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El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Yang T, Salem HM, Korma SA, Ahmed AE, Mosa WFA, Abd El-Mageed TA, Selim S, Al Jaouni SK, Zaghloul RA, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Tarabily KA, Ibrahim SA. Avian campylobacteriosis, prevalence, sources, hazards, antibiotic resistance, poultry meat contamination, and control measures: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102786. [PMID: 37454641 PMCID: PMC10371856 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian campylobacteriosis is a vandal infection that poses human health hazards. Campylobacter is usually colonized in the avian gut revealing mild signs in the infected birds, but retail chicken carcasses have high contamination levels of Campylobacter spp. Consequently, the contaminated avian products constitute the main source of human infection with campylobacteriosis and result in severe clinical symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, spasm, and deaths in sensitive cases. Thus, the current review aims to shed light on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler chickens, Campylobacter colonization, bird immunity against Campylobacter, sources of poultry infection, antibiotic resistance, poultry meat contamination, human health hazard, and the use of standard antimicrobial technology during the chicken processing of possible control strategies to overcome such problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Korma
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid F A Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Taia A Abd El-Mageed
- Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad K Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A Zaghloul
- Department Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluybia, 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Salam A Ibrahim
- Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Carver Hall, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411-1064
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Gabbert AD, Mydosh JL, Talukdar PK, Gloss LM, McDermott JE, Cooper KK, Clair GC, Konkel ME. The Missing Pieces: The Role of Secretion Systems in Campylobacter jejuni Virulence. Biomolecules 2023; 13:135. [PMID: 36671522 PMCID: PMC9856085 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is likely the most common bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, responsible for millions of cases of inflammatory diarrhea characterized by severe abdominal cramps and blood in the stool. Further, C. jejuni infections are associated with post-infection sequelae in developed countries and malnutrition and growth-stunting in low- and middle-income countries. Despite the increasing prevalence of the disease, campylobacteriosis, and the recognition that this pathogen is a serious health threat, our understanding of C. jejuni pathogenesis remains incomplete. In this review, we focus on the Campylobacter secretion systems proposed to contribute to host-cell interactions and survival in the host. Moreover, we have applied a genomics approach to defining the structural and mechanistic features of C. jejuni type III, IV, and VI secretion systems. Special attention is focused on the flagellar type III secretion system and the prediction of putative effectors, given that the proteins exported via this system are essential for host cell invasion and the inflammatory response. We conclude that C. jejuni does not possess a type IV secretion system and relies on the type III and type VI secretion systems to establish a niche and potentiate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D. Gabbert
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Mydosh
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Prabhat K. Talukdar
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Lisa M. Gloss
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Jason E. McDermott
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kerry K. Cooper
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Geremy C. Clair
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Michael E. Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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3
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Rodrigues JA, Cha W, Mosci RE, Mukherjee S, Newton DW, Lephart P, Salimnia H, Khalife W, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Epidemiologic Associations Vary Between Tetracycline and Fluoroquinolone Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Infections. Front Public Health 2021; 9:672473. [PMID: 34262891 PMCID: PMC8273344 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.672473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and antibiotic resistant C. jejuni are a serious threat to public health. Herein, we sought to evaluate trends in C. jejuni infections, quantify resistance frequencies, and identify epidemiological factors associated with infection. Campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 214) were collected from patients via an active surveillance system at four metropolitan hospitals in Michigan between 2011 and 2014. The minimum inhibitory concentration for nine antibiotics was determined using microbroth dilution, while demographic and clinical data were used for the univariate and multivariate analyses. Over the 4-year period, a significant increase in the recovery of C. jejuni was observed (p ≤ 0.0001). Differences in infection rates were observed by hospital and several factors were linked to more severe disease. Patients residing in urban areas, for instance, were significantly more likely to be hospitalized than rural residents as were patients over 40 years of age and those self-identifying as non-White, highlighting potential disparities in disease outcomes. Among the 214 C. jejuni isolates, 135 (63.1%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Resistance was observed for all nine antibiotics tested yielding 11 distinct resistance phenotypes. Tetracycline resistance predominated (n = 120; 56.1%) followed by resistance to ciprofloxacin (n = 49; 22.9%), which increased from 15.6% in 2011 to 25.0% in 2014. Resistance to two antibiotic classes was observed in 38 (17.8%) isolates, while multidrug resistance, or resistance to three or more classes, was observed in four (1.9%). Notably, patients with ciprofloxacin resistant infections were more likely to report traveling in the past month (Odds Ratio (OR): 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37, 6.68) and international travel (OR: 9.8; 95% CI: 3.69, 26.09). Relative to patients with only tetracycline resistant infections, those with ciprofloxacin resistance were more likely to travel internationally, be hospitalized and have an infection during the fall or summer. Together, these findings show increasing rates of infection and resistance and highlight specific factors that impact both outcomes. Enhancing understanding of factors linked to C. jejuni resistance and more severe infections is critical for disease prevention, particularly since many clinical laboratories have switched to the use of culture-independent tests for the detection of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Wonhee Cha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebekah E. Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Duane W. Newton
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Lephart
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Walid Khalife
- Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - James T. Rudrik
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Bokhary H, Pangesti KNA, Rashid H, Abd El Ghany M, Hill-Cawthorne GA. Travel-Related Antimicrobial Resistance: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:11. [PMID: 33467065 PMCID: PMC7838817 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that human movement facilitates the global spread of resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. We systematically reviewed the literature on the impact of travel on the dissemination of AMR. We searched the databases Medline, EMBASE and SCOPUS from database inception until the end of June 2019. Of the 3052 titles identified, 2253 articles passed the initial screening, of which 238 met the inclusion criteria. The studies covered 30,060 drug-resistant isolates from 26 identified bacterial species. Most were enteric, accounting for 65% of the identified species and 92% of all documented isolates. High-income countries were more likely to be recipient nations for AMR originating from middle- and low-income countries. The most common origin of travellers with resistant bacteria was Asia, covering 36% of the total isolates. Beta-lactams and quinolones were the most documented drug-resistant organisms, accounting for 35% and 31% of the overall drug resistance, respectively. Medical tourism was twice as likely to be associated with multidrug-resistant organisms than general travel. International travel is a vehicle for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance globally. Health systems should identify recent travellers to ensure that adequate precautions are taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Bokhary
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.N.A.P.); (G.A.H.-C.)
- University Medical Center, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Jamiah, Makkah, Makkah Region 24243, Saudi Arabia
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (H.R.); or (M.A.E.G.)
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Krisna N. A. Pangesti
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.N.A.P.); (G.A.H.-C.)
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (H.R.); or (M.A.E.G.)
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Moataz Abd El Ghany
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (H.R.); or (M.A.E.G.)
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Grant A. Hill-Cawthorne
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (K.N.A.P.); (G.A.H.-C.)
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Hosuru Subramanya S, Bairy I, Nayak N, Amberpet R, Padukone S, Metok Y, Bhatta DR, Sathian B. Detection and characterization of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae from the gut of healthy chickens, Gallus gallus domesticus in rural Nepal: Dominance of CTX-M-15-non-ST131 Escherichia coli clones. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227725. [PMID: 32469888 PMCID: PMC7259619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The surge in the prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria in poultry is a global concern as it may pose an extended threat to humans and animal health. The present study aimed to investigate the colonization proportion of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (EPE and CPE, respectively) in the gut of healthy poultry, Gallus gallus domesticus in Kaski district of Western Nepal. Total, 113 pooled rectal swab specimens from 66 private household farms and 47 commercial poultry farms were collected by systematic random sampling from the Kaski district in western Nepal. Out of 113 pooled samples, 19 (28.8%) samples from 66 backyard farms, and 15 (31.9%) from 47 commercial broiler farms were positive for EPE. Of the 38 EPE strains isolated from 34 ESBL positive rectal swabs, 31(81.6%) were identified as Escherichia coli, five as Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.2%), and one each isolate of Enterobacter species and Citrobacter species (2.6%). Based on genotyping, 35/38 examined EPE strains (92.1%) were phylogroup-1 positive, and all these 35 strains (100%) had the CTX-M-15 gene and strains from phylogroup-2, and 9 were of CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-14, respectively. Among 38 ESBL positive isolates, 9 (23.7%) were Ambler class C (Amp C) co-producers, predominant were of DHA, followed by CIT genes. Two (6.5%) E. coli strains of ST131 belonged to clade C, rest 29/31 (93.5%) were non-ST131 E. coli. None of the isolates produced carbapenemase. Twenty isolates (52.6%) were in-vitro biofilm producers. Univariate analysis showed that the odd of ESBL carriage among commercial broilers were 1.160 times (95% CI 0.515, 2.613) higher than organically fed backyard flocks. This is the first study in Nepal, demonstrating the EPE colonization proportion, genotypes, and prevalence of high-risk clone E. coli ST131 among gut flora of healthy poultry. Our data indicated that CTX-M-15 was the most prevalent ESBL enzyme, mainly associated with E. coli belonging to non-ST131clones and the absence of carbapenemases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Indira Bairy
- Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Rajesh Amberpet
- Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, India
| | - Shashiraj Padukone
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, India
- Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Yang Metok
- Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal
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Otto SJG, Levett PN, Reid-Smith RJ, Pearl DL, Daku D, Nagle E, Horsman GB, McEwen SA. Antimicrobial Resistance of Human Campylobacter Species Infections in Saskatchewan, Canada (1999-2006): A Historical Provincial Collection of All Reported Cases. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:178-186. [PMID: 31661323 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To describe a historical baseline of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles for human clinical Campylobacter species isolates obtained by laboratory surveillance in the province of Saskatchewan from 1999 to 2006; to determine if there were differences in resistance between Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli; and to determine if there were changes in the annual resistance levels in the two species. One thousand three hundred seventy-eight Campylobacter isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the E-test method. Annual resistance levels in C. jejuni and C. coli were compared using logistic regression models. One thousand two hundred (87.1%) isolates were C. jejuni and 129 (9.4%) were C. coli. Resistance in C. jejuni isolates included ciprofloxacin (CIP: 9.4%), erythromycin (ERY: 0.5%), and tetracycline (33.3%). CIP resistance in C. jejuni was higher in 1999 (15.5%, odds ratio [OR] = 3.96, p = 0.01), 2000 (12.7%, OR = 3.10, p = 0.01), 2005 (10.2%, OR = 2.47, p = 0.05), and 2006 (13.0%, OR = 3.22, p = 0.01) compared with 2004 (4.4%). C. coli had significantly higher CIP resistance (15.5%, OR = 1.78, p = 0.03), ERY resistance (13.2%, OR = 60.12, p < 0.01), multidrug resistance (2.3%, OR = 36.29, p < 0.01), and CIP-ERY resistance (3.1%, OR = 50.23, p < 0.01) compared with C. jejuni. This represents the first and most current report of AMR of the collective human Campylobacter isolates from a province in Canada and provides a baseline against which current and future resistance patterns can be compared. Fluoroquinolone resistance in C. jejuni isolates fluctuated from 1999 to 2006, including an increased prevalence in 2005-2006, while macrolide/lincosamide resistance remained very low. Human clinical C. jejuni isolates from Saskatchewan demonstrated resistance to multiple antimicrobials but had significantly less fluoroquinolone and macrolide resistance than C. coli isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J G Otto
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Paul N Levett
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory (formerly the Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory), Regina, Canada.,British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Richard J Reid-Smith
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.,Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | - David L Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Dawn Daku
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory (formerly the Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory), Regina, Canada
| | - Evelyn Nagle
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory (formerly the Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory), Regina, Canada
| | - Greg B Horsman
- Roy Romanow Provincial Laboratory (formerly the Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory), Regina, Canada
| | - Scott A McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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8
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Dai L, Xia J, Sahin O, Zhang Q. Identification of a nth-Like Gene Encoding an Endonuclease III in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:698. [PMID: 31024487 PMCID: PMC6467930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. As a microaerobic pathogen, C. jejuni is subjected to DNA damages caused by various stresses such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and UV radiations. The base excision repair (BER) system plays an important role in preventing mutations associated with oxidative DNA damage, but the system remains poorly characterized in Campylobacter. In this study, a BER homolog encoded by cj0595c (named nth) in C. jejuni was analyzed for endonuclease III activity and for its role in maintaining genomic stability. It was found that inactivation of nth resulted in elevated frequencies of spontaneous fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQR) and oxidative stress resistant (OXR) mutants, compared with the wild-type strain in C. jejuni. Sequencing analysis of the FQR and OXR mutants revealed that the elevated mutation rates were associated with C → T or G → A transition in gyrA (FQR mutants) or perR (for OXR mutants). In an in vitro assay, a purified recombinant C. jejuni Nth protein demonstrated endonuclease III activity that recognized and excised the thymine glycol (Tg) base from a double stranded DNA. These findings indicate that Nth functions as a BER repair enzyme in C. jejuni and is important for the repair of DNA damage, protecting the bacteria from stresses encountered within a host and in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dai
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jing Xia
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Departments of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Abstract
Source attribution and microbial risk assessment methods have been widely applied for the control of several foodborne pathogens worldwide by identifying (i) the most important pathogen sources and (ii) the risk represented by specific foods and the critical points in these foods' production chains for microbial control. Such evidence has proved crucial for risk managers to identify and prioritize effective food safety and public health strategies. In the context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from livestock and pets, the utility of these methods is recognized, but a number of challenges have largely prevented their application and routine use. One key challenge has been to define the hazard in question: Is it the antimicrobial drug use in animals, the antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in animals and foods, or the antimicrobial resistance genes that can be transferred between commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the animal or human gut or in the environment? Other important limitations include the lack of occurrence and transmission data and the lack of evidence to inform dose-response relationships. We present the main principles, available methods, strengths, and weaknesses of source attribution and risk assessment methods, discuss their utility to identify sources and estimate risks of AMR from livestock and pets, and provide an overview of conducted studies. In addition, we discuss remaining challenges and current and future opportunities to improve methods and knowledge of the sources and transmission routes of AMR from animals through food, direct contact, or the environment, including improvements in surveillance and developments in genotypic typing methods.
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Lanier WA, Hale KR, Geissler AL, Dewey-Mattia D. Chicken Liver-Associated Outbreaks of Campylobacteriosis and Salmonellosis, United States, 2000-2016: Identifying Opportunities for Prevention. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:726-733. [PMID: 30192164 PMCID: PMC6247982 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken liver has been implicated in several reported U.S. illness outbreaks, probably caused by inadequate cooking and pathogen contamination. To identify commonalities among these outbreaks that could represent targets for prevention, we describe chicken liver–associated U.S. outbreaks during 2000–2016 reported to the Food Safety and Inspection Service, to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and in published literature. We identified 28 outbreaks (23 [82.1%] were campylobacteriosis only, 3 [10.7%] were salmonellosis only, and 2 [7.1%] were caused by both pathogens), with 18 (64.3%) occurring during 2014–2016. Common outbreak features included blended chicken liver dishes (e.g., pâté; 24 [85.7%]), inadequate cooking (26 [92.8%]), and preparation in foodservice settings (e.g., sit-down restaurants; 25 [89.3%]). The increasing frequency of reported outbreaks highlights chicken liver as an important food safety problem. Public health partners should collaborate on prevention measures, including education on proper foodservice preparation of blended chicken liver dishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Lanier
- 1 U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , Rockville, Maryland.,2 Food Safety and Inspection Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kis Robertson Hale
- 1 U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , Rockville, Maryland.,2 Food Safety and Inspection Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Aimee L Geissler
- 1 U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , Rockville, Maryland.,3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel Dewey-Mattia
- 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia
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11
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Whitehouse CA, Zhao S, Tate H. Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter Species: Mechanisms and Genomic Epidemiology. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 103:1-47. [PMID: 29914655 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Campylobacter genus is a large and diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that are known to colonize humans and other mammals, birds, reptiles, and shellfish. While it is now recognized that several emerging Campylobacter species can be associated with human disease, two species, C. jejuni and C. coli, are responsible for the vast majority of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Infection with C. jejuni, in particular, has also been associated with a number of extragastrointestinal manifestations and autoimmune conditions, most notably Guillain-Barré syndrome. The antimicrobial drugs of choice for the treatment of severe Campylobacter infection include macrolides, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin. Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, are also commonly used for empirical treatment of undiagnosed diarrheal disease. However, resistance to these and other classes of antimicrobial drugs is increasing and is a major public health problem. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that over 300,000 infections per year are caused by drug-resistant Campylobacter. In this chapter, we discuss the taxonomy of the Campylobacter genus, the clinical and global epidemiological aspects of Campylobacter infection, with an emphasis on C. jejuni and C. coli, and issues related to the treatment of infection and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. We further discuss the use of next-generation sequencing for the detection and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Heather Tate
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
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12
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Features of illnesses caused by five species ofCampylobacter, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) – 2010–2015. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 146:1-10. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) conducts population-based surveillance forCampylobacterinfection. For 2010 through 2015, we compared patients withCampylobacter jejuniwith patients with infections caused by otherCampylobacterspecies.Campylobacter colipatients were more often >40 years of age (OR = 1·4), Asian (OR = 2·3), or Black (OR = 1·7), and more likely to live in an urban area (OR = 1·2), report international travel (OR = 1·5), and have infection in autumn or winter (OR = 1·2).Campylobacter upsaliensispatients were more likely female (OR = 1·6), Hispanic (OR = 1·6), have a blood isolate (OR = 2·8), and have an infection in autumn or winter (OR = 1·7).Campylobacter laripatients were more likely to be >40 years of age (OR = 2·9) and have an infection in autumn or winter (OR = 1·7).Campylobacter fetuspatients were more likely male (OR = 3·1), hospitalized (OR = 3·5), and have a blood isolate (OR = 44·1). International travel was associated with antimicrobial-resistantC. jejuni(OR = 12·5) andC. coli(OR = 12) infections. Species-level data are useful in understanding epidemiology, sources, and resistance of infections.
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Brinkac L, Voorhies A, Gomez A, Nelson KE. The Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance on the Human Microbiome. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:1001-1008. [PMID: 28492988 PMCID: PMC5654679 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous in nature, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has existed long before the golden age of antimicrobials. While antimicrobial agents are beneficial to combat infection, their widespread use contributes to the increase in and emergence of novel resistant microbes in virtually all environmental niches. The human microbiome is an important reservoir of AMR with initial exposure occurring in early life. Once seeded with AMR, commensal organisms may be key contributors to the dissemination of resistance due to the interconnectedness of microbial communities. When acquired by pathogens however, AMR becomes a serious public health threat worldwide. Our ability to combat the threat of emerging resistance relies on accurate AMR detection methods and the development of therapeutics that function despite the presence of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Brinkac
- J. Craig Venter Institute|, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
| | | | - Andres Gomez
- J. Craig Venter Institute|, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute|, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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14
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Karp BE, Tate H, Plumblee JR, Dessai U, Whichard JM, Thacker EL, Hale KR, Wilson W, Friedman CR, Griffin PM, McDermott PF. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System: Two Decades of Advancing Public Health Through Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:545-557. [PMID: 28792800 PMCID: PMC5650714 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacterial infections pose a serious and growing public health threat globally. In this review, we describe the role of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) in providing data that help address the resistance problem and show how such a program can have broad positive impacts on public health. NARMS was formed two decades ago to help assess the consequences to human health arising from the use of antimicrobial drugs in food animal production in the United States. A collaboration among the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the United States Department of Agriculture, and state and local health departments, NARMS uses an integrated "One Health" approach to monitor antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria from humans, retail meat, and food animals. NARMS has adapted to changing needs and threats by expanding surveillance catchment areas, examining new isolate sources, adding bacteria, adjusting sampling schemes, and modifying antimicrobial agents tested. NARMS data are not only essential for ensuring that antimicrobial drugs approved for food animals are used in ways that are safe for human health but they also help address broader food safety priorities. NARMS surveillance, applied research studies, and outbreak isolate testing provide data on the emergence of drug-resistant enteric bacteria; genetic mechanisms underlying resistance; movement of bacterial populations among humans, food, and food animals; and sources and outcomes of resistant and susceptible infections. These data can be used to guide and evaluate the impact of science-based policies, regulatory actions, antimicrobial stewardship initiatives, and other public health efforts aimed at preserving drug effectiveness, improving patient outcomes, and preventing infections. Many improvements have been made to NARMS over time and the program will continue to adapt to address emerging resistance threats, changes in clinical diagnostic practices, and new technologies, such as whole genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E. Karp
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Heather Tate
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Jodie R. Plumblee
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Uday Dessai
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jean M. Whichard
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eileen L. Thacker
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kis Robertson Hale
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Wanda Wilson
- Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Cindy R. Friedman
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia M. Griffin
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patrick F. McDermott
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
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15
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Henao OL, Jones TF, Vugia DJ, Griffin PM. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network-2 Decades of Achievements, 1996-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1529-36. [PMID: 26292181 PMCID: PMC4550136 DOI: 10.3201/eid2109.150581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FoodNet has provided a foundation for food safety policy and illness prevention since 1996. The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) provides a foundation for food safety policy and illness prevention in the United States. FoodNet conducts active, population-based surveillance at 10 US sites for laboratory-confirmed infections of 9 bacterial and parasitic pathogens transmitted commonly through food and for hemolytic uremic syndrome. Through FoodNet, state and federal scientists collaborate to monitor trends in enteric illnesses, identify their sources, and implement special studies. FoodNet’s major contributions include establishment of reliable, active population-based surveillance of enteric diseases; development and implementation of epidemiologic studies to determine risk and protective factors for sporadic enteric infections; population and laboratory surveys that describe the features of gastrointestinal illnesses, medical care–seeking behavior, frequency of eating various foods, and laboratory practices; and development of a surveillance and research platform that can be adapted to address emerging issues. The importance of FoodNet’s ongoing contributions probably will grow as clinical, laboratory, and informatics technologies continue changing rapidly.
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16
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Smigic N, Djekic I, Martins ML, Rocha A, Sidiropoulou N, Kalogianni EP. The level of food safety knowledge in food establishments in three European countries. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Cha W, Mosci R, Wengert SL, Singh P, Newton DW, Salimnia H, Lephart P, Khalife W, Mansfield LS, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Human Campylobacter jejuni Isolates and Association with Phylogenetic Lineages. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:589. [PMID: 27199922 PMCID: PMC4845714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogen and the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. With the increase of antibiotic resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides, the drugs of choice for treatment, C. jejuni was recently classified as a serious antimicrobial resistant threat. Here, we characterized 94 C. jejuni isolates collected from patients at four Michigan hospitals in 2011 and 2012 to determine the frequency of resistance and association with phylogenetic lineages. The prevalence of resistance to fluoroquinolones (19.1%) and macrolides (2.1%) in this subset of C. jejuni isolates from Michigan was similar to national reports. High frequencies of fluoroquinolone-resistant C. jejuni isolates, however, were recovered from patients with a history of foreign travel. A high proportion of these resistant isolates were classified as multilocus sequence type (ST)-464, a fluoroquinolone-resistant lineage that recently emerged in Europe. A significantly higher prevalence of tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni was also found in Michigan and resistant isolates were more likely to represent ST-982, which has been previously recovered from ruminants and the environment in the U.S. Notably, patients with tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni infections were more likely to have contact with cattle. These outcomes prompt the need to monitor the dissemination and diversification of imported fluoroquinolone-resistant C. jejuni strains and to investigate the molecular epidemiology of C. jejuni recovered from cattle and farm environments to guide mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhee Cha
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rebekah Mosci
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Samantha L Wengert
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Duane W Newton
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, DetroitMichigan, USA; Detroit Medical Center University LaboratoriesDetroit, MI, USA
| | - Paul Lephart
- Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Linda S Mansfield
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA; Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - James T Rudrik
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
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18
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Johnning A, Kristiansson E, Angelin M, Marathe N, Shouche YS, Johansson A, Larsson DGJ. Quinolone resistance mutations in the faecal microbiota of Swedish travellers to India. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:235. [PMID: 26498929 PMCID: PMC4619388 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background International travel contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria over the world. Most studies addressing travel-related changes in the faecal flora have focused on specific mobile resistance genes, or depended on culturing of individual bacterial isolates. Antibiotic resistance can, however, also spread via travellers colonized by bacteria carrying chromosomal antibiotic resistance mutations, but this has received little attention so far. Here we aimed at exploring the abundance of chromosomal quinolone resistance mutations in Escherichia communities residing in the gut of Swedish travellers, and to determine potential changes after visiting India. Sweden is a country with a comparably low degree of quinolone use and quinolone resistance, whereas the opposite is true for India. Methods Massively parallel amplicon sequencing targeting the quinolone-resistance determining region of gyrA and parC was applied to total DNA extracted from faecal samples. Paired samples were collected from 12 Swedish medical students before and after a 4–15 week visit to India. Twelve Indian residents were included for additional comparisons. Methods known resistance mutations were common in Swedes before travel as well as in Indians, with a trend for all mutations to be more common in the Indian sub group. There was a significant increase in the abundance of the most common amino acid substitution in GyrA (S83L, from 44 to 72 %, p = 0.036) in the samples collected after return to Sweden. No other substitution, including others commonly associated with quinolone resistance (D87N in GyrA, S80I in ParC) changed significantly. The number of distinct genotypes encoded in each traveller was significantly reduced after their visit to India for both GyrA (p = 0.0020) and ParC (p = 0.0051), indicating a reduced genetic diversity, similar to that found in the Indians. Conclusions International travel can alter the composition of the Escherichia communities in the faecal flora, favouring bacteria carrying certain resistance mutations, and, thereby, contributes to the global spread of antibiotic resistance. A high abundance of specific mutations in Swedish travellers before visiting India is consistent with the hypothesis that these mutation have no fitness cost even in the absence of an antibiotic selection pressure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0574-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Johnning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Erik Kristiansson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Martin Angelin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Nachiket Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 007, India.
| | - Yogesh S Shouche
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411 007, India.
| | - Anders Johansson
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Bacteriology, Umeå University, SE- 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - D G Joakim Larsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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19
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Fridkin SK, Cleveland AA, See I, Lynfield R. Emerging Infections Program as Surveillance for Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:1578-81. [PMID: 26291638 PMCID: PMC4550160 DOI: 10.3201/eid2109.150512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the United States, antimicrobial drug-resistant infections affect a diverse population, and effective interventions require concerted efforts across various public health and clinical programs. Since its onset in 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emerging Infections Program has provided robust and timely data on antimicrobial drug-resistant infections that have been used to inform public health action across a spectrum of partners with regard to many highly visible antimicrobial drug-resistance threats. These data span several activities within the Program, including respiratory bacterial infections, health care-associated infections, and some aspects of foodborne diseases. These data have contributed to estimates of national burden, identified populations at risk, and determined microbiological causes of infection and their outcomes, all of which have been used to inform national policy and guidelines to prevent antimicrobial drug-resistant infections.
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20
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Dai L, Muraoka WT, Wu Z, Sahin O, Zhang Q. A single nucleotide change in mutY increases the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni mutants. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:2739-48. [PMID: 26169557 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutator strains play an important role in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide and is increasingly resistant to clinically important antibiotics. The objective of this study was to identify the genetic basis that contributes to a mutator phenotype in Campylobacter and determine the role of this phenotype in the development of antibiotic resistance. METHODS A C. jejuni isolate (named CMT) showing a mutator phenotype was subjected to WGS analysis. Comparative genomics, site-specific reversion and mutation, and gene knockout were conducted to prove the mutator effect was caused by a single nucleotide change in the mutY gene of C. jejuni. RESULTS The C. jejuni CMT isolate showed ∼ 100-fold higher mutation frequency to ciprofloxacin than the WT strain. Under selection by ciprofloxacin, fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants emerged readily from the CMT isolate. WGS identified a single nucleotide change (G595 → T) in the mutY gene of the CMT isolate. Further experiments using defined mutant constructs proved its specific role in elevating mutation frequencies. The mutY point mutation also led to an ∼ 700-fold increase in the emergence of ampicillin-resistant mutants, indicating its broader impact on antibiotic resistance. Structural modelling suggested the G595 → T mutation probably affects the catalytic domain of MutY and consequently abolishes the anti-mutator function of this DNA repair protein. CONCLUSIONS The G595 → T mutation in mutY abolishes its anti-mutator function and confers a mutator phenotype in Campylobacter, promoting the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Wayne T Muraoka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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21
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Webb M, Morancie A. Food safety knowledge of foodservice workers at a university campus by education level, experience, and food safety training. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Ricotta EE, Palmer A, Wymore K, Clogher P, Oosmanally N, Robinson T, Lathrop S, Karr J, Hatch J, Dunn J, Ryan P, Blythe D. Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of international travel-associated Campylobacter infections in the United States, 2005-2011. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:e108-14. [PMID: 24832415 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the role international travel plays in US Campylobacter epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance. METHODS In this study, epidemiological and antimicrobial resistance data, encompassing the years 2005 to 2011, from 10 sites participating in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network were linked. The 10 sites are represented by 7 states that conducted surveillance on a statewide level, and 3 states which conducted county-level surveillance. Cases of Campylobacter among persons with history of international travel in the week prior to illness were compared with cases among individuals with no international travel. RESULTS Approximately 18% of Campylobacter infections were estimated to be associated with international travel, and 60% of international travel-associated infections had a quinolone-resistant Campylobacter isolate. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that international travel plays a significant role in campylobacteriosis diagnosed in the United States. Recognizing this is important to both medical management decisions and understanding burden and attribution estimates of US campylobacteriosis and antibiotic-resistant campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Ricotta
- Emily E. Ricotta, Amanda Palmer, Patricia Ryan, and David Blythe are with the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore. Katie Wymore is with Public Health Foundation Enterprises, Oakland, CA. Paula Clogher is with the Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. Nadine Oosmanally is with the Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta. Trisha Robinson is with the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul. Sarah Lathrop is with the University of New Mexico, Alburquerque. Jillian Karr is with the New York State Department of Health, Rochester. Julie Hatch is with the Oregon Health Authority, Public Health Division, Portland. John Dunn is with the Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville
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23
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CampylobacterSpecies. Food Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fullerton KE, Scallan E, Kirk MD, Mahon BE, Angulo FJ, de Valk H, van Pelt W, Gauci C, Hauri AM, Majowicz S, O'Brien SJ. Case-control studies of sporadic enteric infections: a review and discussion of studies conducted internationally from 1990 to 2009. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 9:281-92. [PMID: 22443481 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologists have used case-control studies to investigate enteric disease outbreaks for many decades. Increasingly, case-control studies are also used to investigate risk factors for sporadic (not outbreak-associated) disease. While the same basic approach is used, there are important differences between outbreak and sporadic disease settings that need to be considered in the design and implementation of the case-control study for sporadic disease. Through the International Collaboration on Enteric Disease "Burden of Illness" Studies (the International Collaboration), we reviewed 79 case-control studies of sporadic enteric infections caused by nine pathogens that were conducted in 22 countries and published from 1990 through to 2009. We highlight important methodological and study design issues (including case definition, control selection, and exposure assessment) and discuss how approaches to the study of sporadic enteric disease have changed over the last 20 years (e.g., making use of more sensitive case definitions, databases of controls, and computer-assisted interviewing). As our understanding of sporadic enteric infections grows, methods and topics for case-control studies are expected to continue to evolve; for example, advances in understanding of the role of immunity can be used to improve control selection, the apparent protective effects of certain foods can be further explored, and case-control studies can be used to provide population-based measures of the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Fullerton
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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25
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Green Brown L, Khargonekar S, Bushnell L. Frequency of inadequate chicken cross-contamination prevention and cooking practices in restaurants. J Food Prot 2013; 76:2141-5. [PMID: 24290693 PMCID: PMC5578440 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted by the Environmental Health Specialists Network (EHS-Net) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The purpose was to examine restaurant chicken preparation and cooking practices and kitchen managers' food safety knowledge concerning chicken. EHS-Net members interviewed managers about chicken preparation practices in 448 restaurants. The study revealed that many restaurants were not following U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Code guidance concerning cross-contamination prevention and proper cooking and that managers lacked basic food safety knowledge about chicken. Forty percent of managers said that they never, rarely, or only sometimes designated certain cutting boards for raw meat (including chicken). One-third of managers said that they did not wash and rinse surfaces before sanitizing them. Over half of managers said that thermometers were not used to determine the final cook temperature of chicken. Only 43% of managers knew the temperature to which raw chicken needed to be cooked for it to be safe to eat. These findings indicate that restaurant chicken preparation and cooking practices and manager food safety knowledge need improvement. Findings from this study could be used by food safety programs and the restaurant industry to target training and intervention efforts to improve chicken preparation and cooking practices and knowledge concerning safe chicken preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Green Brown
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, MS F60, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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26
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Zappe Pasturel B, Cruz-Cano R, Rosenberg Goldstein RE, Palmer A, Blythe D, Ryan P, Hogan B, Jung C, Joseph SW, Wang MQ, Ting Lee ML, Puett R, Sapkota AR. Impact of rurality, broiler operations, and community socioeconomic factors on the risk of campylobacteriosis in Maryland. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:2267-75. [PMID: 24134343 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the combined impact of community-level environmental and socioeconomic factors on the risk of campylobacteriosis. METHODS We obtained Campylobacter case data (2002-2010; n = 3694) from the Maryland Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network. We obtained community-level socioeconomic and environmental data from the 2000 US Census and the 2007 US Census of Agriculture. We linked data by zip code. We derived incidence rate ratios by Poisson regressions. We mapped a subset of zip code-level characteristics. RESULTS In zip codes that were 100% rural, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of campylobacteriosis were 6 times (IRR = 6.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.19, 11.97) greater than those in urban zip codes. In zip codes with broiler chicken operations, incidence rates were 1.45 times greater than those in zip codes without broilers (IRR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.34, 1.58). We also observed higher rates in zip codes whose populations were predominantly White and had high median incomes. CONCLUSIONS The community and environment in which one lives may significantly influence the risk of campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zappe Pasturel
- Barbara Zappe Pasturel, Rachel E. Rosenberg Goldstein, Sam W. Joseph, Robin Puett, and Amy R. Sapkota are with the Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park. Raul Cruz-Cano and Mei-Ling Ting Lee are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health. Amanda Palmer, David Blythe, Pat Ryan, Brenna Hogan, and Carrianne Jung are with the Infectious Disease and Environmental Health Administration, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore. Min Qi Wang is with the Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health
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27
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Source attribution of human campylobacteriosis using a meta-analysis of case-control studies of sporadic infections. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:970-81. [PMID: 22214729 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811002676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is a widespread and important cause of human illness worldwide. Disease is frequently associated with foodborne transmission, but other routes of exposure, such as direct contact with live animals and person-to-person transmission, are also recognized. Identifying the most important sources of human disease is essential for prioritizing food safety interventions and setting public health goals. Numerous case-control studies of sporadic infections of campylobacteriosis have been published. These studies investigated a variety of potential risk factors for disease, often using different methodologies and settings. Systematic reviews (SRs) consist of a formal process for literature review focused on a specific research question, and include the identification of relevant literature, quality assessment of relevant studies, summarization or statistical analysis of data, and conclusions. With the objective of identifying the most important risk factors for human sporadic campylobacteriosis, we performed a SR of case-control studies of human sporadic cases and a meta-analysis of the obtained results. A combined SR focusing on Salmonella and Campylobacter studies was performed and the results analysed separately. From 1295 identified references, 131 passed the relevance screening, 73 passed the quality assessment stage, and data was extracted from 72 studies. Of these, 38 focused on campylobacteriosis. Information on exposures of cases and controls, and estimated odds ratios for investigated risk factors were collected and analysed. In the meta-analysis, heterogeneity between the studies and possible sources of bias were investigated, and pooled odds ratios for identified risk factors were estimated. Results suggest that travelling abroad, eating undercooked chicken, environmental sources, and direct contact with farm animals were significant risk factors for campylobacteriosis. Sub-analyses by geographical region, age group, and study period were performed, and differences were discussed.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide current recommendations for evaluation and treatment of patients with infectious colitis. Infectious colitis is diagnosed in someone with diarrhea and one or more of the following: fever and/or dysentery, stools containing inflammatory markers such as leukocytes, lactoferrin, or calprotectin, or positive stool culture for an invasive or inflammatory bacterial enteropathogen including Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) or Clostridium difficile, or colonic inflammation by endoscopy. RECENT FINDINGS Standard stool culture should be performed in patients with infectious colitis. Epidemiologic findings including prior international travel, shellfish-associated diarrhea, living in parasite-endemic regions may suggest the need for specialized studies of etiology. When STEC is suspected as a pathogen because only low grade or no fever is seen in a patient with acute dysentery, a competent laboratory should look for E. coli O157:H7 and Shiga toxin directly in stool. SUMMARY Once laboratory diagnosis is made, pathogen-specific antimicrobial therapy should be initiated for all forms of infectious colitis other than STEC. For empiric treatment of febrile dysenteric diarrhea invasive bacterial enteropathogens (Shigella, Salmonella, and Campylobacter) should be suspected and adults may be treated empirically with 1000mg azithromycin in a single dose.
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Koningstein M, Simonsen J, Helms M, Hald T, Molbak K. Antimicrobial Use: A Risk Factor or a Protective Factor for Acquiring Campylobacteriosis? Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:644-50. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Love DC, Davis MF, Bassett A, Gunther A, Nachman KE. Dose imprecision and resistance: free-choice medicated feeds in industrial food animal production in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:279-283. [PMID: 21030337 PMCID: PMC3059987 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Industrial food animal production employs many of the same antibiotics or classes of antibiotics that are used in human medicine. These drugs can be administered to food animals in the form of free-choice medicated feeds (FCMF), where animals choose how much feed to consume. Routine administration of these drugs to livestock selects for microorganisms that are resistant to medications critical to the treatment of clinical infections in humans. OBJECTIVES In this commentary, we discuss the history of medicated feeds, the nature of FCMF use with regard to dose delivery, and U.S. policies that address antimicrobial drug use in food animals. DISCUSSION FCMF makes delivering a predictable, accurate, and intended dose difficult. Overdosing can lead to animal toxicity; underdosing or inconsistent dosing can result in a failure to resolve animal diseases and in the development of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS The delivery of antibiotics to food animals for reasons other than the treatment of clinically diagnosed disease, especially via free-choice feeding methods, should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Love
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21211, USA.
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Prevalence, development, and molecular mechanisms of bacteriocin resistance in Campylobacter. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2309-16. [PMID: 21278269 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02094-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins (BCNs) are antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria with narrow or broad spectra of antimicrobial activity. Recently, several unique anti-Campylobacter BCNs have been identified from commensal bacteria isolated from chicken intestines. These BCNs dramatically reduced C. jejuni colonization in poultry and are being directed toward on-farm control of Campylobacter. However, no information concerning prevalence, development, and mechanisms of BCN resistance in Campylobacter exists. In this study, susceptibilities of 137 C. jejuni isolates and 20 C. coli isolates to the anti-Campylobacter BCNs OR-7 and E-760 were examined. Only one C. coli strain displayed resistance to the BCNs (MIC, 64 μg/ml), while others were susceptible, with MICs ranging from 0.25 to 4 μg/ml. The C. coli mutants resistant to BCN OR-7 also were obtained by in vitro selection, but all displayed only low-level resistance to OR-7 (MIC, 8 to 16 μg/ml). The acquired BCN resistance in C. coli could be transferred at intra- and interspecies levels among Campylobacter strains by biphasic natural transformation. Genomic examination of the OR-7-resistant mutants by using DNA microarray and random transposon mutagenesis revealed that the multidrug efflux pump CmeABC contributes to both intrinsic resistance and acquired resistance to the BCNs. Altogether, this study represents the first report of and a major step forward in understanding BCN resistance in Campylobacter, which will facilitate the development of effective BCN-based strategies to reduce the Campylobacter loads in poultry.
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Kalter HD, Gilman RH, Moulton LH, Cullotta AR, Cabrera L, Velapatiño B. Risk factors for antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli carriage in young children in Peru: community-based cross-sectional prevalence study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:879-88. [PMID: 20439971 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined the influence of individual-, household-, and community-scale risk factors on carriage of resistant commensal bacteria. We determined children's medical, agricultural, and environmental exposures by household, pharmacy, and health facility surveys and Escherichia coli cultures of children, mothers' hands, household animals, and market chickens in Peru. Among 522 children with a positive stool culture, by log-binomial regression, using "any antibiotic" and 1-14 (versus 0) sulfa doses in the past 3 months increased children's risk, respectively, for ampicillin- and sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli carriage (P = 0.01-0.02). Each household member taking "any antibiotic" increased children's risk for sulfamethoxazole- and multidrug-resistant E. coli carriage (P < 0.0001). Residence in a zone where a larger proportion of households served home-raised chicken (as contrasted with intensively antibiotic-raised market chicken) protected against carrying E. coli resistant to all drugs (P = 0.0004-0.04). Environmental contamination with drug-resistant bacteria appeared to significantly contribute to children's carriage of antibiotic-resistant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Kalter
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Rm E-8132, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Scientific Opinion on Quantification of the risk posed by broiler meat to human campylobacteriosis in the EU. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Koo HL, Dupont HL, Huang DB. The role of rifaximin in the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of travelers' diarrhea. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2009; 5:841-8. [PMID: 19898648 PMCID: PMC2773752 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Travelers’ diarrhea is a common illness among international travelers from developed to developing countries. Travelers’ diarrhea is caused by ingestion of contaminated food and water. Bacteria are the primary cause of travelers’ diarrhea. In most surveys, the most common diarrheal pathogen identified is enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. There are several antimicrobial agents available for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea including rifaximin which is approved in the United States for the treatment of travelers’ diarrhea due to noninvasive E. coli strains. In this review, we will review the most recent advances of rifaximin for the treatment and prevention of travelers’ diarrhea, with regard to its pharmacokinetics, in vitro susceptibility profile, and efficacy and safety data from clinical trials.
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Evans MR, Northey G, Sarvotham TS, Hopkins AL, Rigby CJ, Thomas DR. Risk factors for ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter infection in Wales. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:424-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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DuPont HL, Ericsson CD, Farthing MJG, Gorbach S, Pickering LK, Rombo L, Steffen R, Weinke T. Expert review of the evidence base for self-therapy of travelers' diarrhea. J Travel Med 2009; 16:161-71. [PMID: 19538576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2009.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert L DuPont
- Center for Infectious Disease, University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Denno DM, Keene WE, Hutter CM, Koepsell JK, Patnode M, Flodin-Hursh D, Stewart LK, Duchin JS, Rasmussen L, Jones R, Tarr PI. Tri-county comprehensive assessment of risk factors for sporadic reportable bacterial enteric infection in children. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:467-76. [PMID: 19281302 DOI: 10.1086/596555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for childhood sporadic reportable enteric infection (REI) caused by bacteria, specifically Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, or Shigella (REI-B). METHODS Matched case-control study. Case patients aged <19 years who were reported to 3 Washington State county health departments and matched control subjects were interviewed from November 2003-November 2005. Matched odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by using conditional logistic regression. Population attributable risk percentages were calculated for exposures associated with infection. RESULTS Two hundred ninety-six case patients were matched to 580 control subjects. Aquatic recreation was the most important factor associated with all REI-Bs studied (beach water exposure [OR for Salmonella infection, 28.3 {CI, 7.2-112.2}; OR for Shigella infection, 14.5 {CI 1.5-141.0} or any recreational water exposure [OR for Campylobacter infection, 2.7 {CI, 1.5-4.8}; OR for Escherichia coli O157 infection, 7.4 {CI, 2.1-26.1}]). Suboptimal kitchen hygiene after preparation of raw meat or chicken (OR, 7.1 [CI, 2.1-24.1]) and consumption of food from restaurants were additional risks for Campylobacter infection. Infection with Salmonella was associated with the use of private wells as sources of drinking water (OR, 6.5 [CI, 1.4-29.7]), and the use of residential septic systems was a risk for both Salmonella (OR, 3.2 [CI, 1.3-7.8]) and E. coli (OR, 5.7 [CI, 1.2-27.2]) O157 infection. CONCLUSIONS Overall, non-food exposures were as important as food-related exposures with regard to their contributions to the proportion of cases. Infection prevention efforts should address kitchen hygiene practices and non-food exposures, such as recreational water exposure, in addition to food-consumption risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Denno
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Public Health-Seattle and King County, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Tauxe RV. Real burden and potential risks from foodborne infections: the value of multi-jurisdictional collaborations. Trends Food Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Medeiros DT, Sattar SA, Farber JM, Carrillo CD. Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in raw and ready-to-eat foods and in a Canadian food service operation. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2087-93. [PMID: 18939758 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in a variety of foods from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and raw milk samples from across Canada was determined over a 2-year period. The samples consisted of 55 raw foods (chicken, pork, and beef), 126 raw milk samples from raw milk cheese manufacturers, and 135 ready-to-eat foods (meat products, salads, and raw milk cheeses). Campylobacter jejuni was detected in 4 of the 316 samples analyzed: 1 raw beef liver sample and 3 raw chicken samples. An isolation rate of 9.7% was observed among the raw chicken samples tested. This study also investigated the role of cross-contamination in disseminating Campylobacter from raw poultry within a food service operation specializing in poultry dishes. Accordingly, kitchen surfaces within a restaurant in Ottawa, Ontario, were sampled between March and August 2001. Tests of the sampling method indicated that as few as 100 Campylobacter cells could be detected if sampling was done within 45 min of inoculation; however, Campylobacter spp. were not detected in 125 swabs of surfaces within the kitchens of this food service operation. Despite the reported high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in raw poultry, this organism was not detected on surfaces within a kitchen of a restaurant specializing in poultry dishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane T Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Taylor NM, Davies RH, Ridley A, Clouting C, Wales AD, Clifton-Hadley FA. A survey of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and thermophilic Campylobacter spp. on poultry and pig farms in Great Britain. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1421-31. [PMID: 18778293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the proportions of farms on which broilers, turkeys and pigs were shedding fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant Escherichia coli or Campylobacter spp. near to slaughter. METHODS AND RESULTS Freshly voided faeces were collected on 89 poultry and 108 pig farms and cultured with media containing 1.0 mg l(-1) ciprofloxacin. Studies demonstrated the specificity of this sensitive method, and both poultry and pig sampling yielded FQ-resistant E. coli on 60% of farms. FQ-resistant Campylobacter spp. were found on around 22% of poultry and 75% of pig farms. The majority of resistant isolates of Campylobacter (89%) and E. coli (96%) tested had minimum inhibitory concentrations for ciprofloxacin of > or =8 mg l(-1). The proportion of resistant E. coli and Campylobacter organisms within samples varied widely. CONCLUSIONS FQ resistance is commonly present among two enteric bacterial genera prevalent on pig and poultry farms, although the low proportion of resistant organisms in many cases requires a sensitive detection technique. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY FQ-resistant bacteria with zoonotic potential appear to be present on a high proportion of UK pig and poultry farms. The risk this poses to consumers relative to other causes of FQ-resistant human infections remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Taylor
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Research Unit, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
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Foodborne antimicrobial resistance as a biological hazard - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Han J, Sahin O, Barton YW, Zhang Q. Key role of Mfd in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000083. [PMID: 18535657 PMCID: PMC2390758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major food-borne pathogen and a common causative agent of human enterocolitis. Fluoroquinolones are a key class of antibiotics prescribed for clinical treatment of enteric infections including campylobacteriosis, but fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter readily emerges under the antibiotic selection pressure. To understand the mechanisms involved in the development of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter, we compared the gene expression profiles of C. jejuni in the presence and absence of ciprofloxacin using DNA microarray. Our analysis revealed that multiple genes showed significant changes in expression in the presence of a suprainhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin. Most importantly, ciprofloxacin induced the expression of mfd, which encodes a transcription-repair coupling factor involved in strand-specific DNA repair. Mutation of the mfd gene resulted in an approximately 100-fold reduction in the rate of spontaneous mutation to ciprofloxacin resistance, while overexpression of mfd elevated the mutation frequency. In addition, loss of mfd in C. jejuni significantly reduced the development of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter in culture media or chickens treated with fluoroquinolones. These findings indicate that Mfd is important for the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter, reveal a previously unrecognized function of Mfd in promoting mutation frequencies, and identify a potential molecular target for reducing the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yi-Wen Barton
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Falagas ME, Mourtzoukou EG, Giannopoulou KP, Alexiou VG, Rafailidis PI. Matching criteria in case-control studies in the field of antimicrobial resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2008; 14:171-82. [PMID: 18489243 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2008.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the available evidence from case-control studies in the field of antimicrobial resistance to identify the degree that matching was performed and the criteria used to do so. METHODS We performed a systematic search of the PubMed database (articles archived by 08/2006) to identify relevant studies. Studies that used the individual matching technique were further analyzed. RESULTS 115 case-control studies with a focus on antimicrobial resistance were identified: 28 regarding Acinetobacter baumannii, 25 regarding Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 62 for other bacteria. Individual matching was performed in 32 (27.8%) out of the 115 studies. Age was the most frequently used matching criterion in 22 of 32 (69%) evaluated matched case-control studies, while sex was used in 11 (34%), presence of underlying illness in 8 (25%), site of infection in 5 (16%), and area of residence in 4 studies (12.5%). Other criteria were used in less than 10% of the studies. Analysis of data for matched pairs was performed in 18 of 32 (56.3%) studies that used a matched case-control design. DISCUSSION The available evidence from the analyzed data from case-control studies in the field of antimicrobial resistance shows that individual matching is employed only in a proportion of such studies and only for a few characteristics, when it was used. Also, analysis for matched pairs was not used by almost a half of the relevant studies.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Renewed interest in the use of antibiotics to prevent travellers' diarrhoea has occurred with the availability of non-absorbed (<0.4%) rifaximin, and with evidence that a subgroup of travellers with diarrhoea have progression of their illnesses to postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. AIM To summarize recently published information and make recommendations on travellers' diarrhoea prevention. METHODS PubMed was reviewed on 2 January 2008 for 255 articles on the topic of 'travellers diarrhoea' published beginning with 2000 along with the author's extensive file on prevention of travellers' diarrhoea. RESULTS Exercising care in food and beverage selection, while of unproven value, is recommended during travel to high-risk areas of Latin America, Southern Asia or Africa. An algorithm is presented to identify future travellers, for which chemoprophylaxis is appropriate. The preferred drug for prevention of travellers' diarrhoea is rifaximin, with bismuth subsalicylate or a fluoroquinolone also being effective. Vaccines against the principal cause of travellers' diarrhoea, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, are being developed. CONCLUSIONS Research is needed to determine the relative effectiveness of exercising care on food and beverage selection and chemoprophylaxis in preventing travellers' diarrhoea and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome during high-risk travel. Enterotoxigenic E. coli vaccines appear to be a promising addition to travel medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L DuPont
- Houston School of Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of Texas, St Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
The global impact of antibiotic resistance is potentially devastating, threatening to set back progress against certain infectious diseases to the pre-antibiotic era. Although most antibiotic-resistant bacteria originally emerged in hospitals, drug-resistant strains are becoming more common in the community. Factors that facilitate the development of resistance within the community can be categorized as behavioral or environmental/policy. Behavioral factors include inappropriate use of antibiotics and ineffective infection control and hygiene practices. Environmental/policy factors include the continued use of antibiotics in agriculture and the lack of new drug development. A multifaceted approach that includes behavioral strategies in the community and the political will to make difficult regulatory decisions will help to minimize the problem of antimicrobial resistance globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Larson
- School of Nursing, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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DuPont HL. The Growing Threat of Foodborne Bacterial Enteropathogens of Animal Origin. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1353-61. [DOI: 10.1086/522662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Gilbert JM, White DG, McDermott PF. The US National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Future Microbiol 2007; 2:493-500. [DOI: 10.2217/17460913.2.5.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial agents in food animals can select for resistant bacterial pathogens that may be transmitted to humans via the commercial meat supply. In the USA, the FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine regulatory duties require a determination that antimicrobial drugs are safe and effective for use in food animals. In addition, a qualitative assessment of risks to human health from antimicrobial resistance requires development. This risk assessment process is supported by data generated by the FDA’s National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria. NARMS data on antimicrobial susceptibility among Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus is collected. Research activities defining the genetic bases of resistance helps to understand the potential public health risks posed by the spread of antimicrobial resistance from food animal antimicrobial use. These activities help insure that antimicrobials are used judiciously to promote human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Gilbert
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US FDA, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation 7500 Standish Place Rockville, MD 20855, USA
| | - David G White
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US FDA, Office of Research, 8401 Muirkirk Road Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Patrick F McDermott
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US FDA, Office of Research, 8401 Muirkirk Road Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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JOHNSON J, McMULLEN L, HASSELBACK P, LOUIE M, JHANGRI G, SAUNDERS L. Risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance in reported Campylobacter infections in southern Alberta. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 136:903-12. [PMID: 17678560 PMCID: PMC2870889 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807009296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a case-control study examining risk factors for ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter infections that were reported in 2004 and 2005 in two health regions in southern Alberta. The study questionnaire included questions about recent travel and antibiotic use, food consumption frequency, use of household and personal hygiene products with antibacterial agents, contact with animals, and potential misuse of antibiotics. Of the 210 patients who participated, 31.0% had ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter infections. Foreign travel was the strongest predictor of resistance. Surprisingly, possession of antibiotics for future use was identified as a risk factor for resistance. We also examined the potential for participation bias and resistance misclassification to affect the resulting multivariable models. Participation bias appears to have had a substantial effect on the model results, but the estimated misclassification effect due to the use of different ciprofloxacin susceptibility testing methods was only slight.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Y. M. JOHNSON
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - L. M. McMULLEN
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - P. HASSELBACK
- Interior Health Authority, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M. LOUIE
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G. JHANGRI
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - L. D. SAUNDERS
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Address for correspondence: Dr L. D. Saunders, Department of Public Health Sciences, 13-103 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada. ()
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Scheetz MH, Bolon MK, Scarsi KK, Fotis MA, Postelnick MJ. Lack of effect of fluoroquinolone resistance on mortality in subjects with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia. J Infect 2007; 52:105-10. [PMID: 15904961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the well-documented increase in fluoroquinolone resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the effect on pathogenicity is unknown. This paper will explore the clinical effect. METHODS A retrospective, observational, cohort study of 215 hospital inpatients was performed. Subjects with fluoroquinolone-resistant P. aeruginosa (FQRPA) bacteraemia were compared to subjects with fluoroquinolone-sensitive P. aeruginosa (FQSPA) bacteraemia from January 2000 to December 2003. Mortality prior to discharge, time to discharge, and time to negative culture were assessed. Additionally, baseline morbidity/mortality risk factors including Charlson morbidity score (CMS) were assessed. RESULTS Mortality prior to discharge (32 vs. 29%, P=0.73), mean days to discharge (17.5 vs. 14.6, P=0.24), and mean days to negative culture (3.6 vs. 3.2, P=0.1) did not differ between FQRPA and FQSPA, respectively. Active antibiotic treatment within 24h of drawn blood culture (FQRPA 63% vs. FQSPA 93%, P<0.0001) and median CMS (FQRPA 3 vs. FQSPA 5, P=0.004) differed significantly between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with FQRPA received active antibiotics less often within 24h of obtained culture. A large difference in mortality does not likely exist based on fluoroquinolone susceptibility. A study with greater enrollment must be conducted to determine if fluoroquinolone resistance imparts a smaller yet clinically significant impact on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Scheetz
- Department of Pharmacy, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 251 East Huron Street, Feinberg Pavilion LC-700, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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