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El-Maradny YA, Badawy MA, Mohamed KI, Ragab RF, Moharm HM, Abdallah NA, Elgammal EM, Rubio-Casillas A, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Unraveling the role of the nucleocapsid protein in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis: From viral life cycle to vaccine development. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135201. [PMID: 39216563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nucleocapsid protein (N protein) is the most abundant protein in SARS-CoV-2. Viral RNA and this protein are bound by electrostatic forces, forming cytoplasmic helical structures known as nucleocapsids. Subsequently, these nucleocapsids interact with the membrane (M) protein, facilitating virus budding into early secretory compartments. SCOPE OF REVIEW Exploring the role of the N protein in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, post-sequelae consequences, and interaction with host immunity has enhanced our understanding of its function and potential strategies for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. MAJOR CONCLUSION This review provides an overview of the N protein's involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, highlighting its crucial role in the virus-host protein interaction and immune system modulation, which in turn influences viral spread. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding these aspects identifies the N protein as a promising target for developing effective antiviral treatments and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra A El-Maradny
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt; Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El Alamein 51718, Egypt.
| | - Moustafa A Badawy
- Industrial Microbiology and Applied Chemistry program, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Kareem I Mohamed
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El Alamein 51718, Egypt.
| | - Renad F Ragab
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El Alamein 51718, Egypt.
| | - Hamssa M Moharm
- Genetics, Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Nada A Abdallah
- Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Esraa M Elgammal
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT), El Alamein 51718, Egypt.
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Autlan Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlan, JAL 48900, Mexico; Biology Laboratory, Autlan Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlan, JAL 48900, Mexico.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt.
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Grimm K, Saá P, Cheedarla N, Gerty MS, Groves JA, Dodd RY, Roback J, Stramer SL. Serologic Testing of US Blood Donations to Identify Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Other Coronaviruses, December 2019 to July 2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae351. [PMID: 39026530 PMCID: PMC11257073 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case in the United States was recognized on 19 January 2020, but the time of introduction of the virus into the United States is unknown. An existing sample cohort was examined for serologic evidence of early severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Methods A repository of 46 120 samples from healthy routine blood donors, representing 46 states and the District of Columbia, was tested for total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (anti-N) using a commercial test. All reactive samples were further tested using an experimental receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further testing was also conducted for anti-spike (anti-S) antibodies by commercial tests, experimental anti-S immunologic blocking, and for antibodies to the 4 human cold coronaviruses. Results Anti-N reactivity was observed in 92 tested samples (0.2%), 91 of which had adequate volume for further testing; of these, 55 were confirmed positive by anti-RBD. None of these reactive findings were attributable to the other human coronaviruses tested. The confirmed-positive frequency increased over time paralleling patterns observed for COVID-19 cases reported in the United States (in contrast to stable patterns over time for the cold coronaviruses). Nine confirmed positive samples (0.07%) were identified among the 13 364 donations collected between 13 December 2019 and 22 January 2020. None of these early confirmed-positive samples were reactive by commercial anti-S tests suggesting very recent infection. Conclusions The samples tested in this study were broadly representative of the United States, and all were from individuals who had successfully donated blood. The antibody-reactive results of this study suggest that SARS-CoV-2 was likely present in the United States before 19 January 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie Grimm
- American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula Saá
- American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael S Gerty
- American Red Cross, Histocompatibility Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jamel A Groves
- American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger Y Dodd
- American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - John Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Tian X, Tang Y, Gan J, Ye J. A novel linear B cell epitope of the canine coronavirus nucleocapsid protein identified by a monoclonal antibody. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110098. [PMID: 38677126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The infection of canine coronavirus (CCoV) causes a highly contagious disease in dogs with acute gastroenteritis. The efficient serological diagnostics is critical for controlling the disease caused by CCoV. Nucleocapsid (N) protein of CCoV is an important target for developing serological approaches. However, little is known about the antigenic sites in the N protein of CCoV. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the N protein of CCoV, designated as 13E8, through the fusion of the sp2/0 cells with the spleen cells from a mouse immunized with the purified recombinant GST-N protein. Epitope mapping revealed that mAb 13E8 recognized a novel linear B cell epitope in N protein at 294-314aa (named as EP-13E8) by using a serial of truncated N protein through Western blot and ELISA. Sequence analysis showed that the sequence of EP-13E8 was highly conserved (100 %) among different CCoV strains analyzed, but exhibited a low similarity (31.8-63.6 %) with the responding sequence in other coronaviruses of the same genus such as FCoV, PEDV and HCoV except for TGEV (95.5 % identity). Structural assay suggested that the epitope of EP-13E8 were located in the close proximity on the surface of the N protein. Overall, the mAb 13E8 against N protein generated and its epitope EP-13E8 identified here paid the way for further developing epitope-based serological diagnostics for CCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Ye Tang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junji Gan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Hussein HAM, Thabet AA, Wardany AA, El-Adly AM, Ali M, Hassan MEA, Abdeldayem MAB, Mohamed ARMA, Sobhy A, El-Mokhtar MA, Afifi MM, Fathy SM, Sultan S. SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: role of viral proteins and genomic diversity in virus infection and COVID-19 progression. Virol J 2024; 21:75. [PMID: 38539202 PMCID: PMC10967059 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); a severe respiratory distress that has emerged from the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China during December 2019. COVID-19 is currently the major global health problem and the disease has now spread to most countries in the world. COVID-19 has profoundly impacted human health and activities worldwide. Genetic mutation is one of the essential characteristics of viruses. They do so to adapt to their host or to move to another one. Viral genetic mutations have a high potentiality to impact human health as these mutations grant viruses unique unpredicted characteristics. The difficulty in predicting viral genetic mutations is a significant obstacle in the field. Evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 has a variety of genetic mutations and genomic diversity with obvious clinical consequences and implications. In this review, we comprehensively summarized and discussed the currently available knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks with a fundamental focus on the role of the viral proteins and their mutations in viral infection and COVID-19 progression. We also summarized the clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 variants and how they affect the disease severity and hinder vaccine development. Finally, we provided a massive phylogenetic analysis of the spike gene of 214 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from different geographical regions all over the world and their associated clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Ali A Thabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Wardany
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Adly
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E A Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A B Abdeldayem
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Ali Sobhy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos Campus, Lebanon
| | - Magdy M Afifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah M Fathy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
| | - Serageldeen Sultan
- Department of Microbiology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt.
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Eltayeb A, Al-Sarraj F, Alharbi M, Albiheyri R, Mattar E, Abu Zeid IM, Bouback TA, Bamagoos A, Aljohny BO, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Overview of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129523. [PMID: 38232879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Since the emergence of SARS-CoV in 2003, researchers worldwide have been toiling away at deciphering this virus's biological intricacies. In line with other known coronaviruses, the nucleocapsid (N) protein is an important structural component of SARS-CoV. As a result, much emphasis has been placed on characterizing this protein. Independent research conducted by a variety of laboratories has clearly demonstrated the primary function of this protein, which is to encapsidate the viral genome. Furthermore, various accounts indicate that this particular protein disrupts diverse intracellular pathways. Such observations imply its vital role in regulating the virus as well. The opening segment of this review will expound upon these distinct characteristics succinctly exhibited by the N protein. Additionally, it has been suggested that the N protein possesses diagnostic and vaccine capabilities when dealing with SARS-CoV. In light of this fact, we will be reviewing some recent headway in the use cases for N protein toward clinical purposes within this article's concluding segments. This forward movement pertains to both developments of COVID-19-oriented therapeutic targets as well as diagnostic measures. The strides made by medical researchers offer encouragement, knowing they are heading toward a brighter future combating global pandemic situations such as these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Eltayeb
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Al-Sarraj
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alharbi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Mattar
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isam M Abu Zeid
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer A Bouback
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Bamagoos
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassam O Aljohny
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt.
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Kim Y, Maltseva N, Tesar C, Jedrzejczak R, Endres M, Ma H, Dugan HL, Stamper CT, Chang C, Li L, Changrob S, Zheng NY, Huang M, Ramanathan A, Wilson P, Michalska K, Joachimiak A. Epitopes recognition of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid RNA binding domain by human monoclonal antibodies. iScience 2024; 27:108976. [PMID: 38327783 PMCID: PMC10847736 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (NP) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a central role in many functions important for virus proliferation including packaging and protecting genomic RNA. The protein shares sequence, structure, and architecture with nucleocapsid proteins from betacoronaviruses. The N-terminal domain (NPRBD) binds RNA and the C-terminal domain is responsible for dimerization. After infection, NP is highly expressed and triggers robust host immune response. The anti-NP antibodies are not protective and not neutralizing but can effectively detect viral proliferation soon after infection. Two structures of SARS-CoV-2 NPRBD were determined providing a continuous model from residue 48 to 173, including RNA binding region and key epitopes. Five structures of NPRBD complexes with human mAbs were isolated using an antigen-bait sorting. Complexes revealed a distinct complement-determining regions and unique sets of epitope recognition. This may assist in the early detection of pathogens and designing peptide-based vaccines. Mutations that significantly increase viral load were mapped on developed, full length NP model, likely impacting interactions with host proteins and viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngchang Kim
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Natalia Maltseva
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Christine Tesar
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Robert Jedrzejczak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael Endres
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Heng Ma
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Haley L. Dugan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Christopher T. Stamper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Changsoo Chang
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Nai-Ying Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Patrick Wilson
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Karolina Michalska
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
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7
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Sam S, Ofoghi H, Farahmand B. Developing of SARS-CoV-2 fusion protein expressed in E. coli Shuffle T7 for enhanced ELISA detection sensitivity - an integrated experimental and bioinformatic approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38234051 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2302941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
In the recent COVID-19 pandemic, developing effective diagnostic assays is crucial for controlling the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Multi-domain fusion proteins are a promising approach to detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In this study, we designed an antigen named CoV2-Pro, containing two RBD domains from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants and one CTD domain of the nucleoprotein in the order of RBD-RBD-N, linked by a super flexible glycine linker. We evaluated the suitability of E. coli Shuffle T7 and BL21 (DE3) strain for expressing CoV2-Pro. Moreover, Bioinformatic studies were conducted first to analyze the tertiary structure of CoV2-Pro. The CoV2-Pro sequences were cloned into a pET-32b (+) vector for expression in E. coli Shuffle T7 and BL21 (DE3). SDS-PAGE and western blot confirmed the protein expression and folding structure. The CoV2-Pro-TRX was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Dot blot analysis was performed to evaluate the antigenic characterization of the CoV2-Pro. A molecular docking simulation was conducted to assess the binding affinity of CoV2-Pro with LY-COV555 (Bamlanivimab) monoclonal antibody. A molecular dynamic was performed to analyze the stability of the structure. Bioinformatic and experimental studies revealed a stable conformational 3D structure of the CoV2-Pro. The CoV2-Pro interacted with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, confirming the correct antigenic structure. We assert with confidence that CoV2-Pro is ideal for developing an ELISA assay for precise diagnosis and rigorous vaccine evaluation during the COVID-19 prevalence.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Sam
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Ofoghi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrokh Farahmand
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Wang R, Han Y, Zhang R, Zhu J, Nan X, Liu Y, Yang Z, Zhou B, Yu J, Lin Z, Li J, Chen P, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu D, Shi X, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yang YR, Li T, Zhang L. Dissecting the intricacies of human antibody responses to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunity 2023; 56:2635-2649.e6. [PMID: 37924813 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) causes more severe disease than SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19. However, our understanding of antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 infection remains incomplete. Herein, we studied the antibody responses in 25 SARS-CoV-1 convalescent patients. Plasma neutralization was higher and lasted longer in SARS-CoV-1 patients than in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Among 77 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated, 60 targeted the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and formed 7 groups (RBD-1 to RBD-7) based on their distinct binding and structural profiles. Notably, RBD-7 antibodies bound to a unique RBD region interfaced with the N-terminal domain of the neighboring protomer (NTD proximal) and were more prevalent in SARS-CoV-1 patients. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and bat and pangolin coronaviruses were also identified. These results provide further insights into the antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 and inform the design of more effective strategies against diverse human and animal coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoke Wang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuanyu Nan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziqing Yang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bini Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinfang Yu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zichun Lin
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangjunqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhe R Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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9
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Tapela K, Opurum PC, Nuokpem FY, Tetteh B, Siaw GK, Humbert MV, Tawiah-Eshun S, Barakisu AI, Asiedu K, Arhin SK, Manu AA, Appiedu-Addo SNA, Obbeng L, Quansah D, Languon S, Anyigba C, Dosoo D, Edu NKO, Oduro-Mensah D, Ampofo W, Tagoe E, Quaye O, Donkor IO, Akorli J, Aniweh Y, Christodoulides M, Mutungi J, Bediako Y, Rayner JC, Awandare GA, McCormick CJ, Quashie PK. Development of an Affordable ELISA Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Its Application to Samples from the Ongoing COVID-19 Epidemic in Ghana. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:583-592. [PMID: 37462793 PMCID: PMC10435612 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The true nature of the population spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in populations is often not fully known as most cases, particularly in Africa, are asymptomatic. Finding the true magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 spread is crucial to provide actionable data about the epidemiological progress of the disease for researchers and policymakers. This study developed and optimized an antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant nucleocapsid antigen expressed in-house using a simple bacterial expression system. METHODS Nucleocapsid protein from SARS-CoV-2 was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. Plasma samples used for the assay development were obtained from Ghanaian SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals during the pandemic, while seronegative controls were plasma samples collected from blood donors before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Another set of seronegative controls was collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibody detection and levels within the samples were validated using commercial kits and Luminex. Analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism, and the sensitivity, specificity and background cut-off were calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This low-cost ELISA (£0.96/test) assay has a high prediction of 98.9%, and sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 99%, respectively. The assay was subsequently used to screen plasma from SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive Ghanaians. The assay showed no significant difference in nucleocapsid antibody levels between symptomatic and asymptomatic, with an increase of the levels over time. This is in line with our previous publication. CONCLUSION This study developed a low-cost and transferable assay that enables highly sensitive and specific detection of human anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. This assay can be modified to include additional antigens and used for continuous monitoring of sero-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesego Tapela
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Precious C Opurum
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Franklin Y Nuokpem
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Becky Tetteh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godfred K Siaw
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Maria V Humbert
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sylvia Tawiah-Eshun
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anna Ibrahim Barakisu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwame Asiedu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kojo Arhin
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Aaron A Manu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sekyibea N A Appiedu-Addo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Louisa Obbeng
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Darius Quansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sylvester Languon
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Claudia Anyigba
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Dosoo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nelson K O Edu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Oduro-Mensah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ampofo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Tagoe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Osbourne Quaye
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Irene Owusu Donkor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Joe Mutungi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Bediako
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Yemaachi Biotech Inc., 222 Swaniker St, Accra, Ghana
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher J McCormick
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter Kojo Quashie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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10
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Shuaib M, Adroub S, Mourier T, Mfarrej S, Zhang H, Esau L, Alsomali A, Alofi FS, Ahmad AN, Shamsan A, Khogeer A, Hashem AM, Almontashiri NAM, Hala S, Pain A. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid 203K/204R mutations on the inflammatory immune response in COVID-19 severity. Genome Med 2023; 15:54. [PMID: 37475040 PMCID: PMC10360309 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excessive inflammatory responses provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical factors affecting the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Previous work found that two adjacent co-occurring mutations R203K and G204R (KR) on the nucleocapsid (N) protein correlate with increased disease severity in COVID-19 patients. However, links with the host immune response remain unclear. METHODS Here, we grouped nasopharyngeal swab samples of COVID-19 patients into two cohorts based on the presence and absence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid KR mutations. We performed nasopharyngeal transcriptome analysis of age, gender, and ethnicity-matched COVID-19 patients infected with either SARS-CoV-2 with KR mutations in the N protein (KR patients n = 39) or with the wild-type N protein (RG patients n = 39) and compared to healthy controls (n = 34). The impact of KR mutation on immune response was further characterized experimentally by transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of virus-like-particle (VLP) incubated cells. RESULTS We observed markedly elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and interferon-stimulated (ISGs) genes in the KR patients compared to RG patients. Using nasopharyngeal transcriptome data, we found significantly higher levels of neutrophils and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) ratio in KR patients than in the RG patients. Furthermore, transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of VLP incubated cells confirmed a similar hyper-inflammatory response mediated by the KR variant. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate an unforeseen connection between nucleocapsid KR mutations and augmented inflammatory immune response in severe COVID-19 patients. These findings provide insights into how mutations in SARS-CoV-2 modulate host immune output and pathogenesis and may contribute to more efficient therapeutics and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shuaib
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sabir Adroub
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tobias Mourier
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huoming Zhang
- Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luke Esau
- Bioscience Core Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah Alsomali
- Infectious Diseases Department, King Abdullah Medical Complex, Jeddah, MOH, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadwa S Alofi
- Infectious Diseases Department, King Fahad Hospital, Madinah, MOH, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Nazir Ahmad
- KAUST Health - Fakeeh Care, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Shamsan
- Dr. Suliman Al-Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Khogeer
- Plan and Research Department, General Directorate of Health Affairs Makkah Region, Makkah, MOH, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif A M Almontashiri
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharif Hala
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
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11
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Segovia-de los Santos P, Padula-Roca C, Simon X, Echaides C, Lassabe G, Gonzalez-Sapienza G. A highly sensitive nanobody-based immunoassay detecting SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein using all-recombinant reagents. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1220477. [PMID: 37497229 PMCID: PMC10367427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen tests have been crucial for managing the COVID-19 pandemic by identifying individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. This remains true even after immunity has been widely attained through natural infection and vaccination, since it only provides moderate protection against transmission and is highly permeable to the emergence of new virus variants. For this reason, the widespread availability of diagnostic methods is essential for health systems to manage outbreaks effectively. In this work, we generated nanobodies to the virus nucleocapsid protein (NP) and after an affinity-guided selection identified a nanobody pair that allowed the detection of NP at sub-ng/mL levels in a colorimetric two-site ELISA, demonstrating high diagnostic value with clinical samples. We further modified the assay by using a nanobody-NanoLuc luciferase chimeric tracer, resulting in increased sensitivity (detection limit = 61 pg/mL) and remarkable improvement in diagnostic performance. The luminescent assay was finally evaluated using 115 nasopharyngeal swab samples. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed a sensitivity of 78.7% (95% confidence interval: 64.3%-89.3%) and specificity of 100.0% (95% confidence interval: 94.7%-100.0%). The test allows the parallel analysis of a large number of untreated samples, and fulfills our goal of producing a recombinant reagent-based test that can be reproduced at low cost by other laboratories with recombinant expression capabilities, aiding to build diagnostic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Segovia-de los Santos
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Padula-Roca
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Cesar Echaides
- Parque Lecocq, Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo (IMM), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Lassabe
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gualberto Gonzalez-Sapienza
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Instituto de Higiene, Montevideo, Uruguay
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12
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Cacciottolo M, Nice JB, Li Y, LeClaire MJ, Twaddle R, Mora CL, Adachi SY, Chin ER, Young M, Angeles J, Elliott K, Sun M. Exosome-Based Multivalent Vaccine: Achieving Potent Immunization, Broadened Reactivity, and Strong T-Cell Responses with Nanograms of Proteins. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0050323. [PMID: 37093009 PMCID: PMC10269692 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00503-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently approved vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have focused solely on the spike protein to provide immunity. The first vaccines were developed rapidly using spike mRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles but required ultralow-temperature storage and have had limited immunity against variations in spike. Subsequently, protein-based vaccines were developed, which offer broader immunity but require significant time for development and the use of an adjuvant to boost the immune response. Here, exosomes were used to deliver a bivalent protein-based vaccine in which two independent viral proteins were used. Exosomes were engineered to express either SARS-CoV-2 delta spike (Stealth X-Spike [STX-S]) or the more conserved nucleocapsid (Stealth X-Nucleocapsid [STX-N]) protein on the surface. When administered as a single product (STX-S or STX-N) or in combination (STX-S+N), both STX-S and STX-N induced strong immunization with the production of potent humoral and cellular immune responses. Interestingly, these results were obtained with the administration of only nanograms of protein and without an adjuvant. In two independent animal models (mouse and rabbit), the administration of nanograms of the STX-S+N vaccine resulted in increased antibody production, potent neutralizing antibodies with cross-reactivity to other variants of spike, and strong T-cell responses. Importantly, no competition of immune responses was observed, allowing the delivery of nucleocapsid with spike to offer improved SARS-CoV-2 immunity. These data show that the StealthX exosome platform has the enormous potential to revolutionize vaccinology by combining the advantages of mRNA and recombinant protein vaccines into a superior, rapidly generated, low-dose vaccine resulting in potent, broader immunity. IMPORTANCE The pandemic emergency has brought to light the need for a new generation of rapidly developed vaccines that induce longer-lasting, potent, and broader immune responses. While the mRNA vaccines played a critical role during the emergency in reducing SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization rates and deaths, more efficient approaches are needed. A multivalent, protein-based vaccine delivered by exosomes could meet this urgent need due to the high speed of development, manufacturability, and the ability to produce a strong antibody response, with neutralizing antibodies and a strong T-cell response able to broadly combat viral infection with a minimum number of injections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin B Nice
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yujia Li
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Ryan Twaddle
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ciana L. Mora
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jenna Angeles
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Minghao Sun
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
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13
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Moustafa RI, Faraag AHI, El-Shenawy R, Agwa MM, Elsayed H. Harnessing immunoinformatics for developing a multiple-epitope peptide-based vaccination approach against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103661. [PMID: 37163156 PMCID: PMC10141799 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has spread to over 200 countries with variable severity and mortality rates. Computational analysis is a valuable tool for developing B-cell and T-cell epitope-based vaccines. In this study, by harnessing immunoinformatics tools, we designed a multiple-epitope vaccine to protect against COVID-19. The candidate epitopes were designed from highly conserved regions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein. The consensus amino acids sequence of ten SARS-CoV-2 variants including Gamma, Beta, Epsilon, Delta, Alpha, Kappa, Iota, Lambda, Mu, and Omicron was involved. Applying the multiple sequence alignment plugin and the antigenic prediction tools of Geneious prime 2021, ten predicted variants were identified and consensus S-protein sequences were used to predict the antigenic part. According to ElliPro analysis of S-protein B-cell prediction, we explored 22 continuous linear epitopes with high scores ranging from 0.879 to 0.522. First, we reported five promising epitopes: BE1 1115-1192, BE2 481-563, BE3 287-313, BE4 62-75, and BE5 112-131 with antigenicity scores of 0.879, 0.86, 0.813, 0.779, and 0.765, respectively, while only nine discontinuous epitopes scored between 0.971 and 0.511. Next, we identified 194 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) - I and 156 MHC - II epitopes with antigenic characteristics. These spike-specific peptide-epitopes with characteristically high immunogenic and antigenic scores have the potential as a SARS-CoV-2 multiple-epitope peptide-based vaccination strategy. Nevertheless, further experimental investigations are needed to test for the vaccine efficacy and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab I Moustafa
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H I Faraag
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mona M Agwa
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Hassan Elsayed
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
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14
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Soares SR, da Silva Torres MK, Lima SS, de Sarges KML, Santos EFD, de Brito MTFM, da Silva ALS, de Meira Leite M, da Costa FP, Cantanhede MHD, da Silva R, de Oliveira Lameira Veríssimo A, Vallinoto IMVC, Feitosa RNM, Quaresma JAS, Chaves TDSS, Viana GMR, Falcão LFM, Santos EJMD, Vallinoto ACR, da Silva ANMR. Antibody Response to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in Patients with Different COVID-19 Clinical Profiles. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040898. [PMID: 37112878 PMCID: PMC10141342 DOI: 10.3390/v15040898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Brazil was diagnosed on February 26, 2020. Due to the important epidemiological impact of COVID-19, the present study aimed to analyze the specificity of IgG antibody responses to the S1, S2 and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 in different COVID-19 clinical profiles. This study enrolled 136 individuals who were diagnosed with or without COVID-19 based on clinical findings and laboratory results and classified as asymptomatic or as having mild, moderate or severe disease. Data collection was performed through a semistructured questionnaire to obtain demographic information and main clinical manifestations. IgG antibody responses to the S1 and S2 subunits of the spike (S) protein and the nucleocapsid (N) protein were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The results showed that among the participants, 87.5% (119/136) exhibited IgG responses to the S1 subunit and 88.25% (120/136) to N. Conversely, only 14.44% of the subjects (21/136) displayed S2 subunit responses. When analyzing the IgG antibody response while considering the different proteins of the virus, patients with severe disease had significantly higher antibody responses to N and S1 than asymptomatic individuals (p ≤ 0.0001), whereas most of the participants had low antibody titers against the S2 subunit. In addition, individuals with long COVID-19 showed a greater IgG response profile than those with symptomatology of a short duration. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that levels of IgG antibodies may be related to the clinical evolution of COVID-19, with high levels of IgG antibodies against S1 and N in severe cases and in individuals with long COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinei Ramos Soares
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Kevin Matheus Lima de Sarges
- Laboratório de Genética de Doenças Complexas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Erika Ferreira dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genética de Doenças Complexas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Andréa Luciana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética de Doenças Complexas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Mauro de Meira Leite
- Laboratório de Genética de Doenças Complexas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Flávia Póvoa da Costa
- Laboratório de Genética de Doenças Complexas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Rosilene da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética de Doenças Complexas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Rosimar Neris Martins Feitosa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil
| | - Tânia do Socorro Souza Chaves
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária em Malária, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos, Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, Ananindeua 70068-900, Brazil
| | - Giselle Maria Rachid Viana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária em Malária, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Ciência, Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos, Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, Ananindeua 70068-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém 66050-540, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José Melo dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genética de Doenças Complexas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Andréa Nazaré Monteiro Rangel da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
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15
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Eftimov T, Genova-Kalou P, Dyankov G, Bock WJ, Mankov V, Shoar Ghaffari S, Veselinov P, Arapova A, Makouei S. Capabilities of Double-Resonance LPG and SPR Methods for Hypersensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins: A Comparative Study. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:318. [PMID: 36979530 PMCID: PMC10046782 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The danger of the emergence of new viral diseases and their rapid spread demands apparatuses for continuous rapid monitoring in real time. This requires the creation of new bioanalytical methods that overcome the shortcomings of existing ones and are applicable for point-of-care diagnostics. For this purpose, a variety of biosensors have been developed and tested in proof-of-concept studies, but none of them have been introduced for commercial use so far. Given the importance of the problem, in this study, long-period grating (LPG) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, based on antibody detection, were examined, and their capabilities for SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins detection were established. Supersensitive detections of structural proteins in the order of several femtomoles were achieved by the LPG method, while the SPR method demonstrated a sensitivity of about one hundred femtomoles. The studied biosensors are compatible in sensitivity with ELISA and rapid antigen tests but, in contrast, they are quantitative, which makes them applicable for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection detection, especially during the early stages of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinko Eftimov
- Photonics Research Center, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Rue 101 St-Jean Bosco, Gatineau, QC J8X 3G5, Canada
- Central Laboratory of Applied Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 61 Sanct Peterburg Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Petia Genova-Kalou
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A “Gen. Stoletov” Blvd., 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Dyankov
- Central Laboratory of Applied Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 61 Sanct Peterburg Blvd., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski” (IOMT), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 109 “Acad. G. Bonchev” Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Wojtek J. Bock
- Photonics Research Center, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Rue 101 St-Jean Bosco, Gatineau, QC J8X 3G5, Canada
| | - Vihar Mankov
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski” (IOMT), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 109 “Acad. G. Bonchev” Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sanaz Shoar Ghaffari
- Photonics Research Center, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Rue 101 St-Jean Bosco, Gatineau, QC J8X 3G5, Canada
| | - Petar Veselinov
- Institute of Optical Materials and Technologies “Acad. J. Malinowski” (IOMT), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 109 “Acad. G. Bonchev” Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alla Arapova
- Photonics Research Center, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Rue 101 St-Jean Bosco, Gatineau, QC J8X 3G5, Canada
| | - Somayeh Makouei
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
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16
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Wen Y, Guo W, Min Y, Zhong K, Zhang X, Xing X, Tong Y, Pan Y, Hong W, Cai W, Yu L. Patient-derived monoclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein N-terminal and C-terminal domains cross-react with their counterparts of SARS-CoV, but not other human betacoronaviruses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093709. [PMID: 36798118 PMCID: PMC9927002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein plays a key role in multiple stages of the viral life cycle such as viral replication and assembly. This protein is more conserved than the Spike protein of the virus and can induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, thereby becoming a target for clinical diagnosis and vaccine development. However, the immunogenic characteristics of this protein during natural infection are still not completely understood. Methods Patient-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 N protein were generated from memory B cells in the PBMCs using the antigen-specific B cell approach. For epitope mapping of the isolated hmAbs, a panel of series-truncated N proteins were used , which covered the N-terminal domain (NTD, aa 46-174 ) and C-terminal domain (CTD, aa 245-364 ), as well as the flanking regions of NTD and CTD. NTD- or CTD-specific Abs in the plasma from COVID-19 patients were also tested by ELISA method. Cross-binding of hmAbs or plasma Abs in COVID-19 patients to other human β-CoV N proteins was determined using the capture ELISA. Results We isolated five N-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from memory B cells in the peripheral blood of two convalescent COVID-19 patients. Epitope mapping revealed that three of the patient-derived mAbs (N3, N5 and N31) targeted the C-terminal domain (CTD), whereas two of the mAbs (N83 and 3B7) targeted the N-terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2 N protein. All five patient-derived mAbs were cross-reactive to the N protein of SARS-CoV but showed little to no cross-reactivity to the N proteins of other human beta coronaviruses (β-CoVs). We also tested 52 plasma samples collected from convalescent COVID-19 patients for Abs against the N proteins of human β-CoVs and found that 78.8% of plasma samples showed detectable Abs against the N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. No plasma sample had cross-reactive Abs to the N protein of MERS-CoV. Cross-reactive Abs to the N proteins of OC43 and HKU1 were detected in 36.5% (19/52) and 19.2% (10/52) of plasma samples, respectively. Discussion These results suggest that natural SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits cross-reactive Abs to the N protein of SARS-CoV and that the five patient-derived mAbs to SARS-CoV-2 N protein NTD and CTD cross-react with their counterparts of SARS-CoV, but not other human β-CoVs. Thus, these five patient-derived mAbs can potentially be used for developing the next generation of COVID-19 At-Home Test kits for rapid and specific screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfen Wen
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyi Min
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Zhong
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xulei Zhang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Xing
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Tong
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuejun Pan
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Hong
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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SARSPLEX: Multiplex Serological ELISA with a Holistic Approach. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122593. [PMID: 36560597 PMCID: PMC9786076 DOI: 10.3390/v14122593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are over 602 million severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cases and 6.4 million COVID-19 disease-related deaths worldwide. With ambitious vaccine strategies, reliable and accurate serological testing is needed to monitor the dynamics of the novel coronavirus pandemic and community immunity. We set out to improve serological testing of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesize that by multiplexing the serological diagnostic test kit (SARSPLEX) and screening for three antibodies, an even more robust diagnostic can be developed. A total of 293 sera were analyzed for IgM, IgG, or IgA immune reactions to the subunit 1 spike glycoprotein and the nucleocapsid protein in a standardized ELISA platform. Testing IgM, IgG, and IgA demonstrated high positive and negative agreements compared to RT-PCR and serology reference tests. Comparison with the pre-2019-CoV (n = 102) samples highlighted the specificity of this test kit and indicated that no unspecific binding, even with the summer flu patients (n = 44), was detected. In addition, SARSPLEX demonstrated to be a valuable occupational surveillance tool used in a functional medicine facility. With increased and broader testing, SARSPLEX will be a valuable tool in monitoring immunity and aid in prioritizing access to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for high-risk patients.
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18
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Ang GY, Chan KG, Yean CY, Yu CY. Lateral Flow Immunoassays for SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2854. [PMID: 36428918 PMCID: PMC9689684 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 virus in different parts of the world opens up the possibility for more virulent variants to evolve even as the coronavirus disease 2019 transitions from pandemic to endemic. Highly transmissible and virulent variants may seed new disruptive epidemic waves that can easily put the healthcare system under tremendous pressure. Despite various nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests that are now commercially available, the wide applications of these tests are largely hampered by specialized equipment requirements that may not be readily available, accessible and affordable in less developed countries or in low resource settings. Hence, the availability of lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs), which can serve as a diagnostic tool by detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigen or as a serological tool by measuring host immune response, is highly appealing. LFI is rapid, low cost, equipment-free, scalable for mass production and ideal for point-of-care settings. In this review, we first summarize the principle and assay format of these LFIs with emphasis on those that were granted emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration followed by discussion on the specimen type, marker selection and assay performance. We conclude with an overview of challenges and future perspective of LFI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geik Yong Ang
- Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
| | - Choo Yee Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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19
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O’Donnell KL, Gourdine T, Fletcher P, Clancy CS, Marzi A. Protection from COVID-19 with a VSV-based vaccine expressing the spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025500. [PMID: 36353642 PMCID: PMC9638159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccine efforts countering the COVID-19 pandemic are centralized around the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein as viral antigen and have greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Since the start of this pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved resulting in new variants of concern (VOC) challenging the vaccine-established immunologic memory. We show that vaccination with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S plus the conserved nucleocapsid (N) protein was protective in a hamster challenge model when a single dose was administered 28 or 10 days prior to challenge, respectively. In this study, only intranasal vaccination resulted in protection against challenge with multiple VOC highlighting that the addition of the N protein indeed improved protective efficacy. This data demonstrates the ability of a VSV-based dual-antigen vaccine to reduce viral shedding and protect from disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Paige Fletcher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrea Marzi,
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20
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Morajkar RV, Kumar AS, Kunkalekar RK, Vernekar AA. Advances in nanotechnology application in biosafety materials: A crucial response to COVID-19 pandemic. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022; 4:347-363. [PMID: 35765656 PMCID: PMC9225943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely affected the public domain causing unprecedented cases and high mortality across the globe. This has brought back the concept of biosafety into the spotlight to solve biosafety problems in developing diagnostics and therapeutics to treat COVID-19. The advances in nanotechnology and material science in combination with medicinal chemistry have provided a new perspective to overcome this crisis. Herein, we discuss the efforts of researchers in the field of material science in developing personal protective equipment (PPE), detection devices, vaccines, drug delivery systems, and medical equipment. Such a synergistic approach of disciplines can strengthen the research to develop biosafety products in solving biosafety problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmi V Morajkar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akhil S Kumar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohan K Kunkalekar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau 403206, Goa, India
| | - Amit A Vernekar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
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21
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Hartley GE, Edwards ESJ, O’Hehir RE, van Zelm MC. New insights into human immune memory from SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Allergy 2022; 77:3553-3566. [PMID: 36048132 PMCID: PMC9538469 DOI: 10.1111/all.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Since early 2020, the world has been embroiled in an ongoing viral pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants resulting in mass morbidity and an estimated 6 million deaths globally. The scientific community pivoted rapidly, providing unique and innovative means to identify infected individuals, technologies to evaluate immune responses to infection and vaccination, and new therapeutic strategies to treat infected individuals. Never before has immunology been so critically at the forefront of combatting a global pandemic. It has now become evident that not just antibody responses, but formation and durability of immune memory cells following vaccination are associated with protection against severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the emergence of variants of concern (VoC) highlight the need for immunological markers to quantify the protective capacity of Wuhan-based vaccines. Thus, harnessing and modulating the immune response is key to successful vaccination and treatment of disease. We here review the latest knowledge about immune memory generation and durability following natural infection and vaccination, and provide insights into the attributes of immune memory that may protect from emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E. Hartley
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Emily S. J. Edwards
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robyn E. O’Hehir
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology ServiceAlfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology ServiceAlfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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22
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Nazarian S, Olad G, Abdolhamidi R, Motamedi MJ, Kazemi R, Kordbacheh E, Felagari A, Olad H, Ahmadi A, Bahiraee A, Farahani P, Haghighi L, Hassani F, Hajhassan V, Nadi M, Sheikhi A, Salimian J, Amani J. Preclinical study of formulated recombinant nucleocapsid protein, the receptor binding domain of the spike protein, and truncated spike (S1) protein as vaccine candidates against COVID-19 in animal models. Mol Immunol 2022; 149:107-118. [PMID: 35802999 PMCID: PMC9222294 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this pre-clinical study, we designed a candidate vaccine based on severe acute respiratory syndrome-related -coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens and evaluated its safety and immunogenicity. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein antigens, including truncated spike protein (SS1, lacking the N-terminal domain of S1), receptor-binding domain (RBD), and nucleoprotein (N) were used. Immunization program was performed via injection of RBD, SS1 +RBD, and SS1 +N along with different adjuvants, Alum, AS03, and Montanide at doses of 0, 40, 80, and 120 μg at three-time points in mice, rabbits, and primates. The humoral and cellular immunity were analyzed by ELISA, VNT, splenocyte cytokine assay, and flow cytometry. RESULTS The candidate vaccine produced strong IgG antibody titers at doses of 80 and 120 μg on days 35 and 42. Even though AS03 and Montanide produced high-titer antibodies compared to Alum adjuvant, these sera did not neutralize the virus. Strong virus neutralization was recorded during immunization with SS1 +RBD and RBD with Alum. AS03 and Montanide showed a strong humoral and cellular immunity; however, Alum showed mild to moderate cellular responses. Ultimately, no cytotoxicity and pathologic change were observed. CONCLUSION These findings strongly suggest that RBD with Alum adjuvant is highly immunogenic as a potential vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Nazarian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Olad
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Abdolhamidi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Emad Kordbacheh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Felagari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Olad
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahiraee
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Farahani
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Haghighi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Hassani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mona Nadi
- Molecular Biology Department, Green Gene Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Sheikhi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Jafar Salimian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Diagnostic Performance of Three ELISAs for Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Human Samples. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:7754329. [PMID: 36017468 PMCID: PMC9398874 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7754329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease with a high rate of transmission. Serological tests are important to perform surveys and to determine the immunological status of the population. Based on this, we evaluated three enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) using different antigens from SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of 161 patients. The performance of the ELISA developed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) measurement against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated based on sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. We found specificities of 0.98, 0.98, and 0.99 and sensitivities of 0.99, 0.91, and 0.87 for the nucleocapsid (N) protein, spike protein, and receptor binding domain (RBD) fraction, respectively. The accuracy assessment indicated the N protein (accuracy = 0.98) as the antigen most likely to give a correct diagnosis. Overall, the antibody responses were present for all three proteins in subjects with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, showing a similar pattern of antibody production for different antigens. In summary, these highly sensitive and specific ELISAs, with a more competitive price, appear to be a valid approach for the serodiagnosis of COVID-19.
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24
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RG203KR Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid: Assessing the Impact Using a Virus-Like Particle Model System. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0078122. [PMID: 35862952 PMCID: PMC9430728 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00781-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its origin in late 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been constantly mutating and evolving. Current studies mostly employ spike protein (S) pseudovirus systems to determine the effects of mutations on the infectivity and immunogenicity of variants.
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25
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Contrasting Epidemiology and Population Genetics of COVID-19 Infections Defined by Multilocus Genotypes in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes Sampled Globally. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071434. [PMID: 35891414 PMCID: PMC9316073 DOI: 10.3390/v14071434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread and evolved globally, with newly emerged variants of concern (VOCs) accounting for more than 500 million COVID-19 cases and 6 million deaths. Continuous surveillance utilizing simple genetic tools is needed to measure the viral epidemiological diversity, risk of infection, and distribution among different demographics in different geographical regions. To help address this need, we developed a proof-of-concept multilocus genotyping tool and demonstrated its utility to monitor viral populations sampled in 2020 and 2021 across six continents. We sampled globally 22,164 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from GISAID (inclusion criteria: available clinical and demographic data). They comprised two study populations, “2020 genomes” (N = 5959) sampled from December 2019 to September 2020 and “2021 genomes” (N = 16,205) sampled from 15 January to 15 March 2021. All genomes were aligned to the SARS-CoV-2 reference genome and amino acid polymorphisms were called with quality filtering. Thereafter, 74 codons (loci) in 14 genes including orf1ab polygene (N = 9), orf3a, orf8, nucleocapsid (N), matrix (M), and spike (S) met the 0.01 minimum allele frequency criteria and were selected to construct multilocus genotypes (MLGs) for the genomes. At these loci, 137 mutant/variant amino acids (alleles) were detected with eight VOC-defining variant alleles, including N KR203&204, orf1ab (I265, F3606, and L4715), orf3a H57, orf8 S84, and S G614, being predominant globally with > 35% prevalence. Their persistence and selection were associated with peaks in the viral transmission and COVID-19 incidence between 2020 and 2021. Epidemiologically, older patients (≥20 years) compared to younger patients (<20 years) had a higher risk of being infected with these variants, but this association was dependent on the continent of origin. In the global population, the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) showed contrasting patterns of genetic clustering with three (Africa, Asia, and North America) and two (North and South America) continental clusters being observed for the 2020 and 2021 global populations, respectively. Within each continent, the MLG repertoires (range 40−199) sampled in 2020 and 2021 were genetically differentiated, with ≤4 MLGs per repertoire accounting for the majority of genomes sampled. These data suggested that the majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections in 2020 and 2021 were caused by genetically distinct variants that likely adapted to local populations. Indeed, four GISAID clade-defined VOCs - GRY (Alpha), GH (Beta), GR (Gamma), and G/GK (Delta variant) were differentiated by their MLG signatures, demonstrating the versatility of the MLG tool for variant identification. Results from this proof-of-concept multilocus genotyping demonstrates its utility for SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance and for monitoring its spatiotemporal epidemiology and evolution, particularly in response to control interventions including COVID-19 vaccines and chemotherapies.
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Lucio Carrasco CH, Noda P, Barbosa AP, Vieira Borges da Silva EK, Gasque Bomfim C, Ventura Fernandes BH, Teixeira TA, Nunes Duarte Neto A, Nascimento Saldiva PH, Achoa Filho K, Rodrigues Guzzo C, Durigon EL, Affonso Fonseca FL, Corazzini R, Fanelli C, Noronha IL, Hallak J. SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein is Associated With Lower Testosterone Levels: An Experimental Study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:867444. [PMID: 35721551 PMCID: PMC9204174 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.867444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic represents an extra burden in the majority of public and private health systems worldwide beyond the most pessimistic expectations, driving an urgent rush to develop effective vaccines and effective medical treatments against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The Nucleocapsid structural viral protein is remarkably immunogenic and hugely expressed during infection. High IgG antibodies against Nucleocapsid protein (N protein) levels were detected in the serum of COVID-19 patients, confirming its pivotal antigen role for a T lymphocyte response in a vaccine microenvironment. Currently, adverse events associated with immunizations have raised some degree of concern, irrespective of its huge benefits in dealing with disease severity and decreasing mortality and morbidity. This hitherto study evaluates histological changes in rats’ testes, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicles and analyzes hormone levels after solely N protein inoculation. Therefore, we exposed a group of Lewis rats to weekly injections of the recombinant N protein for 28 days, while a control group was inoculated with a buffer solution. The N group revealed a more significant number of spermatozoa. Spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules were counted in twenty 400 × microscopy fields (mean of 9.2 vs. 4.6 in the control group; p < 0,01), but significantly lower testosterone levels (mean of 125.70 ng/dl vs. 309,00 ng/dl in the control group; p < 0,05) were found. No other histological and biochemical changes were displayed. Conclusively, these data suggest testicular hormonal imbalance mediated by the SARS-CoV-2 N protein that could be linked to reported post-COVID-19 syndrome hypogonadism. More relevant research might be performed to confirm this viral antigen’s deleterious mechanism in the human testicular microenvironment, particular in Leydig cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Henrique Lucio Carrasco
- Androscience—Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Urology, Hospital Das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paloma Noda
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Gasque Bomfim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Afonso Teixeira
- Androscience—Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Urology, Hospital Das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amaro Nunes Duarte Neto
- Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilario Nascimento Saldiva
- Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamal Achoa Filho
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Rodrigues Guzzo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roseli Corazzini
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University Center of ABC Medical School, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Camilla Fanelli
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irene Lourdes Noronha
- Renal Division, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Hallak
- Androscience—Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Urology, Hospital Das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jorge Hallak,
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Andreata-Santos R, Machado RRG, Alves RPDS, Sales NS, Soares CP, Rodrigues KB, Silva MO, Favaro MTDP, Rodrigues-Jesus MJ, Yamamoto MM, de Andrade JB, Fock RA, Margarido PFR, Carvalho CRG, Boscardin SB, Durigon EL, Ferreira LCS. Validation of Serological Methods for COVID-19 and Retrospective Screening of Health Employees and Visitors to the São Paulo University Hospital, Brazil. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:787411. [PMID: 35719329 PMCID: PMC9202673 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.787411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable serological tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among infected or vaccinated individuals are important for epidemiological and clinical studies. Low-cost approaches easily adaptable to high throughput screenings, such as Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) or electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA), can be readily validated using different SARS-CoV-2 antigens. A total of 1,119 serum samples collected between March and July of 2020 from health employees and visitors to the University Hospital at the University of São Paulo were screened with the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay (Elecsys) (Roche Diagnostics) and three in-house ELISAs that are based on different antigens: the Nucleoprotein (N-ELISA), the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD-ELISA), and a portion of the S1 protein (ΔS1-ELISA). Virus neutralization test (CPE-VNT) was used as the gold standard to validate the serological assays. We observed high sensitivity and specificity values with the Elecsys (96.92% and 98.78%, respectively) and N-ELISA (93.94% and 94.40%, respectively), compared with RBD-ELISA (90.91% sensitivity and 88.80% specificity) and the ΔS1-ELISA (77.27% sensitivity and 76% specificity). The Elecsys® proved to be a reliable SARS-CoV-2 serological test. Similarly, the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 N protein displayed good performance in the ELISA tests. The availability of reliable diagnostic tests is critical for the precise determination of infection rates, particularly in countries with high SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, such as Brazil. Collectively, our results indicate that the development and validation of new serological tests based on recombinant proteins may provide new alternatives for the SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Andreata-Santos
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Immunology and Microbiology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rahal Guaragna Machado
- Clinical and Molecular Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Natiely Silva Sales
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Pereira Soares
- Clinical and Molecular Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mariângela Oliveira Silva
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Márcio Massao Yamamoto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bannwart de Andrade
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Clinical Laboratory Division, Pharmacy and Clinical Laboratory Department, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Clinical Laboratory Division, Pharmacy and Clinical Laboratory Department, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Rodrigues Guzzo Carvalho
- Molecular and Structural Biology, Secretion Systems and c-di-GMP Signalling Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Clinical and Molecular Virology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís C. S. Ferreira
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur/USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Luís C. S. Ferreira,
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Kilavuz S, Kor D, Bulut F, Serbes M, Karagoz D, Altıntaş D, Bişgin A, Şeydaoğlu G, Mungan H. Real-world patient data on immunity and COVID-19 status of patients with MPS, Gaucher, and Pompe diseases from Turkey. Arch Pediatr 2022; 29:415-423. [PMID: 35705384 PMCID: PMC9125140 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang Q, Guo HL, Wang J, Zhang Y, Deng PJ, Li FF. Structural Genomic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses. Front Genet 2022; 13:801902. [PMID: 35464844 PMCID: PMC9024071 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.801902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the structural genes of SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs. We found that the sequence of the E gene was the most evolutionarily conserved across 200 SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The E gene and M gene sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and NC014470 CoV were closely related and fell within the same branch of a phylogenetic tree. The absolute diversity of E gene and M gene sequences of SARS-CoV-2 isolates was similar to that of common CoVs (C-CoVs) infecting other organisms. The absolute diversity of the M gene sequence of the KJ481931 CoV that can infect humans was similar to that of SARS-CoV-2 and C-CoVs infecting other organisms. The M gene sequence of KJ481931 CoV (infecting humans), SARS-CoV-2 and NC014470 CoV (infecting other organisms) were closely related, falling within the same branch of a phylogenetic tree. Patterns of variation and evolutionary characteristics of the N gene and S gene were very similar. These data may be of value for understanding the origins and intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Hubei Biomedical Detection Sharing Platform in Water Source Area of South to North Water Diversion Project, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Huai-Lan Guo
- Hubei Biomedical Detection Sharing Platform in Water Source Area of South to North Water Diversion Project, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Hubei Biomedical Detection Sharing Platform in Water Source Area of South to North Water Diversion Project, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hubei Biomedical Detection Sharing Platform in Water Source Area of South to North Water Diversion Project, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ping-Ji Deng
- Hubei Biomedical Detection Sharing Platform in Water Source Area of South to North Water Diversion Project, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Fei-Feng Li, ; Ping-Ji Deng,
| | - Fei-Feng Li
- Hubei Biomedical Detection Sharing Platform in Water Source Area of South to North Water Diversion Project, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Fei-Feng Li, ; Ping-Ji Deng,
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30
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Entesari M, Zamani M, Heidarizadeh M, Moradi R, Khakdan F, Rafiei F. An Insight Into Detection Pathways/Biosensors of Highly Infectious Coronaviruses. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:339-354. [PMID: 34655396 PMCID: PMC8520350 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences have inflicted a substantial damage on the world. In this study, it was attempted to review the recent coronaviruses appeared among the human being and their epidemic/pandemic spread throughout the world. Currently, there is an inevitable need for the establishment of a quick and easily available biosensor for tracing COVID-19 in all countries. It has been known that the incubation time of COVID-19 lasts about 14 days and 25% of the infected individuals are asymptomatic. To improve the ability to determine SARS-CoV-2 precisely and reduce the risk of eliciting false-negative results produced by mutating nature of coronaviruses, many researchers have established a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using mismatch-tolerant molecular beacons as multiplex real-time RT-PCR to distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of coronaviruses. The possible mechanisms and pathways for the detection of coronaviruses by biosensors have been reviewed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Entesari
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Genetics, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mina Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heidarizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Moradi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Fariba Rafiei
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, Collage of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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31
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Takamatsu A, Oshiro S, Mizutani N, Tada T, Tabe Y, Miida T, Kirikae T, Tagashira Y. Correlation of COVID-19 Severity and Immunoglobulin Presence Against Spike and Nucleocapsid Proteins in SARS-CoV-2. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:254-258. [PMID: 35290756 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the human immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins have been applied to vaccine development and diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but little research has been done on the relationship between the human immune response and COVID-19 severity. We herein sought to determine whether there is a correlation between the immunoglobulin level and COVID-19 severity. Clinical samples were collected from 102 patients with COVID-19. Of these, 65 and 37 patients had mild and severe symptoms, respectively. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein, spike (S) protein, and synthetic peptides covering N and S as antigens was performed to measure the IgM and IgG levels. The correlation between the immunoglobulin level and COVID-19 severity was then analyzed. A significant difference in the level of IgG antibodies against N and of IgM antibodies against the receptor binding domain of the S protein was observed between patients with nonsevere and severe COVID-19 symptoms, and the level of IgG antibodies against N was found to be higher in patients with severe symptoms whereas the level of IgM antibodies against the S peptides was higher in patients with nonsevere symptoms. The level of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins might correlate with COVID-19 severity. If so, this fact may be useful for predicting the prognosis of the disease and in determining the appropriate treatment with greater precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Takamatsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oshiro
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naeko Mizutani
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruo Kirikae
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tagashira
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Grootemaat AE, van der Niet S, Scholl ER, Roos E, Schurink B, Bugiani M, Miller SE, Larsen P, Pankras J, Reits EA, van der Wel NN. Lipid and Nucleocapsid N-Protein Accumulation in COVID-19 Patient Lung and Infected Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0127121. [PMID: 35171025 PMCID: PMC8849100 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01271-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global outbreak and prompted an enormous research effort. Still, the subcellular localization of the coronavirus in lungs of COVID-19 patients is not well understood. Here, the localization of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins is studied in postmortem lung material of COVID-19 patients and in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cells, processed identically. Correlative light and electron microscopy on semithick cryo-sections demonstrated induction of electron-lucent, lipid-filled compartments after SARS-CoV-2 infection in both lung and cell cultures. In lung tissue, the nonstructural protein 4 and the stable nucleocapsid N-protein were detected on these novel lipid-filled compartments. The induction of such lipid-filled compartments and the localization of the viral proteins in lung of patients with fatal COVID-19 may explain the extensive inflammatory response and provide a new hallmark for SARS-CoV-2 infection at the final, fatal stage of infection. IMPORTANCE Visualization of the subcellular localization of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in lung patient material of COVID-19 patients is important for the understanding of this new virus. We detected viral proteins in the context of the ultrastructure of infected cells and tissues and discovered that some viral proteins accumulate in novel, lipid-filled compartments. These structures are induced in Vero cells but, more importantly, also in lung of patients with COVID-19. We have characterized these lipid-filled compartments and determined that this is a novel, virus-induced structure. Immunogold labeling demonstrated that cellular markers, such as CD63 and lipid droplet marker PLIN-2, are absent. Colocalization of lipid-filled compartments with the stable N-protein and nonstructural protein 4 in lung of the last stages of COVID-19 indicates that these compartments play a key role in the devastating immune response that SARS-CoV-2 infections provoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita E. Grootemaat
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne van der Niet
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin R. Scholl
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Roos
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bernadette Schurink
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sara E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Per Larsen
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeannette Pankras
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric A. Reits
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole N. van der Wel
- Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (UMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Aziz H, Fatima S, Mahmood H, Muhammad S, Saeed MA, Khurshid S, Aslam W, Aziz S, Faheem M. Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Relation to the Contributing Factors in COVID-19 Patients. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:142-149. [PMID: 35167759 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human health has always been challenged by variety of viral infections, but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has surpassed all previous viral diseases and emerged as a major health challenge around the globe. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and serological assay provides a compliment to diagnosis after second week of infection. The aim of the study is the characterization of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in the blood sample of diagnosed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, and its potential association with factors such as age, gender, time, and symptoms. Serum from 248 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients was investigated for antibodies. Elecsys anti-SARS chemiluminescent immune assay was performed for the detection of nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Association of antibody response with gender, age, and time after onset of symptoms was analyzed. Among 248 PCR positive SARS-CoV-2 patients, 214 (86.3%) have virus-specific antibody signals. Antibodies positivity rate was higher in male patient patients as compared with female patients (90.8% vs. 79.2%, p = 0.009). Patients aged 30-40 years had the highest antibody positivity rate as compared with other groups (89.10%, p = 0.04). Patients age group >60 years had a lower positivity rate (75%, p = 0.04). The increasing trend in the antibodies detection with time was observed, maximum positive antibodies response rate observed at 8 weeks. Patients were categorized on the basis of clinical symptoms into asymptomatic, mild, and moderate; 17.7% were asymptomatic, 60.5% showed mild symptoms, and 21.8% showed moderate symptoms of the disease. Males were seen to be more asymptomatic as compared with females (i.e., 59.1% to 40.9%). The serological test for SARS-CoV-2 has a high sensitivity at >2 weeks after the positive PCR result or onset of illness. In addition, the serological response differs among patients based on gender, age, as well as time between the onset of symptoms or PCR confirmation and sample collection for the study of antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Aziz
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Fatima
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Humera Mahmood
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Shaista Khurshid
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wardah Aslam
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeeda Aziz
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Faheem
- Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Zattoni IF, Huergo LF, Gerhardt ECM, Nardin JM, Dos Santos AMF, de Moraes Rego FG, Picheth G, Moure VR, Valdameri G. Multiplexed flow cytometric approach for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgM and IgA using beads covalently coupled to the nucleocapsid protein. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:863-872. [PMID: 35148433 PMCID: PMC9115257 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry has emerged as a promising technique for detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. In this study, we developed an innovative strategy for simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM and IgA. The SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein was covalently bound to functional beads surface applying sulpho‐SMCC chemistry. BUV395 anti‐IgG, BB515 anti‐IgM, biotinylated anti‐IgA1/IgA2 and BV421 streptavidin were used as fluorophore conjugated secondary antibodies. Serum and antibodies reaction conditions were optimized for each antibody isotype detection and a multiplexed detection assay was developed. This new cell‐free assay efficiently discriminate COVID‐19 negative and positive samples. The simultaneous detection of IgG, IgM and IgA showed a sensitivity of 88·5–96·2% and specificity of 100%. This novel strategy opens a new avenue for flow cytometry‐based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Fatima Zattoni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Cancer Drug Resistance, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano F Huergo
- Setor Litoral, Federal University of Paraná, 83260-000, Matinhos, PR, Brazil
| | - Edileusa C M Gerhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 80060-000, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Geraldo Picheth
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Vivian Rotuno Moure
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Cancer Drug Resistance, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Valdameri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Laboratory of Cancer Drug Resistance, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Paraná, 80210-170, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Ajmeriya S, Kumar A, Karmakar S, Rana S, Singh H. Neutralizing Antibodies and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in COVID-19: A Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022; 102:671-687. [PMID: 35136306 PMCID: PMC8814804 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is an alternative route of viral entry in the susceptible host cell. In this process, antiviral antibodies enhance the entry access of virus in the cells via interaction with the complement or Fc receptors leading to the worsening of infection. SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a general concern for the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies that may fail to neutralize infection, raising the possibility of a more severe form of COVID-19. Data from various studies on respiratory viruses raise the speculation that antibodies elicited against SARS-CoV-2 and during COVID-19 recovery could potentially exacerbate the infection through ADE at sub-neutralizing concentrations; this may contribute to disease pathogenesis. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to study the effectiveness of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19-infected subjects. Theoretically, ADE remains a general concern for the efficacy of antibodies elicited during infection, most notably in convalescent plasma therapy and in response to vaccines where it could be counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ajmeriya
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, Room no 3020, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Shweta Rana
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Havervall S, Jernbom Falk A, Klingström J, Ng H, Greilert-Norin N, Gabrielsson L, Salomonsson AC, Isaksson E, Rudberg AS, Hellström C, Andersson E, Olofsson J, Skoglund L, Yousef J, Pin E, Christ W, Olausson M, Hedhammar M, Tegel H, Mangsbo S, Phillipson M, Månberg A, Hober S, Nilsson P, Thålin C. SARS-CoV-2 induces a durable and antigen specific humoral immunity after asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262169. [PMID: 35020778 PMCID: PMC8754314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current SARS-CoV-2 serological assays generate discrepant results, and the longitudinal characteristics of antibodies targeting various antigens after asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 are yet to be established. This longitudinal cohort study including 1965 healthcare workers, of which 381 participants exhibited antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen at study inclusion, reveal that these antibodies remain detectable in most participants, 96%, at least four months post infection, despite having had no or mild symptoms. Virus neutralization capacity was confirmed by microneutralization assay in 91% of study participants at least four months post infection. Contrary to antibodies targeting the spike protein, antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein were only detected in 80% of previously anti-nucleocapsid IgG positive healthcare workers. Both anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels were significantly higher in previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients four months post infection than in healthcare workers four months post infection (p = 2*10-23 and 2*10-13 respectively). Although the magnitude of humoral response was associated with disease severity, our findings support a durable and functional humoral response after SARS-CoV-2 infection even after no or mild symptoms. We further demonstrate differences in antibody kinetics depending on the antigen, arguing against the use of the nucleocapsid protein as target antigen in population-based SARS-CoV-2 serological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Havervall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - August Jernbom Falk
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Henry Ng
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nina Greilert-Norin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Gabrielsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Isaksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Cecilia Hellström
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eni Andersson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennie Olofsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Skoglund
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jamil Yousef
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Pin
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wanda Christ
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Olausson
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - My Hedhammar
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Tegel
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Månberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Division of Protein Technology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Thålin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tsverava L, Chitadze N, Chanturia G, Kekelidze M, Dzneladze D, Imnadze P, Gamkrelidze A, Lagani V, Khuchua Z, Solomonia R. Antibody profiling reveals gender differences in response to SARS-COVID-2 infection. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
<abstract>
<p>The recent emergence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to an ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic and public health crisis. Detailed study of human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is the important topic for a successful treatment of this disease. Our study was aimed to characterize immune response on the level of antibody profiling in convalescent plasma of patients in Georgia. Antibodies against the following SARS-CoV-2 proteins were studied: nucleocapsid and various regions of spike (S) protein: S1, S2 and receptor binding domain (RBD). Convalescent plasma of patients 6–8 weeks after initial confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection were tested. Nearly 80% out of 162 patients studied showed presence of antibodies against nucleocapsid protein. The antibody response to three fragments of S protein was significantly less and varied in the range of 20–30%. Significantly more females as compared to males were producing antibodies against S1 fragment, whereas the difference between genders by the antibodies against nucleocapsid protein and RBD was statistically significant only by one-tailed Fisher exact test. There were no differences between the males and females by antibodies against S2 fragment. Thus, immune response against some viral antigens is stronger in females and we suggest that it could be one of the factors of less female fatality after SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>
</abstract>
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Yoo KH, Thapa N, Kim BJ, Lee JO, Jang YN, Chwae YJ, Kim J. Possibility of exosome‑based coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:26. [PMID: 34821373 PMCID: PMC8630821 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) is a global pandemic that can have a long‑lasting impact on public health if not properly managed. Ongoing vaccine development trials involve classical molecular strategies based on inactivated or attenuated viruses, single peptides or viral vectors. However, there are multiple issues, such as the risk of reversion to virulence, inability to provide long‑lasting protection and limited protective immunity. To overcome the aforementioned drawbacks of currently available COVID‑19 vaccines, an alternative strategy is required to produce safe and efficacious vaccines that impart long‑term immunity. Exosomes (key intercellular communicators characterized by low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility and innate cargo‑loading capacity) offer a novel approach for effective COVID‑19 vaccine development. An engineered exosome‑based vaccine displaying the four primary structural proteins of SARS‑CoV‑2 (spike, membrane, nucleocapside and envelope proteins) induces humoral and cell mediated immunity and triggers long‑lasting immunity. The present review investigated the prospective use of exosomes in the development of COVID‑19 vaccines; moreover, exosome‑based vaccines may be key to control the COVID‑19 pandemic by providing enhanced protection compared with existing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Ho Yoo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikita Thapa
- CK-Exogene, Inc., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13201, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - You Na Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joon Chwae
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- CK-Exogene, Inc., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13201, Republic of Korea
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Xie C, Ding H, Ding J, Xue Y, Lu S, Lv H. Preparation of highly specific monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and the preliminary development of antigen detection test strips. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1633-1640. [PMID: 34904253 PMCID: PMC9303534 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is outbreaking all over the world. To help fight this disease, it is necessary to establish an effective and rapid detection method. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is involved in viral replication, assembly, and immune regulation and plays an important role in the viral life cycle. Moreover, the N protein also could be a diagnostic factor and potential drug target. Therefore, by synthesizing the N gene sequence of SARS‐CoV‐2, constructing the pET‐28a (+)‐N recombinant plasmid, we expressed the N protein in Escherichia coli and obtained 15 monoclonal antibody (mAbs) against SARS‐CoV‐2‐N protein by the hybridomas and ascites, then an immunochromatographic test strip method detecting N antigen was established. In this study, we obtained 14 high‐titer and high‐specificity monoclonal antibodies, and the test strips exclusively react with the SARS‐CoV‐2‐N protein and no cross‐reactivity with other coronavirus and also recognize the recombinant N protein of Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. These mAbs can be used for the early and rapid diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection through serological antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzuo Xie
- Institute of Parasitic Disease, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Ding
- Institute of Parasitic Disease, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzu Ding
- Institute of Parasitic Disease, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangji Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research, Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohong Lu
- Institute of Parasitic Disease, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangjun Lv
- Institute of Parasitic Disease, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Mamedov T, Yuksel D, Ilgın M, Gürbüzaslan I, Gulec B, Mammadova G, Ozdarendeli A, Yetiskin H, Kaplan B, Islam Pavel ST, Uygut MA, Hasanova G. Production and Characterization of Nucleocapsid and RBD Cocktail Antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in Nicotiana benthamiana Plant as a Vaccine Candidate against COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1337. [PMID: 34835268 PMCID: PMC8621474 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has put global public health at high risk, rapidly spreading around the world. Although several COVID-19 vaccines are available for mass immunization, the world still urgently needs highly effective, reliable, cost-effective, and safe SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus vaccines, as well as antiviral and therapeutic drugs, to control the COVID-19 pandemic given the emerging variant strains of the virus. Recently, we successfully produced receptor-binding domain (RBD) variants in the Nicotiana benthamiana plant as promising vaccine candidates against COVID-19 and demonstrated that mice immunized with these antigens elicited a high titer of RBD-specific antibodies with potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we engineered the nucleocapsid (N) protein and co-expressed it with RBD of SARS-CoV-2 in Nicotiana benthamiana plant to produce an antigen cocktail. The purification yields were about 22 or 24 mg of pure protein/kg of plant biomass for N or N+RBD antigens, respectively. The purified plant produced N protein was recognized by N protein-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies demonstrating specific reactivity of mAb to plant-produced N protein. In this study, for the first time, we report the co-expression of RBD with N protein to produce a cocktail antigen of SARS-CoV-2, which elicited high-titer antibodies with potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, obtained data support that a plant-produced antigen cocktail, developed in this study, is a promising vaccine candidate against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarlan Mamedov
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey; (D.Y.); (M.I.); (I.G.); (B.G.); (G.M.); (G.H.)
| | - Damla Yuksel
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey; (D.Y.); (M.I.); (I.G.); (B.G.); (G.M.); (G.H.)
| | - Merve Ilgın
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey; (D.Y.); (M.I.); (I.G.); (B.G.); (G.M.); (G.H.)
| | - Irem Gürbüzaslan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey; (D.Y.); (M.I.); (I.G.); (B.G.); (G.M.); (G.H.)
| | - Burcu Gulec
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey; (D.Y.); (M.I.); (I.G.); (B.G.); (G.M.); (G.H.)
| | - Gulshan Mammadova
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey; (D.Y.); (M.I.); (I.G.); (B.G.); (G.M.); (G.H.)
| | - Aykut Ozdarendeli
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey; (A.O.); (H.Y.); (B.K.); (S.T.I.P.); (M.A.U.)
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Hazel Yetiskin
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey; (A.O.); (H.Y.); (B.K.); (S.T.I.P.); (M.A.U.)
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Busra Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey; (A.O.); (H.Y.); (B.K.); (S.T.I.P.); (M.A.U.)
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Shaikh Terkis Islam Pavel
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey; (A.O.); (H.Y.); (B.K.); (S.T.I.P.); (M.A.U.)
- Vaccine Research, Development and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Ali Uygut
- Department of Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey; (A.O.); (H.Y.); (B.K.); (S.T.I.P.); (M.A.U.)
| | - Gulnara Hasanova
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07058, Turkey; (D.Y.); (M.I.); (I.G.); (B.G.); (G.M.); (G.H.)
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Immunoinformatics mapping of potential epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258645. [PMID: 34780495 PMCID: PMC8592446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All approved coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in current use are safe, effective, and reduce the risk of severe illness. Although data on the immunological presentation of patients with COVID-19 is limited, increasing experimental evidence supports the significant contribution of B and T cells towards the resolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Despite the availability of several COVID-19 vaccines with high efficacy, more effective vaccines are still needed to protect against the new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Employing a comprehensive immunoinformatic prediction algorithm and leveraging the genetic closeness with SARS-CoV, we have predicted potential immune epitopes in the structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoVs are main targets of antibody detection and have motivated us to design four multi-epitope vaccines which were based on our predicted B- and T-cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. The cardinal epitopes selected for the vaccine constructs are predicted to possess antigenic, non-allergenic, and cytokine-inducing properties. Additionally, some of the predicted epitopes have been experimentally validated in published papers. Furthermore, we used the C-ImmSim server to predict effective immune responses induced by the epitope-based vaccines. Taken together, the immune epitopes predicted in this study provide a platform for future experimental validations which may facilitate the development of effective vaccine candidates and epitope-based serological diagnostic assays.
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Lagousi T, Routsias J, Spoulou V. Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Accurate and Prompt Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Diagnosis Using the Rational Selection of Serological Biomarkers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1970. [PMID: 34829317 PMCID: PMC8618656 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt COVID-19 diagnosis is urgently required to support infection control measures. Currently available serological tests for measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibodies use different target antigens, although their sensitivity and specificity presents a challenge. We aimed to develop an "in-house" serological ELISA to measure antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by combining different protein antigens. Sera (n = 44) from COVID-19-confirmed patients were evaluated against different SARS-CoV-2 protein antigens and all potential combinations using ELISA. Patients' sera were also evaluated against commercially available ELISA diagnostic kits. The mixture containing RBD 2.5 μg/mL, S2 1 μg/mL and N 1.5 μg/mL was found to be the most potent. Plates were incubated with patients' sera (1:100), and goat anti-human alkaline phosphatase-conjugated IgG, ΙgM and IgA antibody was added. The cut-off value for each assay was determined using the mean optical density plus two standard deviations of pre-pandemic controls. The "in-house" ELISA displayed 91% sensitivity and 97% specificity for IgG antibodies, whereas its sensitivity and specificity for IgM and IgA were 75% and 95% and 73% and 91%, respectively. The "in-house" ELISA developed here combined three SARS-CoV-2 antigens (RBD, S2 and N) as capture antigens and displayed comparable and even higher sensitivity and specificity than otherwise quite reliable commercially available ELISA diagnostic kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Lagousi
- First Department of Paediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Immunology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department “MAKKA”, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic & Malignant Disorders in Childhood, First Department of Paediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children’s Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - John Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vana Spoulou
- First Department of Paediatrics, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Immunology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department “MAKKA”, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute for the Study of Genetic & Malignant Disorders in Childhood, First Department of Paediatrics, Aghia Sofia Children’s Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Shoaib F, Ashraf M, Ghafoor H, Ahmad IN, Abbas G. The Long-Term Characteristics of Immunity Conferred by COVID-19 Using Antibody Tests. Cureus 2021; 13:e17731. [PMID: 34659945 PMCID: PMC8491588 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since December 2019, more than 184 Million cases and 3.97 Million COVID-19 related deaths have been reported around the world. Since these statistics are laboratory-based confirmed cases, the true burden of disease may be underestimated. Many populations like those who are regularly visiting health care facilities and those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for visiting dialysis units, patients with malignancies, on regular chemo and radiotherapy, and healthcare workers (HCW) are considered high risk for nosocomial COVID-19 re-infections. Objective To understand the long-term behaviour and protective efficacy of already formed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody against spike-S protein and nucleocapsid antigen in different populations keeping in view their risk of re-exposure and re-infection is high. To delineate seropositivity with respect to age, gender, and other co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), and chronic kidney disease (CKD)/ESRD as well as the general population. Methodology During the study, 480 cases of COVID-19 with a post-exposure antibody reactive were followed. These patients were followed on telemedicine for the development of reinfection symptoms and persistence of antibody response. Around 115 patients agreed for regular monitoring of their immunity against the COVID-19 virus through testing through the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody test. The rest of the patients were followed on telemedicine until the date of development of any re-infection, but none reported to have typical symptoms of COVID-19 along with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Among 115 patients, the mean age was 42.44 + 15.755 years. 61.7% of patients were males and 66.1% were non-health workers while 26.1% of patients had DM/HTN or both. Among these patients, 76.5% had mild/no symptoms and antibodies were found present among 51.3% patients for 3-6 months. Only 2.6% of patients were re-infected. Significant association (p<0.05) of age was found with re-infection while insignificant association (p>0.05) of sex, co-morbidities, profession, symptoms, and persistence of antibodies with re-infection. Conclusion The study concluded that natural immune response was adequate to protect against reinfection as long as more than 9 months. It was more pronounced among patients with ESRD and those with severe disease. Surprisingly, among patients with haematological malignancies, either there was no seropositivity or a very weak positive antibody response. All other malignancies had similar seropositivity behaviour compared to the general population or other co-morbidity like DM, HTN, and coronary artery disease (CAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Faryal Shoaib
- Internal Medicine, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Internal Medicine, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Islamabad, PAK
| | | | - Imran N Ahmad
- Pathology, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas
- Chemical Pathology, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Islamabad, PAK
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Neumann M, Aigner A, Rossow E, Schwarz D, Marschallek M, Steinmann J, Stücker R, Koenigs I, Stock P. Low SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence but high perception of risk among healthcare workers at children's hospital before second pandemic wave in Germany. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:484-494. [PMID: 34415560 PMCID: PMC8378295 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers are considered a particularly high-risk group during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Healthcare workers in paediatrics are a unique subgroup: they come into frequent contact with children, who often experience few or no symptoms when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and, therefore, may transmit the disease to unprotected staff. In Germany, no studies exist evaluating the risk of COVID-19 to healthcare workers in paediatric institutions. METHODS We tested the staff at a large children's hospital in Germany for immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in a period between the first and second epidemic wave in Germany. We used a questionnaire to assess each individual's exposure risk and his/her own perception of having already been infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS We recruited 619 participants from all sectors, clinical and non-clinical, constituting 70% of the entire staff. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 0.325% (95% confidence interval 0.039-1.168). Self-perceived risk of a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased with age (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.93). Having experienced symptoms more than doubled the odds of a high self-perceived risk (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-3.00). There was no significant difference in self-perceived risk between men and women. CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence was low among healthcare workers at a large children's hospital in Germany before the second epidemic wave, and it was far from a level that confers herd immunity. Self-perceived risk of infection is often overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Neumann
- Department of Paediatrics, Altona Children's Hospital, Universität Hamburg, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Aigner
- Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eileen Rossow
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Schwarz
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Marschallek
- Department of Paediatrics, Altona Children's Hospital, Universität Hamburg, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinmann
- Labor Dr. Fenner and Colleagues, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Paediatrics, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Stücker
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Koenigs
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Stock
- Department of Paediatrics, Altona Children's Hospital, Universität Hamburg, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Germany
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45
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Thura M, Sng J, Ang K, Li J, Gupta A, Hong J, Hong C, Zeng Q. Targeting intra-viral conserved nucleocapsid (N) proteins as novel vaccines against SARS-CoVs. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20211491. [PMID: 34519332 PMCID: PMC8463655 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global pandemic of the Coronavirus disease in late 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine development efforts have predominantly been aimed at 'Extra-viral' Spike (S) protein as vaccine vehicles, but there are concerns regarding 'viral immune escape' since multiple mutations may enable the mutated virus strains to escape from immunity against S protein. The 'Intra-viral' Nucleocapsid (N-protein) is relatively conserved among mutant strains of coronaviruses during spread and evolution. Herein, we demonstrate novel vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 by using the whole conserved N-protein or its fragment/peptides. Using ELISA assay, we showed that high titers of specific anti-N antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgM) were maintained for a reasonably long duration (> 5 months), suggesting that N-protein is an excellent immunogen to stimulate host immune system and robust B-cell activation. We synthesized three peptides located at the conserved regions of N-protein among CoVs. One peptide showed as a good immunogen for vaccination as well. Cytokine arrays on post-vaccination mouse sera showed progressive up-regulation of various cytokines such as IFN-γ and CCL5, suggesting that TH1 associated responses are also stimulated. Furthermore, vaccinated mice exhibited an elevated memory T cells population. Here, we propose an unconventional vaccine strategy targeting the conserved N-protein as an alternative vaccine target for coronaviruses. Moreover, we generated a mouse monoclonal antibody specifically against an epitope shared between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and we are currently developing the First-in-Class humanized anti-N-protein antibody to potentially treat patients infected by various CoVs in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Thura
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | - Joel Xuan En Sng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | - Koon Hwee Ang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | | | - Cheng William Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
- INTRA-ImmuSG Private Limited, Singapore 079903
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García-Cordero J, Mendoza-Ramírez J, Fernández-Benavides D, Roa-Velazquez D, Filisola-Villaseñor J, Martínez-Frías SP, Sanchez-Salguero ES, Miguel-Rodríguez CE, Maravillas Montero JL, Torres-Ruiz JJ, Gómez-Martín D, Argumedo LS, Morales-Ríos E, Alvarado-Orozco JM, Cedillo-Barrón L. Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification of N, S1, and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 from Mammalian Cells and Their Potential Applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101808. [PMID: 34679506 PMCID: PMC8534734 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reached an unprecedented level. There is a strong demand for diagnostic and serological supplies worldwide, making it necessary for countries to establish their own technologies to produce high-quality biomolecules. The two main viral antigens used for the diagnostics for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) are the structural proteins spike (S) protein and nucleocapsid (N) protein. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is cleaved into S1 and S2, in which the S1 subunit has the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which induces the production of neutralizing antibodies, whereas nucleocapsid is an ideal target for viral antigen-based detection. In this study, we designed plasmids, pcDNA3.1/S1 and pcDNA3.1/N, and optimized their expression of the recombinant S1 and N proteins from SARS-CoV-2 in a mammalian system. The RBD was used as a control. The antigens were successfully purified from Expi293 cells, with high yields of the S1, N, and RBD proteins. The immunogenic abilities of these proteins were demonstrated in a mouse model. Further, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with human serum samples showed that the SARS-CoV-2 antigens are a suitable alternative for serological assays to identify patients infected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio García-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (J.M.-R.); (S.P.M.-F.); (E.S.S.-S.); (C.E.M.-R.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Juvenal Mendoza-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (J.M.-R.); (S.P.M.-F.); (E.S.S.-S.); (C.E.M.-R.); (L.S.A.)
| | - David Fernández-Benavides
- Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial (CIDESI), Av. Playa Pie de la Cuesta No. 702, Desarrollo San Pablo, Querétaro 76125, Mexico; (D.F.-B.); (J.M.A.-O.)
| | - Daniela Roa-Velazquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (D.R.-V.); (J.F.-V.); (E.M.-R.)
| | - Jessica Filisola-Villaseñor
- Departamento de Bioquímica CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (D.R.-V.); (J.F.-V.); (E.M.-R.)
| | - Sandra Paola Martínez-Frías
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (J.M.-R.); (S.P.M.-F.); (E.S.S.-S.); (C.E.M.-R.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Erik Saul Sanchez-Salguero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (J.M.-R.); (S.P.M.-F.); (E.S.S.-S.); (C.E.M.-R.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Carlos E. Miguel-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (J.M.-R.); (S.P.M.-F.); (E.S.S.-S.); (C.E.M.-R.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Jose L. Maravillas Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Jose J. Torres-Ruiz
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (J.J.T.-R.); (D.G.-M.)
| | - Diana Gómez-Martín
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico; (J.J.T.-R.); (D.G.-M.)
| | - Leopoldo Santos Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (J.M.-R.); (S.P.M.-F.); (E.S.S.-S.); (C.E.M.-R.); (L.S.A.)
| | - Edgar Morales-Ríos
- Departamento de Bioquímica CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (D.R.-V.); (J.F.-V.); (E.M.-R.)
| | - Juan M. Alvarado-Orozco
- Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial (CIDESI), Av. Playa Pie de la Cuesta No. 702, Desarrollo San Pablo, Querétaro 76125, Mexico; (D.F.-B.); (J.M.A.-O.)
| | - Leticia Cedillo-Barrón
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular CINVESTAV IPN, Av. IPN # 2508 Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico; (J.G.-C.); (J.M.-R.); (S.P.M.-F.); (E.S.S.-S.); (C.E.M.-R.); (L.S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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47
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IgG Antibodies Develop to Spike but Not to the Nucleocapsid Viral Protein in Many Asymptomatic and Light COVID-19 Cases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101945. [PMID: 34696374 PMCID: PMC8539461 DOI: 10.3390/v13101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 appeared in late 2019, many studies on the immune response to COVID-19 have been conducted, but the asymptomatic or light symptom cases were somewhat understudied as respective individuals often did not seek medical help. Here, we analyze the production of the IgG antibodies to viral nucleocapsid (N) protein and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and assess the serum neutralization capabilities in a cohort of patients with different levels of disease severity. In half of light or asymptomatic cases the antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein, which serve as the main target in many modern test systems, were not detected. They were detected in all cases of moderate or severe symptoms, and severe lung lesions correlated with respective higher signals. Antibodies to RBD were present in the absolute majority of samples, with levels being sometimes higher in light symptom cases. We thus suggest that the anti-RBD/anti-N antibody ratio may serve as an indicator of the disease severity. Anti-RBD IgG remained detectable after a year or more since the infection, even with a slight tendency to raise over time, and the respective signal correlated with the serum capacity to inhibit the RBD interaction with the ACE-2 receptor.
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48
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Wei S, Shi D, Wu H, Sun H, Chen J, Feng L, Su M, Sun D. Identification of a novel B cell epitope on the nucleocapsid protein of porcine deltacoronavirus. Virus Res 2021; 302:198497. [PMID: 34217778 PMCID: PMC8481650 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging coronavirus that causes vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and even death of piglets, resulting in significant losses to the pig industry worldwide. However, the epitopes of PDCoV remain largely unknown. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the PDCoV nucleocapsid (N) protein, termed 9G1, was prepared using the lymphocyte hybridoma technique, and was identified as a type IgG1 with a κ light chain and reacted with the native N protein of PDCoV. Furthermore, the epitope recognized by the 9G1 mAb was subjected to western blot and an ELISA using truncated recombinant proteins and synthetic polypeptides of the PDCoV N protein. The results indicate that 9G1 mAb recognized the epitope, G59TPIPPSYAFYY70 (EP-9G1), a novel linear B cell epitope of the PDCoV N protein. A comparison analysis revealed that the EP-9G1 epitope was highly conserved among PDCoV strains, in which four residues (G59-F68YY70) were observed among different coronavirus genera. These data demonstrate that the EP-9G1 epitope identified in this study provides some basic information for further characterization of the antigenic structure of the PDCoV N protein and has potential use for developing diagnostic reagents for PDCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wei
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Haoyang Wu
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Mingjun Su
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Dongbo Sun
- Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
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49
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Peroni LA, Toscaro JM, Canateli C, Tonoli CCC, de Olivera RR, Benedetti CE, Coimbra LD, Pereira AB, Marques RE, Proença-Modena JL, Lima GC, Viana R, Borges JB, Lin-Wang HT, Abboud CS, Gun C, Franchini KG, Bajgelman MC. Serological Testing for COVID-19, Immunological Surveillance, and Exploration of Protective Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635701. [PMID: 34489923 PMCID: PMC8417107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological testing is a powerful tool in epidemiological studies for understanding viral circulation and assessing the effectiveness of virus control measures, as is the case of SARS-CoV-2, the pathogenic agent of COVID-19. Immunoassays can quantitatively reveal the concentration of antiviral antibodies. The assessment of antiviral antibody titers may provide information on virus exposure, and changes in IgG levels are also indicative of a reduction in viral circulation. In this work, we describe a serological study for the evaluation of antiviral IgG and IgM antibodies and their correlation with antiviral activity. The serological assay for IgG detection used two SARS-CoV-2 proteins as antigens, the nucleocapsid N protein and the 3CL protease. Cross-reactivity tests in animals have shown high selectivity for detection of antiviral antibodies, using both the N and 3CL antigens. Using samples of human serum from individuals previously diagnosed by PCR for COVID-19, we observed high sensitivity of the ELISA assay. Serological results with human samples also suggest that the combination of higher titers of antiviral IgG antibodies to different antigen targets may be associated with greater neutralization activity, which can be enhanced in the presence of antiviral IgM antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Peroni
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jessica M. Toscaro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Medical School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila Canateli
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Celisa C. C. Tonoli
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renata R. de Olivera
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Celso E. Benedetti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lais D. Coimbra
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Borin Pereira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael E. Marques
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José L. Proença-Modena
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses (LEVE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C. Lima
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Molecular Sciences Undergrad Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Viana
- Research Division, Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica B. Borges
- Research Division, Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hui Tzu Lin-Wang
- Research Division, Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cely S. Abboud
- Infectious Diseases Section and Hospital Infection Control Committee, Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gun
- Research Division, Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kleber G. Franchini
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Medical School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcio C. Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
- Medical School, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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50
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Rais Y, Fu Z, Drabovich AP. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics in basic and translational research of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and its emerging mutants. Clin Proteomics 2021; 18:19. [PMID: 34384361 PMCID: PMC8358260 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-021-09325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) now mainly relies on the measurements of viral RNA by RT-PCR, or detection of anti-viral antibodies by immunoassays. In this review, we discussed the perspectives of mass spectrometry-based proteomics as an analytical technique to identify and quantify proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and to enable basic research and clinical studies on COVID-19. While RT-PCR and RNA sequencing are indisputably powerful techniques for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and identification of the emerging mutations, proteomics may provide confirmatory diagnostic information and complimentary biological knowledge on protein abundance, post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and the functional impact of the emerging mutations. Pending advances in sensitivity and throughput of mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography, shotgun and targeted proteomic assays may find their niche for the differential quantification of viral proteins in clinical and environmental samples. Targeted proteomic assays in combination with immunoaffinity enrichments also provide orthogonal tools to evaluate cross-reactivity of serology tests and facilitate development of tests with the nearly perfect diagnostic specificity, this enabling reliable testing of broader populations for the acquired immunity. The coronavirus pandemic of 2019-2021 is another reminder that the future global pandemics may be inevitable, but their impact could be mitigated with the novel tools and assays, such as mass spectrometry-based proteomics, to enable continuous monitoring of emerging viruses, and to facilitate rapid response to novel infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Rais
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrei P Drabovich
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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