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Tan J, Sahaer P, Li H, Han W, Sun H. The expression, function, and network regulation of circDNAJB6 in chicken macrophages under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:105095. [PMID: 37951323 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNA) originate from back-splicing events that link a downstream 5'splice site to an upstream 3' splice site. Circular RNA has been shown to be involved in gene expression, interacting with microRNA and RNA binding proteins to affect transcription, splicing, translation, and other processes. However, little is known about the potential function of chicken circRNAs that trigger the pathogenesis. In a previous study, a circular RNA DNAJB6 (circDNAJB6) was identified as a typical covalently closed circular RNA that is abundant in chicken macrophages upon bacterial infection. It was identified that circDNAJB6 was formed by reverse splicing of exons 2 to 5 of the DNAJB6 gene by PCR amplification, Sanger sequencing, and RNase R exonuclease treatment. Moreover, circDNAJB6 had ability to exacerbate the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced cellular injury via reducing cell viability, increasing NO product and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, bioinformatic analysis showed that five miRNAs were identified to interact with circDNAJB6, potentially targeting 75 genes, which were significantly enriched in the pathways of autophagy-animal and MAPK signaling. This study has provided and broadened a better understanding the function of circDNAJB6, which may exert potential biomarkers and act as potential targets for the treatment of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishuang Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Paizelaiti Sahaer
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Han
- The Poultry Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Kang Y, Gao Y, Li X, Guo X, Liu Z, Li W, Wei J, Qi Y. Bupleurum chinense exerts a mild antipyretic effect on LPS-induced pyrexia rats involving inhibition of peripheral TNF-α production. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116375. [PMID: 36934787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bupleuri Radix, the dried roots of Bupleurum chinense DC. (BC) or Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd., is one of the most frequently used traditional Chinese medicines. As the species in Xiao-Chai-Hu decoction, BC has been used as an antipyretic medicine with a long history. However, its antipyretic characteristics and underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the antipyretic characteristics and mechanism(s) of BC used in its traditional way. METHODS The water extract of BC (BCE) was prepared according to the traditional decocting mode. Murine fever and endotoxemia models were induced by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro complement activation assay and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and C5a were determined by ELISA. RESULTS BCE exerted a confirmed but mild antipyretic effect on LPS-induced fever of rat. In vitro, it significantly lowered LPS-elevated TNF-α in the supernatant of rat complete blood cells and THP-1 cells, but failed to decrease IL-6 and IL-1β. In murine endotoxemia models, BCE markedly decreased serum TNF-α, but had no impact on IL-6 and IL-1β. BCE also restricted complement activation in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, the mixture of saikosaponin A and D could not suppress supernatant TNF-α of monocytes and serum TNF-α of endotoxemia mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study dissects the peripheral mechanism for the antipyretic effect of BC used in the traditional way. Our findings indicate that BCE directly suppresses monocyte-produced TNF-α, thus decreasing circulating TNF-α, which may be responsible for its mild but confirmed antipyretic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ximeng Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xinwei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wenjing Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Chiang CL, Cheng MH, Lin CH. From Nanoparticles to Cancer Nanomedicine: Old Problems with New Solutions. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071727. [PMID: 34209111 PMCID: PMC8308137 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer nanomedicines have been studied over 30 years, but fewer than 10 formulations have been approved for clinical therapy today. Despite abundant options of anticancer drugs, it remains challenging to have agents specifically target cancer cells while reducing collateral toxicity to healthy tissue. Nanocompartments that can be selective toward points deeply within malignant tissues are a promising concept, but the heterogeneity of tumor tissue, inefficiency of cargo loading and releasing, and low uniformity of manufacture required from preclinical to commercialization are major obstacles. Technological advances have been made in this field, creating engineered nanomaterials with improved uniformity, flexibility of cargo loading, diversity of surface modification, and less inducible immune responses. This review highlights the developmental process of approved nanomedicines and the opportunities for novel materials that combine insights of tumors and nanotechnology to develop a more effective nanomedicine for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ling Chiang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43202, USA;
- NSEC Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43202, USA
| | - Ming-Huei Cheng
- Center of Lymphedema Microsurgery, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Choi B, Sung K, Cho J. Fever in Trauma Patients without Brain Injury. JOURNAL OF ACUTE CARE SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.17479/jacs.2021.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Ma LL, Liu HM, Luo CH, He YN, Wang F, Huang HZ, Han L, Yang M, Xu RC, Zhang DK. Fever and Antipyretic Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Multi-Pathway Regulation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:583279. [PMID: 33828481 PMCID: PMC8020597 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.583279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19), has spread rapidly around the world and become a major public health problem facing the world. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been fully committed to treat COVID-19 in China. It improved the clinical symptoms of patients and reduced the mortality rate. In light of the fever was identified as one of leading clinical features of COVID-19, this paper will first analyze the material basis of fever, including pyrogenic cytokines and a variety of the mediators of fever. Then the humoral and neural pathways of fever signal transmission will be described. The scattered evidences about fever recorded in recent years are connected in series. On this basis, the understanding of fever is further deepened from the aspects of pathology and physiology. Finally, combining with the chemical composition and pharmacological action of available TCM, we analyzed the mechanisms of TCMs to play the antipyretic effect through multiple ways. So as to further provide the basis for the research of antipyretic compound preparations of TCMs and explore the potential medicines for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chuan-Hong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- State key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Hao-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- State key Laboratory of Innovation Medicine and High Efficiency and Energy Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Run-Chun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
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Emílio-Silva MT, Rodrigues VP, Bueno G, Ohara R, Martins MG, Horta-Júnior JAC, Branco LGS, Rocha LRM, Hiruma-Lima CA. Hypothermic Effect of Acute Citral Treatment during LPS-induced Systemic Inflammation in Obese Mice: Reduction of Serum TNF-α and Leptin Levels. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1454. [PMID: 33080865 PMCID: PMC7603063 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Citral is a mixture of monoterpenes present in the essential oil of several plants, such as Cymbopogon citratus and Zingiber officinale, possessing anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, and antipyretic actions. We investigated the action of citral on body temperature (Tb) and inflammatory signaling in eutrophic and obese mice during Systemic Inflammation (SI) induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thus, we assessed the effect of citral (25, 100, and 300 mg/kg) and ibuprofen in LPS-induced SI in Swiss male mice fed a standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Following SI induction, we measured Tb and collected the serum, hypothalamus, and gastric mucosa for biochemical measurements. Acute treatment with citral decreased the Tb of both SD and HFD-fed animals. Citral (300 mg/kg) treatment caused a significantly lower Tb variation in HFD-fed animals than in those fed the SD. Citral reduced peripheral levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in SD and HFD mice and decreased serum leptin concentration in HFD mice 90 min after the LPS challenge. Furthermore, citral also reduced interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the hypothalamus of obese mice. In summary, citral effectively reduced Tb during SI by reducing inflammatory mediators with a distinct action profile in HFD mice when compared with SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maycon T. Emílio-Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil; (M.T.E.-S.); (V.P.R.); (G.B.); (R.O.); (L.R.M.R.)
| | - Vinicius P. Rodrigues
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil; (M.T.E.-S.); (V.P.R.); (G.B.); (R.O.); (L.R.M.R.)
| | - Gabriela Bueno
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil; (M.T.E.-S.); (V.P.R.); (G.B.); (R.O.); (L.R.M.R.)
| | - Rie Ohara
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil; (M.T.E.-S.); (V.P.R.); (G.B.); (R.O.); (L.R.M.R.)
| | - Marina G. Martins
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil;
| | - José A. C. Horta-Júnior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Anatomy), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-689, Brazil;
| | - Luiz G. S. Branco
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-904, Brazil;
| | - Lúcia R. M. Rocha
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil; (M.T.E.-S.); (V.P.R.); (G.B.); (R.O.); (L.R.M.R.)
| | - Clélia A. Hiruma-Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-970, Brazil; (M.T.E.-S.); (V.P.R.); (G.B.); (R.O.); (L.R.M.R.)
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Luo CH, Ma LL, Liu HM, Liao W, Xu RC, Ci ZM, Lin JZ, Han L, Zhang DK. Research Progress on Main Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Improved by Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:556885. [PMID: 33013395 PMCID: PMC7516165 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.556885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia has become a major threat to worldwide public health, having rapidly spread to more than 180 countries and infecting over 1.6 billion people. Fever, cough, and fatigue are the most common initial symptoms of COVID-19, while some patients experience diarrhea rather than fever in the early stage. Many herbal medicine and Chinese patent medicine can significantly improve these symptoms, cure the patients experiencing a mild 22form of the illness, reduce the rate of transition from mild to severe disease, and reduce mortality. Therefore, this paper summarizes the physiopathological mechanisms of fever, cough, fatigue and diarrhea, and introduces Chinese herbal medicines (Ephedrae Herba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Asteris Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Codonopsis Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma, etc.) and Chinese patent medicines (Shuang-huang-lian, Ma-xing-gan-shi-tang, etc.) with their corresponding therapeutic effects. Emphasis was placed on their material basis, mechanism of action, and clinical research. Most of these medicines possess the pharmacological activities of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and immunity-enhancement, and may be promising medicines for the treatment or adjuvant treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-hong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Le-le Ma
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui-min Liu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liao
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Run-chun Xu
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-min Ci
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-zhi Lin
- Central Laboratory, Teaching Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Han
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-kun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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The Role of Periodontitis and Periodontal Bacteria in the Onset and Progression of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020495. [PMID: 32054121 PMCID: PMC7074205 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence of a connection between the peripheral inflammatory processes and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system is becoming more apparent. This review of the related literature highlights the most recent clinical, epidemiological, and in vitro studies trying to investigate possible connections between periodontal bacteria and the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. This review was conducted by searching databases such as PubMed and Scopus using keywords or combinations such as Alzheimer’s Disease AND periodontal or dementia AND periodontitis OR periodontal. After eliminating overlaps and screening the articles not related to these issues, we identified 1088 records and proceeded to the selection of articles for an evaluation of the associative assumptions. The hypothesis suggested by the authors and confirmed by the literature is that the bacterial load and the inflammatory process linked to periodontal disease can intensify inflammation at the level of the central nervous system, favoring the occurrence of the disease. The analysis of the literature highlights how periodontal disease can directly contribute to the peripheral inflammatory environment by the introduction of periodontal or indirect pathogenic bacteria and proinflammatory cytokines locally produced at the periodontal level following bacterial colonization of periodontal defects.
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Cokyaman T. Febril nöbetler: Ateş sonrası nöbet zamansal sıralamasının bir önemi var mıdır? FAMILY PRACTICE AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2019. [DOI: 10.22391/fppc.491220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Prajitha N, Athira SS, Mohanan PV. Pyrogens, a polypeptide produces fever by metabolic changes in hypothalamus: Mechanisms and detections. Immunol Lett 2018; 204:38-46. [PMID: 30336182 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fever is one of the cardinal symptoms of onset of an infection or inflammation and is the common clinical indicator for medical consultation in mammalian host worldwide. Simply, fever manifested with elevation of body temperature from normal physiological range represents adaptive response of immune system on challenge with an infectious and non-infectious circumstance. Fever usually initiated in the periphery as a result of interaction of immune cells with exogenous or endogenous pyrogens. Peripheral pyrogenic signals gain access to the central nervous system via humoral and neural route. Humoral pathway was initiated with production of pyrogenic cytokines and prostaglandins from immune cells of blood as well as liver, transmitted directly to pre-optic area of hypothalamus through the circumventricular organ of brain. On the other hand an alternative pathway was initiated by the same cytokines indirectly via stimulating the vagal sensory neurons result in pyrogenic fever; so-called neuronal pathway. If the magnitude of pyrogens associated fever is very high, it will lead to severe illness ranging from septic shock to death. So it is necessary to evaluate the presence of pyrogens in implants, medical devices, drugs and biological materials to ensure safety in biomedical applications and therapeutics. Classification, route of administration, mechanism of action and detection of pyrogens and associated products are the major subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Prajitha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - S S Athira
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India.
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Soriano RN, Braga SP, Breder JSC, Batalhao ME, Oliveira-Pelegrin GR, Ferreira LFR, Rocha MJA, Carnio EC, Branco LGS. Endogenous peripheral hydrogen sulfide is propyretic: its permissive role in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:397-407. [PMID: 29210120 DOI: 10.1113/ep086775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? In fever, the most striking response in the acute phase reaction of systemic inflammation, plasma H2 S concentration increases. However, the role of endogenous peripheral H2 S in fever is unknown. What is the main finding and its importance? Endogenous peripheral H2 S is permissive for increased brown adipose tissue thermogenesis to maintain thermal homeostasis in cold environments as well as to mount fever. This finding expands the physiological role of the gaseous modulator as a key regulator of thermal control in health (thermal homeostasis) and disease (fever in systemic inflammation). ABSTRACT In recent years, hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has been reported as a gaseous modulator acting in several tissues in health and disease. In animal models of systemic inflammation, the plasma H2 S concentration increases in response to endotoxin (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS). The most striking response in the acute phase reaction of systemic inflammation is fever, but we found no reports of the peripheral action of H2 S on this thermoregulatory response. We aimed at investigating whether endogenous systemic H2 S modulates LPS-induced fever. A temperature datalogger capsule was inserted in the abdominal cavity of male Wistar rats (220-270 g) to record body core temperature. These animals received an i.p. injection of a systemic H2 S inhibitor (propargylglycine; 50 or 75 mg kg-1 ), immediately followed by an i.p. injection of LPS (50 or 2500 μg kg-1 ), and were exposed to different ambient temperatures (16, 22 or 27°C). At 22°C, but not at 27°C, propargylglycine at 75 mg kg-1 significantly attenuated (P < 0.0001) the fever induced by LPS (50 μg kg-1 ), indicating a modulatory (permissive) action of endogenous peripheral H2 S on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Evidence on the modulatory role of peripheral H2 S in BAT thermogenesis was strengthened when we discarded (i) the possible influence of the gas on febrigenic signalling (when measuring plasma cytokines), and (ii) its interaction with the nitric oxide pathway, and mainly when (iii) we carried out physiological and pharmacological activations of BAT. Endogenous peripheral H2 S modulates (permits) BAT activity not only in fever but also during maintenance of thermal homeostasis in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato N Soriano
- Division of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Basic Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil.,Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara P Braga
- Student of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S C Breder
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Batalhao
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R Oliveira-Pelegrin
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando R Ferreira
- Tiradentes University, Aracaju, SE, Brazil.,Institute of Technology and Research, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Maria José A Rocha
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelin C Carnio
- Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Bartko J, Derhaschnig U, Neels T, Nabozny GH, Harcken C, Leuschner J, De Vries F, Jilma B. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulation inhibits cytokine responses in a canine model of mild endotoxemia. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:215-223. [PMID: 28923543 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (GRMs) promise to reduce adverse events of glucocorticoids while maintaining anti-inflammatory potency. The present study tested the anti-inflammatory activity of two novel non-steroidal GRMs (GRM1: BI 607812 BS, GRM2: BI 653048 BS*H3PO4) in comparison to prednisolone in a canine model of low dose endotoxemia. This study compared the anti-inflammatory and pharmacokinetic profile of escalating daily oral doses of GRM1 (1, 2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg) and GRM2 (0.1, 0.25 and 1mg/kg) with prednisolone (0.25 and 0.5mg/kg) and placebo after intravenous infusion of endotoxin (0.1μg/kg) to Beagle dogs. This was followed by a 14-day evaluation study of safety and pharmacokinetics. Endotoxin challenge increased TNF-α ∼2000-fold and interleukin-6 (IL-6) 100-fold. Prednisolone and both GRMs suppressed peak TNF-α and IL-6 by 71-82% as compared with placebo. The highest doses of GRM1 and GRM2 reduced the mean body temperature increase by ∼30%. The endotoxin-induced rise in plasma cortisol was strongly suppressed in all treatment groups. Pharmacokinetics of both GRMs were non-linear. Adverse effects of endotoxemia such as vomiting were mitigated by GRM2 and prednisolone, indicating an antiemetic effect. During the 14-day treatment period, the adverse event profile of both GRMs appeared to be similar to prednisolone. Both GRMs had anti-inflammatory effects comparable to prednisolone and showed good safety profiles. Compounds targeting the glucocorticoid receptor selectively may provide an alternative to traditional glucocorticoids in the treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Bartko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulla Derhaschnig
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Tania Neels
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jost Leuschner
- LPT Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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13
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McDonald FB, Khawaja AM, Imran AA, Ellis ME, Chandrasekharan K, Hasan SU. Thermal and cytokine responses to endotoxin challenge during early life. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1488-1492. [PMID: 28881142 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) remains the leading cause of infant mortality beyond the neonatal period. An increase in body temperature as a result of high environmental temperature, overwrapping of infants, and (or) infection are associated with SIDS. Endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat stress may perturb cardiorespiratory function and thermoregulation. Although LPS-mediated body temperature and cytokine responses are well documented in older animals, the capacity of LPS to induce fever and cytokine response in young rats remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to investigate the acute effects of LPS on body temperature and cytokine concentrations in rat pups. Postnatal day 7 rat pups were divided into 3 groups: Group 1, rats were administered LPS intraperitoneally (200 μg/kg); Group 2, rats received saline at volume equal to that administered in the LPS group; Group 3, rats received no treatment. Pups were placed in custom-made chambers maintained at ambient temperature of 33 °C. Body surface temperature was continuously monitored for 4 h. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and serum was collected for cytokine analysis. We demonstrate that LPS treatment increased MIP-1α, IL-10, MCP-1, IP-10, fractalkine, and TNF-α with no concurrent rise in body surface temperature. Although neonatal rats produced an array of cytokines in response to LPS, there was no evidence of fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona B McDonald
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ahmad M Khawaja
- b Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ahmad A Imran
- b Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Margot E Ellis
- b Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kumaran Chandrasekharan
- b Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shabih U Hasan
- b Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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In Vivo Efficacy of Latex from Calotropis procera in Ameliorating Fever—Biochemical Characteristics and Plausible Mechanism. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1229-1239. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Rakus K, Ronsmans M, Vanderplasschen A. Behavioral fever in ectothermic vertebrates. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:84-91. [PMID: 27381718 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fever is an evolutionary conserved defense mechanism which is present in both endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates. Ectotherms in response to infection can increase their body temperature by moving to warmer places. This process is known as behavioral fever. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms of induction of fever in mammals. We further discuss the evolutionary conserved mechanisms existing between fever of mammals and behavioral fever of ectothermic vertebrates. Finally, the experimental evidences supporting an adaptive value of behavioral fever expressed by ectothermic vertebrates are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Maygane Ronsmans
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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16
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Zhonghua Li, Blatteis CM. Fever onset is linked to the appearance of lipopolysaccharide in the liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519040100010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To assess the relative contributions of different phagocytes to the febrile response of guinea pigs to intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) bacterial endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we injected fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled LPS at doses of 37.5, 75, 150, 300 and 900 μg/kg, and measured its distribution and corresponding core temperature (Tc) changes before and at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after injection. At all times, i.v. FITC-LPS appeared as granular fluorescent patches in circulating leukocytes and hepatic macrophages; its density was proportional to dose. At all doses, the density of i.v. FITC-LPS labeling decreased from its peak 15 min after injection at a rate commensurate with its dose. Intraperitoneal FITC-LPS was also present dose- and time-dependently in peritoneal macrophages, but it appeared later and accumulated more slowly except at the highest dose. Compared with i.v. FITC-LPS, its maximal appearance was always lower in density. No labeling was found at any time in brain and kidney following any dose of i.v. or i.p. FITC-LPS injection. The initiation of Tc rises was best correlated with the presence of FITC-LPS in liver, irrespective of its route of injection. Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride 3 days before LPS injection attenuated the febrile response and reduced FITC-LPS labels in liver. These results suggest that the Kupffer cells may be central to the initiation of the febrile response of guinea pigs to i.v. and i.p. LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clark M. Blatteis
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA,
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17
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Abstract
We suggest that successful defense against microbial invasion requires both local inflammation and systemic anti-inflammation. The key systemic responses involve the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, the sympathetic-adrenomedullary axis, acute phase protein production, thermoregulation and alterations in leukocyte responsiveness to agonists such as bacterial endotoxin. These integrated responses raise blood and tissue concentrations of several anti-infective molecules, mobilize leukocytes into the circulation, and increase blood flow to injured or infected sites. They also neutralize cytokines, proteases and oxidants that enter the bloodstream from inflamed local sites and forestall endothelial activation in distant vessels. Together, these forces help concentrate activated phagocytes at injured or infected local sites while preventing potentially damaging inflammation in uninvolved tissues.
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Abstract
Core body temperature is normally tightly regulated to within a few tenths of a degree. The major thermoregulatory defences in humans are sweating, arteriovenous shunt vasoconstriction, and shivering. The core temperature triggering each response defines its activation threshold. General anaesthetics greatly impair thermoregulation, synchronously reducing the thresholds for vasoconstriction and shivering. Neuraxial anaesthesia also impairs central thermoregulatory control, and prevents vasoconstriction and shivering in blocked areas. Consequently, unwarmed anaesthetised patients become hypothermic, typically by 1-2°C. Hypothermia results initially from an internal redistribution of body heat from the core to the periphery, followed by heat loss exceeding metabolic heat production. Complications of perioperative hypothermia include coagulopathy and increased transfusion requirement, surgical site infection, delayed drug metabolism, prolonged recovery, shivering, and thermal discomfort. Body temperature can be reliably measured in the oesophagus, nasopharynx, mouth, and bladder. The standard-of-care is to monitor core temperature and to maintain normothermia during general and neuraxial anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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19
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Advances and needs for endotoxin-free production strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9349-60. [PMID: 26362682 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The choice of an appropriate microbial host cell and suitable production conditions is crucial for the downstream processing of pharmaceutical- and food-grade products. Although Escherichia coli serves as a highly valuable leading platform for the production of value-added products, like most Gram-negative bacteria, this bacterium contains a potent immunostimulatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS), referred to as an endotoxin. In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria, notably Bacillus, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Corynebacterium, and yeasts have been extensively used as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) endotoxin-free platforms for the production of a variety of products. This review summarizes the currently available knowledge on the utilization of these representative Gram-positive bacteria for the production of eco- and bio-friendly products, particularly natural polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates, bacteriocins, and membrane proteins. The successful case studies presented here serve to inspire the use of these microorganisms as a main-player or by-player depending on their individual properties for the industrial production of these desirable targets.
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Kunnaja P, Wongpalee SP, Panthong A. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of the ethanol extract from Murdannia loriformis (Hassk.) Rolla Rao et Kammathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:183-9. [PMID: 25671174 PMCID: PMC4298709 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2014.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction:Murdannia loriformis (hassk) Rolla Roa et Kammathy, family Commelinaceae, is used by Chinese practitioners as a remedy for cancer in an early stage, and also for treating other diseases including colds, throat infections, pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, flu and inflammation. Although anticancer as well as other pharmacological effects of M. loriformis have been reported, its anti-inflammatory and other activities related to inflammation are still limited.
Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan- and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema in rats, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats. The analgesic and antipyretic activities were determined by formalin test in mice and yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats, respectively.
Results: The ethanol extract of the aerial part of M. loriformis exhibited anti-inflammatory activity on the rat paw edema induced by carrageenan and arachidonic acid. It also showed an inhibitory effect on the granuloma and the transudative formation of the rat implanted with cotton pellets as well as lowered the elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity to normal level. It exerted potent analgesic effect on both the early and late phase of formalin test as well as the antipyretic effect on yeast-induced hyperthermic rats. The oral single high dose of the extract of 5,000 mg/Kg did not produce death or any abnormalities or changes of the internal organs of rats during 14 days of the observed period.
Conclusion: The results obtained from this study support the use of the plant in traditional medicine for inflammatory ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phraepakaporn Kunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand ; Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Somsakul Pop Wongpalee
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ampai Panthong
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Branco LG, Soriano RN, Steiner AA. Gaseous Mediators in Temperature Regulation. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:1301-38. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Piotrowski J, Jedrzejewski T, Kozak W. Heme oxygenase-1 induction by cobalt protoporphyrin enhances fever and inhibits pyrogenic tolerance to lipopolysaccharide. J Therm Biol 2014; 45:69-74. [PMID: 25436953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an enzyme that catalyzes degradation of the heme and regulates its availability for newly synthetized hemeproteins such as cyclooxygenases, NO synthases and cytochrome P450. Moreover, HO-1 activity modulates synthesis of cytokines and prostaglandins. All of these factors are well-defined components of fever and pyrogenic tolerance mechanisms. We examine the effect of HO-1 induction and activation using cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) on changes in body temperature (Tb), plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and HO-1 protein in the course of these processes. Intraperitoneally (i.p.) pre-treatment of rats with CoPP (5 mg kg(-1)) significantly accelerated and enhanced the early stage of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever and shortened a post-fever recovery to normal temperature. Pre-treatment with CoPP significantly potentiated the increase in plasma IL-6, PGE₂ and HO-1 levels measured 4h after the LPS administration. Furthermore, induction of HO-1 attenuated the development of pyrogenic tolerance to repeated injections of LPS. Based on these data we conclude that heme oxygenase-1 may act as a physiological regulator of the febrile response intensity to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Piotrowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4 Street, Torun 87-100, Poland; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, Torun 87-100, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Jedrzejewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, Torun 87-100, Poland.
| | - Wieslaw Kozak
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, Torun 87-100, Poland.
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Devane JG, Martin ML, Matson MA. A short 2 week dose titration regimen reduces the severity of flu-like symptoms with initial interferon gamma-1b treatment. Curr Med Res Opin 2014; 30:1179-87. [PMID: 24576196 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2014.899209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Flu-like symptoms (FLS) are commonly experienced by patients receiving interferon gamma-1b which may cause discontinuation or disruption of dosing during initial therapy or on re-initiation following a break in therapy. In contrast to Type I interferons, the impact of dose-titration on FLS has not been reported and is not a practice described or included in the approved prescribing information for interferon gamma-1b.The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a 2 week titration regimen on the severity of FLS during the initial 3 weeks of therapy with three times weekly subcutaneous injections of interferon gamma-1b. METHODS Healthy men and women were randomized into a double-blind, two-period, crossover study. Each study period was 3 weeks in duration and there was a minimum 15 day washout between treatment periods. Two treatment regimens were compared: No Titration dosing (full 50 mcg/m(2) subcutaneously [s.c.] three times weekly for 3 weeks) and Titration (15 mcg/m(2) s.c. three times weekly during week 1, 30 mcg/m(2) s.c. three times weekly during week 2 followed by the full dose of 50 mcg/m(2) s.c. three times weekly during week 3). Subjects remained in the clinic for at least 12 hours following each injection. FLS was based on a composite score for fever, chills, tiredness and muscle aches assessed at baseline and 4, 8 and 12 hours following each injection. Acetaminophen was allowed at the discretion of the PI. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in FLS severity at 8 hours averaged over the 3 weeks of treatment. Additional endpoints included FLS at 4 and 12 hours, individual flu-like symptoms, rates of discontinuation, incidence of FLS and acetaminophen use. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT 01929382. RESULTS Of the 40 subjects randomized, there were 15 (37.5%) discontinuations. Titration resulted in a significant reduction in FLS severity at 8 hours (p = 0.023) averaged over the 3 week treatment period. The difference in 3 week FLS severity reflects differences during week 1 treatment, indicating an early peak in FLS severity during the No Titration treatment and subsequent development of tolerance. In contrast, titration results in near baseline severity scores throughout the treatment period. Similar trends were seen for 4 and 12 hour FLS severity scores. Of the individual FLS, difference in fever severity was most marked. Safety profiles for both regimens were consistent with the approved prescribing information for interferon gamma-1b. Study limitations included the use of healthy subjects rather than disease subjects, the lack of a validated assessment tool for evaluating FLS and the relatively high discontinuation rate. CONCLUSION A short 2 week, dose-titration regimen reduces FLS severity following interferon gamma-1b treatment initiation in normal subjects.
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24
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Rockman S, Becher D, Dyson A, Koernig S, Morelli AB, Barnden M, Camuglia S, Soupourmas P, Pearse M, Maraskovsky E. Role of viral RNA and lipid in the adverse events associated with the 2010 Southern Hemisphere trivalent influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:3869-76. [PMID: 24681272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In Australia, during the 2010 Southern Hemisphere (SH) influenza season, there was an unexpected increase in post-marketing adverse event reports of febrile seizures (FS) in children under 5 years of age shortly after vaccination with the CSL 2010 SH trivalent influenza vaccine (CSL 2010 SH TIV) compared to previous CSL TIVs and other licensed 2010 SH TIVs. In an accompanying study, we described the contribution to these adverse events of the 2010 SH influenza strains as expressed in the CSL 2010 SH TIV using in vitro cytokine/chemokine secretion from whole blood cells and induction of NF-κB activation in HEK293 reporter cells. The aim of the present study was to identify the root cause components that elicited the elevated cytokine/chemokine and NF-κB signature. Our studies demonstrated that the pyrogenic signal was associated with a heat-labile, viral-derived component(s) in the CSL 2010 SH TIV. Further, it was found that viral lipid-mediated delivery of short, fragmented viral RNA was the key trigger for the increased cytokine/chemokine secretion and NF-κB activation. It is likely that the FS reported in children <5 years were due to a combination of the new influenza strains included in the 2010 SH TIV and the CSL standard method of manufacture preserving strain-specific viral components of the new influenza strains (particularly B/Brisbane/60/2008 and to a lesser extent H1N1 A/California/07/2009). These combined to heighten immune activation of innate immune cells, which in a small proportion of children <5 years of age is associated with the occurrence of FS. The data also demonstrates that CSL TIVs formulated with increased levels of splitting agent (TDOC) for the B/Brisbane/60/2008 strain can attenuate the pro-inflammatory signals in vitro, identifying a potential path forward for generating a CSL TIV indicated for use in children <5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorit Becher
- CSL Limited, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Abstract
Fever is a frequent systemic adverse event following immunization, especially in infants and young children. Any fever after immunization may be caused by immunization or may coincide temporally as an indication of underlying disease, usually an infectious one. The time pattern of fever attributable to immunization has characteristic features depending on the vaccine used. Comparability of fever rates associated with different vaccines, or the same vaccines in different studies, is frequently hampered by the use of different definitions and/or assessment techniques for fever. A recent analysis by the Brighton Collaboration has provided a standardized case definition for fever, the use of which should be strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terhi Tapiainen
- University Children's Hospital, Postfach, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Abstract
Fever and pain in children, especially associated with infections, such as otitis media, are very common. In paediatric populations, ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) are both commonly used over-the-counter medicines for the management of fever or mild-to-moderate pain associated with sore throat, otitis media, toothache, earache and headache. Widespread use of ibuprofen and paracetamol has shown that they are both effective and generally well tolerated in the reduction in paediatric fever and pain. However, ibuprofen has the advantage of less frequent dosing (every 6-8 h vs. every 4 h for paracetamol) and its longer duration of action makes it a suitable alternative to paracetamol. In comparative trials, ibuprofen has been shown to be at least as effective as paracetamol as an analgesic and more effective as an antipyretic. The safety profile of ibuprofen is comparable to that of paracetamol if both drugs are used appropriately with the correct dosing regimens. However, in the overdose situation, the toxicity of paracetamol is not only reached much earlier, but is also more severe and more difficult to manage as compared with an overdose of ibuprofen. There is clearly a need for advanced studies to investigate the safety of these medications in paediatric populations of different ages and especially during prolonged use. Finally, the recently reported association between frequency and severity of asthma and paracetamol use needs urgent additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N van den Anker
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA.
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27
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Walker AK, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Dantzer R. Neuroinflammation and comorbidity of pain and depression. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:80-101. [PMID: 24335193 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbid depression and chronic pain are highly prevalent in individuals suffering from physical illness. Here, we critically examine the possibility that inflammation is the common mediator of this comorbidity, and we explore the implications of this hypothesis. Inflammation signals the brain to induce sickness responses that include increased pain and negative affect. This is a typical and adaptive response to acute inflammation. However, chronic inflammation induces a transition from these typical sickness behaviors into depression and chronic pain. Several mechanisms can account for the high comorbidity of pain and depression that stem from the precipitating inflammation in physically ill patients. These mechanisms include direct effects of cytokines on the neuronal environment or indirect effects via downregulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2, activation of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase that generates neurotropic kynurenine metabolites, increased brain extracellular glutamate, and the switch of GABAergic neurotransmission from inhibition to excitation. Despite the existence of many neuroimmune candidate mechanisms for the co-occurrence of depression and chronic pain, little work has been devoted so far to critically assess their mediating role in these comorbid symptoms. Understanding neuroimmune mechanisms that underlie depression and pain comorbidity may yield effective pharmaceutical targets that can treat both conditions simultaneously beyond traditional antidepressants and analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Walker
- Department of Symptom Research Laboratory of Neuroimmunology of Cancer-Related Symptoms at the Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Boulevard, Room 1025, Houston, TX 77030.
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28
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Spencer SJ. Perinatal nutrition programs neuroimmune function long-term: mechanisms and implications. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:144. [PMID: 23964195 PMCID: PMC3740243 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our early life nutritional environment can influence several aspects of physiology, including our propensity to become obese. There is now evidence to suggest perinatal diet can also independently influence development of our innate immune system. This review will address three not-necessarily-exclusive mechanisms by which perinatal nutrition can program neuroimmune function long-term: by predisposing the individual to obesity, by altering the gut microbiota, and by inducing epigenetic modifications that alter gene transcription throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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29
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A review of the physiology of fever in birds. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 183:297-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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30
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Yao XJ, Yin JA, Xia YF, Wei ZF, Luo YB, Liu M, Feleder C, Dai Y. Puerarin exerts antipyretic effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced fever in rats involving inhibition of pyrogen production from macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:322-330. [PMID: 22401764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Puerarin is the most abundant isoflavonoid in Radix Puerariae (Gegen), which has been prescribed as a medicinal herb for treating fever in China for a long history. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed at evaluating the antipyretic effect of puerarin and revealing the related mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever in rats was used to assess the antipyretic effect of puerarin. After an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (100μg/kg), body temperature was tested every 30min up to 8h. Different doses of puerarin (25, 50, 100mg/kg) were intraperitoneally administered 30min before LPS injection. In vitro, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations of puerarin (25-200μM). The pyrogenic mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and nitric oxide (NO), were examined on both transcription and expression levels. Furthermore, the influences of the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by puerarin were assayed by western blot. RESULTS The intraperitoneal administration of puerarin at test doses clearly demonstrated apparent antipyretic effect through the declines in body temperature elevated by LPS in rats. The in vitro data showed that puerarin inhibited the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, PGE(2) and NO; moreover, the RT-PCR analysis and the western blot analysis indicated that puerarin regulated the transcriptional level via suppression of NF-κB activation and blockade of MAPK signal pathway. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the antipyretic property of puerarin might result, at least in part, from an inhibition of endogenous pyrogen production and expression. Taken in this sense, our findings provide an explanation for puerarin acting as an important constituent in Gegen, thus, provide scientific basis for the wide use of Radix Puerariae in China as a traditional antipyretic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Marais M, Maloney SK, Gray DA. The development of endotoxin tolerance, and the role of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function and glucocorticoids in Pekin ducks. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:3378-85. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.056499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Endotoxin tolerance represents a state of abated immunological responsiveness to pyrogens, which, in mammals, leads to the decline or abolition of the fever response. The development of endotoxin tolerance in birds is not well understood; consequently, the impact of repeated pathogenic exposure on the avian febrile response, and thus on the ability of birds to fight recurrent infection, is not known. We determined the effect of repeated injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the febrile response of Pekin ducks. We gave ducks five injections of LPS, spaced 1, 4 or 10 days apart, and recorded their core body temperature with abdominally implanted temperature data loggers. Once we established that Pekin ducks developed endotoxin tolerance, we investigated the effect of repeated injections of LPS on the central and peripheral segments of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in an attempt to elucidate the role of glucocorticoids in the modulation of the febrile response during the tolerant period. When our ducks became tolerant to LPS, they had significantly higher basal levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT, the principal glucocorticoid in birds), and their HPA response to treatment with LPS was blunted. We propose that the augmented levels of basal plasma CORT resulted from sensitized HPA function, and this, in turn, contributed to the development of endotoxin tolerance. Regulation of the circulating level of CORT might be a possible target for the re-establishment of appropriate immune responses in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manette Marais
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Shane K. Maloney
- Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - David A. Gray
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Perioperative Infections: Prevention and Therapeutic Options. Gynecol Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118003435.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Popescu BFG, Lennon VA, Parisi JE, Howe CL, Weigand SD, Cabrera-Gómez JA, Newell K, Mandler RN, Pittock SJ, Weinshenker BG, Lucchinetti CF. Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions: nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications. Neurology 2011; 76:1229-37. [PMID: 21368286 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318214332c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the neuropathologic features of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) at the medullary floor of the fourth ventricle and area postrema. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoimmunity targets this region, resulting in intractable nausea associated with vomiting or hiccups in NMO. METHODS This neuropathologic study was performed on archival brainstem tissue from 15 patients with NMO, 5 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and 8 neurologically normal subjects. Logistic regression was used to evaluate whether the presence of lesions at this level increased the odds of a patient with NMO having an episode of nausea/vomiting. RESULTS Six patients with NMO (40%), but no patients with MS or normal controls, exhibited unilateral or bilateral lesions involving the area postrema and the medullary floor of the fourth ventricle. These lesions were characterized by tissue rarefaction, blood vessel thickening, no obvious neuronal or axonal pathology, and preservation of myelin in the subependymal medullary tegmentum. AQP4 immunoreactivity was lost or markedly reduced in all 6 cases, with moderate to marked perivascular and parenchymal lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates, prominent microglial activation, and in 3 cases, eosinophils. Complement deposition in astrocytes, macrophages, and/or perivascularly, and a prominent astroglial reaction were also present. The odds of nausea/vomiting being documented clinically was 16-fold greater in NMO cases with area postrema lesions (95% confidence interval 1.43-437, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These neuropathologic findings suggest the area postrema may be a selective target of the disease process in NMO, and are compatible with clinical reports of nausea and vomiting preceding episodes of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis or being the heralding symptom of NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Gh Popescu
- Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Brito LA, Singh M. COMMENTARY: Acceptable Levels of Endotoxin in Vaccine Formulations During Preclinical Research. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:34-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Cathelicidin peptides play key roles in host responses to infection. Radek and colleagues (2010) demonstrate that the nicotinic acetylcholine system, activated during stress, suppresses production of mouse cathelicidin, increasing host susceptibility to the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. This suggests a distinct way by which the endocrine system regulates innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Mayer
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert E W Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Galic MA, Spencer SJ, Mouihate A, Pittman QJ. Postnatal programming of the innate immune response. Integr Comp Biol 2009; 49:237-45. [PMID: 21665816 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icp025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A host's defensive response to a pathogen is a phylogenetically ancient reaction that consists of a CNS-mediated series of autonomic, hormonal and behavioral responses that combine to combat infection. The absence of such defense results in greater morbidity and mortality and thus, these responses are essential for survival. The postnatal period represents a malleable phase in which the long-term behavior and physiology of the developing organism, including its immune responses, can be influenced. Postnatal challenge of the immune system by introduction of live replicating infections, or administration of bacterial and viral mimetics, can result in a multidomain alteration to the defenses of the adult host. Findings from our laboratory and others' indicate that the postnatal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C), which mimic bacterial and viral infections respectively, can influence the neuroimmune response (generation of fever and production of cytokines) to a second challenge to the immune system in adulthood. This long-lasting alteration in the innate immune response is associated with myriad other effects on the animal's physiology and appears to be primarily mediated by a sensitized hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Thus, a transient immunological perturbation to a developing animal may program the organism for subsequent health complications as an adult. In this review we discuss some of the potential mechanisms for these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Galic
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension is mediated by a neural pathway involving the vagus nerve, the nucleus tractus solitarius and alpha-adrenergic receptors in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 203:39-49. [PMID: 18653249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area (POA) mediates the hypotensive response evoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we investigated how the inflammatory signal induced by LPS reaches the POA. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and abdominal perivagal lidocaine administration, or lidocaine injection into the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) prevented LPS hypotension. Microinjection of the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine into the POA, blocked initiation of the hypotensive response and prevented the late decompensatory phase. These data suggest that LPS hypotension is mediated by the vagus nerve which conveys the signal to the NTS and, in turn, stimulates norepinephrine release within the POA.
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Vinkers CH, van Bogaert MJV, Klanker M, Korte SM, Oosting R, Hanania T, Hopkins SC, Olivier B, Groenink L. Translational aspects of pharmacological research into anxiety disorders: the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) paradigm. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 585:407-25. [PMID: 18420191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In anxiety research, the search for models with sufficient clinical predictive validity to support the translation of animal studies on anxiolytic drugs to clinical research is often challenging. This review describes the stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) paradigm, a model that studies the activation of the autonomic nervous system in response to stress by measuring body temperature. The reproducible and robust SIH response, combined with ease of testing, make the SIH paradigm very suitable for drug screening. We will review the current knowledge on the neurobiology of the SIH response, discuss the role of GABA(A) and serotonin (5-HT) pharmacology, as well as how the SIH response relates to infectious fever. Furthermore, we will present novel data on the SIH response variance across different mice and their sensitivity to anxiolytic drugs. The SIH response is an autonomic stress response that can be successfully studied at the level of its physiology, pharmacology, neurobiology and genetics and possesses excellent animal-to-human translational properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Regulation of MyD88-dependent signaling events by S nitrosylation retards toll-like receptor signal transduction and initiation of acute-phase immune responses. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 28:1338-47. [PMID: 18086890 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01412-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been thought to regulate the immune system through S nitrosylation of the transcriptional factor NF-kappaB. However, regulatory effects of NO on innate immune responses are unclear. Here, we report that NO has a capability to control Toll-like receptor-mediated signaling through S nitrosylation. We found that the adaptor protein MyD88 was primarily S nitrosylated, depending on the presence of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). S nitrosylation at a particular cysteine residue within the TIR domain of MyD88 resulted in slight reduction of the NF-kappaB-activating property. This modification could be restored by the antioxidant glutathione. Through S nitrosylation, NO could negatively regulate the multiple steps of MyD88 functioning, including translocation to the cell membrane after LPS stimulation, interaction with TIRAP, binding to TRAF6, and induction of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. Interestingly, glutathione could reversely neutralize such NO-derived effects. We also found that an acute febrile response to LPS was precipitated in eNOS-deficient mice, indicating that eNOS-derived NO exerts an initial suppressive effect on inflammatory processes. Thus, NO has a potential to retard induction of MyD88-dependent signaling events through the reversible and oxidative modification by NO, by which precipitous signaling reactions are relieved. Such an effect may reflect appropriate regulation of the acute-phase inflammatory responses in living organisms.
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Feleder C, Perlik V, Blatteis CM. Preoptic norepinephrine mediates the febrile response of guinea pigs to lipopolysaccharide. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1135-43. [PMID: 17584956 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00067.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) microdialyzed in the preoptic area (POA) raises core temperature (Tc) via 1) α1-adrenoceptors (AR), quickly and independently of POA PGE2, and 2) α2-AR, after a delay and PGE2 dependently. Since systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates the central noradrenergic system, we investigated whether preoptic NE mediates LPS fever. We injected LPS (2 μg/kg iv) in guinea pigs prepared with intra-POA microdialysis probes and determined POA cerebrospinal (CSF) NE levels. We similarly microdialyzed prazosin (α1 blocker, 1 μg/μl), yohimbine (α2 blocker, 1 μg/μl), SC-560 [cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 blocker, 5 μg/μl], acetaminophen (presumptive COX-1v blocker, 5 μg/μl), or MK-0663 (COX-2 blocker, 0.5 μg/μl) in other animals before intravenous LPS and measured CSF PGE2. All of the agents were perfused at 2 μg/min for 6 h. Tc was monitored constantly. POA NE peaked within 30 min after LPS and then returned to baseline over the next 90 min. Tc increased within 12 min to a first peak at ∼60 min and to a second at ∼150 min and then declined over the following 2.5 h. POA PGE2 followed a concurrent course. Prazosin pretreatment eliminated the first Tc rise but not the second; PGE2 rose normally. Yohimbine pretreatment did not affect the first Tc rise, which continued unchanged for 6 h; the second rise, however, was absent, and PGE2 levels did not increase. SC-560 and acetaminophen did not alter the LPS-induced PGE2 and Tc rises; MK-0663 prevented both the late PGE2 and Tc rises. These results confirm that POA NE is pivotal in the development of LPS fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Feleder
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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41
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Navarro VP, Rocha MJA, Branco LGS. Reduced central c-fos expression and febrile response to repeated LPS injection into periodontal tissue of rats. Brain Res 2007; 1152:57-63. [PMID: 17445782 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic injection of repeated doses of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in attenuation of the febrile response, i.e. endotoxin tolerance, which has been fairly well characterized in rats. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that endotoxin tolerance also occurs after repeated local injection of LPS into periodontal protection tissue. Male Wistar rats were given a gingival intra-pouch injection of sterile saline or LPS at dose of 100 microg/kg on three consecutive days. Body core temperature (Tb) was measured with a miniature datalogger. Another group of animals were used for Fos immunohistochemistry 3 h after the injections in both non-tolerant and tolerant animals. On day one we observed a polyphasic febrile response after LPS injection. The increase in body temperature started about 2 h after LPS administration and lasted 5 h. On day two this response was sensitized and on day three the febrile response was completely abolished. These data suggest that rats develop endotoxin tolerance after repeated LPS administrations into tissues within the oral cavity. Moreover, immunohistochemistry detected a reduction in LPS-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity expression in the subnucleus caudalis of spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) in tolerant rats compared with non-tolerant animals, indicating that the endotoxin tolerance may be locally mediated in the periodontal protection tissues of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P Navarro
- Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Guo JY, Huo HR, Zhao BS, Liu HB, Li LF, Guo SY, Jiang TL. Effect of 3-Phenyl-2-Propene-1-ol on PGE2 release from rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells stimulated by IL-1beta. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2006; 34:685-93. [PMID: 16883638 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x0600420x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fever, an elevation in body temperature, is thought to be terminally mediated by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Both Guizhi Tang (GZT) and its active fraction A (Fr.A) showed an antipyretic effect in rats. 3-Phenyl-2-propene-1-ol was one of the active compounds isolated from Fr.A. In the present study, we examined the influence of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release, and the effect of 3-phenyl-2-propene-1-ol on IL-1beta-induced PGE(2) release from rat cerebral endothelial cells (rCMEC). Cultured rCMEC were used in the study. In vitro, cells express typical phenotypic markers of brain endothelium. Using a monoclonal antibody against von Willebrand factor, immunocytochemical analysis revealed positive immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of cultured cells. rCMEC were incubated in M199 medium containing IL-1beta in the presence or absence of 3-phenyl-2-propene-1-ol. After incubation, the conditioned media were collected and the amount of PGE(2) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-1beta increased the production of PGE(2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 3-Phenyl-2-propene-1-ol significantly decreased IL-1beta-induced PGE(2) release in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that 3-phenyl-2-propene-1-ol inhibits the PGE(2) release from rCMEC stimulated by IL-1beta, and may have an antipyretic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-You Guo
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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de Carvalho Borges B, Carnio EC, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Branco LGS, da Rocha MJA. Lesion of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) reduces hypothalamic activation and hypophyseal hormone secretion induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1115:83-91. [PMID: 16934778 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether electrolytic ablation of the periventricular anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) region would affect the hypothalamic activation and the increase of hypophysial hormone secretion induced by systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. LPS significantly increased the number of cells showing Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei of the hypothalamus (P<0.05) and also increased plasma levels of vasopressin, oxytocin, adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone (P<0.05). AV3V lesion significantly reduced LPS-induced Fos immunoreactivity (P<0.05) and vasopressin and oxytocin secretion (P<0.05). Elevations in adrenocorticotropin but not in plasma corticosterone after LPS were affected by prior AV3V lesions. These findings demonstrate that LPS-induced Fos expression in the PVN and SON, and hypophysial hormone secretion is dependent on the integrity of the AV3V region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Carvalho Borges
- Departamento de Fisiologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Navarro VP, Iyomasa MM, Leite-Panissi CRA, Almeida MC, Branco LGS. New role of the trigeminal nerve as a neuronal pathway signaling brain in acute periodontitis: participation of local prostaglandins. Pflugers Arch 2006; 453:73-82. [PMID: 16902799 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The systemic induction of cytokines and prostaglandins plays a key role in the development of fever. However, whether fever is triggered by local injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the involvement of locally produced prostaglandins in periodontal tissue has never been assessed. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that the trigeminal nerve is a neuronal pathway that signals the brain during acute periodontitis, and this response involves prostaglandin induction. Rats were given a gingival intra-pouch injection of sterile saline or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, at doses of 10 and 100 microg/kg. Some animals were pre-treated with the local anesthetic mepivacaine or had the peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerves transected. Another group of animals were pre-treated (locally or systemically) with the nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenases diclofenac. Body core temperature (T (b)) was measured by means of biotelemetry before and after injections. LPS elicited a dose-dependent increase in T (b), which was abolished by mepivacaine, bilateral transection of the peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerve, or local treatment with diclofenac. The results indicate that there is an activation of periodontal nerves to induce fever by LPS. It also shows that local formation of prostaglandins plays a role in fever development. Moreover, immunohistochemistry detected c-fos expression in the subnucleus caudalis of spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus 2 and 3 h after LPS injection, further confirming the role of trigeminal nerve signaling brain in acute periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P Navarro
- Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Raffaini MS, Dias MB, Branco LGS. Central heme oxygenase-carbon monoxide pathway participates in the lipopolysaccharide-induced tolerance in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1111:83-9. [PMID: 16901472 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, heme oxygenase-carbon monoxide (HO-CO) pathway has been reported to be involved in the development of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fever. However, no information exists about its participation in LPS tolerance, which is defined by an attenuation of the febrile response to repeated administrations of LPS. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that HO-CO pathway plays a role in endotoxin tolerance, which was induced by means of three consecutive LPS intraperitoneal injections (i.p.) at 24-h intervals. Body temperature (Tb) was measured by biotelemetry. Induction of the HO pathway using intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) heme lysinate reversed tolerance, and this effect could be prevented by pretreatment with ODQ [a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor; i.c.v.]. These results indicate that HO-CO pathway seems to be down-regulated during LPS tolerance, and that CO is the HO product that can prevent LPS tolerance, acting via cGMP. In further support, either biliverdine or iron (the others HO products; i.c.v.) had no effect in LPS-induced tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Raffaini
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, SP, Brazil
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Spencer SJ, Boissé L, Mouihate A, Pittman QJ. Long term alterations in neuroimmune responses of female rats after neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:325-30. [PMID: 16226008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Male and female rats display significant gender-associated differences in their responses to an immune challenge, and gender-specific alterations in many aspects of physiology are seen after a variety of interventions during the neonatal period. It is well-established that neonatal exposure to an immune challenge can alter centrally mediated inflammatory responses in adult male rats and yet little is known about female responses after a similar challenge. We therefore asked if neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) would alter febrile and hypothalamic cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 responses to an adult immune challenge in female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a single injection of the bacterial endotoxin LPS at postnatal day 14 and were examined as adults for febrile, COX-2 and activity changes to LPS, as well as responses to interleukin (IL)-1beta. Adult female rat responses were similar to those we have seen previously for the males in that febrile and hypothalamic COX-2 responses to adult LPS were attenuated in neonatally LPS-treated animals. Responses to adult IL-1beta were unaffected. Interestingly, females did not display the elevated basal hypothalamic COX-2 that was previously seen in males. Thus we demonstrate that, like in the males, neonatal exposure to LPS has a powerful effect on adult responses to further LPS challenge in the female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Spencer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alta., Canada.
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Blatteis CM. Endotoxic fever: New concepts of its regulation suggest new approaches to its management. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:194-223. [PMID: 16460809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxic fever is regulated by endogenous factors that provide pro- and anti-pyretic signals at different points along the febrigenic pathway, from the periphery to the brain. Current evidence indicates that the febrile response to invading Gram-negative bacteria and their products is initiated upon their arrival in the liver via the circulation and their uptake by Kupffer cells (Kc). These pathogens activate the complement cascade on contact, hence generating complement component 5a. It, in turn, very rapidly stimulates Kc to release prostaglandin (PG)E2. Pyrogenic cytokines (TNF-alpha, etc.) are produced later and are no longer considered to be the immediate triggers of fever. The Kc-generated PGE2 either (1) may be transported by the bloodstream to the ventromedial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (POA, the locus of the temperature-regulating center), presumptively diffusing into it and acting on thermoregulatory neurons; PGE2 is thus taken to be the final, central fever mediator. Or (2) it may activate hepatic vagal afferents projecting to the medulla oblongata, thence to the POA via the ventral noradrenergic bundle. Norepinephrine consequently secreted stimulates alpha1-adrenoceptors on thermoregulatory neurons, rapidly evoking an initial rise in core temperature (Tc) not associated with any change in POA PGE2; this neural, PGE2-independent signaling pathway is quicker than the blood-borne route. Elevated POA PGE2 and a secondary Tc rise occur later, consequent to alpha2 stimulation. Endogenous counter-regulatory factors are also elaborated peripherally and centrally at different points during the course of the febrile response; they are, therefore, anti-pyretic. These multiple interacting pathways are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark M Blatteis
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, 38163, USA.
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Bicego KC, Barros RCH, Branco LGS. Physiology of temperature regulation: comparative aspects. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 147:616-639. [PMID: 16950637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2005] [Revised: 05/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Few environmental factors have a larger influence on animal energetics than temperature, a fact that makes thermoregulation a very important process for survival. In general, endothermic species, i.e., mammals and birds, maintain a constant body temperature (Tb) in fluctuating environmental temperatures using autonomic and behavioural mechanisms. Most of the knowledge on thermoregulatory physiology has emerged from studies using mammalian species, particularly rats. However, studies with all vertebrate groups are essential for a more complete understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of Tb. Ectothermic vertebrates-fish, amphibians and reptiles-thermoregulate essentially by behavioural mechanisms. With few exceptions, both endotherms and ectotherms develop fever (a regulated increase in Tb) in response to exogenous pyrogens, and regulated hypothermia (anapyrexia) in response to hypoxia. This review focuses on the mechanisms, particularly neuromediators and regions in the central nervous system, involved in thermoregulation in vertebrates, in conditions of euthermia, fever and anapyrexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kênia C Bicego
- Department of Animal Physiology and Morfology, College of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Renata C H Barros
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Branco
- Department of Morphology, Estomatology and Physiology, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li Z, Perlik V, Feleder C, Tang Y, Blatteis CM. Kupffer cell-generated PGE2triggers the febrile response of guinea pigs to intravenously injected LPS. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R1262-70. [PMID: 16410400 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00724.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because the onset of fever induced by intravenously (iv) injected bacterial endotoxic lipopolysaccharides (LPS) precedes the appearance in the bloodstream of pyrogenic cytokines, the presumptive peripheral triggers of the febrile response, we have postulated previously that, in their stead, PGE2could be the peripheral fever trigger because it appears in blood coincidentally with the initial body core temperature (Tc) rise. To test this hypothesis, we injected Salmonella enteritidis LPS (2 μg/kg body wt iv) into conscious guinea pigs and measured their plasma levels of LPS, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 before and 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after LPS administration; Tcwas monitored continuously. The animals were untreated or Kupffer cell (KC) depleted; the essential involvement of KCs in LPS fever was shown previously. LPS very promptly (<10 min) induced a rise of Tcthat was temporally correlated with the elevation of plasma PGE2. KC depletion prevented the Tcand plasma PGE2rises and slowed the clearance of LPS from the blood. TNF-α was not detectable in plasma until 30 min and in IL-1β and IL-6 until 60 min after LPS injection. KC depletion did not alter the times of appearance or magnitudes of rises of these cytokines, except TNF-α, the maximal level of which was increased approximately twofold in the KC-depleted animals. In a follow-up experiment, PGE2antiserum administered iv 10 min before LPS significantly attenuated the febrile response to LPS. Together, these results support the view that, in guinea pigs, PGE2rather than pyrogenic cytokines is generated by KCs in immediate response to iv LPS and triggers the febrile response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Li
- Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Guo JY, Huo HR, Zhao BS, Liu HB, Li LF, Ma YY, Guo SY, Jiang TL. Cinnamaldehyde reduces IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 activity in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 537:174-80. [PMID: 16624280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde is a principle compound isolated from Guizhi-Tang, which is a famous traditional Chinese medical formula used to treat influenza, common cold and other pyretic conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on expression and activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (RCMEC). RCMEC were cultured, and identified by immunohistochemistry for von Willebrand factor in cytoplasm of the cells. Then cells were incubated in M199 medium containing interleukin (IL)-1beta in the presence or absence of cinnamaldehyde. After incubation, the medium was collected and the amount of PGE(2) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cells were harvested, mRNA expression and activity of COX were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with SYBR Green dye and ELISA respectively. Positive immunostaining for von Willebrand factor was present diffusely in the cytoplasm of >95% RCMEC. IL-1beta increased the mRNA expression and activity of COX-2, and production of PGE(2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner in RCMEC, while mRNA and activity of COX-1 were not significantly altered. Cinnamaldehyde significantly decreased IL-1beta-induced COX-2 activity and PGE(2) production in a dose-dependent manner, while it showed no inhibitory effect on IL-1beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression in cultured RCMEC. In conclusion, cinnamaldehyde reduces IL-1beta-induced COX-2 activity, but not IL-1beta-induced COX-2 mRNA expression, and consequently inhibits production of PGE(2) in cultured RCMEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-You Guo
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
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