerosol with these two isolates. CRM-0019 replicated more efficiently than CIP 108297 inside mouse bone marrow macrophages. Moreover, the animals infected with CRM-0019 showed a progressive lung infection characterized by a delayed influx of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, culminating in extensive lung consolidation and demonstrated increased numbers of pulmonary CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells compared to those infected with the reference strain. Immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells may contribute to the progression and worsening of NTM disease by preventing the induction of specific protective immune responses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results provide the first direct evidence of the increased virulence in macrophages and mice and pathogenicity in vivo of the Brazilian epidemic isolate and the first observation that NTM infections can be associated with variable levels of regulatory T cells which may impact on their virulence and ability to persist in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Shang
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sara Gibbs
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Crystal A. Shanley
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Rafael Silva Duarte
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diane J. Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJ); D.Ordway-Rodriguez@ colostate.edu (DJO)
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MJ); D.Ordway-Rodriguez@ colostate.edu (DJO)
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Carr KD, Sieve AN, Indramohan M, Break TJ, Lee S, Berg RE. Specific depletion reveals a novel role for neutrophil-mediated protection in the liver during Listeria monocytogenes infection. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2666-76. [PMID: 21660934 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that neutrophils are required for resistance during infection with multiple pathogenic microorganisms. However, the depleting antibody used in those studies binds to both Ly6G and Ly6C (anti-Gr-1; clone RB6-8C5). This antibody has been shown to deplete not only neutrophils but also monocytes and a subset of CD8(+) T cells. Recently, an antibody against Ly6G, which specifically depletes neutrophils, was characterized. In the present study, neutrophils are depleted using the antibody against Ly6G during infection with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Our data show that neutrophil-depleted mice are much less susceptible to infection than mice depleted with anti-Gr-1. Although neutrophils are required for clearance of LM, their importance is more pronounced in the liver and during a high-dose bacterial challenge. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the protection mediated by neutrophils is due to the production of TNF-α, but not IFN-γ. Additionally, neutrophils are not required for the recruitment of monocytes or the generation of adaptive T-cell responses during LM infection. This study highlights the importance of neutrophils during LM infection, and indicate that depletion of neutrophils is less detrimental to the host than depletion of all Gr-1-expressing cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Carr
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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43
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Fillatreau S. Novel regulatory functions for Toll-like receptor-activated B cells during intracellular bacterial infection. Immunol Rev 2011; 240:52-71. [PMID: 21349086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infections by intracellular bacterial pathogens remain a major cause of human diseases worldwide. Despite intensive efforts, the development of effective vaccines or immunotherapies against these diseases has largely remained unsuccessful, asking for the exploration of new aspects of the host response to these pathogens. Genetic studies have demonstrated beyond doubt that cell-mediated mechanisms of host defense involving innate immunity and T cells are of crucial importance for the control of these diseases. By contrast, the role of B cells during intracellular bacterial infection has so far received little attention besides their role as antibody-producing cells. However, the general knowledge of B-cell immunology and in particular of their antibody-independent functions has greatly increased during the last years. Recently, it was found in a model of Salmonella typhimurium infection that Toll-like receptor triggering on B cells resulted through interleukin-10 secretion in a marked suppression of innate defense mechanisms ultimately leading to uncontrolled growth of the bacteria and earlier death from the disease during both primary and secondary infections. This article reviews the protective and deleterious roles of B cells during intracellular bacterial infections and discusses how manipulating their antibody-independent functions may be a powerful means to therapeutically improve host resistance against these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fillatreau
- Deutsches Rheuma-ForschungsZentrum, Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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44
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Blomgran R, Ernst JD. Lung neutrophils facilitate activation of naive antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:7110-9. [PMID: 21555529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurs in the lung-draining mediastinal lymph node and requires transport of M. tuberculosis by migratory dendritic cells (DCs) to the local lymph node. The previously published observations that 1) neutrophils are a transiently prominent population of M. tuberculosis-infected cells in the lungs early in infection and 2) that the peak of infected neutrophils immediately precedes the peak of infected DCs in the lungs prompted us to characterize the role of neutrophils in the initiation of adaptive immune responses to M. tuberculosis. We found that, although depletion of neutrophils in vivo increased the frequency of M. tuberculosis-infected DCs in the lungs, it decreased trafficking of DCs to the mediastinal lymph node. This resulted in delayed activation (CD69 expression) and proliferation of naive M. tuberculosis Ag85B-specific CD4 T cells in the mediastinal lymph node. To further characterize the role of neutrophils in DC migration, we used a Transwell chemotaxis system and found that DCs that were directly infected by M. tuberculosis migrated poorly in response to CCL19, an agonist for the chemokine receptor CCR7. In contrast, DCs that had acquired M. tuberculosis through uptake of infected neutrophils exhibited unimpaired migration. These results revealed a mechanism wherein neutrophils promote adaptive immune responses to M. tuberculosis by delivering M. tuberculosis to DCs in a form that makes DCs more effective initiators of naive CD4 T cell activation. These observations provide insight into a mechanism for neutrophils to facilitate initiation of adaptive immune responses in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blomgran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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45
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Goel A, Kumar S, Bhatia AK. Effect of Ocimum sanctum on the development of protective immunity against Salmonella typhimurium infection through cytokines. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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46
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Role for neutrophils in host immune responses and genetic factors that modulate resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the inbred mouse strain SPRET/Ei. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3848-60. [PMID: 20643856 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00044-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a complex disease in which the host-bacterium interactions are strongly influenced by genetic factors of the host. We demonstrate that SPRET/Ei, an inbred mouse strain derived from Mus spretus, is resistant to S. Typhimurium infections. The kinetics of bacterial proliferation, as well as histological examinations of tissue sections, suggest that SPRET/Ei mice can control bacterial multiplication and spreading despite significant attenuation of the cytokine response. The resistance of SPRET/Ei mice to S. Typhimurium infection is associated with increased leukocyte counts in the circulation and enhanced neutrophil influx into the peritoneum during the course of infection. A critical role of neutrophils was confirmed by neutrophil depletion: neutropenic SPRET/Ei mice were sensitive to infection with S. Typhimurium and showed much higher bacterial loads. To identify genes that modulate the natural resistance of SPRET/Ei mice to S. Typhimurium infection, we performed a genome-wide study using an interspecific backcross between C3H/HeN and SPRET/Ei mice. The results of this analysis demonstrate that at least two loci, located on chromosomes 6 and 11, affect survival following lethal infection with S. Typhimurium. These two loci contain several interesting candidate genes which may have important implications for the search for genetic factors controlling Salmonella infections in humans and for our understanding of complex host-pathogen interactions in general.
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Emoto M, Emoto Y, Yoshizawa I, Kita E, Shimizu T, Hurwitz R, Brinkmann V, Kaufmann SHE. Alpha-GalCer ameliorates listeriosis by accelerating infiltration of Gr-1+ cells into the liver. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1328-41. [PMID: 20162550 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) activates invariant (i)NKT cells, which in turn stimulate immunocompetent cells. Although activation of iNKT cells appears critical for regulation of immune responses, it remains elusive whether protection against intracellular bacteria can be induced by alpha-GalCer. Here, we show that alpha-GalCer treatment ameliorates murine listeriosis, and inhibits inflammation following Listeria monocytogenes infection. Liver infiltration of Gr-1+ cells and gamma/delta T cells was accelerated by alpha-GalCer treatment. Gr-1+ cell and gamma/delta T-cell depletion exacerbated listeriosis in alpha-GalCer-treated mice, and this effect was more pronounced after depletion of Gr-1+ cells than that of gamma/delta T cells. Although GM-CSF and IL-17 were secreted by NKT cells after alpha-GalCer treatment, liver infiltration of Gr-1+ cells was not prevented by neutralizing mAb. In parallel to the numerical increase of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells in the liver following alpha-GalCer treatment, CD11b-Gr-1+ cells were numerically reduced in the bone marrow. In addition, respiratory burst in Gr-1+ cells was enhanced by alpha-GalCer treatment. Our results indicate that alpha-GalCer-induced antibacterial immunity is caused, in part, by accelerated infiltration of Gr-1+ cells and to a lesser degree of gamma/delta T cells into the liver. We also suggest that the infiltration of Gr-1+ cells is caused by an accelerated supply from the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Emoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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48
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Guinea pig neutrophil-macrophage interactions during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:828-37. [PMID: 20685396 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We examined the ability of recombinant guinea pig IL-8 (CXCL8) to activate neutrophils upon infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using a Transwell insert culture system, contact-independent cell cultures were studied in which rgpIL-8-treated neutrophils were infected with virulent M. tuberculosis in the upper well, and AM were cultured in the lower well. IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression was significantly upregulated by AM. Neutralizing anti-rgpTNF-α polyclonal antibody abrogated the response of AM to supernatants from the rgpIL-8-treated, infected neutrophils, while an anti-rgpIL-8 polyclonal antibody had no effect. This suggests that TNF-α produced by rgpIL-8 treated, infected neutrophils may play an important role in the activation of AM in the early response of the host against M. tuberculosis infection. Significant induction of apoptosis in M. tuberculosis-infected neutrophils was observed as compared to the uninfected neutrophils. Feeding of infected, apoptotic neutrophils to AM induced a significant up-regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA compared to AM exposed to staurosporine-treated apoptotic neutrophils. Suppressed intracellular mycobacterial growth was also seen in AM fed with infected, apoptotic neutrophils as compared to the AM infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv alone. Taken together, these data suggest that neutrophil-macrophage interactions may contribute to host defense against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Dorhoi A, Desel C, Yeremeev V, Pradl L, Brinkmann V, Mollenkopf HJ, Hanke K, Gross O, Ruland J, Kaufmann SHE. The adaptor molecule CARD9 is essential for tuberculosis control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:777-92. [PMID: 20351059 PMCID: PMC2856020 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cross talk between host and pathogen starts with recognition of bacterial signatures through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which mobilize downstream signaling cascades. We investigated the role of the cytosolic adaptor caspase recruitment domain family, member 9 (CARD9) in tuberculosis. This adaptor was critical for full activation of innate immunity by converging signals downstream of multiple PRRs. Card9(-/-) mice succumbed early after aerosol infection, with higher mycobacterial burden, pyogranulomatous pneumonia, accelerated granulocyte recruitment, and higher abundance of proinflammatory cytokines and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in serum and lung. Neutralization of G-CSF and neutrophil depletion significantly prolonged survival, indicating that an exacerbated systemic inflammatory disease triggered lethality of Card9(-/-) mice. CARD9 deficiency had no apparent effect on T cell responses, but a marked impact on the hematopoietic compartment. Card9(-/-) granulocytes failed to produce IL-10 after Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, suggesting that an absent antiinflammatory feedback loop accounted for granulocyte-dominated pathology, uncontrolled bacterial replication, and, ultimately, death of infected Card9(-/-) mice. Our data provide evidence that deregulated innate responses trigger excessive lung inflammation and demonstrate a pivotal role of CARD9 signaling in autonomous innate host defense against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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50
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Schneider BE, Korbel D, Hagens K, Koch M, Raupach B, Enders J, Kaufmann SHE, Mittrücker HW, Schaible UE. A role for IL-18 in protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:396-405. [PMID: 19950174 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains the most hazardous bacterial infection worldwide. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a facultative intracellular pathogen of resting MPhi. IFN-gamma secreted by natural killer, CD4 Th 1 and CD8 T cells upon instruction by IL-12 and -18 activates MPhi to restrict mycobacterial growth. Production of both cytokines is induced by TLR signalling in DC and MPhi. Mice deficient for the TLR adaptor, MyD88, are highly susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection. Shared usage of MyD88 by signalling cascades for TLR and receptors for IL-1 and IL-18 prompted us to revisit the role of IL-18 during experimental infection with M. tuberculosis. We show that mice deficient for IL-18 and MyD88 but not for IL-18 receptor promptly succumbed to M. tuberculosis infection in contrast to WT or TLR-2/-4 double KO mice indicating that lack of IL-18 contributes to the high susceptibility of MyD88 KO mice to M. tuberculosis. Without IL-18, the protective Th1 response was decreased and hence, mycobacterial propagation was favoured. Neutrophil-driven lung immunopathology concomitant with unrestrained growth of tubercle bacilli are most likely responsible for the premature death of IL-18 KO mice. Thus, IL-18 plays a decisive role in protective immunity against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca E Schneider
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Diseases-Immunology, London, UK
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