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Rindler AE, Kusejko K, Kuster H, Neumann K, Leemann C, Zeeb M, Chaudron SE, Braun DL, Kouyos RD, Metzner KJ, Günthard HF. The interplay between replication capacity of HIV-1 and surrogate markers of disease. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1057-1068. [PMID: 35299248 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 replication capacity (RC) of transmitted/founder viruses may influence the further course of HIV-1 infection. METHODS Replication capacities (RCs) of 355 whole genome primary HIV-1 isolates derived from samples acquired during acute and recent primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) were determined using a novel high throughput infection assay in primary cells. The RCs were used to elucidate potential factors that could be associated with RC during PHI. RESULTS Increased RC was found to be associated with increased set point viral load (VL), and significant differences in RCs among 13 different HIV-1 subtypes were discerned. Notably, we observed an increase in RCs for primary HIV-1 isolates of HIV-1 subtype B over a 17-year period. Associations were not observed between RC and CD4 count at sample date of RC measurement, CD4 recovery after initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART), CD4 decline in untreated individuals, and acute retroviral syndrome severity scores. DISCUSSION These findings highlight that RCs of primary HIV-1 isolates acquired during the acute and recent phase of infection are more associated with viral factors, i.e., set point VL, than with host factors. Furthermore, we observed a temporal increase in RC for HIV-1 subtype B viruses over a period of 17 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey E Rindler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Kusejko
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Kuster
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Neumann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Leemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marius Zeeb
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra E Chaudron
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Braun
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin J Metzner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rindler AE, Kuster H, Neumann K, Leemann C, Braun DL, Metzner KJ, Günthard HF. A Novel High Throughput, Parallel Infection Assay for Determining the Replication Capacities of 346 Primary HIV-1 Isolates of the Zurich Primary HIV-1 Infection Study in Primary Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:404. [PMID: 33806576 PMCID: PMC8000554 DOI: 10.3390/v13030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication capacity is an important characteristic to understand the replication competence of single variants or virus populations. It can further aid in the understanding of HIV-1 pathogenicity, disease progression, and drug resistance mutations. To effectively study RC, many assays have been established. However, there is still demand for a high throughput replication capacity assay using primary cells which is robust and reproducible. In this study, we established such an assay and validated it using 346 primary HIV-1 isolates from patients enrolled in the Zurich Primary HIV Infection study (ZPHI) and two control viruses, HIV-1 JR-CSFWT and HIV-1 JR-CSFK65R_M184V. Replication capacity was determined by measuring the viral growth on PBMCs over 10 days by longitudinally transferring cell culture supernatant to TZM-bl reporter cells. By utilizing the TZM-bl luciferase reporter assay, we determined replication capacity by measuring viral infectivity. The simplicity of the experimental setup allowed for all 346 primary HIV-1 isolates to be replicated at one time. Although the infectious input dose for each virus was normalized, a broad range of replication capacity values over 4 logs was observed. The approach was confirmed by two repeated experiments and we demonstrated that the reproducibility of the replication capacity values is statistically comparable between the two separate experiments. In summary, these results endorse our high throughput replication capacity assay as reproducible and robust and can be utilized for large scale HIV-1 replication capacity experiments in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey E. Rindler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.R.); (H.K.); (K.N.); (C.L.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Life Sciences Graduate School, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Kuster
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.R.); (H.K.); (K.N.); (C.L.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Neumann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.R.); (H.K.); (K.N.); (C.L.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Leemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.R.); (H.K.); (K.N.); (C.L.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L. Braun
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.R.); (H.K.); (K.N.); (C.L.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karin J. Metzner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.R.); (H.K.); (K.N.); (C.L.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland; (A.E.R.); (H.K.); (K.N.); (C.L.); (D.L.B.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Bertels F, Marzel A, Leventhal G, Mitov V, Fellay J, Günthard HF, Böni J, Yerly S, Klimkait T, Aubert V, Battegay M, Rauch A, Cavassini M, Calmy A, Bernasconi E, Schmid P, Scherrer AU, Müller V, Bonhoeffer S, Kouyos R, Regoes RR. Dissecting HIV Virulence: Heritability of Setpoint Viral Load, CD4+ T-Cell Decline, and Per-Parasite Pathogenicity. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:27-37. [PMID: 29029206 PMCID: PMC5850767 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen strains may differ in virulence because they attain different loads in their hosts, or because they induce different disease-causing mechanisms independent of their load. In evolutionary ecology, the latter is referred to as “per-parasite pathogenicity”. Using viral load and CD4+ T-cell measures from 2014 HIV-1 subtype B-infected individuals enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, we investigated if virulence—measured as the rate of decline of CD4+ T cells—and per-parasite pathogenicity are heritable from donor to recipient. We estimated heritability by donor–recipient regressions applied to 196 previously identified transmission pairs, and by phylogenetic mixed models applied to a phylogenetic tree inferred from HIV pol sequences. Regressing the CD4+ T-cell declines and per-parasite pathogenicities of the transmission pairs did not yield heritability estimates significantly different from zero. With the phylogenetic mixed model, however, our best estimate for the heritability of the CD4+ T-cell decline is 17% (5–30%), and that of the per-parasite pathogenicity is 17% (4–29%). Further, we confirm that the set-point viral load is heritable, and estimate a heritability of 29% (12–46%). Interestingly, the pattern of evolution of all these traits differs significantly from neutrality, and is most consistent with stabilizing selection for the set-point viral load, and with directional selection for the CD4+ T-cell decline and the per-parasite pathogenicity. Our analysis shows that the viral genotype affects virulence mainly by modulating the per-parasite pathogenicity, while the indirect effect via the set-point viral load is minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Bertels
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Marzel
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Venelin Mitov
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Molecular Virology, Department of Biomedicine - Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Aubert
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Berne University Hospital and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- HIV/AIDS Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra U Scherrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Evolutionary Systems Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | | | - Roger Kouyos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland R Regoes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Sakai K, Chikata T, Brumme ZL, Brumme CJ, Gatanaga H, Gatanag H, Oka S, Takiguchi M. Lack of a significant impact of Gag-Protease-mediated HIV-1 replication capacity on clinical parameters in treatment-naive Japanese individuals. Retrovirology 2015; 12:98. [PMID: 26585907 PMCID: PMC4653850 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HLA class I-associated escape mutations in HIV-1 Gag can reduce viral replication, suggesting that associated fitness costs could impact HIV-1 disease progression. Previous studies in North American and African cohorts have reported reduced Gag-Protease mediated viral replication capacity (Gag-Pro RC) in individuals expressing protective HLA class I alleles including HLA-B*57:01, B*27:05, and B*81:01. These studies also reported significant positive associations between Gag-Pro RCs and plasma viral load (pVL). However, these HLA alleles are virtually absent in Japan, and the importance of Gag as an immune target is not clearly defined in this population. Results We generated chimeric NL4-3 viruses carrying patient-derived Gag-Protease from 306 treatment-naive Japanese individuals chronically infected with HIV-1 subtype B. We analyzed associations between Gag-Pro RC and clinical markers of HIV-1 infection and host HLA expression. We observed no significant correlation between Gag-Pro RC and pVL in Japan in the overall cohort. However, upon exclusion of individuals expressing Japanese protective alleles HLA-B*52:01 and B*67:01, Gag-Pro RC correlated positively with pVL and negatively with CD4 T-cell count. Our results thus contrast with studies from other global cohorts reporting significantly lower Gag-Pro RC among persons expressing protective HLA alleles, and positive relationships between Gag-Pro RC and pVL in the overall study populations. We also identified five amino acids in Gag-Protease significantly associated with Gag-Pro RC, whose effects on RC were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. However, of the four mutations that decreased Gag-Pro RC, none were associated with reductions in pVL in Japan though two were associated with lower pVL in North America. Conclusions These data indicate that Gag fitness does not affect clinical outcomes in subjects with protective HLA class I alleles as well as the whole Japanese population. Moreover, the impact of Gag fitness costs on HIV-1 clinical parameters in chronic infection is likely low in Japan compared to other global populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0223-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sakai
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Chikata
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Chanson J Brumme
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | | | - Shinichi Oka
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan. .,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Bonhoeffer S, Fraser C, Leventhal GE. High heritability is compatible with the broad distribution of set point viral load in HIV carriers. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004634. [PMID: 25658741 PMCID: PMC4450065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Set point viral load in HIV patients ranges over several orders of magnitude and is a key determinant of disease progression in HIV. A number of recent studies have reported high heritability of set point viral load implying that viral genetic factors contribute substantially to the overall variation in viral load. The high heritability is surprising given the diversity of host factors associated with controlling viral infection. Here we develop an analytical model that describes the temporal changes of the distribution of set point viral load as a function of heritability. This model shows that high heritability is the most parsimonious explanation for the observed variance of set point viral load. Our results thus not only reinforce the credibility of previous estimates of heritability but also shed new light onto mechanisms of viral pathogenesis. Following an initial peak in viremia, the viral load in HIV infected patients settles down to a set point which remains more or less stable during chronic HIV infection. This set point viral load is one of the key factors determining the rate of disease progression. The extent to which it is determined by the virus versus host genetics is thus central to developing a better understanding of disease progression. Here we develop an analytical model that describes the changes of the distribution of set point viral load in the HIV carrier population over a full cycle of transmission. Applying this model to patient data we find that the most parsimonious explanation for the observed large variation of set point viral load across HIV patients is that set point viral load is highly heritable from donors to recipients. This implies that set point viral load is to a considerable extent under the genetic control of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Drug resistance and plasma viral RNA level after ineffective use of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in women. AIDS 2015; 29:331-7. [PMID: 25503265 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily oral emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate may select for drug resistance if there is low adherence. METHODS Plasma viral HIV-1 RNA level, CD4+ T-cell counts, and drug resistance were evaluated among seroconverting women in the FEM-PrEP trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00625404) using standard clinical tests, allele-specific PCR (ASPCR), and by deep sequencing. Tenofovir, FTC, and their intracellular metabolites were measured in plasma and cells. RESULTS There was no difference in plasma HIV-1 RNA level or CD4+ cell count among seroconverters in the active arm versus those receiving placebo. Tenofovir resistance was not observed. FTC resistance was detected using clinical assays in five seroconverters (four in the active arm and one in the placebo arm); two in the active arm occurred among women having moderate concentrations of PrEP drugs in the blood. The first evidence of infection occurred at the first postenrollment visit in three of the four with FTC resistance, although none had detectable viral nucleic acids at enrollment. FTC-resistant minor variants were detected in an additional four seroconverters (one in the active arm and three in the placebo arm). CONCLUSIONS Drug resistance detected during ineffective PrEP use had characteristics suggesting transmitted infection or incubating infection prior to starting PrEP.
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Highly pathogenic adapted HIV-1 strains limit host immunity and dictate rapid disease progression. AIDS 2014; 28:1261-72. [PMID: 24732774 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study of HIV-1 rapid progressors has been limited to specific case reports. Nevertheless, identification and characterization of the viral and host factors involved in rapid progression are crucial when attempting to uncover the correlates of rapid disease outcome. DESIGN We carried out comparative functional analyses in rapid progressors (n = 46) and standard progressors (n = 46) early after HIV-1 seroconversion (≤1 year). The viral traits tested were viral replicative capacity, co-receptor usage, and genomic variation. Host CD8(+) T-cell responses, humoral activity, and HLA immunogenetic markers were also determined. RESULTS Our data demonstrate an unusual convergence of highly pathogenic HIV-1 strains in rapid progressors. Compared with standard progressors, rapid progressor viral strains show higher in-vitro replicative capacity (81.5 vs. 67.9%; P = 0.025) and greater X4/DM co-receptor usage (26.3 vs. 2.8%; P = 0.006) in early infection. Limited or absent functional HIV-1 CD8(+) T-cell responses and neutralizing activity were measured in rapid progressors. Moreover, the increase in common HLA allele-restricted CD8(+) T-cell escape mutations in rapid progressors acts as a signature of uncontrolled HIV-1 replication and early impairment of adaptive cellular responses. CONCLUSION Our data support a dominant role for viral factors in rapid progressors. Robust HIV-1 replication and intrinsic viral properties limit host adaptive immune responses, thus driving rapid disease progression.
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Ooms M, Brayton B, Letko M, Maio SM, Pilcher CD, Hecht FM, Barbour JD, Simon V. HIV-1 Vif adaptation to human APOBEC3H haplotypes. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 14:411-21. [PMID: 24139399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several human APOBEC3 deaminases can inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro. HIV-1 Vif counteracts this restriction by targeting APOBEC3 for proteasomal degradation. Human APOBEC3H (A3H) is highly polymorphic, with natural variants differing considerably in anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro. To examine HIV-1 adaptation to variation in A3H activity in a natural infection context, we determined the A3H haplotypes and Vif sequences from 76 recently infected HIV-1 patients. We detected A3H-specific Vif changes suggesting viral adaptation. The patient-derived Vif sequences were used to engineer viruses that specifically differed in their ability to counteract A3H. Replication of these Vif-variant viruses in primary T cells naturally expressing active or inactive A3H haplotypes showed that endogenously expressed A3H restricts HIV-1 replication. Proviral DNA from A3H-restricted viruses showed high levels of G-to-A mutations in an A3H-specific GA dinucleotide context. Taken together, our data validate A3H expressed at endogenous levels as a bona fide HIV-1 restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ooms
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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9
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Phenotypic Susceptibility Assays for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Antiviral Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555815493.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Ng OT, Laeyendecker O, Redd AD, Munshaw S, Grabowski MK, Paquet AC, Evans MC, Haddad M, Huang W, Robb ML, Reynolds SJ, Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Eshleman SH, Quinn TC. HIV type 1 polymerase gene polymorphisms are associated with phenotypic differences in replication capacity and disease progression. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:66-73. [PMID: 23922373 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determinants of intersubtype differences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clinical disease progression remain unknown. METHODS HIV-1 subtype was independently determined for 5 separate genomic regions in 396 HIV-1 seroconverters from Rakai, Uganda, using a multiregion hybridization assay. Replication capacities (RC) in samples from a subset of 145 of these subjects were determined. HIV-1 genomic regions and pol RC were examined for association with disease progression. Amino acid polymorphisms were examined for association with pol RC. RESULTS In multivariate analyses, the hazard for progression to the composite end point (defined as a CD4(+) T-cell count <250 cells/mm(3), antiretroviral therapy initiation, or death) among patients with subtype D pol infection was 2.4 times the hazard for those infected with subtype A pol infection (P = .001). Compared with subtype A pol (the reference group), the hazard for progression to the composite end point for subtype D pol infection with a pol RC >67% (ie, the median pol RC) was significantly greater (HR, 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-11.0; P = .001), whereas the hazard for progression to the composite end point for subtype D pol infection with a pol RC ≤67% was not significantly different (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.9; P = .051). Amino acid substitutions at protease positions 62 and 64 and at reverse transcriptase position 272 were associated with significant differences in pol RC. CONCLUSIONS HIV-1 pol gene intersubtype and RC differences are associated with disease progression and may be influenced by amino acid polymorphisms.
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11
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Pressure from TRIM5α contributes to control of HIV-1 replication by individuals expressing protective HLA-B alleles. J Virol 2013; 87:10368-80. [PMID: 23864638 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01313-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of certain HLA class I alleles, including HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*57, is associated with better control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but the mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. We sought evidence that pressure from the human restriction factor TRIM5α (hTRIM5α) could contribute to viral control. The hTRIM5α sensitivity of viruses from both HLA-B*57-positive (HLA-B*57(+)) and HLA-B*27(+) patients who spontaneously controlled viral replication, but not viruses from viremic patients expressing these alleles, was significantly greater than that of viruses from patients not expressing these protective HLA-B alleles. Overall, a significant negative correlation between hTRIM5α sensitivity and viral load was observed. In HLA-B*57(+) patients, the T242N mutation in the HLA-B*57-restricted TW10 CD8(+) T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope was strongly associated with hTRIM5α sensitivity. In HLA-B*27(+) controllers, hTRIM5α sensitivity was associated with a significant reduction in emergence of key CTL mutations. In several patients, viral evolution to avoid hTRIM5α sensitivity was observed but could be associated with reduced viral replicative capacity. Thus, in individuals expressing protective HLA-B alleles, the combined pressures exerted by CTL, hTRIM5α, and capsid structural constraints can prevent viral escape both by impeding the selection of necessary resistance/compensatory mutations and forcing the selection of escape mutations that increase hTRIM5α sensitivity or impair viral replicative capacity.
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12
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Theys K, Deforche K, Vercauteren J, Libin P, van de Vijver DAMC, Albert J, Åsjö B, Balotta C, Bruckova M, Camacho RJ, Clotet B, Coughlan S, Grossman Z, Hamouda O, Horban A, Korn K, Kostrikis LG, Kücherer C, Nielsen C, Paraskevis D, Poljak M, Puchhammer-Stockl E, Riva C, Ruiz L, Liitsola K, Schmit JC, Schuurman R, Sönnerborg A, Stanekova D, Stanojevic M, Struck D, Van Laethem K, Wensing AMJ, Boucher CAB, Vandamme AM. Treatment-associated polymorphisms in protease are significantly associated with higher viral load and lower CD4 count in newly diagnosed drug-naive HIV-1 infected patients. Retrovirology 2012; 9:81. [PMID: 23031662 PMCID: PMC3487874 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of drug resistance transmission on disease progression in the newly infected patient is not well understood. Major drug resistance mutations severely impair viral fitness in a drug free environment, and therefore are expected to revert quickly. Compensatory mutations, often already polymorphic in wild-type viruses, do not tend to revert after transmission. While compensatory mutations increase fitness during treatment, their presence may also modulate viral fitness and virulence in absence of therapy and major resistance mutations. We previously designed a modeling technique that quantifies genotypic footprints of in vivo treatment selective pressure, including both drug resistance mutations and polymorphic compensatory mutations, through the quantitative description of a fitness landscape from virus genetic sequences. RESULTS Genotypic correlates of viral load and CD4 cell count were evaluated in subtype B sequences from recently diagnosed treatment-naive patients enrolled in the SPREAD programme. The association of surveillance drug resistance mutations, reported compensatory mutations and fitness estimated from drug selective pressure fitness landscapes with baseline viral load and CD4 cell count was evaluated using regression techniques. Protease genotypic variability estimated to increase fitness during treatment was associated with higher viral load and lower CD4 cell counts also in treatment-naive patients, which could primarily be attributed to well-known compensatory mutations at highly polymorphic positions. By contrast, treatment-related mutations in reverse transcriptase could not explain viral load or CD4 cell count variability. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that polymorphic compensatory mutations in protease, reported to be selected during treatment, may improve the replicative capacity of HIV-1 even in absence of drug selective pressure or major resistance mutations. The presence of this polymorphic variation may either reflect a history of drug selective pressure, i.e. transmission from a treated patient, or merely be a result of diversity in wild-type virus. Our findings suggest that transmitted drug resistance has the potential to contribute to faster disease progression in the newly infected host and to shape the HIV-1 epidemic at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Theys
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jurgen Vercauteren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jan Albert
- Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Åsjö
- Section for Microbiology and Immunology, Gade institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Marie Bruckova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ricardo J Camacho
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari “Germans Trias i Pujol”, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Zehava Grossman
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, and School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Andrzei Horban
- Warsaw Medical University and Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaus Korn
- Institut für Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- National Retrovirus Reference Center, Department of Hygiene Epidemiology of Medical Statistics, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Lidia Ruiz
- irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute & Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari “Germans Trias i Pujol”, Badalona, Spain
| | - Kirsi Liitsola
- National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jean-Claude Schmit
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Rob Schuurman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherland
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Virology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maja Stanojevic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniel Struck
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg and Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Kristel Van Laethem
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemarie MJ Wensing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherland
| | - Charles AB Boucher
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherland
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Centro de Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Sharma PL, Chunduri H, Wise J, Mindley R, Rimland D. Replication-independent expression of anti-apoptosis marker genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with the wild-type HIV-1 and reverse transcriptase variants. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:12-20. [PMID: 22239233 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials with highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have shown that a substantial number of patients continue to show a decrease in viral load and/or increase or stable CD4(+) T-cell numbers even in the presence of multidrug resistant (MDR) viruses. We compared replication capacity (RC) and expression of anti-apoptosis marker genes (AAMGs) in human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells infected with NL4-3 (wild-type; WT) and mutant viruses. Replication kinetics assays showed a significant decrease in RC of all mutant viruses in comparison to the WT virus. The viruses containing patient-derived MDR RT without the K65R mutation (PSD5.2) replicated efficiently in comparison to the viruses with MDR RT containing the K65R mutation (PSD5.1), or the single mutations K65R and M184V. Compared with WT, a significant decrease in RCs of viruses: K65R (RC=0.39±0.02; p≤0.0001), M184V (RC=0.72±0.04; p≤0.0001), PSD5.1 (RC=0.32±0.04; p≤0.0001), and PSD5.2 (RC=0.90±0.04; p=0.002) was observed on day 10. RT-PCR-based apoptosis array was performed on total cellular RNA. Recombinant virus PSD5.2 showed a 1.5- to 6-fold upregulation in 8 AAMGs (AKT1, BAG3, BCL2A1, BFAR, BIRC2, BNIP1, BNIP3, and CFLAR) on day 1 and day 7 post-infection with respect to WT virus. PSD5.1 showed upregulation of only one gene (BAG1) on day 1 (1.75-fold) and day 7 (1.97-fold). Point mutant K65R showed a 1.5- to 4-fold upregulation of six AAMGs on day 7. Viruses with the M184V mutation showed upregulation of only one gene (BAG1). These observations indicate that the upregulation of specific AAMGs may not be dependent on the RCs of HIV-I variants, and that the possible interaction among mutated RT residues and viral and/or host proteins may induce CD4(+) T-cell-protective anti-apoptosis proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem L Sharma
- Medical Research 151MV, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA.
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Novel method for simultaneous quantification of phenotypic resistance to maturation, protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase HIV inhibitors based on 3'Gag(p2/p7/p1/p6)/PR/RT/INT-recombinant viruses: a useful tool in the multitarget era of antiretroviral therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3729-42. [PMID: 21628544 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00396-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-six antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), targeting five different steps in the life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), have been approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Accordingly, HIV-1 phenotypic assays based on common cloning technology currently employ three, or possibly four, different recombinant viruses. Here, we describe a system to assess HIV-1 resistance to all drugs targeting the three viral enzymes as well as viral assembly using a single patient-derived, chimeric virus. Patient-derived p2-INT (gag-p2/NCp7/p1/p6/pol-PR/RT/IN) products were PCR amplified as a single fragment (3,428 bp) or two overlapping fragments (1,657 bp and 2,002 bp) and then recombined into a vector containing a near-full-length HIV-1 genome with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae uracil biosynthesis gene (URA3) replacing the 3,428 bp p2-INT segment (Dudley et al., Biotechniques 46:458-467, 2009). P2-INT-recombinant viruses were employed in drug susceptibility assays to test the activity of protease (PI), nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase (NRTI), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI), and integrase strand-transfer (INSTI) inhibitors. Using a single standardized test (ViralARTS HIV), this new technology permits the rapid and automated quantification of phenotypic resistance for all known and candidate antiretroviral drugs targeting all viral enzymes (PR, RT, including polymerase and RNase H activities, and IN), some of the current and potential assembly inhibitors, and any drug targeting Pol or Gag precursor cleavage sites (relevant for PI and maturation inhibitors) This novel assay may be instrumental (i) in the development and clinical assessment of novel ARV drugs and (ii) to monitor patients failing prior complex treatment regimens.
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Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection has resulted in profound reductions in viremia and is associated with marked improvements in morbidity and mortality. Therapy is not curative, however, and prolonged therapy is complicated by drug toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance. Management of clinical drug resistance requires in depth evaluation, and includes extensive history, physical examination and laboratory studies. Appropriate use of resistance testing provides valuable information useful in constructing regimens for treatment-experienced individuals with viremia during therapy. This review outlines the emergence of drug resistance in vivo, and describes clinical evaluation and therapeutic options of the individual with rebound viremia during therapy.
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Gourraud PA, Karaouni A, Woo JM, Schmidt T, Oksenberg JR, Hecht FM, Liegler TJ, Barbour JD. APOBEC3H haplotypes and HIV-1 pro-viral vif DNA sequence diversity in early untreated human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Hum Immunol 2010; 72:207-12. [PMID: 21167246 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the APOBEC3 locus on chromosome 22, paired with population sequences of pro-viral human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) vif from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, from 96 recently HIV-1-infected treatment-naive adults. We found evidence for the existence of an APOBEC3H linkage disequilibrium (LD) block associated with variation in GA → AA, or APOBEC3F/H signature, sequence changes in pro-viral HIV-1 vif sequence (top 10 significant SNPs with a significant p = 4.8 × 10(-3)). We identified a common five position risk haplotype distal to APOBEC3H (A3Hrh). These markers were in high LD (D' = 1; r(2) = 0.98) to a previously described A3H "RED" haplotype containing a variant (E121) with enhanced susceptibility to HIV-1 Vif. This association was confirmed by a haplotype analysis. Homozygote carriers of the A3Hrh had lower GA->AA (A3F/H) sequence editing upon pro-viral HIV-1 vif sequence (p = 0.01), and lower HIV-1 RNA levels over time during early, untreated HIV-1 infection, (p = 0.015 mixed effects model). This effect may be due to enhanced susceptibility of A3H forms to HIV-1 Vif mediated viral suppression of sequence editing activity, slowing viral diversification and escape from immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Gourraud
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Jain V, Liegler T, Vittinghoff E, Hartogensis W, Bacchetti P, Poole L, Loeb L, Pilcher CD, Grant RM, Deeks SG, Hecht FM. Transmitted drug resistance in persons with acute/early HIV-1 in San Francisco, 2002-2009. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15510. [PMID: 21170322 PMCID: PMC3000814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance (TDR) is an ongoing public health problem, representing 10–20% of new HIV infections in many geographic areas. TDR usually arises from two main sources: individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who are failing to achieve virologic suppression, and individuals who acquired TDR and transmit it while still ART-naïve. TDR rates can be impacted when novel antiretroviral medications are introduced that allow for greater virologic suppression of source patients. Although several new HIV medications were introduced starting in late 2007, including raltegravir, maraviroc, and etravirine, it is not known whether the prevalence of TDR was subsequently affected in 2008–2009. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed population sequence genotyping on individuals who were diagnosed with acute or early HIV (<6 months duration) and who enrolled in the Options Project, a prospective cohort, between 2002 and 2009. We used logistic regression to compare the odds of acquiring drug-resistant HIV before versus after the arrival of new ART (2005–2007 vs. 2008–2009). From 2003–2007, TDR rose from 7% to 24%. Prevalence of TDR was then 15% in 2008 and in 2009. While the odds of acquiring TDR were lower in 2008–2009 compared to 2005–2007, this was not statistically significant (odds ratio 0.65, 95% CI 0.31–1.38; p = 0.27). Conclusions Our study suggests that transmitted drug resistance rose from 2003–2007, but this upward trend did not continue in 2008 and 2009. Nevertheless, the TDR prevalence in 2008–2009 remained substantial, emphasizing that improved management strategies for drug-resistant HIV are needed if TDR is to be further reduced. Continued surveillance for TDR will be important in understanding the full impact of new antiretroviral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Jain
- HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Teri Liegler
- HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wendy Hartogensis
- HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren Poole
- HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Loeb
- HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Pilcher
- HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Grant
- Gladstone Institute for Virology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor drug-resistant mutants give discordant results when compared in single-cycle and multiple-cycle fitness assays. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:4035-43. [PMID: 20826651 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00605-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication fitness of HIV-1 drug-resistant mutants has been measured using either multiple-cycle or single-cycle assays (MCAs or SCAs); these assays have not been systematically compared. We developed an MCA and an SCA that utilized either intact or env-deleted recombinant viral vectors, respectively, in which virus-infected cells were detected by flow cytometry of a reporter gene product. Fitness was measured using each assay for 11 protease mutants, 9 reverse transcriptase mutants, and two mutants with mutations in gag p6, which is important for the release of virus particles from the cell membrane. In the SCA, fitness (replication capacity [RC]) was defined as the proportion of cells infected by the mutant compared to the wild type 40 h after infection. MCA fitness (1+s) was determined by comparing the changes in the relative proportions of cells infected by the mutant and the wild type between 3 and 5 days after infection. Five protease mutants showed statistically different fitness values by the MCA versus the SCA: the D30N, G48V, I50V, I54L, and I54M mutants. When all the mutants were ranked in order from most to least fit for both assays, 4 protease mutants moved more than 5 positions in rank: the D30N, I54L, I54M, and V82A mutants. There were no significant differences in fitness for the gag p6 or reverse transcriptase mutants. We propose that discordant results in the MCA and SCA are due to alterations in late events in the virus life cycle that are not captured in an SCA, such as burst size, cell-to-cell transmission, or infected-cell life span.
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IL-2 immunotherapy to recently HIV-1 infected adults maintains the numbers of IL-17 expressing CD4+ T (T(H)17) cells in the periphery. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:681-92. [PMID: 20571894 PMCID: PMC2935971 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the manipulation of IL-17 producing CD4+ T cells (TH17) on a per-cell basis in humans in vivo. Previous studies on the effects of IL-2 on IL-17 secretion in non-HIV models have shown divergent results. We hypothesized that IL-2 would mediate changes in IL-17 levels among recently HIV-1-infected adults receiving anti-retroviral therapy. We measured cytokine T cell responses to CD3/CD28, HIV-1 Gag, and CMV pp65 stimulation, and changes in multiple CD4+ T cell subsets. Those who received IL-2 showed a robust expansion of naive and total CD4+ T cell counts and T-reg counts. However, after IL-2 treatment, the frequency of TH17 cells declined, while counts of TH17 cells did not change due to an expansion of the CD4+ naïve T cell population (CD27+CD45RA+). Counts of HIV-1 Gag-specific T cells declined modestly, but CMV pp65 and CD3/CD28 stimulated populations did not change. Hence, in contrast with recent studies, our results suggest IL-2 is not a potent in vivo regulator of TH17 cell populations in HIV-1 disease. However, IL-2-mediated T-reg expansions may selectively reduce responses to certain antigen-specific populations, such as HIV-1 Gag.
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HIV replication capacity is an independent predictor of disease progression in persons with untreated chronic HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53:472-9. [PMID: 20032783 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181cae480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of pol replication capacity (RC) on the hazard ratio of progression to a composite endpoint of time to progression to <350 CD4+ cells per microliter, initiation of therapy, or death. METHODS pol RC assays were performed after study closure in baseline samples obtained from 316 enrollees in a prospectively monitored cohort of treatment-naive adults with >or=450 CD4+ cells per microliter and >or=1000 HIV-1 RNA copies per milliliter. RESULTS The median RC was 79%. Patients with a lower RC had a lower median viral load (4.0 vs 4.2 Log HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, P = 0.026) and a lower rate of protease inhibitor resistance 2% vs 8%, P = 0.03). Otherwise, baseline demographic and laboratory characteristics were similar. The hazard ratio of progression to the composite endpoint was 0.73 (P = 0.041) for persons with lower RC, 2.07 per 1.0 log10 higher viral load (P < 0.001), and 0.86 per 50 cells per microliter higher CD4+ cell count (P < 0.001). The effect of lower RC was also significant in a separate analysis of time to initiation of therapy (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These results show that untreated patients with lower vs higher RC had a slower rate of progression as assessed by a composite outcome of time to CD4+ count <or=350 cells per microliter, treatment initiation, or death.
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Wilson DP, Hoare A, Regan DG, Law MG. Importance of promoting HIV testing for preventing secondary transmissions: modelling the Australian HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men. Sex Health 2009; 6:19-33. [PMID: 19254488 DOI: 10.1071/sh08081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We address the research questions: (i) what proportion of new HIV infections is transmitted from people who are (a) undiagnosed, (b) in primary HIV infection (PHI), (c) on antiretroviral therapy?; and (ii) what is the expected epidemiological impact of (a) increasing the proportion of newly acquired HIV infections receiving early treatment, and (b) increasing HIV testing rates? METHODS We used a mathematical model to simulate HIV transmission in the population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia. We calibrated the model using established biological and clinical data and a wide range of Australian MSM epidemiological and behavioural data sources. RESULTS We estimate that ~19% of all new HIV infections are transmitted from the ~3% of Australian HIV-infected MSM who are in PHI; ~31% of new HIV infections are estimated to be transmitted from the ~9% of MSM with undiagnosed HIV. We estimate that the average number of infections caused per HIV-infected MSM through the duration of PHI is ~0.14-0.28. CONCLUSIONS The epidemiological impact of increasing treatment in PHI would be modest due to insufficient detection of newly-infected individuals. In contrast, increases in HIV testing rates could have substantial epidemiological consequences. The benefit of testing will also increase over time. Promoting increases in the coverage and frequency of testing for HIV could be a highly-effective public health intervention, but the population-level impact of interventions based on promoting early treatment of patients diagnosed in PHI is likely to be small. Treating PHI requires further evaluation of its long-term effects on HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Wilson
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Relationship between HIV coreceptor tropism and disease progression in persons with untreated chronic HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:259-66. [PMID: 19194318 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181989a8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of HIV coreceptor tropism (CRT) on the relative risk of progression to a composite outcome of CD4 count < or =350 cells per microliter, treatment initiation, or death. METHODS CRT assays were performed after study closure in baseline samples obtained from enrollees in a prospectively monitored cohort of treatment-naive adults with > or =450 CD4 cells per microliter and > or =1000 HIV-1 RNA copies per milliliter. RESULTS Dual/mixed (D/M) and R5 CRT were detected in 32 and 282 patients, respectively. The baseline CD4 count (617 versus 694 cells/microL; P = 0.05) differed in patients with D/M versus R5 CRT. Otherwise, baseline laboratory characteristics were similar.The relative risk of progression to the composite end point was 2.15 (P = 0.002) for D/M versus R5 CRT, 2.07 per 1.0 log10 higher viral load (P < 0.001) and 0.87 per 50 cells per microliter higher CD4 cell count (P < 0.001). The effect of D/M CRT was also significant in separate analyses of time to initiation of antiretroviral therapy or CD4 cell count < or =350 cells per microliter. CONCLUSIONS Untreated patients with D/M rather than R5 CRT had a faster rate of disease progression, whether assessed by a composite outcome of time to CD4 count < or =350 cells per microliter, treatment initiation, or death or by separate analyses of time to CD4 count < or =350 cells per microliter or treatment initiation.
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Skowron G, Spritzler JG, Weidler J, Robbins GK, Johnson VA, Chan ES, Asmuth DM, Gandhi RT, Lie Y, Bates M, Pollard RB. Replication capacity in relation to immunologic and virologic outcomes in HIV-1-infected treatment-naive subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:250-8. [PMID: 19194319 PMCID: PMC3482469 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181938faf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between baseline (BL) replication capacity (RC) (RCBL) and immunologic/virologic parameters (at BL and after 48 weeks on therapy) in HIV-1-infected subjects initiating antiretroviral therapy. METHODS RCBL was determined using a modified Monogram PhenoSense HIV drug susceptibility assay on plasma HIV-1 from 321 treatment-naive subjects from AIDS Clinical Trials Group 384. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to determine the association of RCBL with BL and on-therapy virologic and immunologic outcomes. RESULTS Higher RCBL was associated with lower baseline CD4 (CD4BL) (r = -0.23, P < 0.0001), higher baseline HIV-1 RNA (r = 0.25, P < 0.0001), higher CD4BL activation percent (r = 0.23, P < 0.0001), and lower CD4BL memory count (r = -0.21, P = 0.0002). In a multivariable model, week 48 CD4 increase (DeltaCD448) was associated with lower CD4BL memory count and higher CD4BL-naive percent (P = 0.004, P = 0.015, respectively). The interaction between CD4BL and RCBL was significant (P = 0.018), with a positive association between RCBL and DeltaCD448 in subjects with higher CD4BL and a negative association at lower absCD4BL. CONCLUSIONS At baseline, higher RC was significantly associated with higher HIV-1 RNA, higher CD4 cell activation, lower CD4 cell count, and lower CD4 memory cell count. These factors may interact, directly or indirectly, to modify the extent to which CD4 recovery occurs in patients starting antiretroviral therapy at different CD4BL counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Skowron
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA.
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Barbour JD, Ndhlovu LC, Xuan Tan Q, Ho T, Epling L, Bredt BM, Levy JA, Hecht FM, Sinclair E. High CD8+ T cell activation marks a less differentiated HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cell response that is not altered by suppression of viral replication. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4408. [PMID: 19198651 PMCID: PMC2634967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship of elevated T cell activation to altered T cell differentiation profiles, each defining features of HIV-1 infection, has not been extensively explored. We hypothesized that anti-retroviral suppression of T cell activation levels would lead to alterations in the T cell differentiation of total and HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cell responses among recently HIV-1 infected adults. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed a longitudinal study simultaneously measuring T cell activation and maturation markers on both total and antigen-specific T cells in recently infected adults: prior to treatment; after the initiation of HAART; and after treatment was halted. Prior to treatment, HIV-1 Gag–specific CD8+ T cells were predominantly of a highly activated, intermediate memory (CD27+CD28−) phenotype, while CMV pp65-specific CD8+ T cells showed a late memory (CD27−CD28−), low activation phenotype. Participants with the highest fraction of late memory (CD27−CD28−) HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells had higher CD4+ T cell counts (rho = +0.74, p = 0.004). In turn, those with the highest fraction of intermediate memory (CD27+ CD28−) HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cells had high total CD8+ T cell activation (rho = +0.68, p = 0.01), indicating poorer long-term clinical outcomes. The HIV-1 specific T cell differentiation profile was not readily altered by suppression of T cell activation following HAART treatment. Conclusions/Significance A more differentiated, less activated HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cell response may be clinically protective. Anti-retroviral treatment initiated two to four months after infection lowered T cell activation but had no effect on the differentiation profile of the HIV-1-specific response. Intervention during the first month of acute infection may be required to shift the differentiation phenotype of HIV-1 specific responses to a more clinically favorable profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Barbour
- Department of Medicine, HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations and fitness: a view from the clinic and ex vivo. Virus Res 2008; 134:104-23. [PMID: 18289713 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity plays a key role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) adaptation, providing a mechanism to escape host immune responses and develop resistance to antiretroviral drugs. This process is driven by the high-mutation rate during DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase (RT), by the large viral populations, by rapid viral turnover, and by the high-recombination rate. Drugs targeting HIV RT are included in all regimens of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which helps to reduce the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients. However, the emergence of resistant viruses is a significant obstacle to effective long-term management of HIV infection and AIDS. The increasing complexity of antiretroviral regimens has favored selection of HIV variants harboring multiple drug resistance mutations. Evolution of drug resistance is characterized by severe fitness losses when the drug is not present, which can be partially overcome by compensatory mutations or other adaptive changes that restore replication capacity. Here, we review the impact of mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors on in vitro and in vivo fitness, their involvement in pathogenesis, persistence upon withdrawal of treatment, and transmission. We describe the techniques used to estimate viral fitness, the molecular mechanisms that help to improve the viral fitness of drug-resistant variants, and the clinical implications of viral fitness data, by exploring the potential relationship between plasma viral load, drug resistance, and disease progression.
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Conferral of enhanced natural killer cell function by KIR3DS1 in early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2008; 82:4785-92. [PMID: 18305035 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02449-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A flurry of recent reports on the role of activating and inhibitory forms of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) in natural killer (NK) cell activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have yielded widely divergent results. The role of the activating NK receptor encoded by the KIR3DS1 allele and its putative ligands, members of the HLA class I Bw4Ile80 cluster, in early HIV-1 disease is controversial. We selected 60 treatment-naïve adults for study from the OPTIONS cohort of individuals with early HIV-1 infection in San Francisco. We performed NK cell functional assays measuring gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and CD107a expression by NK cells in the unstimulated state and after stimulation by the major histocompatibility complex class I-deficient 721.221 B-lymphoblastoid cell line. In addition, we measured CD38 expression (a T-cell activation marker) on T and NK cells. Persons who have at least one copy of the KIR3DS1 gene had higher IFN-gamma and CD107a expression in the unstimulated state compared to those who do not possess this gene. After stimulation, both groups experienced a large induction of IFN-gamma and CD107a, with KIR3DS1 carriers achieving a greater amount of IFN-gamma expression. Differences in effector activity correlating with KIR3DS1 were not attributable to joint carriage of HLA Bw4Ile80 and KIR3DS1. We detected a partial but not complete dependence of KIR3DS1 on the members of B*58 supertype (B*57 and B*58) leading to higher NK cell function. Possessing KIR3DS1 was associated with lower expression of CD38 on both CD8(+) T and NK cells and with a loss or weakening of the known strong associations between CD8(+) T-cell expression of CD38 mean fluorescence intensity and the HIV-1 viral load. We observed that possessing KIR3DS1 was associated with higher NK cell effector functions in early HIV-1 disease, despite the absence of HLA Bw4Ile80, a putative ligand of KIR3DS1. Carriage of KIR3DS1 was associated with diminished CD8(+) T-cell activation, as determined by expression of CD38, and a disruption of the traditional relationship between viral load and activation in HIV-1 disease, which may lead to better clinical outcomes for these individuals.
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McColl DJ, Chappey C, Parkin NT, Miller MD. Prevalence, Genotypic Associations and Phenotypic Characterization of K65R, L74V and other HIV-1 RT Resistance Mutations in a Commercial Database. Antivir Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350801300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-associated mutations (NAMs) can affect response to treatment with NRTIs and might also result in HIV-1 with reduced replication capacity. Methods A large commercial HIV-1 database ( n=60,487) was analysed for the prevalence of NAMs, antiviral drug susceptibilities and viral replication capacity. Results Thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) and M184V were the most commonly observed NAMs (>25%). L74V/I was detected in 11% of isolates. K65R was detected in 3.3% of isolates and its frequency remained stable from 2003 to 2006, similar to trends observed for other NAMs. TAMs were rarely observed in combination with K65R, but frequently associated with L74V/I. HIV-1 with K65R or L74V/I alone were fully susceptible to zidovudine and stavudine. K65R was associated with reduced susceptibility to tenofovir, didanosine, abacavir and lamivudine; L74V/I was associated with reduced susceptibility to abacavir and didanosine. The addition of M184V to either K65R or L74V/I improved susceptibility to tenofovir, zidovudine and stavudine, but reduced susceptibility to abacavir, didanosine and lamivudine. Other NAMs commonly associated with K65R were A62V, S68G and Y115F; their NRTI susceptibilities were similar to those of viruses containing K65R alone. The replication capacity for HIV-1 with M184V/I or K65R was significantly reduced compared with wild-type (median 68% and 72%, respectively; P<0.0001), whereas replication capacity for HIV-1 with L74V or TAMs was not significantly reduced (88% and 97%, respectively). Conclusions These results demonstrate a relative stability in the prevalence of HIV-1 clinical isolates with NAMs from 2003 to 2006. Differences between the genotypic patterns, phenotype and replication capacity associated with common NAMs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil T Parkin
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Garcia-Perez J, Perez-Olmeda M, Sanchez-Palomino S, Perez-Romero P, Alcami J. A new strategy based on recombinant viruses for assessing the replication capacity of HIV-1. HIV Med 2008; 9:160-71. [PMID: 18217999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In heavily pretreated patients, resistance mutations arise in both protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences; however, the relative impact of PR and RT mutations on viral fitness cannot be evaluated with the majority of systems. To address this issue we have developed a model based on recombinant viruses (RVs) that allows the analysis of the replication capacity (RC) of viral populations in which PR and RT are cloned either in combination or separately. METHODS RVs were generated for full-length polymerase (pol) gene, PR or RT sequences from nine naïve and 14 heavily pretreated HIV-infected patients in therapeutic failure. The relative RC was assessed by comparing luciferase activity between mutant RV and wild-type (wt) isolates. RESULTS A strong decrease (>60%) in the RC of the pol RV population was observed in the 14 heavily pretreated patients as compared with the wt RVs. The analysis of PR and RT RVs from these patients showed that the decrease in RC was mainly attributable to PR sequences in three of these 14 patients and to RT sequences in seven of these patients. In the four remaining patients, PR and RT sequences independently reduced the RC of the RVs to similar extents. CONCLUSIONS Different patterns of mutations in either PR or RT have a strong impact on RC in highly experienced HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garcia-Perez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Quiñones-Mateu ME, Moore-Dudley DM, Jegede O, Weber J, J Arts E. Viral drug resistance and fitness. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2008; 56:257-96. [PMID: 18086415 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Dykes C, Demeter LM. Clinical significance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication fitness. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:550-78. [PMID: 17934074 PMCID: PMC2176046 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00017-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative fitness of a variant, according to population genetics theory, is that variant's relative contribution to successive generations. Most drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants have reduced replication fitness, but at least some of these deficits can be compensated for by the accumulation of second-site mutations. HIV-1 replication fitness also appears to influence the likelihood of a drug-resistant mutant emerging during treatment failure and is postulated to influence clinical outcomes. A variety of assays are available to measure HIV-1 replication fitness in cell culture; however, there is no agreement regarding which assays best correlate with clinical outcomes. A major limitation is that there is no high-throughput assay that incorporates an internal reference strain as a control and utilizes intact virus isolates. Some retrospective studies have demonstrated statistically significant correlations between HIV-1 replication fitness and clinical outcomes in some patient populations. However, different studies disagree as to which clinical outcomes are most closely associated with fitness. This may be in part due to assay design, sample size limitations, and differences in patient populations. In addition, the strength of the correlations between fitness and clinical outcomes is modest, suggesting that, at present, it would be difficult to utilize these assays for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Dykes
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Biesinger T, Yu Kimata MT, Kimata JT. Changes in simian immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase alleles that appear during infection of macaques enhance infectivity and replication in CD4+ T cells. Virology 2007; 370:184-93. [PMID: 17904609 PMCID: PMC2196132 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that a slowly replicating, minimally pathogenic clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), SIVmneCl8, evolves increased ability to replicate in T cells with the onset of AIDS in pig-tailed macaques. Moreover, molecular clones derived from late stages of infection (SIVmne170 and SIVmne027) replicate to high levels in vivo compared to SIVmneCl8. Here, we investigated the role of rt mutations in SIVmne variant replication. We demonstrate selection for rt alleles that enhance viral infectivity and replication capacity in CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, the ability of SIVmne to be induced from resting CD4(+) T cells by anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation is more strongly influenced by the variant rt alleles than nef alleles. Taken together, our data underscore the importance of RT determinants for pathogenicity of SIV and for the capacity to replicate in CD4(+) T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason T. Kimata
- *Corresponding Author Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, BCM385, Room 811D, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA, Tel: 713-798-4536, FAX: 713-798-4435,
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De Luca A, Weidler J, Di Giambenedetto S, Coakley E, Cingolani A, Bates M, Lie Y, Pesano R, Cauda R, Schapiro J. Association of HIV-1 Replication Capacity With Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Virologic Treatment Failure. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:411-7. [PMID: 17554216 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318074f008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which HIV-1 replication capacity (RC) influences the response to therapy remains to be established. METHODS Phenotypic susceptibility and RC of baseline isolates (n = 139) from patients enrolled in the ARGENTA trial were measured and correlated to treatment outcomes over 36 months. RESULTS RC in baseline isolates correlated with the number of phenotypically active drugs (R = 0.34, P < 0.001). Crude viral RC did not predict treatment outcomes. When viral RC was adjusted by baseline CD4 cell counts, HIV-1 RNA levels, and phenotypic susceptibility to the rescue regimen, it showed significant association with the immunologic outcome (per log10 RC higher, mean difference in 36 months' time-averaged change from baseline CD4 count = -68 cells/microL; P = 0.020). In the subgroup of patients with 3 or more phenotypically active drugs in the salvage regimen (n = 35, median RC = 65%), subjects carrying isolates with RC < or =65% as compared to those with RC >65% had better time-averaged HIV-1 RNA responses (mean: -1.04 vs. -0.32 log10 copies/mL; P = 0.012) and CD4 cell responses (mean: 132 vs. -7 cells/microL; P = 0.006). Among patients with HIV-1 RNA levels persistently >500 copies/mL (n = 61), RC, on a log10 basis, was inversely associated with time-averaged 36-month CD4 cell responses (beta = -0.26; P = 0.046). CONCLUSION After normalizing for viral susceptibility to the employed regimen or in patient subsets with suboptimal virologic response, higher viral RC may predict worse subsequent treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Luca
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Policlinoco Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Vardavas R, Blower S. The emergence of HIV transmitted resistance in Botswana: "when will the WHO detection threshold be exceeded?". PLoS One 2007; 2:e152. [PMID: 17225857 PMCID: PMC1764713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Botswana antiretroviral program began in 2002 and currently treats 42,000 patients, with a goal of treating 85,000 by 2009. The World Health Organization (WHO) has begun to implement a surveillance system for detecting transmitted resistance that exceeds a threshold of 5%. However, the WHO has not determined when this threshold will be reached. Here we model the Botswana government's treatment plan and predict, to 2009, the likely stochastic evolution of transmitted resistance. Methods We developed a model of the stochastic evolution of drug-resistant strains and formulated a birth-death Master equation. We analyzed this equation to obtain an analytical solution of the probabilistic evolutionary trajectory for transmitted resistance, and used treatment and demographic data from Botswana. We determined the temporal dynamics of transmitted resistance as a function of: (i) the transmissibility (i.e., fitness) of the drug-resistant strains that may evolve and (ii) the rate of acquired resistance. Results Transmitted resistance in Botswana will be unlikely to exceed the WHO's threshold by 2009 even if the rate of acquired resistance is high and the strains that evolve are half as fit as the wild-type strains. However, we also found that transmission of drug-resistant strains in Botswana could increase to ∼15% by 2009 if the drug-resistant strains that evolve are as fit as the wild-type strains. Conclusions Transmitted resistance will only be detected by the WHO (by 2009) if the strains that evolve are extremely fit and acquired resistance is high. Initially after a treatment program is begun a threshold lower than 5% should be used; and we advise that predictions should be made before setting a threshold. Our results indicate that it may be several years before the WHO's surveillance system is likely to detect transmitted resistance in other resource-poor countries that have significantly less ambitious treatment programs than Botswana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Blower
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
During the rapid spread of HIV-1 in humans, the main (M) group of HIV-1 has evolved into ten distinct subtypes, undergone countless recombination events and diversified extensively. The impact of this extreme genetic diversity on the phenotype of HIV-1 has only recently become a research focus, but early findings indicate that the dominance of HIV-1 subtype C in the current epidemic might be related to the lower virulence of this subtype compared with other subtypes. Here, we explore whether HIV-1 has reached peak virulence or has already started the slow path to attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. Ariën
- the Department of Microbiology, HIV and Retrovirology Research Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B2000 Belgium
- Present Address: the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, B-9000 Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- the Department of Microbiology, HIV and Retrovirology Research Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B2000 Belgium
| | - Eric J. Arts
- the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2109, Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
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Soriano V, Labarga P, Ruiz-Sancho A, Garcia-Samaniego J, Barreiro P. Greater CD4 T-cell gains after one year of antiretroviral therapy are associated with lower HIV-1 pol replication capacity. AIDS 2006; 20:2225-7. [PMID: 17086063 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000247583.38943.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether pretreatment low pol replication capacity (polRC) is associated with CD4 T-cell count gains during antiretroviral therapy (ART). Patients were recruited at north American and Australian sites. Viral polRC was measured before starting ART in all subjects. We examined 243 individuals for a median 260 days after initiating ART. Low baseline polRC was associated with greater CD4 T-cell gains independent of virological responses.
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Zolopa AR. Incorporating drug-resistance measurements into the clinical management of HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2006; 194 Suppl 1:S59-64. [PMID: 16921474 DOI: 10.1086/505360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Testing for resistance to antiretrovirals is considered to be standard of care and is widely used in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Despite the widespread use of resistance testing, the clinician still faces a number of challenges when applying these technologies in the optimal management of antiretroviral therapy. Both genotype and phenotype tests require interpretation, and available interpretative algorithms for genotypes and resistance cutoffs for phenotypes are incomplete and evolving. Even experts in HIV resistance do not completely agree in their interpretation of genotypes. Moreover, discordant results between genotypes and phenotypes are a common source of confusion when both tests are used to evaluate resistance in a patient. Finally, newer indicators, such as replication capacity, are clinically available and appear to have prognostic value, but how this in vitro measure should be used in the management of antiretroviral therapy remains to be fully defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Zolopa
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Weber J, Weberova J, Carobene M, Mirza M, Martinez-Picado J, Kazanjian P, Quiñones-Mateu ME. Use of a novel assay based on intact recombinant viruses expressing green (EGFP) or red (DsRed2) fluorescent proteins to examine the contribution of pol and env genes to overall HIV-1 replicative fitness. J Virol Methods 2006; 136:102-17. [PMID: 16690137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have described a reduction in the replicative fitness of HIV-1 isolates harboring mutations that confer resistance to antiretroviral drugs. Contradictory results, however, have been obtained depending on the methodology used in each study (Quinones-Mateu, M.E., Arts, E.J., 2002. Fitness of drug resistant HIV-I: methodology and clinical implications. Drug Resist. Update 5, 224-233), affecting our understanding of the potential relationship of viral replicative fitness with HIV-1 disease. It has been demonstrated previously that both pol and env genes play a major role in HIV-1 replicative fitness of clinical isolates. Therefore, measuring clinically relevant replicative fitness using recombinant viruses where a single mutation and/or viral gene have been introduced does not seem like a reasonable approach in this era of multi-target antiretroviral therapy. A novel method was developed to measure HIV-1 replicative fitness based on recombinant viruses expressing the enhanced green fluorescent (EGFP) or the Discosoma sp. red fluorescent (DsRed2) proteins in a HIV-1NL4-3 backbone. Contrary to previous designs to analyze HIV-1 fitness, these replication competent viruses were created in an intact viral genetic background (without deleting or affecting the expression of any viral gene). This new system was used to evaluate the contribution of drug-resistance mutations in the pol and env genes to overall viral replicative fitness (in the presence and absence of drug pressure) using direct growth competition experiments. Mutations in pol showed a stronger effect on HIV-1 replicative fitness than mutations in the env gene associated with resistance to enfuvirtide, corroborating the plasticity of the later gene to accept mutations and the sensibility of the protease and reverse transcriptase enzymes to drug-associated primary mutations. In conclusion, a new protocol was used to measure HIV-1 replicative fitness in either the presence or absence of antiretroviral drugs, which may be used as a high-throughput assay to help us understand the clinical significance of viral fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Weber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Section of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Dykes C, Wang J, Jin X, Planelles V, An DS, Tallo A, Huang Y, Wu H, Demeter LM. Evaluation of a multiple-cycle, recombinant virus, growth competition assay that uses flow cytometry to measure replication efficiency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cell culture. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1930-43. [PMID: 16757582 PMCID: PMC1489405 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02415-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication efficiency or fitness, as measured in cell culture, has been postulated to correlate with clinical outcome of HIV infection, although this is still controversial. One limitation is the lack of high-throughput assays that can measure replication efficiency over multiple rounds of replication. We have developed a multiple-cycle growth competition assay to measure HIV-1 replication efficiency that uses flow cytometry to determine the relative proportions of test and reference viruses, each of which expresses a different reporter gene in place of nef. The reporter genes are expressed on the surface of infected cells and are detected by commercially available fluorescence-labeled antibodies. This method is less labor-intensive than those that require isolation and amplification of nucleic acids. The two reporter gene products are detected with similar specificity and sensitivity, and the proportion of infected cells in culture correlates with the amount of viral p24 antigen produced in the culture supernatant. HIV replication efficiencies of six different drug-resistant site-directed mutants were reproducibly quantified and were similar to those obtained with a growth competition assay in which the relative proportion of each variant was measured by sequence analysis, indicating that recombination between the pol and reporter genes was negligible. This assay also reproducibly quantified the relative fitness conferred by protease and reverse transcriptase sequences containing multiple drug resistance mutations, amplified from patient plasma. This flow cytometry-based growth competition assay offers advantages over current assays for HIV replication efficiency and should prove useful for the evaluation of patient samples in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Dykes
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Konings FAJ, Burda ST, Urbanski MM, Zhong P, Nadas A, Nyambi PN. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) has a higher in vitro replicative capacity than its parental subtypes A and G. J Med Virol 2006; 78:523-34. [PMID: 16555291 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) circulating recombinant form (CRF) 02_AG is the predominant subtype in Cameroon, even more prevalent than the parental subtypes A and G. An important question that needs to be addressed is whether recombination in HIV-1 infection can lead to the emergence of viruses with biological advantages. The replicative capacity was investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 13 R5-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates, including 5 CRF02_AG, 4 subtype A, and 4 subtype G viruses. HIV-1 subtype identity was defined by phylogeny either of the full-length genome or analysis of a combination of segments of the gag, pro, pol, and env genes followed by recombination breakpoint analysis. All viruses were grown on PBMCs for 11 days and culture supernatant was analyzed for reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and p24 production. On day 11 post-infection, CRF02_AG strains had a 1.4-1.9 times higher RT activity and reached a significantly higher level of p24 production than the parental subtypes A and G. Furthermore, the replication rate as measured by p24 production was 1.4 times higher for CRF02_AG strains compared to the subtypes A and G. This study suggests that the recombination event that led to CRF02_AG resulted in a variant with a better replicative capacity than its progenitors. This adaptation could contribute to the broader spread of HIV-1 CRF02_AG leading to its predominance in West Central Africa compared to the lower prevalence of its parental subtypes A and G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A J Konings
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA
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Quiñones-Mateu ME, Arts EJ. Virus fitness: concept, quantification, and application to HIV population dynamics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 299:83-140. [PMID: 16568897 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26397-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral fitness has been broadly studied during the past three decades, mainly to test evolutionary models and population theories difficult to analyze and interpret with more complex organisms. More recent studies, however, are focused in the role of fitness on viral transmission, pathogenesis, and drug resistance. Here, we used human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as one of the most relevant models to evaluate the importance of viral quasispecies and fitness in HIV evolution, population dynamics, disease progression, and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Section Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue/NN10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Castagna A, Danise A, Menzo S, Galli L, Gianotti N, Carini E, Boeri E, Galli A, Cernuschi M, Hasson H, Clementi M, Lazzarin A. Lamivudine monotherapy in HIV-1-infected patients harbouring a lamivudine-resistant virus: a randomized pilot study (E-184V study). AIDS 2006; 20:795-803. [PMID: 16549962 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000218542.08845.b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the immunological and clinical outcomes of lamivudine monotherapy and complete therapy interruption in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients harbouring lamivudine-resistant virus. METHODS This 48-week, open-label pilot study randomly assigned HIV-infected patients receiving lamivudine-containing HAART and harbouring the M184V mutation to monotherapy with lamivudine 300 mg once daily (lamivudine group) or the discontinuation of all antiretroviral drugs (TI group). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of immunological or clinical failure; immunological failure was defined as the first report of a CD4 T-cell count less than 350 cells/microl, and clinical failure as the occurrence of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention grade B or C event. The data were analysed on the basis of the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS By week 48, 20 of 29 patients in the TI group (69%; 95% CI 51-83%) and 12 of 29 in the lamivudine group (41%; 95% CI 26-59%) had discontinued the study because of immunological or clinical failure, which was significantly delayed in the lamivudine group (P = 0.018). Only patients in the TI group (6/29, 20.7%) experienced grade 3-4 clinical adverse events at least possibly related to HIV-1 (P = 0.02). The mean decline in CD4 cell percentage, viral rebound and recovery of HIV-1 replication capacity were significantly lower in the lamivudine group. The 24-week virological and immunological response after therapy resumption in patients who prematurely discontinued the study was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION In HIV-1-infected patients harbouring a lamivudine-resistant virus, lamivudine monotherapy may lead to a better immunological and clinical outcome than complete therapy interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Castagna
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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Heggelund L, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Müller F, Kristiansen KI, Aukrust P, Frøland SS. Modulatory effect of mannose-binding lectin on cytokine responses: possible roles in HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35:765-70. [PMID: 16313253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a soluble receptor of the innate immune system, probably contributing to antimicrobial defence. The possible role of MBL in HIV infection is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 28 HIV-infected patients and 13 healthy controls were stimulated with MBL and costimulated with HIV-1 gp120 or mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae before inflammatory responses in PBMC cultures were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry. HIV-1 RNA replication in vitro was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in supernatants from patients with measurable HIV-1 RNA levels. RESULTS (i) Enhanced TNF-alpha responses were observed when PBMCs from healthy controls and HIV-infected patients were stimulated with MBL and costimulated with HIV-1 gp120 or mannan. (ii) MBL stimulation induced increased HIV RNA replication in culture supernatants when costimulated with mannan. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests a modulatory role of MBL on cytokine responses, and HIV replication after stimulation with microbial products. These effects of MBL on inflammatory responses and viral replication may be clinically relevant for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Heggelund
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Department, Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Spudich SS, Nilsson AC, Lollo ND, Liegler TJ, Petropoulos CJ, Deeks SG, Paxinos EE, Price RW. Cerebrospinal fluid HIV infection and pleocytosis: relation to systemic infection and antiretroviral treatment. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5:98. [PMID: 16266436 PMCID: PMC1299327 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-5-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) exposure to HIV is a universal facet of systemic infection. Because of its proximity to and shared barriers with the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides a useful window into and model of human CNS HIV infection. METHODS Prospective study of the relationships of CSF to plasma HIV RNA, and the effects of: 1) progression of systemic infection, 2) CSF white blood cell (WBC) count, 3) antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 4) neurological performance. One hundred HIV-infected subjects were cross-sectionally studied, and 28 were followed longitudinally after initiating or changing ART. RESULTS In cross-sectional analysis, HIV RNA levels were lower in CSF than plasma (median difference 1.30 log10 copies/mL). CSF HIV viral loads (VLs) correlated strongly with plasma VLs and CSF WBC counts. Higher CSF WBC counts associated with smaller differences between plasma and CSF HIV VL. CSF VL did not correlate with blood CD4 count, but CD4 counts <50 cells/microL associated with a low prevalence of CSF pleocytosis and large differences between plasma and CSF VL. CSF HIV RNA correlated neither with the severity of the AIDS dementia complex (ADC) nor abnormal quantitative neurological performance, although these measures were associated with depression of CD4 counts. In subjects starting ART, those with lower CD4 counts had slower initial viral decay in CSF than in plasma. In all subjects, including five with persistent plasma viremia and four with new-onset ADC, CSF HIV eventually approached or reached the limit of viral detection and CSF pleocytosis resolved. CONCLUSION CSF HIV infection is common across the spectrum of infection and is directly related to CSF pleocytosis, though whether the latter is a response to or a contributing cause of CSF infection remains uncertain. Slowing in the rate of CSF response to ART compared to plasma as CD4 counts decline indicates a changing character of CSF infection with systemic immunological progression. Longer-term responses indicate that CSF infection generally responds well to ART, even in the face of systemic virological failure due to drug resistance. We present simple models to explain the differing relationships of CSF to plasma HIV in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena S Spudich
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Annelie C Nilsson
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Nicole D Lollo
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | - Teri J Liegler
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, USA
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Ariën KK, Troyer RM, Gali Y, Colebunders RL, Arts EJ, Vanham G. Replicative fitness of historical and recent HIV-1 isolates suggests HIV-1 attenuation over time. AIDS 2005; 19:1555-64. [PMID: 16184024 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000185989.16477.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in virulence during an epidemic are common among pathogens, but still unexplored in the case of HIV-1. Here we used primary human cells to study the replicative fitness of primary HIV-1 isolates from untreated patients, comparing historical (1986-1989) and recent samples (2002-2003). METHODS Head-to-head dual virus infection/competition assays were performed in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human dendritic cell/T-cell co-cultures with pairs of 12 carefully matched historical and recent HIV-1 isolates from untreated patients. Sensitivity to inhibition by lamivudine (3TC) and TAK-779 of historical and recent R5 HIV-1 isolates was measured in a subset of samples. RESULTS Overall, the historical HIV-1 out-competed the recent HIV-1 isolates in 176 of 238 competitions and in 9 of 12 competitions carefully matched for CD4 cell count. The mean relative replicative fitness (W) of all historical HIV-1 strains was significantly greater than that of recent HIV-1 isolates (W(1986-1989) = 1.395 and W(2002-2003) = 0.545, P < 0.001 (t test)). The more fit viruses (mean W > 1) from 1986-1989 appeared less sensitive to TAK-779 and 3TC than did the less fit (mean W < 1) 2002-2003 viruses. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that HIV-1 replicative fitness may have decreased in the human population since the start of the pandemic. This 'attenuation' could be the consequence of serial bottlenecks during transmission and result in adaptation of HIV-1 to the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Microbiology, HIV and Retrovirology Research Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Miró JM, Sued O, Plana M, Pumarola T, Gallart T. [Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005; 22:643-59. [PMID: 15596052 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(04)73164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
According the WHO there are about 14,000 new HIV infections a day. However, in a few cases the diagnosis will be made in the acute phase of the disease. Acute HIV infection is the period between infection with the virus and complete seroconversion, defined by a positive Western blot test. This period lasts approximately 30 days and most patients (40-90%) have mild clinical manifestations (fever, rash, pharyngitis, mucosal ulcers, among others) for 2 weeks which, because they are nonspecific, can be confused with other community-acquired infections. Microbiological diagnosis is based on the absence of serum antibodies (negative ELISA test) together with a positive HIV viral load in plasma (> 10,000 copies/ml). Diagnosis of acute HIV infection is important for several reasons: firstly, from the epidemiological point of view, this is the period with the highest rates of HIV transmission and identification of new HIV infections reveals the growth of the epidemic and the transmission rates of resistant HIV strains, which in Spain is about 10%; secondly, from the immunopathological point of view, this period provides a unique opportunity to study the virological, immunological and genetic mechanisms that play a role in the transmission and pathogenesis of this disease; and thirdly, therapeutically, starting antiretroviral therapy during this phase could alter the natural history of the disease. However, this is a controversial issue and currently most guidelines recommend treatment only if these patients can be included in clinical trials or if they show lasting or severe clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Miró
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
The development of clinical symptoms, and clinical progression among persons infected with HIV-1 is the manifestation of the effects of the pathogenic viral life cycle of HIV-1. Individual variants of HIV-1 vary widely in features that determine viral fitness and virulence. HIV-1 exploits host antiviral responses, the APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase, and the low-fidelity HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, to ensure new variants with novel phenotypic features are continually present for expansion in response to changing conditions in the host, such as immune responses, or antiretroviral therapy. This high-level variance has led to a wide range in observed fitness and virulence, across strains of HIV-1. The HIV-1 pol replication capacity assay (pol RC) measures features of viral fitness, associates with elevated CD4+ T-cell counts, yet is not strongly associated with HIV-1 RNA levels. The biological basis for elevated CD4+ T-cell counts among those carrying a virus of low pol RC may be because of lowered virus infectivity, or restricted tissue replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Barbour
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Busch MP, Hecht FM. Nucleic acid amplification testing for diagnosis of acute HIV infection: has the time come? AIDS 2005; 19:1317-9. [PMID: 16052087 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000180103.65640.d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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