1
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Ahmad I, Burton R, Nahm M, Ejaz HG, Arshad R, Younis BB, Mirza S. Naturally acquired antibodies against 4 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Pakistani adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306921. [PMID: 39121085 PMCID: PMC11315336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune response elicited during pneumococcal carriage has been shown to protect against subsequent colonization and infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The study was designed to measure the baseline serotype-specific anti-capsular IgG concentration and opsonic titers elicited in response to asymptomatic carriage in adults with and without type 2-diabetes. Level of IgG to capsular polysaccharide was measured in a total of 176 samples (124 with type 2 diabetes and 52 without type 2 diabetes) against serotype 1, 19F, 9V, and 18C. From within 176 samples, a nested cohort of 39 samples was selected for measuring the functional capacity of antibodies by measuring opsonic titer to serotypes 19F, 9V, and 18C. Next, we measured levels of IgG to PspA in 90 samples from individuals with and without diabetes (22 non-diabetes and 68 diabetes). Our results demonstrated comparable IgG titers against all serotypes between those with and without type 2-diabetes. Overall, we observed higher opsonic titers in those without diabetes as compared to individuals with diabetes for serotypes 19F and 9V. The opsonic titers for 19F and 9V significantly negatively correlated with HbA1c. For 19F, 41.66% (n = 10) showed opsonic titers ≥ 1:8 in the diabetes group as compared to 66.66% (n = 10) in the non-diabetes group. The percentage was 29.6% (n = 7) vs 66.66% (n = 10) for 9V and 70.83% (n = 17) vs 80% (n = 12) for 18C in diabetes and non-diabetes groups respectively. A comparable anti-PspA IgG (p = 0.409) was observed in those with and without diabetes, indicating that response to protein antigen is likely to remain intact in those with diabetes. In conclusion, we demonstrated comparable IgG titers to both capsular polysaccharide and protein antigens in those with and without diabetes, however, the protective capacity of antibodies differed between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaz Ahmad
- Department of Life Sciences, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Robert Burton
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Moon Nahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Hafiz Gohar Ejaz
- Department of Life Sciences, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rozina Arshad
- Sakina Institute of Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Shalamar Hospital Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Bin Younis
- Sakina Institute of Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Shalamar Hospital Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shaper Mirza
- Department of Life Sciences, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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2
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Vissers M, van de Garde MDB, He SWJ, Brandsen M, Hendriksen R, Nicolaie MA, van der Maas L, Meiring HD, van Els CACM, van Beek J, Rots NY. Quantity and Quality of Naturally Acquired Antibody Immunity to the Pneumococcal Proteome Throughout Life. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae255. [PMID: 38888894 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young children and older adults are susceptible for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal protein-specific antibodies play a protective role against IPD; however, not much is known about the pace of acquisition, maturation, and maintenance of these antibodies throughout life. METHODS Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA levels, avidity, and/or specificity to the pneumococcal proteome in serum and saliva from healthy young children, adults, and older adults, with known carriage status, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 2-dimensional western blotting against ΔcpsTIGR4. RESULTS Eleven-month-old children, the youngest age group tested, had the lowest pneumococcal proteome-specific IgG and IgA levels and avidity in serum and saliva, followed by 24-month-old children and were further elevated in adult groups. Among adult groups, the parents had the highest serum and saliva IgG and IgA antibody levels. In children, antibody levels and avidity correlated with daycare attendance and presence of siblings, posing as proxy for exposure and immunization. Immunodominance patterns slightly varied throughout life. CONCLUSIONS Humoral immunity against the pneumococcal proteome is acquired through multiple episodes of pneumococcal exposure. Low-level and low-avidity antiproteome antibody profiles in young children may contribute to their IPD susceptibility, while in overall antiproteome antibody-proficient older adults other factors likely play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Vissers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D B van de Garde
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha W J He
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Milou Brandsen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanne Hendriksen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mioara Alina Nicolaie
- Expertise Centre for Methodology and Information Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Larissa van der Maas
- Product Characterization and Formulation, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Product Characterization and Formulation, Institute for Translational Vaccinology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nynke Y Rots
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Croucher NJ, Campo JJ, Le TQ, Pablo JV, Hung C, Teng AA, Turner C, Nosten F, Bentley SD, Liang X, Turner P, Goldblatt D. Genomic and panproteomic analysis of the development of infant immune responses to antigenically-diverse pneumococci. Nat Commun 2024; 15:355. [PMID: 38191887 PMCID: PMC10774285 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a nasopharyngeal commensal and respiratory pathogen. This study characterises the immunoglobulin G (IgG) repertoire recognising pneumococci from birth to 24 months old (mo) in a prospectively-sampled cohort of 63 children using a panproteome array. IgG levels are highest at birth, due to transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies. The subsequent emergence of responses to individual antigens exhibit distinct kinetics across the cohort. Stable differences in the strength of individuals' responses, correlating with maternal IgG concentrations, are established by 6 mo. By 12 mo, children develop unique antibody profiles that are boosted by re-exposure. However, some proteins only stimulate substantial responses in adults. Integrating genomic data on nasopharyngeal colonisation demonstrates rare pneumococcal antigens can elicit strong IgG levels post-exposure. Quantifying such responses to the diverse core loci (DCL) proteins is complicated by cross-immunity between variants. In particular, the conserved N terminus of DCL protein zinc metalloprotease B provokes the strongest early IgG responses. DCL proteins' ability to inhibit mucosal immunity likely explains continued pneumococcal carriage despite hosts' polyvalent antibody repertoire. Yet higher IgG levels are associated with reduced incidence, and severity, of pneumonia, demonstrating the importance of the heterogeneity in response strength and kinetics across antigens and individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Joseph J Campo
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Timothy Q Le
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Jozelyn V Pablo
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Christopher Hung
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Andy A Teng
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Claudia Turner
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, 9V54+8FQ, Cambodia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - François Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, 63110, Thailand
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Parasites & Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Xiaowu Liang
- Antigen Discovery Inc, 1 Technology Drive, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Paul Turner
- Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Angkor Hospital for Children, Siem Reap, 9V54+8FQ, Cambodia
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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4
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Prasanna M, Varela Calvino R, Lambert A, Arista Romero M, Pujals S, Trottein F, Camberlein E, Grandjean C, Csaba N. Semisynthetic Pneumococcal Glycoconjugate Nanovaccine. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1563-1575. [PMID: 37694903 PMCID: PMC10515484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines offer an excellent safety profile and high protection against the serotypes comprised in the vaccine. However, inclusion of protein antigens fromStreptococcus pneumoniaecombined with potent adjuvants and a suitable delivery system are expected to both extend protection to serotype strains not represented in the formulation and stimulate a broader immune response, thus more effective in young children, elderly, and immunocompromised populations. Along this line, nanoparticle (NP) delivery systems can enhance the immunogenicity of antigens by protecting them from degradation and increasing their uptake by antigen-presenting cells, as well as offering co-delivery with adjuvants. We report herein the encapsulation of a semisynthetic glycoconjugate (GC) composed of a synthetic tetrasaccharide mimicking theS. pneumoniae serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide (CP14) linked to the Pneumococcal surface protein A (PsaA) using chitosan NPs (CNPs). These GC-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (GC-CNPs) were not toxic to human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), showed enhanced uptake, and displayed better immunostimulatory properties in comparison to the naked GC. A comparative study was carried out in mice to evaluate the immune response elicited by the glycoconjugate-administered subcutaneously (SC), where the GC-CNPs displayed 100-fold higher IgG response as compared with the group treated with nonencapsulated GC. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of this chitosan-based nanovaccine for efficient delivery of glycoconjugate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Prasanna
- Center
for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Department
of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, Unité des Sciences Biologiques et
des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, Nantes F-44000, France
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago
de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Rubén Varela Calvino
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago
de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Annie Lambert
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, Unité des Sciences Biologiques et
des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Maria Arista Romero
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced
Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Sylvia Pujals
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced
Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - François Trottein
- Univ.
Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR
9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Emilie Camberlein
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, Unité des Sciences Biologiques et
des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Cyrille Grandjean
- Nantes
Université, CNRS, Unité des Sciences Biologiques et
des Biotechnologies (US2B), UMR 6286, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Center
for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Department
of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
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5
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Župan ML, Luo Z, Ganio K, Pederick VG, Neville SL, Deplazes E, Kobe B, McDevitt CA. Conformation of the Solute-Binding Protein AdcAII Influences Zinc Uptake in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:729981. [PMID: 34490149 PMCID: PMC8416893 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.729981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae scavenges essential zinc ions from the host during colonization and infection. This is achieved by the ATP-binding cassette transporter, AdcCB, and two solute-binding proteins (SBPs), AdcA and AdcAII. It has been established that AdcAII serves a greater role during initial infection, but the molecular details of how the protein selectively acquires Zn(II) remain poorly understood. This can be attributed to the refractory nature of metal-free AdcAII to high-resolution structural determination techniques. Here, we overcome this issue by separately mutating the Zn(II)-coordinating residues and performing a combination of structural and biochemical analyses on the variant proteins. Structural analyses of Zn(II)-bound AdcAII variants revealed that specific regions within the protein underwent conformational changes via direct coupling to each of the metal-binding residues. Quantitative in vitro metal-binding assays combined with affinity determination and phenotypic growth assays revealed that each of the four Zn(II)-coordinating residues contributes to metal binding by AdcAII. Intriguingly, the phenotypic growth impact of the mutant adcAII alleles was, in general, independent of affinity, suggesting that the Zn(II)-bound conformation of the SBP is crucial for efficacious metal uptake. Collectively, these data highlight the intimate coupling of ligand affinity with protein conformational change in ligand-receptor proteins and provide a putative mechanism for AdcAII. These findings provide further mechanistic insight into the structural and functional diversity of SBPs that is broadly applicable to other prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Župan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhenyao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katherine Ganio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Victoria G Pederick
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Neville
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyne Deplazes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Boštjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher A McDevitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Araujo AP, Colichio GBC, Oliveira MLS, German E, Nikolaou E, Chen T, Adler H, Ferreira DM, Miyaji EN. Serum levels of anti-PspA and anti-PspC IgG decrease with age and do not correlate with susceptibility to experimental human pneumococcal colonization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247056. [PMID: 33577617 PMCID: PMC7880446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease. This work aims to evaluate whether there is any decrease in serum IgG against variants of the antigens Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and Pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) in healthy adults with increasing age. Levels of IgG against PspA and PspC variants were determined by ELISA in serum samples comparing volunteers 18–30 years of age with volunteers who were 50–70+ before and after an experimental pneumococcal colonization challenge. The serotype 6B strain used in the challenge belongs to a minor group of pneumococcal isolates expressing two PspC variants. There was a decrease in levels of IgG with increasing age for the most common PspA variants and for all PspC variants analyzed. No correlation was found between basal levels of IgG against these antigens and protection against colonization. There was an increase in levels of IgG against PspA variants that are more cross-reactive with the variant expressed by the challenge strain post challenge in younger individuals who became colonized. Since the challenge strain used in our study expresses two different PspC variants, an increase in serum IgG against all PspC variants tested was observed in younger individuals who became colonized. For some of the antigen variants tested, a decrease in serum IgG was observed in young volunteers who were challenged but did not become colonized. Serum IgG antibodies against PspA and PspC variants thus decrease with age in healthy adults, but there is no correlation between levels of IgG against these antigens and protection against human experimental colonization. Though no correlation between naturally induced serum IgG antibodies against PspA and PspC and protection against colonization was observed, these results do not rule out the protective potential of these antigens as vaccines against pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Esther German
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elissavet Nikolaou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Adler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eliane N. Miyaji
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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7
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Morino S, Kitagami E, Nakayama H, Koizumi Y, Tanaka-Taya K, Kinjo Y, Oishi K. Seroepidemiological analysis of anti-pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) immunoglobulin G by clades in Japanese population. Vaccine 2020; 38:7479-7484. [PMID: 33039208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the candidates of the novel pneumococcal protein vaccines. The seroepidemiology of naturally acquired anti-PspA immunoglobulin G (IgG) by clades, across a wide range of ages has not been investigated. METHODS We examined the concentrations of anti-PspA IgG by clades (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) in 397 sera from persons aged 0-≥70 years by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and determined the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) by age group. The relationships between concentrations of anti-PspA IgG antibody for each clade for each person were also assessed. RESULTS GMC of anti-PspA IgG was lowest, highest, and plateaued in those aged 6-11 months, 5-9-years, and 20-49 years, respectively. It gradually declined in those aged > 70 years. GMCs patterns in different age groups were similar for all clades. Correlations were found especially within the same PspA family (between clades 1 and 2 or clades 4 and 5). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that most people acquired anti-PspA IgG across clades 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 during childhood. These results would be a fundamental data of clade-specific anti-PspA IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Morino
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kitagami
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakayama
- API Research Section, CMC & Production Technology Research Department, BIKEN Co., Ltd., Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Koizumi
- Analytical Research Section, CMC & Production Technology Research Department, BIKEN Co., Ltd., Kagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Taya
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan.
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8
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Nishimoto AT, Rosch JW, Tuomanen EI. Pneumolysin: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Target. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1543. [PMID: 32714314 PMCID: PMC7343714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for widespread illness and is a major global health issue for children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised population. Pneumolysin (PLY) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) and key pneumococcal virulence factor involved in all phases of pneumococcal disease, including transmission, colonization, and infection. In this review we cover the biology and cytolytic function of PLY, its contribution to S. pneumoniae pathogenesis, and its known interactions and effects on the host with regard to tissue damage and immune response. Additionally, we review statins as a therapeutic option for CDC toxicity and PLY toxoid as a vaccine candidate in protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nishimoto
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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9
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Briles DE, Paton JC, Mukerji R, Swiatlo E, Crain MJ. Pneumococcal Vaccines. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0028-2018. [PMID: 31858954 PMCID: PMC10921951 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0028-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-Positive pathogen that is a major causative agent of pneumonia, otitis media, sepsis and meningitis across the world. The World Health Organization estimates that globally over 500,000 children are killed each year by this pathogen. Vaccines offer the best protection against S. pneumoniae infections. The current polysaccharide conjugate vaccines have been very effective in reducing rates of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by vaccine type strains. However, the effectiveness of these vaccines have been somewhat diminished by the increasing numbers of cases of invasive disease caused by non-vaccine type strains, a phenomenon known as serotype replacement. Since, there are currently at least 98 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae, it may become cumbersome and expensive to add many additional serotypes to the current 13-valent vaccine, to circumvent the effect of serotype replacement. Hence, alternative serotype independent strategies, such as vaccination with highly cross-reactive pneumococcal protein antigens, should continue to be investigated to address this problem. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of pneumococcal vaccines past and present, protein antigens that are currently under investigation as vaccine candidates, and other alternatives, such as the pneumococcal whole cell vaccine, that may be successful in reducing current rates of disease caused by S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - J C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - R Mukerji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - E Swiatlo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA
| | - M J Crain
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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10
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Oliver E, Pope C, Clarke E, Langton Hewer C, Ogunniyi AD, Paton JC, Mitchell T, Malley R, Finn A. Th17 responses to pneumococcus in blood and adenoidal cells in children. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 195:213-225. [PMID: 30325010 PMCID: PMC6330644 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections cause a large global health burden, and the search for serotype-independent vaccines continues. Existing conjugate vaccines reduce nasopharyngeal colonization by target serotypes. Such mucosal effects of novel antigens may similarly be important. CD4+ Th17 cell-dependent, antibody-independent reductions in colonization and enhanced clearance have been described in mice. Here we describe the evaluation of T helper type 17 (Th17) cytokine responses to candidate pneumococcal protein vaccine antigens in human cell culture, using adenoidal and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Optimal detection of interleukin (IL)-17A was at day 7, and of IL-22 at day 11, in these primary cell cultures. Removal of CD45RO+ memory T cells abolished these responses. Age-associated increases in magnitude of responses were evident for IL-17A, but not IL-22, in adenoidal cells. There was a strong correlation between individual IL-17A and IL-22 responses after pneumococcal antigen stimulation (P < 0·015). Intracellular cytokine staining following phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)/ionomycin stimulation demonstrated that > 30% CD4+ T cells positive for IL-22 express the innate markers γδT cell receptor and/or CD56, with much lower proportions for IL-17A+ cells (P < 0·001). Responses to several vaccine candidate antigens were observed but were consistently absent, particularly in blood, to PhtD (P < 0·0001), an antigen recently shown not to impact colonization in a clinical trial of a PhtD-containing conjugate vaccine in infants. The data presented and approach discussed have the potential to assist in the identification of novel vaccine antigens aimed at reducing pneumococcal carriage and transmission, thus improving the design of empirical clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Oliver
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - C. Pope
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - E. Clarke
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The GambiaFajaraThe Gambia
| | | | - A. D. Ogunniyi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - J. C. Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - T. Mitchell
- Institute of Microbiology and InfectionUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - R. Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineChildren’s Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - A. Finn
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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11
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Prasanna M, Soulard D, Camberlein E, Ruffier N, Lambert A, Trottein F, Csaba N, Grandjean C. Semisynthetic glycoconjugate based on dual role protein/PsaA as a pneumococcal vaccine. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 129:31-41. [PMID: 30572107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections remain a major public health concern worldwide. The currently available vaccines in the market are based on pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides but they still need to be improved to secure an optimal coverage notably in population at risk. To circumvent this, association of virulence pneumococcal proteins to the polysaccharide valencies has been proposed with the hope to observe an additive - if not synergistic - protective effect. Along this line, the use of the highly conserved and ubiquitous pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) as a protein carrier for a synthetic pneumococcal oligosaccharide is demonstrated herein for the first time. A tetrasaccharide mimicking functional antigenic determinants from the S. pneumoniae serotype 14 capsular polysaccharide (Pn14TS) was chemically synthesised. The mature PsaA (mPsaA) was expressed in E. coli and purified using affinity chromatography. The Pn14PS was conjugated to mPsaA using maleimide-thiol coupling chemistry to obtain mPsaA-Pn14PS conjugate (protein/sugar molar ratio: 1/5.4). The mPsaA retained the structural conformation after the conjugation and lyophilisation. The prepared glycoconjugate adjuvanted with α-galactosylceramide, a potent activator of invariant Natural Killer T cells, was tested in mice for its immunological response upon subcutaneous injection in comparison with mPsaA alone and a model BSA conjugate (BSA-Pn14PS, used here as a control). Mice immunised with the mPsaA-Pn14TS produced a robust IgG response against mPsaA and against the capsular polysaccharide from pneumococcal serotype 14. These data provide the basis for novel pneumococcal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Prasanna
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Dept. of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Univ. of Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP), UMR CNRS 6286, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Daphnée Soulard
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Camberlein
- Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP), UMR CNRS 6286, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Ruffier
- Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP), UMR CNRS 6286, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Annie Lambert
- Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP), UMR CNRS 6286, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - François Trottein
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Inserm U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Noemi Csaba
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Dept. of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Univ. of Santiago de Compostela, 15872 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cyrille Grandjean
- Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP), UMR CNRS 6286, Université de Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex, France.
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12
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Voß F, Kohler TP, Meyer T, Abdullah MR, van Opzeeland FJ, Saleh M, Michalik S, van Selm S, Schmidt F, de Jonge MI, Hammerschmidt S. Intranasal Vaccination With Lipoproteins Confers Protection Against Pneumococcal Colonisation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2405. [PMID: 30405609 PMCID: PMC6202950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is endowed with a variety of surface-exposed proteins representing putative vaccine candidates. Lipoproteins are covalently anchored to the cell membrane and highly conserved among pneumococcal serotypes. Here, we evaluated these lipoproteins for their immunogenicity and protective potential against pneumococcal colonisation. A multiplex-based immunoproteomics approach revealed the immunogenicity of selected lipoproteins. High antibody titres were measured in sera from mice immunised with the lipoproteins MetQ, PnrA, PsaA, and DacB. An analysis of convalescent patient sera confirmed the immunogenicity of these lipoproteins. Examining the surface localisation and accessibility of the lipoproteins using flow cytometry indicated that PnrA and DacB were highly abundant on the surface of the bacteria. Mice were immunised intranasally with PnrA, DacB, and MetQ using cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) as an adjuvant, followed by an intranasal challenge with S. pneumoniae D39. PnrA protected the mice from pneumococcal colonisation. For the immunisation with DacB and MetQ, a trend in reducing the bacterial load could be observed, although this effect was not statistically significant. The reduction in bacterial colonisation was correlated with the increased production of antigen-specific IL-17A in the nasal cavity. Immunisation induced high systemic IgG levels with a predominance for the IgG1 isotype, except for DacB, where IgG levels were substantially lower compared to MetQ and PnrA. Our results indicate that lipoproteins are interesting targets for future vaccine strategies as they are highly conserved, abundant, and immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Voß
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas P Kohler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tanja Meyer
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mohammed R Abdullah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fred J van Opzeeland
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Malek Saleh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Saskia van Selm
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,ZIK-FunGene, Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Section Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Prymula R, Szenborn L, Silfverdal SA, Wysocki J, Albrecht P, Traskine M, Gardev A, Song Y, Borys D. Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two investigational pneumococcal protein-based vaccines: Results from a randomized phase II study in infants. Vaccine 2017; 35:4603-4611. [PMID: 28729019 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination with formulations containing pneumococcal protein antigens such as pneumolysin toxoid (dPly) and histidine-triad protein D (PhtD) may extend serotype-related protection of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) against Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS This phase II, multi-center, observer-blind trial conducted in Europe (NCT01204658) assessed 2 investigational vaccines containing 10 serotype-specific polysaccharide conjugates of PHiD-CV and either 10 or 30µg of dPly and PhtD each. Infants randomized 1:1:1:1 received 4 doses of PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-10, PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30, PHiD-CV, or 13-valent PCV (PCV13), co-administered with DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib, at ages ∼2, 3, 4 and 12-15months. Occurrences of fever >40.0°C following primary vaccination with PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD vaccines compared to PHiD-CV (non-inferiority objective), dose superiority, safety and immunogenicity were assessed. RESULTS 575 children received primary vaccination, and 564 booster vaccination. The non-inferiority objective was met; no fever >40.0°C causally related to vaccination was reported during primary vaccination. Incidence of adverse events appeared similar between the 3 PHiD-CV groups. Serious adverse events were reported in 13, 9, 21 (1 related to vaccination), and 17 children in the PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-10, PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30, PHiD-CV, and PCV13 groups, respectively. PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30 was superior to PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-10 in terms of post-dose 3 anti-Ply and Anti-PhtD antibody levels. Anti-Ply and anti-PhtD antibody levels were higher in both PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD groups than in controls and increased from post-primary to post-booster timepoint. Post-primary and booster vaccination, for each PHiD-CV serotype, ≥98.5% of participants in PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD groups had antibody concentrations ≥ 0.2μg/mL, except for 6B (≥72.3%) and 23F (≥82.7%) post-primary vaccination. Similar results were observed in the PHiD-CV group. Immune responses to protein D and DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib were within similar ranges for the 3 PHiD-CV groups. CONCLUSION Both PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD formulations co-administered with DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib in infants were well-tolerated and immunogenic for dPly and PhtD antigens, while immune responses to serotype-specific, protein D and co-administered antigens did not appear altered in comparison to PHiD-CV group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Prymula
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Leszek Szenborn
- Department and Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 2-2A, Chalubinskiego, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Jacek Wysocki
- Poznań University of Medical Sciences, ul. H.Święcickiego 6, 60-781 Poznań, Poland; Regional Medical Center for Mother and Child, ul. Smoluchowskiego 11, 60-179 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Albrecht
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | - Yue Song
- GSK, Av. Fleming 20, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.
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14
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Azarian T, Grant LR, Georgieva M, Hammitt LL, Reid R, Bentley SD, Goldblatt D, Santosham M, Weatherholtz R, Burbidge P, Goklish N, Thompson CM, Hanage WP, O'Brien KL, Lipsitch M. Association of Pneumococcal Protein Antigen Serology With Age and Antigenic Profile of Colonizing Isolates. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:713-722. [PMID: 28035010 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several Streptococcus pneumoniae proteins play a role in pathogenesis and are being investigated as vaccine targets. It is largely unknown whether naturally acquired antibodies reduce the risk of colonization with strains expressing a particular antigenic variant. Methods Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers to 28 pneumococcal protein antigens were measured among 242 individuals aged <6 months-78 years in Native American communities between 2007 and 2009. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected >- 30 days after serum collection, and the antigen variant in each pneumococcal isolate was determined using genomic data. We assessed the association between preexisting variant-specific antibody titers and subsequent carriage of pneumococcus expressing a particular antigen variant. Results Antibody titers often increased across pediatric groups before decreasing among adults. Individuals with low titers against group 3 pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) variants were more likely to be colonized with pneumococci expressing those variants. For other antigens, variant-specific IgG titers do not predict colonization. Conclusion We observed an inverse association between variant-specific antibody concentration and homologous pneumococcal colonization for only 1 protein. Further assessment of antibody repertoires may elucidate the nature of antipneumococcal antibody-mediated mucosal immunity while informing vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taj Azarian
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsay R Grant
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Georgieva
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond Reid
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - David Goldblatt
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Mathuran Santosham
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Weatherholtz
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula Burbidge
- Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - Novalene Goklish
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudette M Thompson
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William P Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kate L O'Brien
- Center for American Indian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Australian Aboriginal Children with Otitis Media Have Reduced Antibody Titers to Specific Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Vaccine Antigens. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00556-16. [PMID: 28151410 PMCID: PMC5382827 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00556-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous populations experience high rates of otitis media (OM), with increased chronicity and severity, compared to those experienced by their nonindigenous counterparts. Data on immune responses to otopathogenic bacteria in these high-risk populations are lacking. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is the predominant otopathogen in Australia. No vaccines are currently licensed to target NTHi; however, protein D (PD) from NTHi is included as a carrier protein in the 10-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PHiD10-CV), and other promising protein vaccine candidates exist, including outer membrane protein 4 (P4) and protein 6 (P6). We measured the levels of serum and salivary IgA and IgG against PD, P4, and P6 in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children with chronic OM who were undergoing surgery and compared the levels with those in healthy non-Aboriginal children (controls). We found that Aboriginal cases had lower serum IgG titers to all NTHi proteins assessed, particularly PD. In contrast, serum IgA and salivary IgA and IgG titers to each of these 3 proteins were equivalent to or higher than those in both non-Aboriginal cases and healthy controls. While serum antibody levels increased with age in healthy controls, no changes in titers were observed with age in non-Aboriginal cases, and a trend toward decreasing titers with age was observed in Aboriginal cases. This suggests that decreased serum IgG responses to NTHi outer membrane proteins may contribute to the development of chronic and severe OM in Australian Aboriginal children and other indigenous populations. These data are important for understanding the potential benefits of PHiD10-CV implementation and the development of NTHi protein-based vaccines for indigenous populations.
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16
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Otitis-Prone Children Produce Functional Antibodies to Pneumolysin and Pneumococcal Polysaccharides. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00497-16. [PMID: 28031178 PMCID: PMC5339643 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00497-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pneumococcus is a major otitis media (OM) pathogen, but data are conflicting regarding whether otitis-prone children have impaired humoral immunity to pneumococcal antigens. We and others have shown that otitis-prone and healthy children have similar antibody titers to pneumococcal proteins and polysaccharides (vaccine and nonvaccine types); however, the quality of antibodies from otitis-prone children has not been investigated. Antibody function, rather than titer, is considered to be a better correlate of protection from pneumococcal disease. Therefore, we compared the capacities of antibodies from otitis-prone (cases) and healthy (controls) children to neutralize pneumolysin, the pneumococcal toxin currently in development as a vaccine antigen, and to opsonize pneumococcal vaccine and nonvaccine serotypes. A pneumolysin neutralization assay was conducted on cholesterol-depleted complement-inactivated sera from 165 cases and 61 controls. A multiplex opsonophagocytosis assay (MOPA) was conducted on sera from 20 cases and 20 controls. Neutralizing and opsonizing titers were calculated with antigen-specific IgG titers to determine antibody potency for pneumolysin, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) polysaccharides, and non-PCV polysaccharides. There was no significant difference in antibody potencies between cases and controls for the antigens tested. Antipneumolysin neutralizing titers increased with the number of episodes of acute OM, but antibody potency did not. Pneumolysin antibody potency was lower in children colonized with pneumococci than in noncarriers, and this was significant for the otitis-prone group (P < 0.05). The production of functional antipneumococcal antibodies in otitis-prone children demonstrates that they respond to the current PCV and are likely to respond to pneumolysin-based vaccines as effectively as healthy children.
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17
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Thornton RB, Kirkham LAS, Corscadden KJ, Coates HL, Vijayasekaran S, Hillwood J, Toster S, Edminston P, Zhang G, Keil A, Richmond PC. No evidence for impaired humoral immunity to pneumococcal proteins in Australian Aboriginal children with otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 92:119-125. [PMID: 28012512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Australian Aboriginal population experiences disproportionately high rates of otitis media (OM). Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the main pathogens responsible for OM and currently no vaccine offering cross strain protection exists. Vaccines consisting of conserved antigens to S. pneumoniae may reduce the burden of OM in high-risk populations; however no data exists examining naturally acquired antibody in Aboriginal children with OM. METHODS Serum and salivary IgA and IgG were measured against the S. pneumoniae antigens PspA1 and 2, CbpA and Ply in a cross sectional study of 183 children, including 36 non-Aboriginal healthy control children and 70 Aboriginal children and 77 non-Aboriginal children undergoing surgery for OM using a multiplex bead assay. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the 3 groups for serum anti-PspA1 IgA, anti-CbpA and anti-Ply IgG and for all salivary antibodies assessed. Aboriginal children with a history of OM had significantly higher antibody titres than non-Aboriginal healthy children with no history of OM and non-Aboriginal children with a history of OM for several proteins in serum and saliva. Non-Aboriginal children with a history of OM had significantly higher salivary anti-PspA1 IgG than healthy children, while all other titres were comparable between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Conserved vaccine candidate proteins from S. pneumoniae induce serum and salivary antibody responses in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children with a history of OM. Aboriginal children do not have an impaired antibody response to the antigens measured from S. pneumoniae and they may represent vaccine candidates in Indigenous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B Thornton
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Lea-Ann S Kirkham
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Karli J Corscadden
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Harvey L Coates
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Shyan Vijayasekaran
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillwood
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.
| | - Sophie Toster
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.
| | - Phillipa Edminston
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia.
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia, 6845, Australia.
| | - Anthony Keil
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
| | - Peter C Richmond
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, GPO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6840, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia.
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18
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Odutola A, Ota MO, Ogundare EO, Antonio M, Owiafe P, Worwui A, Greenwood B, Alderson M, Traskine M, Verlant V, Dobbelaere K, Borys D. Reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity of a protein-based pneumococcal vaccine in Gambian children aged 2-4 years: A phase II randomized study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:393-402. [PMID: 26618243 PMCID: PMC5049746 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been successful in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease but effectiveness has been challenged by replacement of vaccine serotypes with non-vaccine serotypes. Vaccines targeting common pneumococcal protein(s) found in most/all pneumococci may overcome this limitation. This phase II study assessed safety and immunogenicity of a new protein-based pneumococcal vaccine containing polysaccharide conjugates of 10 pneumococcal serotypes combined with pneumolysin toxoid(dPly) and pneumococcal histidine triad protein D(PhtD) (PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30) in African children. 120 Gambian children (2–4 years, not previously vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae) randomized (1:1) received a single dose of PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30 or PCV13. Adverse events occurring over 4 d post-vaccination were reported, and blood samples obtained pre- and 1-month post-vaccination. Serious adverse events were reported for 6 months post-vaccination. Solicited local and systemic adverse events were reported at similar frequency in each group. One child (PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30 group) reported a grade 3 local reaction to vaccination. Haematological and biochemical parameters seemed similar pre- and 1-month post-vaccination in each group. High pre-vaccination Ply and PhtD antibody concentrations were observed in each group, but only increased in PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30 vaccinees one month post-vaccination. One month post-vaccination, for each vaccine serotype ≥96.2% of PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30 vaccinees had serotype-specific polysaccharide antibody concentrations ≥0.20µg/mL except serotypes 6B (80.8%) and 23F (65.4%), and ≥94.1% had OPA titres of ≥8 except serotypes 1 (51.9%), 5 (38.5%) and 6B (78.0%), within ranges seen in PCV13-vaccinated children. A single dose of PHiD-CV/dPly/PhtD-30 vaccine, administered to Gambian children aged 2–4 y not previously vaccinated with a pneumococcal vaccine, was well-tolerated and immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Odutola
- a Medical Research Council Unit ; Banjul , The Gambia
| | - M O Ota
- a Medical Research Council Unit ; Banjul , The Gambia
| | - E O Ogundare
- a Medical Research Council Unit ; Banjul , The Gambia
| | - M Antonio
- a Medical Research Council Unit ; Banjul , The Gambia
| | - P Owiafe
- a Medical Research Council Unit ; Banjul , The Gambia
| | - A Worwui
- a Medical Research Council Unit ; Banjul , The Gambia
| | - B Greenwood
- b London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ; London , UK
| | | | | | | | | | - D Borys
- d GSK Vaccines ; Wavre , Belgium
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains one of the most frequent bacterial causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. National immunization programs implementing pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have successfully reduced rates of vaccine-type invasive disease and colonization both via direct effects in immunized children and, in some settings, indirect effects in unimmunized individuals. Limitations of the current PCV approach include the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes contributing to carriage and invasive disease in high-PCV coverage settings and the high cost of goods of PCVs which limits their accessibility in developing countries where the burden of disease remains highest. Furthermore, the distribution of serotypes causing disease varies geographically and includes more serotypes than are currently covered in a single PCV formulation. Researchers have long been exploring the potential of genetically conserved non-capsular pneumococcal antigens as vaccine candidates that might overcome such limitations. To better evaluate the rationale of such approaches, an understanding of the mechanisms of immunity to the various phases of pneumococcal infection is of paramount importance. Herein we will review the evolving understanding of both vaccine-induced and naturally acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization and infection and discuss how this informs current approaches using serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine candidates. We will then review the alternative vaccine candidates that have been or are currently under evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moffitt
- a Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
| | - Richard Malley
- a Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
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Natural Development of Antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis Protein Antigens during the First 13 Years of Life. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:878-883. [PMID: 27581439 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00341-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Conserved protein antigens have been investigated as vaccine candidates against respiratory pathogens. We evaluated the natural development of antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis proteins during childhood. Serum samples were collected from 50 healthy children from their first months to age 13 years (median sampling interval, 6 months). We also analyzed serum samples from 24 adults. Serum IgG antibodies against eight pneumococcal proteins (Ply, CbpA, PspA 1 and 2, PcpA, PhtD, StkP-C, and PcsB-N), three H. influenzae proteins, and five M. catarrhalis proteins were measured using a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay. Antibody levels were analyzed using multilevel mixed-effects regression and Spearman's correlation. Antibody levels against pneumococcal proteins peaked at 3 to 5 years of age and then reached a plateau. Antibody levels against H. influenzae proteins peaked during the second year and then stabilized. Antibody levels against M. catarrhalis proteins peaked during the first year and then slowly decreased. Peak antibody levels during childhood were higher than those of adults. Correlations among pneumococcal antibody levels were highest among anti-CbpA, anti-PcpA, and anti-PhtD antibodies (r = 0.71 to 0.75; P < 0.001). The children presented 854 symptomatic respiratory infections on 586 occasions. Symptomatic respiratory infections did not improve prediction of antibody levels in the regression model. The maturation of immune responses against the investigated pneumococcal proteins shares similarities, especially among CbpA, PcpA, and PhtD. Antibody production against H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis proteins starts early in life and reaches peak levels earlier than antibody production against the pneumococcal proteins. Basal antibody levels are not related to the occurrence of symptomatic respiratory infections.
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Abstract
This review summarizes a prospective, longitudinal 10-year study in Rochester, NY, involving 760 children where virtually all clinically diagnosed acute otitis media (AOM) was confirmed by bacterial culture of middle ear fluid. This review describes detection of otopathogens in middle ear fluid, nasopharyngeal (NP) otopathogen colonization patterns, AOM risk factor analysis, biomarkers of AOM and antibody responses to NP colonization by otopathogens. After licensure of PCV13, there was an immediate drop in AOM caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) vaccine serotypes and shortly thereafer an increase in nonvaccine types 16, 21 and 35B. When NP co-colonization occurred, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) predominated over Spn to cause AOM, and NTHi and Spn both predominated over Moraxella catarrhalis. Transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified unique signatures for NTHi AOM compared with Spn AOM. Elevation of 3 cytokines in serum (S100A12, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin 10) accurately predicted the presence and recovery from AOM and the likely otopathogen. NP colonization was an immunizing event.
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Kohler S, Voß F, Gómez Mejia A, Brown JS, Hammerschmidt S. Pneumococcal lipoproteins involved in bacterial fitness, virulence, and immune evasion. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3820-3839. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Kohler
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics; University of Greifswald; Germany
| | - Franziska Voß
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics; University of Greifswald; Germany
| | - Alejandro Gómez Mejia
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics; University of Greifswald; Germany
| | - Jeremy S. Brown
- Department of Medicine; Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair; University College Medical School; London UK
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics; University of Greifswald; Germany
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Andrade DC, Borges IC, Ivaska L, Peltola V, Meinke A, Barral A, Käyhty H, Ruuskanen O, Nascimento-Carvalho CM. Serological diagnosis of pneumococcal infection in children with pneumonia using protein antigens: A study of cut-offs with positive and negative controls. J Immunol Methods 2016; 433:31-7. [PMID: 26928648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The etiological diagnosis of infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children is difficult, and the use of indirect techniques is frequently warranted. We aimed to study the use of pneumococcal proteins for the serological diagnosis of pneumococcal infection in children with pneumonia. We analyzed paired serum samples from 13 Brazilian children with invasive pneumococcal pneumonia (positive control group) and 23 Finnish children with viral pharyngitis (negative control group), all aged <5years-old. Children with pharyngitis were evaluated for oropharyngeal colonization, and none of them carried S. pneumoniae. We used a multiplex bead-based assay with eight proteins: Ply, CbpA, PspA1 and 2, PcpA, PhtD, StkP and PcsB. The optimal cut-off for increase in antibody level for the diagnosis of pneumococcal infection was determined for each antigen by ROC curve analysis. The positive control group had a significantly higher rate of ≥2-fold rise in antibody levels against all pneumococcal proteins, except Ply, compared to the negative controls. The cut-off of ≥2-fold increase in antibody levels was accurate for pneumococcal infection diagnosis for all investigated antigens. However, there was a substantial increase in the accuracy of the test with a cut-off of ≥1.52-fold rise in antibody levels for PcpA. When using the investigated protein antigens for the diagnosis of pneumococcal infection, the detection of response against at least one antigen was highly sensitive (92.31%) and specific (91.30%). The use of serology with pneumococcal proteins is a promising method for the diagnosis of pneumococcal infection in children with pneumonia. The use of a ≥2-fold increase cut-off is adequate for most pneumococcal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Carvalho Andrade
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Igor Carmo Borges
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lauri Ivaska
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andreas Meinke
- Valneva Austria GmbH, Campus Vienna Biocenter 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aldina Barral
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine and Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Helena Käyhty
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Ruuskanen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Cristiana Maria Nascimento-Carvalho
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Ren D, Almudevar AL, Pichichero ME. Synchrony in serum antibody response to conserved proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae in young children. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:489-97. [PMID: 25692218 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.990861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conserved Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) proteins are currently under investigation as vaccine candidates. We recently identified a subset of children prone to frequent acute otitis media (AOM) that we refer to as stringently-defined otitis prone (sOP). We investigated the synchrony of serum antibody responses against 5 Spn protein vaccine antigens, PhtD, LytB, PcpA, PhtE, and PlyD1 resulting from nasopharyngeal colonization and AOM in sOP children (49 observations) and non-otitis prone (NOP) children (771 observations). Changes in serum IgG and IgM were quantitated with ELISA. IgG antibody concentrations against PhtD, PcpA, and PlyD1 rose in synchrony in sOP and NOP children; that is, the proteins appeared equally and highly immunogenic in children at age 6 to 15 months and then leveled off in their rise at 15 to 25 months. In contrast, rises in concentrations to PhtE and LytB were significantly slower and had not peaked in children even at 25 months of age, consistent with lower immunogenicity. Serum IgM responses against PhtD and PlyD1 were in synchrony in children at age 6-25 months old. PcpA did not induce a significant increase of serum IgM response in children, suggesting that primary responses to PcpA occurred prior to children attaining age 6 months old. PhtD, PcpA, and Ply elicit a synchronous natural acquisition of serum antibody in young children suggesting that a trivalent Spn protein vaccine combining PhtD, PcpA, and PlyD1 would be less likely to display antigen competition when administered as a combination vaccine in young children.
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Key Words
- AOM, acute otitis media
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
- GAM, generalized additive model
- GAMM, generalized additive mixed model
- LC, log10 Concentration
- LME, linear mixed effects
- NOP, non-otitis prone
- NP, nasopharyngeal
- OP, otitis prone
- PCV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
- PcpA, pneumococcal choline binding protein A
- PhtD, pneumococcal histidine triad protein D
- PhtE, pneumococcal histidine triad protein E
- Ply, pneumolysin
- PlyD1, pneumolysin derivative 1
- Spn, Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- generalized additive mixed model
- generalized additive model
- nasopharynx
- pneumococcal choline binding protein A
- pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
- pneumococcal histidine triad protein D
- pneumococcal histidine triad protein E
- pneumolysin
- sOP, stringently-defined otitis prone
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Ren
- a Rochester General Hospital Research Institute ; Rochester , NY USA
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Multivalent Pneumococcal Protein Vaccines Comprising Pneumolysoid with Epitopes/Fragments of CbpA and/or PspA Elicit Strong and Broad Protection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1079-89. [PMID: 26245351 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00293-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with the pneumococcal proteins pneumolysin (Ply), choline binding protein A (CbpA), or pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) elicits protective responses against invasive pneumococcal disease in animal models. In this study, we used different mouse models to test the efficacy of a variety of multivalent protein-based vaccines that comprised various combinations of full-length or peptide regions of the immunogens Ply, CbpA, or PspA: Ply toxoid with the L460D substitution (referred to herein as L460D); L460D fused with protective peptide epitopes from CbpA (YPT-L460D-NEEK [YLN]); L460D fused with the CD2 peptide containing the proline-rich region (PRR) of PspA (CD2-L460D); a combination of L460D and H70 (L460D+H70), a slightly larger PspA-derived peptide containing the PRR and the SM1 region; H70+YLN; and other combinations. Each mouse was immunized either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with three doses (at 2-week intervals) of the various antigen combinations in alum adjuvant and then challenged in mouse models featuring different infection routes with multiple Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. In the i.p. infection sepsis model, H70+YLN consistently provided significant protection against three different challenge strains (serotypes 1, 2, and 6A); the CD2+YLN and H70+L460D combinations also elicited significant protection. Protection against intravenous (i.v.) sepsis (type 3 and 6A challenge strains) was largely dependent on PspA-derived antigen components, and the most protection was elicited by H70 with or without L460D or YLN. In a type 4 intratracheal (i.t.) challenge model that results in progression to meningitis, antigen combinations that contained YLN elicited the strongest protection. Thus, the trivalent antigen combination of H70+YLN elicited the strongest and broadest protection in diverse pneumococcal challenge models.
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Kothari N, Kothari S, Choi YJ, Dey A, Briles DE, Rhee DK, Carbis R. A bivalent conjugate vaccine containing PspA families 1 and 2 has the potential to protect against a wide range of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains and Salmonella Typhi. Vaccine 2015; 33:783-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leroux-Roels G, Maes C, De Boever F, Traskine M, Rüggeberg JU, Borys D. Safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a novel pneumococcal protein-based vaccine in adults: A phase I/II randomized clinical study. Vaccine 2014; 32:6838-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Engen SA, Valen Rukke H, Becattini S, Jarrossay D, Blix IJ, Petersen FC, Sallusto F, Schenck K. The oral commensal Streptococcus mitis shows a mixed memory Th cell signature that is similar to and cross-reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104306. [PMID: 25119879 PMCID: PMC4131883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriage of and infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is known to predominantly induce T helper 17 (Th17) responses in humans, but the types of Th cells showing reactivity towards commensal streptococci with low pathogenic potential, such as the oral commensals S. mitis and S. salivarius, remain uncharacterized. METHODS Memory CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell subsets were isolated from healthy human blood donors according to differential expression of chemokine receptors, expanded in vitro using polyclonal stimuli and characterized for reactivity against different streptococcal strains. RESULTS Th cells responding to S. mitis, S. salivarius and S. pneumoniae were predominantly in a CCR6(+)CXCR3(+) subset and produced IFN-γ, and in a CCR6(+)CCR4(+) subset and produced IL-17 and IL-22. Frequencies of S. pneumoniae-reactive Th cells were higher than frequencies of S. mitis- and S. salivarius-specific Th cells. S. mitis and S. pneumoniae isogenic capsule knock-out mutants and a S. mitis mutant expressing the serotype 4 capsule of S. pneumoniae showed no different Th cell responses as compared to wild type strains. S. mitis-specific Th17 cells showed cross-reactivity with S. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS As Th17 cells partly control clearance of S. pneumoniae, cross-reactive Th17 cells that may be induced by commensal bacterial species may influence the immune response, independent of capsule expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simone Becattini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Inger Johanne Blix
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Periodontology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Karl Schenck
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Engen SA, Valen Rukke H, Becattini S, Jarrossay D, Blix IJ, Petersen FC, Sallusto F, Schenck K. The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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30
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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31
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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32
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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33
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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34
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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35
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The Oral Commensal Streptococcus mitis Shows a Mixed Memory Th Cell Signature That Is Similar to and Cross-Reactive with Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104306 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Turner P, Turner C, Green N, Ashton L, Lwe E, Jankhot A, Day NP, White NJ, Nosten F, Goldblatt D. Serum antibody responses to pneumococcal colonization in the first 2 years of life: results from an SE Asian longitudinal cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 19:E551-8. [PMID: 24255996 PMCID: PMC4282116 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of antibody responses to pneumococcal colonization in early childhood may aid our understanding of protection and inform vaccine antigen selection. Serum samples were collected from mother-infant pairs during a longitudinal pneumococcal colonization study in Burmese refugees. Maternal and cord sera were collected at birth and infants were bled monthly (1–24 months of age). Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken monthly to detect colonization. Serum IgG titres to 27 pneumococcal protein antigens were measured in 2624 sera and IgG to dominant serotypes (6B, 14, 19F, 19A and 23F) were quantified in 864 infant sera. Antibodies to all protein antigens were detectable in maternal sera. Titres to four proteins (LytB, PcpA, PhtD and PhtE) were significantly higher in mothers colonized by pneumococci at delivery. Maternally-derived antibodies to PiuA and Spr0096 were associated with delayed pneumococcal acquisition in infants in univariate, but not multivariate models. Controlling for infant age and previous homologous serotype exposure, nasopharyngeal acquisition of serotypes 19A, 23F, 14 or 19F was associated significantly with a ≥2-fold antibody response to the homologous capsule (OR 12.84, 7.52, 6.52, 5.33; p <0.05). Acquisition of pneumococcal serotypes in the nasopharynx of infants was not significantly associated with a ≥2-fold rise in antibodies to any of the protein antigens studied. In conclusion, nasopharyngeal colonization in young children resulted in demonstrable serum IgG responses to pneumococcal capsules and surface/virulence proteins. However, the relationship between serum IgG and the prevention of, or response to, pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization remains complex. Mechanisms other than serum IgG are likely to have a role but are currently poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Turner
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae Sot, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitBangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- Corresponding author: P. Turner; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, PO Box 46, 68/30 Ban Toong Road, Mae Sot 63110, Thailand, E-mail:
| | - C Turner
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae Sot, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitBangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - N Green
- Immunobiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - L Ashton
- Immunobiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - E Lwe
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae Sot, Thailand
| | - A Jankhot
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae Sot, Thailand
| | - N P Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitBangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - N J White
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitBangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - F Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research UnitMae Sot, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitBangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - D Goldblatt
- Immunobiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondon, UK
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Sepako E, Glennie SJ, Jambo KC, Mzinza D, Iwajomo OH, Banda D, van Oosterhout JJ, A. Williams N, Gordon SB, Heyderman RS. Incomplete recovery of pneumococcal CD4 T cell immunity after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected malawian adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100640. [PMID: 24959834 PMCID: PMC4069109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected African adults are at a considerably increased risk of life-threatening invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) which persists despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Defects in naturally acquired pneumococcal-specific T-cell immunity have been identified in HIV-infected adults. We have therefore determined the extent and nature of pneumococcal antigen-specific immune recovery following ART. HIV-infected adults were followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months after initiating ART. Nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured to determine carriage rates. Pneumococcal-specific CD4 T-cell immunity was assessed by IFN-γ ELISpot, proliferation assay, CD154 expression and intracellular cytokine assay. S. pneumoniae colonization was detected in 27% (13/48) of HIV-infected patients prior to ART. The rates remained elevated after 12 months ART, 41% (16/39) (p = 0.17) and significantly higher than in HIV-uninfected individuals (HIVneg 14%(4/29); p = 0.0147). CD4+ T-cell proliferative responses to pneumococcal antigens increased significantly to levels comparable with HIV-negative individuals at 12 months ART (p = 0.0799). However, recovery of the pneumococcal-specific CD154 expression was incomplete (p = 0.0015) as were IFN-γ ELISpot responses (p = 0.0040) and polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses (TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ expression) (p = 0.0040) to a pneumolysin-deficient mutant strain. Impaired control of pneumococcal colonisation and incomplete restoration of pneumococcal-specific immunity may explain the persistently higher risk of IPD amongst HIV-infected adults on ART. Whether vaccination and prolonged ART can overcome this immunological defect and reduce the high levels of pneumococcal colonisation requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Sepako
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Glennie
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Mzinza
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Oluwadamilola H. Iwajomo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Banda
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Neil A. Williams
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B. Gordon
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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Prymula R, Pazdiora P, Traskine M, Rüggeberg JU, Borys D. Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational vaccine containing two common pneumococcal proteins in toddlers: A phase II randomized clinical trial. Vaccine 2014; 32:3025-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liakou CD, Askiti V, Mitsioni A, Stefanidis CJ, Theodoridou MC, Spoulou VI. Safety and immunogenicity of booster immunization with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Vaccine 2014; 32:1394-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rosch JW, Iverson AR, Humann J, Mann B, Gao G, Vogel P, Mina M, Murrah KA, Perez AC, Edward Swords W, Tuomanen EI, McCullers JA. A live-attenuated pneumococcal vaccine elicits CD4+ T-cell dependent class switching and provides serotype independent protection against acute otitis media. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:141-54. [PMID: 24408968 PMCID: PMC3936495 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae remains one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide despite widespread vaccination. A major limitation of the currently licensed pneumococcal vaccines is the lack of efficacy against mucosal disease manifestations such as AOM, acute bacterial sinusitis and pneumonia. We sought to generate a novel class of live vaccines that (1) retain all major antigenic virulence proteins yet are fully attenuated and (2) protect against otitis media. A live vaccine candidate based on deletion of the signal recognition pathway component ftsY induced potent, serotype-independent protection against otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. Protection was maintained in animals coinfected with influenza virus, but was lost if mice were depleted of CD4(+) T cells at the time of vaccination. The live vaccine induced a strong serum IgG2a and IgG2b response that correlated with CD4(+) T-cell mediated class switching. Deletion of genes required for microbial adaptation to the host environment is a novel live attenuated vaccine strategy yielding the first experimental vaccine effective against pneumococcal otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Amy R Iverson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Humann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Beth Mann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Geli Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael Mina
- Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle A Murrah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Antonia C Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elaine I Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
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Turner P, Turner C, Green N, Ashton L, Lwe E, Jankhot A, Day NP, White NJ, Nosten F, Goldblatt D. Serum antibody responses to pneumococcal colonization in the first 2 years of life: results from an SE Asian longitudinal cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013. [PMID: 24255996 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of antibody responses to pneumococcal colonization in early childhood may aid our understanding of protection and inform vaccine antigen selection. Serum samples were collected from mother-infant pairs during a longitudinal pneumococcal colonization study in Burmese refugees. Maternal and cord sera were collected at birth and infants were bled monthly (1–24 months of age). Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken monthly to detect colonization. Serum IgG titres to 27 pneumococcal protein antigens were measured in 2624 sera and IgG to dominant serotypes (6B, 14, 19F, 19A and 23F) were quantified in 864 infant sera. Antibodies to all protein antigens were detect ablein maternal sera. Titres to four proteins (LytB, PcpA, PhtD and PhtE) were significantly higher in mothers colonized by pneumococci at delivery. Maternally-derived antibodies to PiuA and Spr0096 were associated with delayed pneumococcal acquisition in infants in univariate,but not multivariate models. Controlling for infant age and previous homologous serotype exposure, nasopharyngeal acquisition of serotypes 19A, 23F, 14 or 19F was associated significantly with a ≥2-fold antibody response to the homologous capsule (OR 12.84, 7.52,6.52, 5.33; p <0.05). Acquisition of pneumococcal serotypes in the nasopharynx of infants was not significantly associated with a ≥2-fold rise in antibodies to any of the protein antigens studied. In conclusion, nasopharyngeal colonization in young children resulted in demonstrable serum IgG responses to pneumococcal capsules and surface/virulence proteins. However, the relationship between serum IgG and the prevention of, or response to, pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization remains complex. Mechanisms other than serum IgG are likely to have a role but are currently poorly understood.
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Association of Streptococcus pneumoniae common protein antigen (CPA) antibodies and pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected African children. Vaccine 2013; 31:4421-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Miyaji EN, Oliveira MLS, Carvalho E, Ho PL. Serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccines. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3303-26. [PMID: 23269437 PMCID: PMC11113425 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains an important cause of disease with high mortality and morbidity, especially in children and in the elderly. The widespread use of the polysaccharide conjugate vaccines in some countries has led to a significant decrease in invasive disease caused by vaccine serotypes, but an increase in disease caused by non-vaccine serotypes has impacted on the overall efficacy of these vaccines on pneumococcal disease. The obvious solution to overcome such shortcomings would be the development of new formulations that provide serotype-independent immunity. This review focuses on the most promising approaches, including protein antigens, whole cell pneumococcal vaccines, and recombinant bacteria expressing pneumococcal antigens. The protective capacity of these vaccine candidates against the different stages of pneumococcal infection, including colonization, mucosal disease, and invasive disease in animal models is reviewed. Some of the human trials that have already been performed or that are currently ongoing are presented. Finally, the feasibility and the possible shortcomings of these candidates in relation to an ideal vaccine against pneumococcal infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Namie Miyaji
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
| | | | - Eneas Carvalho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
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Modified opsonization, phagocytosis, and killing assays to measure potentially protective antibodies against pneumococcal surface protein A. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1549-58. [PMID: 23925886 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00371-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The standard opsonophagocytosis killing assay (OPKA) for antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide was modified to permit an evaluation of the protection-mediating antibodies to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA). We found that by increasing the incubation time with the complement and phagocytes from 45 min to 75 min, the protective activity was readily detected. In another modification, we used a capsule type 2 target strain that expressed PspA but not pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC). With these modifications separately or in combination, rabbit antisera to the recombinant α-helical or proline-rich domains of PspA mediated >50% killing of the target strain. The ability of normal human sera to mediate the killing of pneumococci in this modified OPKA correlated with their levels of antibodies to PspA and their ability to protect mice against fatal infection with a type 3 strain. Passive protection of mice against pneumococci and killing in the modified OPKA were lost when normal human sera were adsorbed with recombinant PspA (rPspA) on Sepharose, thus supporting the potential utility of the modified OPKA to detect protective antibodies to PspA. In the standard OPKA, monoclonal antibodies to PspA were strongly protective in the presence of subprotective amounts of anti-capsule. Thus, the currently established high-throughput OPKA for antibodies to capsule could be modified in one of two ways to permit an evaluation of the opsonic efficacy of antibodies to PspA.
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CD4 T cell memory and antibody responses directed against the pneumococcal histidine triad proteins PhtD and PhtE following nasopharyngeal colonization and immunization and their role in protection against pneumococcal colonization in mice. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3781-92. [PMID: 23897609 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00313-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to understand the role of vaccine candidates PhtD and PhtE in pneumococcal nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization, their ability to induce CD4 T cell memory and antibody responses following primary NP colonization, and their contribution to protection against secondary pneumococcal colonization in mice. The study was also aimed at understanding the potential of immunization with PhtD and PhtE in eliciting qualitative CD4 T cell memory responses and protection against pneumococcal NP colonization in mice. PhtD and PhtE isogenic mutants in a TIGR4 background (TIGR4 ΔPhtD and TIGR4 ΔPhtE) were constructed and found to have a significantly reduced colonization density over time in the nasopharynges of mice compared to those of mice colonized with wild-type TIGR4. Mice with primary colonization by wild-type TIGR4, TIGR4 ΔPhtD, or TIGR4 ΔPhtE were protected against secondary colonization by wild-type TIGR4; nonetheless, the clearance of secondary colonization was slower in mice with primary colonization by either TIGR4 ΔPhtD or TIGR4 ΔPhtE than in mice with primary colonization by wild-type TIGR4. Colonization was found to be an immunizing event for PhtD and PhtE antigens (antibody response); however, we failed to detect any antigen (PhtD or PhtE)-specific CD4 T cell responses in any of the colonized groups of mice. Intranasal immunization with either PhtD or PhtE protein generated robust serum antibody and CD4 Th1-biased immune memory and conferred protection against pneumococcal colonization in mice. We conclude that PhtD and PhtE show promise as components in next-generation pneumococcal vaccine formulations.
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Darrieux M, Goulart C, Briles D, Leite LCDC. Current status and perspectives on protein-based pneumococcal vaccines. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:190-200. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.813902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Expression of Streptococcus pneumoniae Virulence-Related Genes in the Nasopharynx of Healthy Children. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67147. [PMID: 23825636 PMCID: PMC3688971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization and persistence in the human nasopharynx are prerequisites for Streptococcus pneumoniae disease and carriage acquisition, which normally occurs during early childhood. Animal models and in vitro studies (i.e. cell adhesion and cell cytotoxicity assays) have revealed a number of colonization and virulence factors, as well as regulators, implicated in nasopharyngeal colonization and pathogenesis. Expression of genes encoding these factors has never been studied in the human nasopharynx. Therefore, this study analyzed expression of S. pneumoniae virulence-related genes in human nasopharyngeal samples. Our experiments first demonstrate that a density of ≥10(4) CFU/ml of S. pneumoniae cells in the nasopharynx provides enough DNA and RNA to amplify the lytA gene by conventional PCR and to detect the lytA message, respectively. A panel of 21 primers that amplified S. pneumoniae sequences was designed, and their specificity for S. pneumoniae sequences was analyzed in silico and validated against 20 related strains inhabitants of the human upper respiratory tract. These primers were utilized in molecular reactions to find out that all samples contained the genes ply, pavA, lytC, lytA, comD, codY, and mgrA, whereas nanA, nanB, pspA, and rrgB were present in ∼91-98% of the samples. Gene expression studies of these 11 targets revealed that lytC, lytA, pavA and comD were the most highly expressed pneumococcal genes in the nasopharynx whereas the rest showed a moderate to low level of expression. This is the first study to evaluate expression of virulence- and, colonization-related genes in the nasopharynx of healthy children and establishes the foundation for future gene expression studies during human pneumococcal disease.
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Wiertsema SP, Corscadden KJ, Mowe EN, Zhang G, Vijayasekaran S, Coates HL, Mitchell TJ, Thomas WR, Richmond PC, Kirkham LAS. IgG responses to Pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae protein antigens are not impaired in children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49061. [PMID: 23152850 PMCID: PMC3495775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccines including conserved antigens from Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) have the potential to reduce the burden of acute otitis media. Little is known about the antibody response to such antigens in young children with recurrent acute otitis media, however, it has been suggested antibody production may be impaired in these children. Methods We measured serum IgG levels against 4 pneumococcal (PspA1, PspA 2, CbpA and Ply) and 3 NTHi (P4, P6 and PD) proteins in a cross-sectional study of 172 children under 3 years of age with a history of recurrent acute otitis media (median 7 episodes, requiring ventilation tube insertion) and 63 healthy age-matched controls, using a newly developed multiplex bead assay. Results Children with a history of recurrent acute otitis media had significantly higher geometric mean serum IgG levels against NTHi proteins P4, P6 and PD compared with healthy controls, whereas there was no difference in antibody levels against pneumococcal protein antigens. In both children with and without a history of acute otitis media, antibody levels increased with age and were significantly higher in children colonised with S. pneumoniae or NTHi compared with children that were not colonised. Conclusions Proteins from S. pneumoniae and NTHi induce serum IgG in children with a history of acute otitis media. The mechanisms in which proteins induce immunity and potential protection requires further investigation but the dogma of impaired antibody responses in children with recurrent acute otitis media should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma P. Wiertsema
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail: (SPW); (LSK)
| | - Karli J. Corscadden
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, Australia
| | - Eva N. Mowe
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Shyan Vijayasekaran
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Harvey L. Coates
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Mitchell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne R. Thomas
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter C. Richmond
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann S. Kirkham
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail: (SPW); (LSK)
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Kamtchoua T, Bologa M, Hopfer R, Neveu D, Hu B, Sheng X, Corde N, Pouzet C, Zimmermann G, Gurunathan S. Safety and immunogenicity of the pneumococcal pneumolysin derivative PlyD1 in a single-antigen protein vaccine candidate in adults. Vaccine 2012; 31:327-33. [PMID: 23153437 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal vaccines based on conserved protein antigens have the potential to offer expanded protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae. OBJECTIVE This study examined the safety and immunogenicity in adults of three doses of a pneumococcal single-antigen protein vaccine candidate formulated with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and recombinantly derived, highly detoxified, genetically mutated pneumolysin protein (PlyD1). METHODS This phase I, randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalating study enrolled adults (18-50 years). In a pilot safety study, participants received a single injection of 10 μg PlyD1 and were observed for 24 h. Following review of the pilot safety data, participants were randomized (2:1) to receive two injections of PlyD1 at one of three doses or placebo 30 days apart. Assignment of second injection and successive dose cohorts was made after blinded safety reviews after each injection at each dose level. Safety endpoints included rates of solicited injection site reactions, solicited systemic reactions, unsolicited adverse events (AEs), serious AEs (SAEs), and safety laboratory tests. Immunogenicity endpoints included geometric mean concentrations of anti-PlyD1 IgG as determined by ELISA and functional assessment in an in vitro toxin neutralization assay. RESULTS The study included a total of 100 participants, including 10 in the pilot study and 90 in the randomized study. None of the participants in the pilot study had SAEs, allergic reactions, or other safety concerns. Ninety participants received two doses of or placebo (n=30) or active vaccine candidate at 10 (n=20), 25 (n=20), or 50 μg (n=20). No vaccine-related SAE or discontinuation due to an AE occurred. Most solicited reactions were mild and transient. The most frequently reported solicited reactions were pain at the injection site and myalgia. Antigen-specific IgG levels and functional activity showed dose-related increases. When comparing the three dose levels, a plateau effect was observed at the 25 μg dose. CONCLUSIONS All dose levels were safe and immunogenic. Repeat vaccination significantly increased the level of anti-PlyD1 antibodies. Functional antibody activity was demonstrated in sera from vaccinated individuals (ClinicalTrials.gov no. NCT01444352).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Kamtchoua
- Covance Clinical Research Unit AG, SPC 327-10, Lettenweg 118, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
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Li Y, Gierahn T, Thompson CM, Trzciński K, Ford CB, Croucher N, Gouveia P, Flechtner JB, Malley R, Lipsitch M. Distinct effects on diversifying selection by two mechanisms of immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002989. [PMID: 23144610 PMCID: PMC3493470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigenic variation to evade host immunity has long been assumed to be a driving force of diversifying selection in pathogens. Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is central to the organism's transmission and therefore evolution, is limited by two arms of the immune system: antibody- and T cell- mediated immunity. In particular, the effector activity of CD4+ TH17 cell mediated immunity has been shown to act in trans, clearing co-colonizing pneumococci that do not bear the relevant antigen. It is thus unclear whether TH17 cell immunity allows benefit of antigenic variation and contributes to diversifying selection. Here we show that antigen-specific CD4+ TH17 cell immunity almost equally reduces colonization by both an antigen-positive strain and a co-colonized, antigen-negative strain in a mouse model of pneumococcal carriage, thus potentially minimizing the advantage of escape from this type of immunity. Using a proteomic screening approach, we identified a list of candidate human CD4+ TH17 cell antigens. Using this list and a previously published list of pneumococcal Antibody antigens, we bioinformatically assessed the signals of diversifying selection among the identified antigens compared to non-antigens. We found that Antibody antigen genes were significantly more likely to be under diversifying selection than the TH17 cell antigen genes, which were indistinguishable from non-antigens. Within the Antibody antigens, epitopes recognized by human antibodies showed stronger evidence of diversifying selection. Taken together, the data suggest that TH17 cell-mediated immunity, one form of T cell immunity that is important to limit carriage of antigen-positive pneumococcus, favors little diversifying selection in the targeted antigen. The results could provide new insight into pneumococcal vaccine design. Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children and elderly persons worldwide. Current pneumococcus vaccines target a limited number of clinically important serotypes, while strains with serotypes not targeted by current vaccines are increasing in importance in both carriage and invasive disease. As a result, there has been a substantial interest to develop novel, cost-effective vaccines based on protein antigens from pneumococcus. To this end, it is critical to understand how the human immune system exerts selection pressures on the targeted antigens. Two immune mechanisms targeting pneumococcal protein antigens have been documented, mediated by antibody and T cells, respectively. In this study, we screened for pneumococcal antigens that are commonly recognized by human CD4+ TH17 cells. Using a mouse model of pneumococcal colonization, we demonstrate that TH17 cell-based immunity almost equally reduces colonization by both an antigen-positive strain and a co-colonizing, antigen-negative strain. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the DNA sequences of TH17 cell antigens demonstrate no detectable signs of being under selective pressure, unlike pneumococcal antigens known to be strong antibody targets. Thus, one form of the T cell-mediated immunity that is important to limit carriage of antigen-positive pneumococcus favors little diversifying selection in the targeted antigen. These results suggest evolution of escape from TH17 -based vaccines may be slower than from antibody-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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