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Zhang H, Song M, Zhuang S, Wang Z, Shi H, Song Z, Song C, Cen L. Development of α-Tocopherol Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles and Its Evaluation as a Novel Immune Adjuvant. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400400. [PMID: 38981020 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
With the continuous development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines, traditional adjuvants cannot provide sufficient immune efficacy and it is of high necessity to develop safe and effective novel nanoparticle-based vaccine adjuvants. α-Tocopherol (TOC) is commonly used in oil-emulsion adjuvant systems as an immune enhancer, yet its bioavailability is limited by poor water solubility. This study aims to develop TOC-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (TOC-PLGA NPs) to explore the potential of TOC-PLGA NPs as a novel nanoparticle-immune adjuvant. TOC-PLGA NPs are prepared by a nanoprecipitation method and their physicochemical properties are characterized. It is shown that TOC-PLGA NPs are 110.8 nm, polydispersity index value of 0.042, and Zeta potential of -13.26 mV. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of NPs are 82.57% and 11.80%, respectively, and the cumulative release after 35 days of in vitro testing reaches 47%. Furthermore, TOC-PLGA NPs demonstrate a superior promotion effect on RAW 264.7 cell proliferation compared to PLGA NPs, being well phagocytosed and also promoting antigen uptake by macrophages. TOC-PLGA NPs can strongly upregulate the expression of co-stimulatory surface molecules and the secretion of cytokines. In conclusion, TOC-PLGA NPs can be a novel vaccine adjuvant with excellent biocompatibility and significant immune-enhancing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Meng Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shiya Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zining Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhuolang Song
- Shanghai Mingqi Energy Technology Co., Ltd, No. 29, Lane 155, Baocheng Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Chuanhe Song
- Shanghai Mingqi Energy Technology Co., Ltd, No. 29, Lane 155, Baocheng Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Lian Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Department of Product Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, No.130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Seo D, Lee CM, Apio C, Heo G, Timsina J, Kohlfeld P, Boada M, Orellana A, Fernandez MV, Ruiz A, Morris JC, Schindler SE, Park T, Cruchaga C, Sung YJ. Sex and aging signatures of proteomics in human cerebrospinal fluid identify distinct clusters linked to neurodegeneration. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.18.24309102. [PMID: 38947020 PMCID: PMC11213043 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.18.24309102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Sex and age are major risk factors for chronic diseases. Recent studies examining age-related molecular changes in plasma provided insights into age-related disease biology. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics can provide additional insights into brain aging and neurodegeneration. By comprehensively examining 7,006 aptamers targeting 6,139 proteins in CSF obtained from 660 healthy individuals aged from 43 to 91 years old, we subsequently identified significant sex and aging effects on 5,097 aptamers in CSF. Many of these effects on CSF proteins had different magnitude or even opposite direction as those on plasma proteins, indicating distinctive CSF-specific signatures. Network analysis of these CSF proteins revealed not only modules associated with healthy aging but also modules showing sex differences. Through subsequent analyses, several modules were highlighted for their proteins implicated in specific diseases. Module 2 and 6 were enriched for many aging diseases including those in the circulatory systems, immune mechanisms, and neurodegeneration. Together, our findings fill a gap of current aging research and provide mechanistic understanding of proteomic changes in CSF during a healthy lifespan and insights for brain aging and diseases.
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Majstorović J, Kyslík J, Klak K, Maciuszek M, Chan JTH, Korytář T, Holzer AS. Erythrocytes of the common carp are immune sentinels that sense pathogen molecular patterns, engulf particles and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines against bacterial infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407237. [PMID: 38947329 PMCID: PMC11211254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are underestimated in their role in the immune system. In mammals, erythrocytes undergo maturation that involves the loss of nuclei, resulting in limited transcription and protein synthesis capabilities. However, the nucleated nature of non-mammalian RBCs is challenging this conventional understanding of RBCs. Notably, in bony fishes, research indicates that RBCs are not only susceptible to pathogen attacks but express immune receptors and effector molecules. However, given the abundance of RBCs and their interaction with every physiological system, we postulate that they act in surveillance as sentinels, rapid responders, and messengers. Methods We performed a series of in vitro experiments with Cyprinus carpio RBCs exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila, as well as in vivo laboratory infections using different concentrations of bacteria. Results qPCR revealed that RBCs express genes of several inflammatory cytokines. Using cyprinid-specific antibodies, we confirmed that RBCs secreted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). In contrast to these indirect immune mechanisms, we observed that RBCs produce reactive oxygen species and, through transmission electron and confocal microscopy, that RBCs can engulf particles. Finally, RBCs expressed and upregulated several putative toll-like receptors, including tlr4 and tlr9, in response to A. hydrophila infection in vivo. Discussion Overall, the RBC repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, their secretion of effector molecules, and their swift response make them immune sentinels capable of rapidly detecting and signaling the presence of foreign pathogens. By studying the interaction between a bacterium and erythrocytes, we provide novel insights into how the latter may contribute to overall innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Majstorović
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jiří Kyslík
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Katarzyna Klak
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justin T. H. Chan
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Fish Health Division, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Fish Health Division, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yang B, Li W, Saeki H, Shimizu Y, Joe GH. Maillard-type glycated collagen with alginate oligosaccharide suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress by attenuating the expression of LPS receptors Tlr4 and Cd14 in macrophages. Food Funct 2024; 15:3629-3639. [PMID: 38482590 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02731g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), with macrophages playing pivotal roles. Glycated collagen through Maillard-type glycation holds promise for enhancing anti-inflammatory properties, but its mechanism remains unclear. This study investigates the cellular mechanism and aims to contribute to expanding collagen utilization. Collagen was glycated with alginate oligosaccharide (AO) and glucose (Glc: as a comparative case) at 60 °C and 35% relative humidity for up to 24 h (C-AO and C-Glc, respectively). The anti-inflammatory activities of both C-AO and C-Glc were evaluated using an LPS-stimulated macrophage model. 18 h AO-glycated collagen (C-AO18 h) was found to significantly reduce the production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In contrast, C-Glc did not exhibit enhanced anti-inflammatory activity during any of the glycation periods. The enhanced anti-inflammatory activity of C-AO18 h was attributed to its downregulating effect on LPS receptors (toll-like receptor 4, Tlr4; cluster of differentiation 14, Cd14) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88) mRNA expression, with suppression in receptor expression resulting in decreased phagocytic ability of macrophages against E. coli. In addition, compared with intact collagen, C-AO18 h exhibited improved antioxidant activity in the LPS-stimulated macrophage model, as it significantly upregulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Overall, this study contributes to the development of collagen-based functional foods for mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress in NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxue Yang
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato 3, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, PR China
| | - Wenzhao Li
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato 3, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Saeki
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato 3, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato 3, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Ga-Hyun Joe
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato 3, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
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Liu S, Lu H, Mao S, Zhang Z, Zhu W, Cheng J, Xue Y. Undernutrition-induced substance metabolism and energy production disorders affected the structure and function of the pituitary gland in a pregnant sheep model. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1251936. [PMID: 38035344 PMCID: PMC10684748 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1251936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Undernutrition spontaneously occurs in ewes during late gestation and the pituitary is an important hinge in the neurohumoral regulatory system. However, little is known about the effect of undernutrition on pituitary metabolism. Methods Here, 10 multiparous ewes were restricted to a 30% feeding level during late gestation to establish an undernutrition model while another 10 ewes were fed normally as controls. All the ewes were sacrificed, and pituitary samples were collected to perform transcriptome, metabolome, and quantitative real-time PCR analysis and investigate the metabolic changes. Results PCA and PLS-DA of total genes showed that undernutrition changed the total transcriptome profile of the pituitary gland, and 581 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two groups. Clusters of orthologous groups for eukaryotic complete genomes demonstrated that substance transport and metabolism, including lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids, energy production and conversion, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, and the cytoskeleton were enriched by DEGs. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis displayed that the phagosome, intestinal immune network, and oxidative phosphorylation were enriched by DEGs. Further analysis found that undernutrition enhanced the lipid degradation and amino acid transport, repressing lipid synthesis and transport and amino acid degradation of the pituitary gland. Moreover, the general metabolic profiles and metabolic pathways were affected by undernutrition, repressing the 60S, 40S, 28S, and 39S subunits of the ribosomal structure for translation and myosin and actin synthesis for cytoskeleton. Undernutrition was found also to be implicated in the suppression of oxidative phosphorylation for energy production and conversion into a downregulation of genes related to T cell function and the immune response and an upregulation of genes involved in inflammatory reactions enriching phagosomes. Discussion This study comprehensively analyses the effect of undernutrition on the pituitary gland in a pregnant sheep model, which provides a foundation for further research into the mechanisms of undernutrition-caused hormone secretion and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huizhen Lu
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanfeng Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Eaves LA, Enggasser AE, Camerota M, Gogcu S, Gower WA, Hartwell H, Jackson WM, Jensen E, Joseph RM, Marsit CJ, Roell K, Santos HP, Shenberger JS, Smeester L, Yanni D, Kuban KCK, O'Shea TM, Fry RC. CpG methylation patterns in placenta and neonatal blood are differentially associated with neonatal inflammation. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:1072-1084. [PMID: 35764815 PMCID: PMC10289042 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants born extremely premature are at increased risk for health complications later in life for which neonatal inflammation may be a contributing biological driver. Placental CpG methylation provides mechanistic information regarding the relationship between prenatal epigenetic programming, prematurity, neonatal inflammation, and later-in-life health. METHODS We contrasted CpG methylation in the placenta and neonatal blood spots in relation to neonatal inflammation in the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn (ELGAN) cohort. Neonatal inflammation status was based on the expression of six inflammation-related proteins, assessed as (1) day-one inflammation (DOI) or (2) intermittent or sustained systemic inflammation (ISSI, inflammation on ≥2 days in the first 2 postnatal weeks). Epigenome-wide CpG methylation was assessed in 354 placental samples and 318 neonatal blood samples. RESULTS Placental CpG methylation displayed the strongest association with ISSI (48 CpG sites) but was not associated with DOI. This was in contrast to CpG methylation in blood spots, which was associated with DOI (111 CpG sites) and not with ISSI (one CpG site). CONCLUSIONS Placental CpG methylation was strongly associated with ISSI, a measure of inflammation previously linked to later-in-life cognitive impairment, while day-one neonatal blood methylation was associated with DOI. IMPACT Neonatal inflammation increases the risk of adverse later-life outcomes, especially in infants born extremely preterm. CpG methylation in the placenta and neonatal blood spots were evaluated in relation to neonatal inflammation assessed via circulating proteins as either (i) day-one inflammation (DOI) or (ii) intermittent or sustained systemic inflammation (ISSI, inflammation on ≥2 days in the first 2 weeks). Tissue specificity was observed in epigenetic-inflammatory relationships: placental CpG methylation was associated with ISSI, neonatal blood CpG methylation was associated with DOI. Supporting the placental origins of disease framework, placental epigenetic patterns are associated with a propensity for ISSI in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Eaves
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam E Enggasser
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marie Camerota
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Semsa Gogcu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William A Gower
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hadley Hartwell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wesley M Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Robert M Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmen J Marsit
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle Roell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hudson P Santos
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Shenberger
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diana Yanni
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl C K Kuban
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Michael O'Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Macrophages: From Simple Phagocyte to an Integrative Regulatory Cell for Inflammation and Tissue Regeneration-A Review of the Literature. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020276. [PMID: 36672212 PMCID: PMC9856654 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of macrophages and their pathophysiological role has dramatically changed within the last decades. Macrophages represent a very interesting cell type with regard to biomaterial-based tissue engineering and regeneration. In this context, macrophages play a crucial role in the biocompatibility and degradation of implanted biomaterials. Furthermore, a better understanding of the functionality of macrophages opens perspectives for potential guidance and modulation to turn inflammation into regeneration. Such knowledge may help to improve not only the biocompatibility of scaffold materials but also the integration, maturation, and preservation of scaffold-cell constructs or induce regeneration. Nowadays, macrophages are classified into two subpopulations, the classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) with pro-inflammatory properties and the alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) with anti-inflammatory properties. The present narrative review gives an overview of the different functions of macrophages and summarizes the recent state of knowledge regarding different types of macrophages and their functions, with special emphasis on tissue engineering and tissue regeneration.
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Decreasing effects of protein kinase inhibitors on the expression of NOS2 and inflammatory cytokines and on phagocytosis in rat peritoneal macrophages is partly related to repolarization. Mol Immunol 2023; 153:10-24. [PMID: 36402067 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT (Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) pathway plays a pivotal role in macrophage polarization, but other signaling routes may also be involved. The aim of this study was to reveal the relationship of activation between rat peritoneal macrophages and their polarization, to detect the signaling routes involved, and find selective protein kinase inhibitors decreasing the production of inflammatory proteins in activated peritoneal macrophages. Rat macrophages were elicited with i.p. casein injection. CD80 and CD206 markers, NOS2 (Nitric oxide synthase 2), arginase, cytokines and phagocytosis were investigated by ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay), Western Blot, fluorescent microscopic and flow cytometry. Statistical methods were ANOVA (Analysis Of Variance) and Student t-tests. Resident and elicited cells expressed both CD80 and CD206 polarization markers. The involvement of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and JAK/STAT pathways in the polarization was evidenced by a phosphorylation array, supported by Western blotting, by cytokine markers and by the inhibitory effects of kinase inhibitors. The expression of NOS2 and inflammatory cytokines was higher in elicited cells suggesting their M1 polarization. This effect was reduced by the inhibitors of MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways. Phagocytosis was also higher in elicited macrophages and decreased by these inhibitors. Nevertheless, they cannot change macrophage polarization unambiguously, as levels of CD80 and CD206 markers were not changed. For comparison, human blood macrophages were also studied. Similar effects and several differences were observed between the two types of macrophages, suggesting the role of the previous differentiation in defining their characteristics. Selected anti-cancer protein kinase inhibitors of p38, MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways are possible candidates for the therapy of inflammatory diseases.
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Zhang Y, Shen W, Ding J, Gao X, Wu X, Zhu J. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Head Kidney of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected Hypoxia-tolerant and Normal Large Yellow Croaker. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1039-1054. [PMID: 36129638 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most economically important marine fish on the southeast coast of China and much of its yield is usually lost by hypoxia. To address this problem and lay a foundation for culturing a new strain of large yellow croaker with hypoxia tolerance, our research group screened a hypoxia-tolerant population of L. crocea. Surprisingly, we also found that hypoxia-tolerant population exhibited higher survival when infected with pathogens compared to the normal population during the farming operation. In order to understand the mechanism underlying the higher survival rate of the hypoxia-tolerant population and enrich the head kidney immune mechanism of L. crocea infected with pathogens, we compared and analyzed the head kidney transcriptome of the hypoxia-tolerant and normal individuals under Aeromonas hydrophila infection. We obtained 159.68 GB high-quality reads, of which more than 87.61% were successfully localized to the reference genome of L. crocea. KEGG analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in the signaling pathways involving immunity, cell growth and death, transport and catabolism, and metabolism. Among these, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Nod-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, phagosome, apoptosis, and OXPHOS pathways were enriched in both groups after infection compared to before, and were enriched in infected tolerant individuals compared to normal individuals. In addition, we found that the expression of hif1α and its downstream genes were higher in the hypoxia-sensitive group of fish than in the normal group. In conclusion, our results showed some signaling pathways and hub genes, which may participate in A. hydrophila defense in the head kidney of two populations, and may contribute to the higher survival rate in the hypoxia-tolerant population. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of the defense mechanism within the head kidney of L. crocea under A. hydrophila infection, and suggest a preliminary hypothesis for why hypoxia-tolerant individuals may exhibit a higher survival rates after infection. Our study provides scientific evidence for the breeding of a new hypoxia-tolerant strain of L. crocea for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongfei Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Yi YS, Kim HG, Kim JH, Yang WS, Kim E, Park JG, Aziz N, Parameswaran N, Cho JY. Syk promotes phagocytosis by inducing reactive oxygen species generation and suppressing SOCS1 in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221133018. [PMID: 36214175 PMCID: PMC9548688 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221133018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation, a vital innate immune response against infection and injury, is mediated by macrophages. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) regulates inflammatory responses in macrophages; however, its role and underlying mechanisms are uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, overexpression and knockout (KO) cell preparations, phagocytosis analysis, confocal microscopy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination, mRNA analysis, and immunoprecipitation/western blotting analyses were used to investigate the role of Syk in phagocytosis and its underlying mechanisms in macrophages during inflammatory responses. RESULTS Syk inhibition by Syk KO, Syk-specific small interfering RNA (siSyk), and a selective Syk inhibitor (piceatannol) significantly reduced the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. Syk inhibition also decreased cytochrome c generation by inhibiting ROS-generating enzymes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and ROS scavenging suppressed the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. LPS induced the tyrosine nitration (N-Tyr) of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) through Syk-induced ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells. On the other hand, ROS scavenging suppressed the N-Tyr of SOCS1 and phagocytosis. Moreover, SOCS1 overexpression decreased phagocytic activity, and SOCS1 inhibition increased the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Syk plays a critical role in the phagocytic activity of macrophages by inducing ROS generation and suppressing SOCS1 through SOCS1 nitration during inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea,Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea,Young-Su Yi, Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University,154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16227, Korea. Jae Youl Cho, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of Physiology and Division of Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea,Young-Su Yi, Department of Life Sciences, Kyonggi University,154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16227, Korea. Jae Youl Cho, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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11
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Wang H, Ma C, Sun-Waterhouse D, Wang J, Neil Waterhouse GI, Kang W. Immunoregulatory polysaccharides from Apocynum venetum L. flowers stimulate phagocytosis and cytokine expression via activating the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Wei H, Wang Y, Li W, Qiu Y, Hua C, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Xie Z. Immunomodulatory activity and active mechanisms of a low molecular polysaccharide isolated from Lanzhou lily bulbs in RAW264.7 macrophages. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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13
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Noor Mohamed NMH, Lim V, Mohamed R, Ismail IS. Regulation of the Macrophage Cellular Response by Clinacanthus nutans Extracts in J774.2 Macrophages. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Immune Responses in Leishmaniases: An Overview. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7040054. [PMID: 35448829 PMCID: PMC9029249 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic, widespread, and neglected disease that affects more than 90 countries in the world. More than 20 Leishmania species cause different forms of leishmaniasis that range in severity from cutaneous lesions to systemic infection. The diversity of leishmaniasis forms is due to the species of parasite, vector, environmental and social factors, genetic background, nutritional status, as well as immunocompetence of the host. Here, we discuss the role of the immune system, its molecules, and responses in the establishment, development, and outcome of Leishmaniasis, focusing on innate immune cells and Leishmania major interactions.
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15
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) still remain the leading concern of global health, accounting for approximately 17.9 million deaths in 2016. The pathogenetic mechanisms of CVDs are multifactorial and incompletely understood. Recent evidence has shown that alterations in the gut microbiome and its associated metabolites may influence the pathogenesis and progression of CVDs such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension, and arrhythmia, yet the underlying links are not fully elucidated. Owing to the progress in next-generation sequencing techniques and computational strategies, researchers now are available to explore the emerging links to the genomes, transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes in parallel meta-omics approaches, presenting a panoramic vista of culture-independent microbial investigation. This review aims to outline the characteristics of meta-omics pipelines and provide a brief overview of current applications in CVDs studies which can be practical for addressing crucial knowledge gaps in this field, as well as to shed its light on cardiovascular risk biomarkers and therapeutic intervention in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital & National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital & National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,CONTACT Yuejin Yang State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital & National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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16
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Bögel G, Murányi J, Szokol B, Kukor Z, Móra I, Kardon T, Őrfi L, Hrabák A. Production of NOS2 and inflammatory cytokines is reduced by selected protein kinase inhibitors with partial repolarization of HL-60 derived and human blood macrophages. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08670. [PMID: 35028455 PMCID: PMC8741463 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK/STAT pathway plays a well-known role in macrophage polarization, but other signaling routes may also be involved. The aim of this study was to identify new signaling pathways and repolarize macrophages by selected protein kinase inhibitors. HL-60 derived macrophages were chosen as model cells and human blood macrophages were used for comparison. M1 and M2 polarization of HL60 derived and human blood macrophages was promoted by LPS + IFNγ (LIF) and IL-4 treatments, respectively. In HL-60 derived macrophages, M1 polarization was mediated by Erk1/2 and p38 phosphorylation, while HSP27 phosphorylation was involved in M2 polarization. The inhibition of both MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways reduced the expression of NOS2, IP-10 and TNFα, IL-8 production was decreased by the inhibition of AMPK and PKD, the upstream kinase of HSP27. HSP27 phosphorylation was inhibited by NB 142, a PKD inhibitor. The expression of CD80 (M1 marker) was reduced by MAPK and JAK/STAT inhibitors, without increasing CD206 (M2 marker). On the other hand, CD206 was reduced by PKD and AMPK inhibitors, without increasing CD80 marker. Phagocytic capacity of HL-60 derived macrophages was higher in M1 macrophages and decreased by trametinib and a p38 inhibitor, while in human blood macrophages, where AT 9283, a JAK/STAT inhibitor also caused a significant decrease in M1 polarized macrophages, no difference was observed between M1 and M2 macrophages. Our results suggest that the repolarization of macrophages cannot be achieved by inhibiting their signaling pathways; nevertheless, the expression of certain polarization markers was decreased, therefore a "depolarization" could be observed both in M1 and M2 polarized cells. Selected protein kinase inhibitors of M1 polarization, decreasing NOS 2 and inflammatory cytokines may be potential candidates for therapeutical trials against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Bögel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-43, Hungary
| | - József Murányi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-43, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Budapest, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-43, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szokol
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd., Veszprém, H-8200, Viola u. 2., Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kukor
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-43, Hungary
| | - István Móra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-43, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Budapest, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-43, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kardon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-43, Hungary
| | - László Őrfi
- Vichem Chemie Research Ltd., Veszprém, H-8200, Viola u. 2., Hungary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1092, Hőgyes E. u. 9., Hungary
| | - András Hrabák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1094, Tűzoltó u. 37-43, Hungary
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17
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Ali Reza ASM, Nasrin MS, Hossen MA, Rahman MA, Jantan I, Haque MA, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Mechanistic insight into immunomodulatory effects of food-functioned plant secondary metabolites. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:5546-5576. [PMID: 34955042 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medicinally important plant-foods offer a balanced immune function, which is essential for protecting the body against antigenic invasion, mainly by microorganisms. Immunomodulators play pivotal roles in supporting immune function either suppressing or stimulating the immune system's response to invading pathogens. Among different immunomodulators, plant-based secondary metabolites have emerged as high potential not only for immune defense but also for cellular immunoresponsiveness. These natural immunomodulators can be developed into safer alternatives to the clinically used immunosuppressants and immunostimulant cytotoxic drugs which possess serious side effects. Many plants of different species have been reported to possess strong immunomodulating properties. The immunomodulatory effects of plant extracts and their bioactive metabolites have been suggested due to their diverse mechanisms of modulation of the complex immune system and their multifarious molecular targets. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and polyphenols have been reported as responsible for the immunomodulatory effects of several medicinal plants. This review illustrates the potent immunomodulatory effects of 65 plant secondary metabolites, including dietary compounds and their underlying mechanisms of action on cellular and humoral immune functions in in vitro and in vivo studies. The clinical potential of some of the compounds to be used for various immune-related disorders is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S M Ali Reza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Samima Nasrin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Amjad Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Areeful Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Alyami EM, Tarar A, Peng CA. Less phagocytosis of viral vectors by tethering with CD47 ectodomain. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:64-77. [PMID: 34846059 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01815a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many viral vectors, which are effective when administrated in situ, lack efficacy when delivered intravenously. The key reason for this is the rapid clearance of the viruses from the blood circulation via the immune system before they reach target sites. Therefore, avoiding their clearance by the immune system is essential. In this study, lentiviral vectors were tethered with the ectodomain of self-marker protein CD47 to suppress phagocytosis via interacting with SIRPα on the outer membrane of macrophage cells. CD47 ectodomain and core-streptavidin fusion gene (CD47ED-coreSA) was constructed into pET-30a(+) plasmid and transformed into Lemo21 (DE3) competent E. coli cells. The expressed CD47ED-coreSA chimeric protein was purified by cobalt-nitrilotriacetate affinity column and characterized by SDS-PAGE and western blot. The purified chimeric protein was anchored on biotinylated lentivirus via biotin-streptavidin binding. The CD47ED-capped lentiviruses encoding GFP were used to infect J774A.1 macrophage cells to assess the impact on phagocytosis. Our results showed that the overexpressed CD47ED-coreSA chimeric protein was purified and bound on the surface of biotinylated lentivirus which was confirmed via immunoblotting assay. The process to produce biotinylated lentivirus did not affect native viral infectivity. It was shown that the level of GFP expression in J774A.1 macrophages transduced with CD47ED-lentiviruses was threefold lower in comparison to control lentiviruses, indicating an antiphagocytic effect triggered by the interaction of CD47ED and SIRPα. Through the test of blocking antibodies against CD47ED and/or SIRPα, it was confirmed that the phagocytosis inhibition was mediated through the CD47ED-SIRPα axis signaling. In conclusion, surface immobilization of CD47ED on lentiviral vectors inhibits their phagocytosis by macrophages. The chimeric protein of CD47 ectodomain and core-streptavidin is effective in mediating the surface binding and endowing the lentiviral nanoparticles with the antiphagocytic property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmael M Alyami
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Engineering Physics Building 410, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844-0904, USA.
| | - Ammar Tarar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Engineering Physics Building 410, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844-0904, USA.
| | - Ching-An Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Engineering Physics Building 410, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844-0904, USA.
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19
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Ma H, Liu Z, Yang Y, Feng D, Dong Y, Garbutt TA, Hu Z, Wang L, Luan C, Cooper CD, Li Y, Welch JD, Qian L, Liu J. Functional coordination of non-myocytes plays a key role in adult zebrafish heart regeneration. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52901. [PMID: 34523214 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac regeneration occurs primarily through proliferation of existing cardiomyocytes, but also involves complex interactions between distinct cardiac cell types including non-cardiomyocytes (non-CMs). However, the subpopulations, distinguishing molecular features, cellular functions, and intercellular interactions of non-CMs in heart regeneration remain largely unexplored. Using the LIGER algorithm, we assemble an atlas of cell states from 61,977 individual non-CM scRNA-seq profiles isolated at multiple time points during regeneration. This analysis reveals extensive non-CM cell diversity, including multiple macrophage (MC), fibroblast (FB), and endothelial cell (EC) subpopulations with unique spatiotemporal distributions, and suggests an important role for MC in inducing the activated FB and EC subpopulations. Indeed, pharmacological perturbation of MC function compromises the induction of the unique FB and EC subpopulations. Furthermore, we developed computational algorithm Topologizer to map the topological relationships and dynamic transitions between functional states. We uncover dynamic transitions between MC functional states and identify factors involved in mRNA processing and transcriptional regulation associated with the transition. Together, our single-cell transcriptomic analysis of non-CMs during cardiac regeneration provides a blueprint for interrogating the molecular and cellular basis of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ma
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ziqing Liu
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yuchen Yang
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dong Feng
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yanhan Dong
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tiffany A Garbutt
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Li Wang
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Changfei Luan
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia D Cooper
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua D Welch
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Li Qian
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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20
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Wildlife symbiotic bacteria are indicators of the health status of the host and its ecosystem. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0138521. [PMID: 34669453 PMCID: PMC8752132 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01385-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are gut symbionts that can be used as a model to understand the host-microbiota crosstalk under unpredictable environmental conditions such as wildlife ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine whether viable LAB can be informative of the health status of wild boar populations. We monitored the genotype and phenotype of LAB based on markers that included safety and phylogenetic origin, antibacterial activity and immunomodulatory properties. A LAB profile dominated by lactobacilli appears to stimulate protective immune responses and relates to strains widely used as probiotics, resulting in a potentially healthy wildlife population whereas microbiota overpopulated by enterococci was observed in a hostile environment. These enterococci were closely related to pathogenic strains that have developed mechanisms to evade innate immune system, posing a potential risk for the host health. Furthermore, our LAB isolates displayed antibacterial properties in a species-dependent manner. Nearly all of them were able to inhibit bacterial pathogens, raising the possibility of using them as a la carte antibiotic alternative in the unexplored field of wildlife disease mitigation. Our study highlights that microbiological characterization of LAB is a useful indicator of wildlife health status and the ecological origin from which they derive. Significance Statement The wildlife symbiotic microbiota is an important component to the greater for greater diversity and functionality of their bacterial populations, influencing the host health and adaptability to its ecosystem. Although many microbes are partly responsible for the development of multiple physiological processes, only certain bacterial groups such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have the capacity to overpopulate the gut, promoting health (or disease) when specific genetic and environmental conditions are present. LAB have been exploited in many ways due to their probiotic properties, in particular lactobacilli, however their relationship with wildlife gut-associated microbiota hosts remains to be elucidated. On the other hand, it is unclear whether LAB such as enterococci, which have been associated with detrimental health effects, could lead to disease. These important questions have not been properly addressed in the field of wildlife, and therefore, should be clearly attained.
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21
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Bhattacharya A, Ghosh P, Singh A, Ghosh A, Bhowmick A, Sinha DK, Ghosh A, Sen P. Delineating the complex mechanistic interplay between NF-κβ driven mTOR depedent autophagy and monocyte to macrophage differentiation: A functional perspective. Cell Signal 2021; 88:110150. [PMID: 34547324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an extremely essential cellular process aimed to clear redundant and damaged materials, namely organelles, protein aggregates, invading pathogens, etc. through the formation of autophagosomes which are ultimately targeted to lysosomal degradation. In this study, we demonstrated that mTOR dependent classical autophagy is ubiquitously triggered in differentiating monocytes. Moreover, autophagy plays a decisive role in sustaining the process of monocyte to macrophage differentiation. We have delved deeper into understanding the underlying mechanistic complexities that trigger autophagy during differentiation. Intrigued by the significant difference between the protein profiles of monocytes and macrophages, we investigated to learn that autophagy directs monocyte differentiation via protein degradation. Further, we delineated the complex cross-talk between autophagy and cell-cycle arrest in differentiating monocytes. This study also inspects the contribution of adhesion on various steps of autophagy and its ultimate impact on monocyte differentiation. Our study reveals new mechanistic insights into the process of autophagy associated with monocyte differentiation and would undoubtedly help to understand the intricacies of the process better for the effective design of therapeutics as autophagy and autophagy-related processes have enormous importance in human patho-physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bhattacharya
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Purnam Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arpana Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arghya Bhowmick
- Department of Biochemistry, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Abhrajyoti Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Prosenjit Sen
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
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22
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Yin W, Ling Z, Dong Y, Qiao L, Shen Y, Liu Z, Wu Y, Li W, Zhang R, Walsh TR, Dai C, Li J, Yang H, Liu D, Wang Y, Gao GF, Shen J. Mobile Colistin Resistance Enzyme MCR-3 Facilitates Bacterial Evasion of Host Phagocytosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101336. [PMID: 34323389 PMCID: PMC8456205 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mobile colistin resistance enzyme MCR-3 is a phosphoethanolamine transferase modifying lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria. MCR-3 generally mediates low-level (≤8 mg L-1 ) colistin resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, but occasionally confers high-level (>128 mg L-1 ) resistance in aeromonads. Herein, it is determined that MCR-3, together with another lipid A modification mediated by the arnBCADTEF operon, may be responsible for high-level colistin resistance in aeromonads. Lipid A is the critical site of pathogens for Toll-like receptor 4 recognizing. However, it is unknown whether or how MCR-3-mediated lipid A modification affects the host immune response. Compared with the wild-type strains, increased mortality is observed in mice intraperitoneally-infected with mcr-3-positive Aeromonas salmonicida and Escherichia coli strains, along with sepsis symptoms. Further, mcr-3-positive strains show decreased clearance rates than wild-type strains, leading to bacterial accumulation in organs. The increased mortality is tightly associated with the increased tissue hypoxia, injury, and post-inflammation. MCR-3 expression also impairs phagocytosis efficiency both in vivo and in vitro, contributing to the increased persistence of mcr-3-positive bacteria in tissues compared with parental strains. This study, for the first time, reveals a dual function of MCR-3 in bacterial resistance and pathogenicity, which calls for caution in treating the infections caused by mcr-positive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- College of Basic Medical ScienceKey Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory‐Autoimmune Diseases of Hebei ProvinceHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Zhuoren Ling
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanjun Dong
- Department of Basic Veterinary MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityHaidianBeijing100193China
| | - Lu Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yingbo Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing100101China
| | - Zhihai Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Agricultural Bio‐Pharmaceutical LaboratoryCollege of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao266109China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Rong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang UniversityZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310009China
| | | | - Chongshan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and ControlNational Institute for Communicable Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionChangpingBeijing102206China
| | - Hui Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk AssessmentChina National Center for Food Safety Risk AssessmentNo. 7 Panjiayuan NanliBeijing100021China
| | - Dejun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)Beijing100101China
- College of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityHaidianBeijing100193China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food SafetyCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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23
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Xu X, Petersen S, Rodriguez C, Yi G. VISTA facilitates phagocytic clearance of HIV infected CEM-SS T cells. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07496. [PMID: 34401556 PMCID: PMC8353305 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a critical component of the innate immune response to viral infection, resulting in the clearance of infected cells while minimizing the exposure of uninfected cells. On the other hand, phagocytosis of HIV-infected T cells may cause phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, to be infected, thus leading to HIV cell-to-cell transmission. V domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA, gene Vsir, aliases Gi24, Dies-1, PD-1H, and DD1α) has been identified as an immune checkpoint molecule that possesses dual activities when expressed on APCs and T cells. Our study found that VISTA might play a significant role during the immune response to HIV infection via apoptosis upregulation and subsequent phagocytosis of infected CEM-SS T cells. HIV-induced apoptosis and monocytic cell engulfment were tested utilizing CEM-SS T cells as target cells and the monocytic cell line THP-1 as phagocytic cells. Cells were infected with a GFP-labeled HIV strain, NL4-3. HIV-infected CEM-SS T cells displayed greater apoptotic activity (approximately 18.0%) than mock-infected controls. Additionally, phagocytosis of HIV-infected CEM-SS T cells was increased approximately 4-fold. Expression of VISTA on infected CEM-SS T cells was detected in 16.7% of cells, which correlated with the increased phagocytosis observed. When an antagonistic antibody against VISTA was used, the number of phagocytosed cells was reduced by a factor of 2, which was replicated utilizing human stem cell-derived dendritic cells. Phagocytosis was also confirmed by the upregulation of IL-1β expression, which was 5-fold higher in infected cells than in control cells. We also found that VISTA overexpression on both phagocytes and HIV-infected CEM-SS T cells facilitated phagocytosis. Our study suggests that VISTA may act as a direct ligand in the phagocytosis of HIV-infected T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuequn Xu
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sean Petersen
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Cynthia Rodriguez
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Guohua Yi
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States.,Department of Pulmonary Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, United States
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Li X, Liu X, Horvatovich P, Hu Y, Zhang J. Proteomics Landscape of Host-Pathogen Interaction in Acinetobacter baumannii Infected Mouse Lung. Front Genet 2021; 12:563516. [PMID: 34025711 PMCID: PMC8138179 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.563516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important pathogen of nosocomial infection worldwide, which can primarily cause pneumonia, bloodstream infection, and urinary tract infection. The increasing drug resistance rate of A. baumannii and the slow development of new antibacterial drugs brought great challenges for clinical treatment. Host immunity is crucial to the defense of A. baumannii infection, and understanding the mechanisms of immune response can facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. To characterize the system-level changes of host proteome in immune response, we used tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling quantitative proteomics to compare the proteome changes of lungs from A. baumannii infected mice with control mice 6 h after infection. A total of 6,218 proteins were identified in which 6,172 could be quantified. With threshold p < 0.05 and relative expression fold change > 1.2 or < 0.83, we found 120 differentially expressed proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins after infection were associated with receptor recognition, NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation and antimicrobial peptides. These differentially expressed proteins were involved in the pathways including leukocyte transendothelial migration, phagocyte, neutrophil degranulation, and antimicrobial peptides. In conclusion, our study showed proteome changes in mouse lung tissue due to A. baumannii infection and suggested the important roles of NOX, neutrophils, and antimicrobial peptides in host response. Our results provide a potential list of protein candidates for the further study of host-bacteria interaction in A. baumannii infection. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020640.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofen Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yingwei Hu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Berköz M, Yalın S, Özkan-Yılmaz F, Özlüer-Hunt A, Krośniak M, Francik R, Yunusoğlu O, Adıyaman A, Gezici H, Yiğit A, Ünal S, Volkan D, Yıldırım M. Protective effect of myricetin, apigenin, and hesperidin pretreatments on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:353-369. [PMID: 33905277 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1916525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Major side effects of cyclophosphamide administration are immunosuppression and myelosuppression. The immunomodulatory effects of plant bioactive compounds on chemotherapy drug-induced immunosuppression may have significant effects in cancer treatment. For this reason, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of myricetin, apigenin, and hesperidin in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in rats.Methods: In our study, a total of 64 rats were used, and divided into eight equal groups. These groups were: control, cyclophosphamide, cyclophosphamide + myricetin (100 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide + myricetin (200 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide + apigenin (100 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide + apigenin (200 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide + hesperidin (100 mg/kg), and cyclophosphamide + hesperidin (200 mg/kg). Myricetin, apigenin, and hesperidin pretreatments were performed for 14 d, while cyclophosphamide application (200 mg/kg) was performed only on the 4th day of the study. Levels of humoral antibody production, quantitative hemolysis, macrophage phagocytosis, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity were determined. In addition, we measured pro-inflammatory cytokines, and followed lipid peroxidation and antioxidant markers and examined the histology of bone marrow, liver and spleen in all groups.Results: During cyclophosphamide treatment, all three phytochemicals increased the levels of humoral antibody production, quantitative hemolysis, macrophage phagocytosis, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, antioxidant markers, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Moreover, the agents decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, reduced lipid peroxidation markers, and reduced tissue damage in liver, spleen, and bone marrow.Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that myricetin, apigenin, and hesperidin can reduce the immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide by enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses, and these compounds may be useful immunomodulatory agents during cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Berköz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Serap Yalın
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ferbal Özkan-Yılmaz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Arzu Özlüer-Hunt
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mirosław Krośniak
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Francik
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Oruç Yunusoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Adıyaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hava Gezici
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Yiğit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Seda Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Davut Volkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Metin Yıldırım
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey
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26
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Matiašková K, Kavanová L, Kulich P, Gebauer J, Nedbalcová K, Kudláčková H, Tesařík R, Faldyna M. The Role of Antibodies Against the Crude Capsular Extract in the Immune Response of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages to In Vitro Infection of Various Serovars of Glaesserella ( Haemophilus) parasuis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635097. [PMID: 33968026 PMCID: PMC8101634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Glässer’s disease outbreaks, Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis has to overcome the non-specific immune system in the lower respiratory tract, the alveolar macrophages. Here we showed that porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were able to recognize and phagocyte G. parasuis with strain-to-strain variability despite the presence of the capsule in virulent (serovar 1, 5, 12) as well in avirulent strains (serovar 6 and 9). The capsule, outer membrane proteins, virulence-associated autotransporters, cytolethal distending toxins and many other proteins have been identified as virulence factors of this bacterium. Therefore, we immunized pigs with the crude capsular extract (cCE) from the virulent G. parasuis CAPM 6475 strain (serovar 5) and evaluated the role of the anti-cCE/post-vaccinal IgG in the immune response of PAMs to in vitro infection with various G. parasuis strains. We demonstrated the specific binding of the antibodies to the cCE by Western-blotting assay and immunoprecipitation as well as the specific binding to the strain CAPM 6475 in transmission electron microscopy. In the cCE, we identified several virulence-associated proteins that were immunoreactive with IgG isolated from sera of immunized pigs. Opsonization of G. parasuis strains by post-vaccinal IgG led to enhanced phagocytosis of G. parasuis by PAMs at the first two hours of infection. Moreover, opsonization increased the oxidative burst and expression/production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The neutralizing effects of these antibodies on the antioxidant mechanisms of G. parasuis may lead to attenuation of its virulence and pathogenicity in vivo. Together with opsonization of bacteria by these antibodies, the host may eliminate G. parasuis in the infection site more efficiently. Based on these results, the crude capsular extract is a vaccine candidate with immunogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Matiašková
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lenka Kavanová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Nedbalcová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Kudláčková
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radek Tesařík
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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27
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Wang H, Xu X, Yin Z, Wang M, Wang B, Ma C, Wang J, Kang W. Activation of RAW264.7 cells by PCp-I, a polysaccharide from Psoralea corylifolia L, through NF- κB/MAPK signalling pathway. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 35:20587384211010058. [PMID: 33855900 PMCID: PMC8058790 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PCp-I is a polysaccharide isolated and identified from the Psoralea corylifolia L. by our research group. In this study, the immunomodulatory effects of PCp-I on RAW264.7 cells was evaluated. PCp-I could enhance the level of NO along with up-regulation of iNOS mRNA in RAW264.7 cells. The PCp-I could significantly up-regulate the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells, and then the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, ROS and the phagocytic activity were increased. Additionally, PCp-I could significantly up-regulate the phosphorylation level of p65, p38, ERK and JNK proteins, which proved that PCp-I could activate the macrophages by MAPKs and NF-κB signalling pathway and the TLR4 may be one of the receptors of PCp-I regulate the RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhenhua Yin
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Zhengzhou City Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Research, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Functional Components in Health Food, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Baoguang Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Functional Components in Health Food, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Changyang Ma
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinmei Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Functional Components in Health Food, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenyi Kang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng, China
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28
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Takahashi F, Endo K, Matsui R, Yamamoto K, Tanaka S. Brassica rapa L. activates macrophages via Toll-like receptors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:656-665. [PMID: 33589925 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages can initiate innate immune responses against microbes and cancer. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of Brassica rapa L. on macrophages. The production of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon-γ induced by the insoluble fraction of B. rapa L. was decreased in macrophage-depleted spleen cells compared with controls. The insoluble fraction of B. rapa L. induced expression of H-2Kb, I-Ab, CD40, and CD86, production of cytokines and nitric oxide, and phagocytic activity in RAW264 cells. After treatment with the insoluble fraction, IL-6 and TNF-α production was significantly decreased by anti-Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 mAb or polymyxin B compared with the control. Furthermore, insoluble fraction-mediated cytokine production was significantly lower in peritoneal macrophages from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that B. rapa L. is a potentially effective immunomodulator for activating macrophages to prevent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuka Takahashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Katsunori Endo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Rina Matsui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Kana Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Sachi Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
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29
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Yang C, Zhang J, Wu T, Zhao K, Wu X, Shi J, Sun W, Kong X. Multi-Omics Analysis to Examine Gene Expression and Metabolites From Multisite Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Genet 2021; 12:627347. [PMID: 33679891 PMCID: PMC7930907 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.627347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at exploring the gene expression and metabolites among multisite adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) and investigate the metabolic pathway using a multi-omics analysis. Subcutaneous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SASCs), perirenal adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PASCs), and epididymal adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (EASCs) were isolated from Sprague Dawley rats. RNA and metabolites were extracted and sequenced using transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses, respectively. There were 720 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in EASCs and 688 DEGs in PASCs compared with SASCs; there were 166 unique DEGs in EASCs, 134 unique DEGs in PASCs, and 554 common DEGs between EASCs and PASCs. Furthermore, there were 226 differential metabolites in EASCs, 255 differential metabolites in PASCs, 83 unique differential metabolites in EASCs, 112 unique differential metabolites in PASCs, and 143 common differential metabolites between EASCs and PASCs. The transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses identified four hub genes, one in EASCs and three in PASCs. There are functional differences among multisite ASCs that may be related to the hub genes Atac2, Rrm1, Rrm2, and Gla. The relevant signaling pathways are the Ras signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and the p53 signaling pathway. In conclusion, compared with SASCs, our multi-omics analysis identified that EASCs with higher Acat2 expression may be more correlated to fat metabolism and insulin resistance, while PASCs with abnormal expression of Rrm1/2 and Gla may be more correlated with some malignant tumors and cardiac-cerebral vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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30
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Zhong H, Lin H, Pang Q, Zhuang J, Liu X, Li X, Liu J, Tang J. Macrophage ICAM-1 functions as a regulator of phagocytosis in LPS induced endotoxemia. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:193-203. [PMID: 33474594 PMCID: PMC7817350 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a critical role in mediating cell-cell interaction and outside-in cell signaling during the immune response. ICAM-1 is expressed on the cell surface of several cell types including endothelial cells, epithelial cells, leucocytes, fibroblasts, and neutrophils. Despite ICAM-1 has been detected on macrophage, little is known about the function and mechanism of macrophage ICAM-1. METHODS To investigate the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in ICAM-1 regulation, both the protein and cell surface expression of ICAM-1 were measured. The phagocytosis of macrophage was evaluated by flow cytometry and Confocal microscopy. Small interfering RNA and neutralizing antibody of ICAM-1 were used to assess the effect of ICAM-1 on macrophage phagocytosis. TLR4 gene knockout mouse and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS scavenger were used for the regulation of ICAM-1 expression. ROS was determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS In this study, we reported that macrophage can be stimulated to increase both the protein and cell surface expression of ICAM-1 by LPS. Macrophage ICAM-1 expression was correlated with enhanced macrophage phagocytosis. We found that using ICAM-1 neutralizing antibody or ICAM-1 silencing to attenuate the function or expression of ICAM-1 could decrease LPS-induced macrophage phagocytosis. Furthermore, we found that knocking out of TLR4 led to inhibited cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS production, which in turn, attenuated ICAM-1 expression at both the protein and cell surface levels. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the mechanism of ICAM-1-mediated macrophage phagocytosis is depending on TLR4-mediated ROS production and provides significant light on macrophage ICAM-1 in endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhui Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haitao Lin
- Health Management Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongni Pang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, SouthernMedicalUniversity, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinling Zhuang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, SouthernMedicalUniversity, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China.
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31
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Chen M, Tse G, Wong WT. Interleukin-4 increases phagocytosis of necrotic cells by macrophages through scavenger receptor CD36. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:129-136. [PMID: 32852093 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-4 (IL-4) signalling pathways regulate the activity of macrophages, enhance their proteolytic capacity and drive resolution of inflammation during tissue repair. The aim of this study was to examine whether IL-4 can enhance phagocytosis of necrotic cells and elucidate the molecular mechanisms. METHODS Phagocytosis of necrotic thymocytes by RAW264.7 cells, a macrophage cell line, with or without IL-4 treatment, was determined by flow cytometry. Protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS The phagocytosis index was significantly increased by IL-4 (10 ng/mL). IL-4-enhanced phagocytosis was mediated by upregulation of scavenger receptor CD36. STAT6 activation is required for IL-4-mediated phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-4 can accelerate cell debris clearance by stimulating expression of CD36, which requires downstream STAT6 activation. Its beneficial effects on driving tissue repair and regeneration should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhuang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary Tse
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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32
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Moreno DAN, Saladini MS, Viroel FJM, Dini MMJ, Pickler TB, Amaral Filho J, dos Santos CA, Hanai-Yoshida VM, Grotto D, Gerenutti M, Hyslop S, Oshima-Franco Y. Are Silver Nanoparticles Useful for Treating Second-Degree Burns? An Experimental Study in Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:130-136. [PMID: 33747860 PMCID: PMC7961217 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In this work, the potential usefulness of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for treating burn wounds was examined. Methods: Second-degree burns were induced in male Wistar rats by touching the skin with a heated (70°C) metallic device for 10 s, after which the animals were randomly allocated to one of two groups: control (n=8, treated with sterile saline) and experimental (n=8, treated with AgNPs, 0.081 mg/mL; 50 µL applied to the burn surface). Seven, 14, 21 and 28 days after lesion induction two rats from each group were killed and blood samples were collected for a complete blood count and to assess oxidative stress. The livers were examined macroscopically and skin samples were collected for histological analysis. Results: Macroscopically, wound healing and skin remodeling in the experimental group were similar to the saline-treated rats. Likewise, there were no significant differences in the histological parameters between the two groups. However, treatment with AgNPs caused a persistent reduction in white blood cell (WBC) counts throughout the experiment, whereas platelet counts increased on days 7 and 28 but decreased on days 14 and 21; there was also an increase in the blood concentration of reduced glutathione on day 7 followed by a decrease on days 21 and 28. There were no significant changes in blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) activities or in the serum concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Conclusion: The findings of this study raise questions about the potential transitory effects of AgNPs based on the changes in WBC and platelet counts, blood glutathione concentrations and macroscopic hepatic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirela Santos Saladini
- Veterinary Medicine Graduate Course, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Murilo Melo Juste Dini
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaisa Borim Pickler
- Laboratory for Toxicological Research (Lapetox), University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Amaral Filho
- Veterinary Medicine Graduate Course, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Valquíria Miwa Hanai-Yoshida
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Technological Processes, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Grotto
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Technological Processes, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli Gerenutti
- School of Medical Sciences of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo (PUC-SP), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Yoko Oshima-Franco
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO), Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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Perera N, Yang FL, Chiu HW, Hsieh CY, Li LH, Zhang YL, Hua KF, Wu SH. Phagocytosis enhancement, endotoxin tolerance, and signal mechanisms of immunologically active glucuronoxylomannan from Auricularia auricula-judae. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:495-505. [PMID: 32991903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronoxylomannan (AAPS) from the edible wood ear mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae has been demonstrated to exhibit immunostimulatory properties through its binding to TLR4. However, the mechanisms of immune modulation by AAPS in mammalian cells remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that AAPS induced immunostimulatory effects were regulated by reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase C-α and NF-κB. AAPS remarkably increased the phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of macrophages. In lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages, AAPS induced endotoxin tolerance like effect characterized by the downregulation of nitric oxide, interleukin-6 and TNF-α via the downregulation of NF-κB activation. Our findings provide firm scientific evidences for the immunoenhancing properties of wood ear mushroom, and the potential of AAPS to be strong candidates for the development of new carbohydrate-based nutraceutical supplements in the management of immunity related disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namal Perera
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka
| | - Feng-Ling Yang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wen Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen, Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Grotegut P, Perumal N, Kuehn S, Smit A, Dick HB, Grus FH, Joachim SC. Minocycline reduces inflammatory response and cell death in a S100B retina degeneration model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:375. [PMID: 33317557 PMCID: PMC7737388 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies noted that intravitreal injection of S100B triggered a glaucoma-like degeneration of retina and optic nerve as well as microglia activation after 14 days. The precise role of microglia in our intravitreal S100B model is still unclear. Hence, microglia were inhibited through minocycline. The aim is to investigate whether microglia have a significant influence on the degeneration process or whether they are only a side effect in the model studied here. METHODS Minocycline was applied daily in rats by intraperitoneal injection using two different concentrations (13.5 mg/kg body weight, 25 mg/kg body weight). One day after treatment start, S100B or PBS was intravitreally injected in one eye per rat. The naïve groups received no injections. This resulted in a total of five groups (naïve n = 14, PBS n = 14, S100B n = 13, 13.5 mg/kg mino n = 15, 25 mg/kg mino n = 15). At day 14, electroretinogram measurements were performed, followed by immunofluorescence and label-free quantitative proteomics analysis. The focus of these investigations was on the survival of RGCs as well as their axons, the response of the microglia, and the identification of further pathological modes of action of S100B. RESULTS The best signal transmission was detected via ERG in the 13.5 mg/kg mino group. The inhibition of the microglia protected optic nerve neurofilaments and decreased the negative impact of S100B on RGCs. However, the minocycline treatment could not trigger complete protection of RGCs. Furthermore, in retina and optic nerve, the minocycline treatment reduced the number and activity of S100B-triggered microglia in a concentration-dependent manner. Proteomics analysis showed that S100B application led to numerous metabolic functions and cellular stress, mainly an increased inflammatory response, glycolysis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which caused oxidative stress in the retina. Importantly, the protective capability of lower dose of minocycline was unraveled by suppressing the apoptotic, inflammatory, and the altered metabolic processes caused by S100B insult in the retina. CONCLUSION Intravitreally injected S100B not only led to a pro-inflammatory microglial reaction, but also a mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction. Also, these results suggest that an excessive microglial response may be a significant degenerative factor, but not the only trigger for increased cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Grotegut
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Natarajan Perumal
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Smit
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - H Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Franz H Grus
- Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany.
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Greslehner GP. Not by structures alone: Can the immune system recognize microbial functions? STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 84:101336. [PMID: 32830048 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A central question for immunology is: what does the immune system recognize and according to which principles does this kind of recognition work? Immunology has been dominated by the idea of recognizing molecular structures and triggering an appropriate immune response when facing non-self or danger. Recently, characterizations in terms of function have turned out to be more conserved and explanatory in microbiota research than taxonomic composition for understanding microbiota-host interactions. Starting from a conceptual analysis of the notions of structure and function, I raise the title question whether it is possible for the immune system to recognize microbial functions. I argue that this is indeed the case, making the claim that some function-associated molecular patterns are not indicative of the presence of certain taxa (''who is there'') but of biochemical activities and effects (''what is going on''). In addition, I discuss case studies which show that there are immunological sensors that can directly detect microbial activities, irrespective of their specific structural manifestation. At the same time, the discussed account puts the causal role notions of function on a more realist and objective basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor P Greslehner
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, CNRS & University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Planktonic- and Biofilm-Conditioned Media Elicit Discrete Metabolic Responses in Human Macrophages. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102260. [PMID: 33050176 PMCID: PMC7650675 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦs) are prevalent innate immune cells, present throughout human bodily tissues where they orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to maintain cellular homeostasis. MΦs have the capacity to display a wide array of functional phenotypes due to different microenvironmental cues, particularly soluble bacterial secretory products. Recent evidence has emerged demonstrating that metabolism supports MΦ function and plasticity, in addition to energy and biomolecular precursor production. In this study, 1D 1H-NMR-based metabolomics was used to identify the metabolic pathways that are differentially altered following primary human monocyte-derived MΦ exposure to P. aeruginosa planktonic- and biofilm-conditioned media (PCM and BCM). Metabolic profiling of PCM- and BCM-exposed MΦs indicated a significant increase in glycolytic metabolism, purine biosynthesis, and inositol phosphate metabolism. In addition, these metabolic patterns suggested that BCM-exposed MΦs exhibit a hyperinflammatory metabolic profile with reduced glycerol metabolism and elevated catabolism of lactate and amino acids, relative to PCM-exposed MΦs. Altogether, our study reveals novel findings concerning the metabolic modulation of human MΦs after exposure to secretory microbial products and contributes additional knowledge to the field of immunometabolism in MΦs.
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Gierlikowska B, Gierlikowski W, Demkow U. Alantolactone Enhances the Phagocytic Properties of Human Macrophages and Modulates Their Proinflammatory Functions. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1339. [PMID: 33013371 PMCID: PMC7494907 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study Phagocytosis is a crucial element of innate immune defense involved in bacterial killing. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of alantolactone on phagocytosis and cytokines release by THP1-derived macrophages. We assessed whether antimicrobial compound alantolactone (a sesquiterpene lactone present in Inula helenium L.) is able to stimulate immune functions of macrophages by increase of S. aureus uptake, phagosome acidification and further stimulation of phago-lysosomes formation. Simultaneously, we tested influence of alantolactone on cytokines/chemokines production and p65 NF-κB concentration. The activity of alantolactone was compared with clarithromycin at concentration 20 µM. Methods The cytotoxicity of alantolactone as well as S. aureus uptake, pH of phagosomes and phago-lysosomes fusion were analysed with flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species and superoxide production were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The efficiency of phagocytosis was evaluated via quantifying viable bacteria (CFU). The effect on p65 protein concentration and cytokine production by macrophages were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Alantolactone enhanced phagocytosis via increase of S. aureus uptake, acidification of phagosomes, and later stimulation of phago-lysosomes fusion. Alantolactone treatment resulted in ROS and superoxide production decrease. Furthermore, alantolactone inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 as well as decreased p65 concentration, the subunit responsible for NF-κB activation and cytokine production and simultaneously stimulated release of anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10 and TGF-β). Conclusion Results of our study indicate that alantolactone enhances clearance of S. aureus, and simultaneously modulates immune response, preventing collateral damage of the surrounding tissues. Considering the importance of phagocytosis in the pathogen killing, alantolactone may have a great potential as the supportive treatment of S. aureus infections. Further in vivo studies are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Gierlikowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Hu Z, Zhou H, Zhao J, Sun J, Li M, Sun X. Microwave-assisted extraction, characterization and immunomodulatory activity on RAW264.7 cells of polysaccharides from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2861-2872. [PMID: 32810537 PMCID: PMC7428752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim seeds (TKMSP) was optimized using Response surface methodology (RSM) base on Central composite design (CCD). The optimum extraction conditions are detailed as follows: liquid-solid ratio 42 mL/g, extraction temperature 80 °C, microwave power 570 W, extraction time 26 min. Under this conditions, the mean value of TKMSP yield 2.43 ± 0.45% (n = 3), which was consistent closely with the predicted value (2.44%). The five polysaccharides (TKMSP-1, TKMSP-2, TKMSP-3, TKMSP-4 and TKMSP-5) were isolated from TKMSP by DEAE-52. TKMSP-1, TKMSP-2 and TKMSP-4 were common in containing Man, Rib, Rha, GluA, GalA, Glu, Gal, Xyl, Arab and Fuc. However, there was no Fuc in TKMSP-3, while TKMSP-5 lacked GluA, GalA and Fuc. UV–vis and FT-IR analysis combined with molecular weight determination further indicated that the five fractions were polydisperse polysaccharides. A significant difference was achieved in the structural characterization of these five fractions. TKMSP exhibited immunosuppressive activity on RAW264.7 cells. It can be applied as a potential immunosuppressant agent in medicine. Microwave-assisted extraction of TKMSP optimized by RSM base on CCD. The five polydisperse polysaccharides were isolated from TKMSP. The structure characterizations of the five polysaccharides were analyzed. TKMSP-3 exhibited significant inhibition of RAW264.7 proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China; College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Jilin Provence, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China.
| | - JingLi Zhao
- Institution of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Technology, Jilin Vocational College of Industry and Technology, Jilin 132013, China
| | - JiaQi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Jilin Provence, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Mei Li
- Jilin Cancer Hospital, Huguang Road 1018, Chaoyang District, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xinshun Sun
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
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Friedrich S, Sonnhammer ELL. Fusion transcript detection using spatial transcriptomics. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:110. [PMID: 32753032 PMCID: PMC7437936 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusion transcripts are involved in tumourigenesis and play a crucial role in tumour heterogeneity, tumour evolution and cancer treatment resistance. However, fusion transcripts have not been studied at high spatial resolution in tissue sections due to the lack of full-length transcripts with spatial information. New high-throughput technologies like spatial transcriptomics measure the transcriptome of tissue sections on almost single-cell level. While this technique does not allow for direct detection of fusion transcripts, we show that they can be inferred using the relative poly(A) tail abundance of the involved parental genes. METHOD We present a new method STfusion, which uses spatial transcriptomics to infer the presence and absence of poly(A) tails. A fusion transcript lacks a poly(A) tail for the 5' gene and has an elevated number of poly(A) tails for the 3' gene. Its expression level is defined by the upstream promoter of the 5' gene. STfusion measures the difference between the observed and expected number of poly(A) tails with a novel C-score. RESULTS We verified the STfusion ability to predict fusion transcripts on HeLa cells with known fusions. STfusion and C-score applied to clinical prostate cancer data revealed the spatial distribution of the cis-SAGe SLC45A3-ELK4 in 12 tissue sections with almost single-cell resolution. The cis-SAGe occurred in disease areas, e.g. inflamed, prostatic intraepithelial neoplastic, or cancerous areas, and occasionally in normal glands. CONCLUSIONS STfusion detects fusion transcripts in cancer cell line and clinical tissue data, and distinguishes chimeric transcripts from chimeras caused by trans-splicing events. With STfusion and the use of C-scores, fusion transcripts can be spatially localised in clinical tissue sections on almost single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Friedrich
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Box 1031, 17121, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Erik L L Sonnhammer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Box 1031, 17121, Solna, Sweden
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Fan R, Zhu C, Qiu D, Mao G, Zeng J. Activation of RAW264.7 macrophages by an acidic polysaccharide derived from Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 156:1323-1329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cersosimo F, Lonardi S, Bernardini G, Telfer B, Mandelli GE, Santucci A, Vermi W, Giurisato E. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Osteosarcoma: From Mechanisms to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5207. [PMID: 32717819 PMCID: PMC7432207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcomas (OSs) are bone tumors most commonly found in pediatric and adolescent patients characterized by high risk of metastatic progression and recurrence after therapy. Effective therapeutic management of this disease still remains elusive as evidenced by poor patient survival rates. To achieve a more effective therapeutic management regimen, and hence patient survival, there is a need to identify more focused targeted therapies for OSs treatment in the clinical setting. The role of the OS tumor stroma microenvironment plays a significant part in the development and dissemination of this disease. Important components, and hence potential targets for treatment, are the tumor-infiltrating macrophages that are known to orchestrate many aspects of OS stromal signaling and disease progression. In particular, increased infiltration of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) has been associated with OS metastasis and poor patient prognosis despite currently used aggressive therapies regimens. This review aims to provide a summary update of current macrophage-centered knowledge and to discuss the possible roles that macrophages play in the process of OS metastasis development focusing on the potential influence of stromal cross-talk signaling between TAMs, cancer-stem cells and additional OSs tumoral microenvironment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cersosimo
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.C.); (G.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.L.); (G.E.M.); (W.V.)
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.C.); (G.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Brian Telfer
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Giulio Eugenio Mandelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.L.); (G.E.M.); (W.V.)
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.C.); (G.B.); (A.S.)
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (S.L.); (G.E.M.); (W.V.)
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emanuele Giurisato
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (F.C.); (G.B.); (A.S.)
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Linnerz T, Hall CJ. The Diverse Roles of Phagocytes During Bacterial and Fungal Infections and Sterile Inflammation: Lessons From Zebrafish. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1094. [PMID: 32582182 PMCID: PMC7289964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate and natural reaction to both infectious challenges and sterile insults (wounds, tissue trauma or crystal deposition) is an acute inflammatory response. This inflammatory response is mediated by activation of the innate immune system largely comprising professional phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages). Zebrafish (danio rerio) larvae possess many advantages as a model organism, including their genetic tractability and highly conserved innate immune system. Exploiting these attributes and the live imaging potential of optically transparent zebrafish larvae has greatly contributed to our understanding of how neutrophils and macrophages orchestrate the initiation and resolution phases of inflammatory responses. Numerous bacterial and fungal infection models have been successfully established using zebrafish as an animal model and studies investigating neutrophil and macrophage behavior to sterile insults have also provided unique insights. In this review we highlight how examining the larval zebrafish response to specific bacterial and fungal pathogens has uncovered cellular and molecular mechanisms behind a variety of phagocyte responses, from those that protect the host to those that are detrimental. We also describe how modeling sterile inflammation in larval zebrafish has provided an opportunity to dissect signaling pathways that control the recruitment, and fate, of phagocytes at inflammatory sites. Finally, we briefly discuss some current limitations, and opportunities to improve, the zebrafish model system for studying phagocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Linnerz
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Xia X, Pollock N, Zhou J, Rossi J. Tissue-Specific Delivery of Oligonucleotides. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2036:17-50. [PMID: 31410789 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9670-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
From the initial discovery of short-interfering RNA (siRNA) and antisense oligonucleotides for specific gene knockdown at the posttranscriptional level to the current CRISPR-Cas9 system offering gene editing at the genomic level, oligonucleotides, in addition to their biological functions in storing and conveying genetic information, provide the most prominent solutions to targeted gene therapies. Nonetheless, looking into the future of curing cancer and acute diseases, researchers are only cautiously optimistic as the cellular delivery of these polyanionic biomacromolecules is still the biggest hurdle for their therapeutic realization. To overcome the delivery obstacle, oligonucleotides have been encapsulated within or conjugated with delivery vehicles for enhanced membrane penetration, improved payload, and tissue-specific delivery. Such delivery systems include but not limited to virus-based vehicles, gold-nanoparticle vehicles, formulated liposomes, and synthetic polymers. In this chapter, delivery challenges imposed by biological barriers are briefly discussed; followed by recent advances in tissue-specific oligonucleotide delivery utilizing both viral and nonviral delivery vectors, discussing their advantages, and how judicious design and formulation could improve and expand their potential as delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nicolette Pollock
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Alkorashy AI, Doghish AS, Abulsoud AI, Ewees MG, Abdelghany TM, Elshafey MM, Elkhatib WF. Effect of scopoletin on phagocytic activity of U937-derived human macrophages: Insights from transcriptomic analysis. Genomics 2020; 112:3518-3524. [PMID: 32243896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Scopoletin is a botanical coumarin. Notably, scopoletin effect on phagocytic activity has not been addressed on transcriptomic level. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of scopoletin on phagocytosis-linked gene transcription. Whole phagocytosis transcriptional profiling of stimulated U937-derived macrophages (SUDMs) in response to scopoletin as compared to non-treated SUDMs was studied. Regarding scopoletin effect on 92 phagocytosis-linked genes, 12 of them were significantly affected (p-value < .05). Seven genes were downregulated (CDC42, FCGR1A/FCGR1C, ITGA9, ITGB3, PLCE1, RHOD & RND3) and five were upregulated (DIRAS3, ITGA1, PIK3CA, PIK3R3 & PLCD1). Moreover, scopoletin enhanced phagocytic activity of SUDMs. The current results highlighted the potential use of scopoletin as immunity booster and as an adjuvant remedy in management of some autoimmune reactions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that unravels the effect of scopoletin on phagocytosis via transcriptomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad I Alkorashy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Ewees
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tamer M Abdelghany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mostafa M Elshafey
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Walid F Elkhatib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St., Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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45
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Lin Y, Mao F, Wong NK, Zhang X, Liu K, Huang M, Ma H, Xiang Z, Li J, Xiao S, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Phagocyte Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) as Major Regulators in Anti-bacterial Defense of Crassostrea hongkongensis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:416. [PMID: 32265912 PMCID: PMC7103635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates generally lack adaptive immunity and compensate for this with highly efficient innate immune machineries such as phagocytosis by hemocytes to eradicate invading pathogens. However, how extrinsically cued hemocytes marshal internal signals to accomplish phagocytosis is not yet fully understood. To this end, we established a facile magnetic cell sorting method to enrich professional phagocytes from hemocytes of the Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis), an ecologically and commercially valuable marine invertebrate. Transcriptomic analysis on presorted cells shows that phagocytes maintain a remarkable array of differentially expressed genes that distinguish them from non-phagocytes, including 352 significantly upregulated genes and 479 downregulated genes. Pathway annotations reveal that focal adhesion and extracellular matrix–receptor interactions were the most conspicuously enriched pathways in phagocytes. Phagocytosis rate dramatically declined in the presence of an FAK inhibitor, confirming importance of the focal adhesion pathway in regulating phagocytosis. In addition, we also found that heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) families were lineage-specifically expanded in C. hongkongensis and abundantly expressed in phagocytes. Efficiency of phagocytosis and hemocytes aggregation was markedly reduced upon blockage of endogenous synthesis of HSPGs, thus implicating these proteins as key surface receptors in pathogen recognition and initiation of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunna Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minwei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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46
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Law SM, Stanfield SJ, Hardisty GR, Dransfield I, Campbell CJ, Gray RD. Human cystic fibrosis monocyte derived macrophages display no defect in acidification of phagolysosomes when measured by optical nanosensors. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:203-210. [PMID: 31501051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defective macrophage phagolysosomal acidification is implicated in numerous lung diseases including Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and may contribute to defective pathogen killing. Conflicting reports relating to phagolysosomal pH in CF macrophages have been published, in part related to the use of pH-sensitive fluorescent probes where potential inadequacies in experimental design can be a contributing factor (e.g. employing probes with incorrect pKa for the cellular compartment of interest). We developed a reliable method to quantify macrophage phagolysosomal pH using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based nanosensors. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages from CF and healthy control participants were incubated with nanosensors. Live cell imaging identified phagocytosed nanosensors, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was performed using para-mercaptobenzoic acid functionalised gold nanoparticles which produce Raman spectra that change predictably with their environmental pH. Conventional fluorescence spectroscopy was carried out in comparison. Nanosensor localisation to phagolysosomes was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Nanosensors were actively phagocytosed by macrophages into phagolysosomes and acidification occurred rapidly and remained stable for at least 60 min. There was no difference in phagolysosomal pH between healthy control and CF macrophages (5.41 ± 0.11 vs. 5.41 ± 0.20, p > .9999), further confirmed by inhibiting Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator in healthy control monocyte-derived macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Optical nanosensors accurately measure macrophage phagolysosomal pH and demonstrate no phagolysosomal acidification defect in human CF monocyte-derived macrophages. Further studies using alveolar macrophages could extend the impact of our findings. Nanosensors represent a novel and precise means to measure organelle functions with widespread potential for the study and monitoring of several lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheonagh M Law
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Samuel J Stanfield
- Joseph Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Gareth R Hardisty
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Colin J Campbell
- Joseph Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Robert D Gray
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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47
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Krishnan D, Menon RN, Mathuranath PS, Gopala S. A novel role for SHARPIN in amyloid-β phagocytosis and inflammation by peripheral blood-derived macrophages in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 93:131-141. [PMID: 32165044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Defective immune cell-mediated clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Aβ-associated inflammatory activation of immune cells are key contributors in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Shank-associated RH domain-interacting protein (SHARPIN) is a critical regulator of inflammatory response. Using in vitro cultures of THP-1-derived macrophages exposed to Aβ and AD patient-derived macrophages, we demonstrate the role of SHARPIN as an obligate regulator of Aβ phagocytosis and inflammation in macrophages. Specifically, Aβ-stimulated SHARPIN in THP-1 macrophages promoted Aβ phagocytosis and expression of proinflammatory markers. In addition, Aβ-stimulated SHARPIN in macrophages promoted neuronal cell-death in differentiated SHSY5Y neurons. Furthermore, we report a novel regulatory link between SHARPIN and the NLRP3 inflammasome in response to Aβ in THP-1 macrophages. In line with our in vitro observations, a strong positive association was demonstrated between levels of Aβ42 in blood plasma of mild cognitive impairment and AD patients with SHARPIN expression in macrophages obtained from respective patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Together, our findings show SHARPIN as a critical determinant in mediating macrophage response to Aβ and pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Ramsekhar N Menon
- Department of Neurology, Cognition & Behavioural Neurology Section, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | | | - Srinivas Gopala
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
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48
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Stedman A, van Vliet AHM, A Chambers M, Gutierrez-Merino J. Gut commensal bacteria show beneficial properties as wildlife probiotics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1467:112-132. [PMID: 32026493 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are noninvasive, environmentally friendly alternatives for reducing infectious diseases in wildlife species. Our aim in the present study was to evaluate the potential of gut commensals such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as wildlife probiotics. The LAB selected for our analyses were isolated from European badgers (Meles meles), a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis, and comprised four different genera: Enterococcus, Weissella, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus. The enterococci displayed a phenotype and genotype that included the production of antibacterial peptides and stimulation of antiviral responses, as well as the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes; Weissella showed antimycobacterial activity owing to their ability to produce lactate and ethanol; and lactobacilli and pediococci modulated proinflammatory phagocytic responses that associate with protection against pathogens, responses that coincide with the presence of immunomodulatory markers in their genomes. Although both lactobacilli and pediococci showed resistance to antibiotics, this was naturally acquired, and almost all isolates demonstrated a phylogenetic relationship with isolates from food and healthy animals. Our results show that LAB display probiotic benefits that depend on the genus, and that lactobacilli and pediococci are probably the most obvious candidates as probiotics against infectious diseases in wildlife because of their food-grade status and ability to modulate protective innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stedman
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey-Nutritional Sciences, Guildford, United Kingdom.,The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark A Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Gutierrez-Merino
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey-Nutritional Sciences, Guildford, United Kingdom
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49
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Hörhold F, Eisel D, Oswald M, Kolte A, Röll D, Osen W, Eichmüller SB, König R. Reprogramming of macrophages employing gene regulatory and metabolic network models. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007657. [PMID: 32097424 PMCID: PMC7059956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon exposure to different stimuli, resting macrophages undergo classical or alternative polarization into distinct phenotypes that can cause fatal dysfunction in a large range of diseases, such as systemic infection leading to sepsis or the generation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Investigating gene regulatory and metabolic networks, we observed two metabolic switches during polarization. Most prominently, anaerobic glycolysis was utilized by M1-polarized macrophages, while the biosynthesis of inosine monophosphate was upregulated in M2-polarized macrophages. Moreover, we observed a switch in the urea cycle. Gene regulatory network models revealed E2F1, MYC, PPARγ and STAT6 to be the major players in the distinct signatures of these polarization events. Employing functional assays targeting these regulators, we observed the repolarization of M2-like cells into M1-like cells, as evidenced by their specific gene expression signatures and cytokine secretion profiles. The predicted regulators are essential to maintaining the M2-like phenotype and function and thus represent potential targets for the therapeutic reprogramming of immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hörhold
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - David Eisel
- Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Oswald
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Amol Kolte
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Röll
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfram Osen
- Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan B. Eichmüller
- Research Group GMP & T Cell Therapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer König
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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50
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Entin-Meer M, Keren G. Potential roles in cardiac physiology and pathology of the cation channel TRPV2 expressed in cardiac cells and cardiac macrophages: a mini-review. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 318:H181-H188. [PMID: 31809212 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00491.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TRPV2 is a well-conserved channel protein expressed in almost all tissues. Cardiomyocyte TRPV2 is expressed in the intercalated disks of the cardiac sarcomeres, where it is involved in maintaining the proper mechanoelectric coupling and structure. It is also abundantly expressed in the intracellular pools, mainly the endoplasmic reticulum. Under pathological conditions, TRPV2 is translocated to the sarcolemma, where it mediates an abnormal [Ca]2+ entry that may contribute to disease progression. In addition, an intracellularly diffused TRPV2 expression is present in resident cardiac macrophages. Upon infection or inflammation, TRPV2 is engaged in early phagosomes and is, therefore, potentially involved in protecting the cardiac tissue. Following acute myocardial infarction, a profound elevated expression of TRPV2 is observed on the cell membrane of the peri-infarct macrophages. The macrophage TRPV2 may harbor a detrimental effect in cardiac recovery by increasing unfavorable migration and phagocytosis processes in the injured heart. Most reports suggest that while cardiac TRPV2 activation may be beneficial under specific physiological conditions, both cardiac- and macrophage-related TRPV2 blocking can significantly ameliorate disease progression in various pathological states. To verify this possibility, the time frame of TRPV2 overexpression and its mediated signaling need to be fully characterized in both cardiomyocyte and cardiac macrophage populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Entin-Meer
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gad Keren
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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