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Kessi M, Duan H, Xiong J, Chen B, He F, Yang L, Ma Y, Bamgbade OA, Peng J, Yin F. Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder updates. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:925049. [PMID: 36211978 PMCID: PMC9532551 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.925049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that commonly occurs in children with a prevalence ranging from 3.4 to 7.2%. It profoundly affects academic achievement, well-being, and social interactions. As a result, this disorder is of high cost to both individuals and society. Despite the availability of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of ADHD, the pathogenesis is not clear, hence, the existence of many challenges especially in making correct early diagnosis and provision of accurate management. Objectives We aimed to review the pathogenic pathways of ADHD in children. The major focus was to provide an update on the reported etiologies in humans, animal models, modulators, therapies, mechanisms, epigenetic changes, and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Methods References for this review were identified through a systematic search in PubMed by using special keywords for all years until January 2022. Results Several genes have been reported to associate with ADHD: DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, DAT1, TPH2, HTR1A, HTR1B, SLC6A4, HTR2A, DBH, NET1, ADRA2A, ADRA2C, CHRNA4, CHRNA7, GAD1, GRM1, GRM5, GRM7, GRM8, TARBP1, ADGRL3, FGF1, MAOA, BDNF, SNAP25, STX1A, ATXN7, and SORCS2. Some of these genes have evidence both from human beings and animal models, while others have evidence in either humans or animal models only. Notably, most of these animal models are knockout and do not generate the genetic alteration of the patients. Besides, some of the gene polymorphisms reported differ according to the ethnic groups. The majority of the available animal models are related to the dopaminergic pathway. Epigenetic changes including SUMOylation, methylation, and acetylation have been reported in genes related to the dopaminergic pathway. Conclusion The dopaminergic pathway remains to be crucial in the pathogenesis of ADHD. It can be affected by environmental factors and other pathways. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how environmental factors relate to all neurotransmitter pathways; thus, more studies are needed. Although several genes have been related to ADHD, there are few animal model studies on the majority of the genes, and they do not generate the genetic alteration of the patients. More animal models and epigenetic studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kessi
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Haolin Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Baiyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yanli Ma
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Olumuyiwa A. Bamgbade
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Yin,
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Adil KJ, Gonzales EL, Remonde CG, Boo KJ, Jeon SJ, Shin CY. Autism-Like Behavioral Phenotypes in Mice Treated with Systemic N-Methyl-D-Aspartate. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 30:232-237. [PMID: 34702791 PMCID: PMC9047488 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) having core characteristics of social interaction problems and repetitive behaviors and interests affects individuals at varying degrees and comorbidities, making it difficult to determine the precise etiology underlying the symptoms. Given its heterogeneity, ASD is difficult to treat and the development of therapeutics is slow due to the scarcity of animal models that are easy to produce and screen with. Based on the theory of excitation/inhibition imbalance in the brain with ASD which involves glutamatergic and/or GABAergic neurotransmission, a pharmacologic agent to modulate these receptors might be a good starting point for modeling. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative acting as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor and therefore imitates the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate on that receptor. In contrast to glutamate, NMDA selectively binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor, but not other glutamate receptors such as AMPA and kainite receptors. Given this role, we aimed to determine whether NMDA administration could result in autistic-like behavior in adolescent mice. Both male and female mice were treated with saline or NMDA (50 and 75 mg/kg) and were tested on various behavior experiments. Interestingly, acute NMDA-treated mice showed social deficits and repetitive behavior similar to ASD phenotypes. These results support the excitation/inhibition imbalance theory of ASD and that NMDA injection can be used as a pharmacologic model of ASD-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keremkleroo Jym Adil
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chilly Gay Remonde
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jun Boo
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Nascimento IBD, Bitencourt CR, Fleig R. Estratégias para o transtorno do espectro autista: interação social e intervenções terapêuticas. JORNAL BRASILEIRO DE PSIQUIATRIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0047-2085000000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores que dificultam as intervenções terapêuticas motoras em crianças com transtorno do espectro autista. Métodos: Foram utilizadas as bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus e LILACS. Uma pesquisa de literatura cinzenta foi conduzida com acadêmico do Google. PRISMA foi usado, bem como a análise de risco de viés adaptada do Cochrane Manual para ensaios clínicos e, para outros estudos, foi utilizada a lista de verificação Downs e Black. Resultados: Dezessete artigos científicos foram incluídos na análise de síntese qualitativa sobre estratégias para interação social e motora em pacientes com transtorno do espectro autista. Quatorze artigos científicos alcançaram pontuações aceitáveis na escala de Downs e Black, e três ensaios clínicos indicaram domínios satisfatórios. Pessoas com transtorno do espectro autista apresentaram percentuais acima de 30%, com dificuldades de comportamentos sociáveis, de aprendizagem e de comunicação. O diagnóstico adequado e a preconização de um plano de tratamento para o desenvolvimento da motricidade são estratégias fundamentais e de ordem prioritária, uma vez que possibilitarão uma análise quantitativa ao longo da vida do autista, assim como proporcionarão uma maior viabilidade de análise das habilidades cognitivas. Conclusão: A dificuldade de comportamento social do indivíduo com transtorno do espectro autista pode ser o ponto-alvo nas suas limitações de aprendizagem motora. Portanto, a concepção metodológica com a prática de imitação, associada a uma dinâmica prazerosa do exercício rítmico, é a melhor sugestão para contemplar o direcionamento das pesquisas contemporâneas, uma vez que, quando prevalece a inter-relação entre interação social, aprendizagem motora e percepções sensoriais, os desfechos são mais significativos para essas crianças.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raquel Fleig
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Balestra S, Eugster B, Liebert H. Summer-born struggle: The effect of school starting age on health, education, and work. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2020; 29:591-607. [PMID: 32052533 PMCID: PMC9328428 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Children starting school older consistently exhibit better educational outcomes. In this paper, we underscore child development as a mechanism driving this effect. Using unique administrative data on health examinations, we study the causal effect of school starting age (SSA) on a child's probability of being diagnosed with special educational needs in early grades. Results show that children with higher SSA are less likely to develop behavioral problems and speech impediments, whereas learning disabilities, ADHD, and dyslexia/dyscalculia remain unaffected. Importantly, these effects only arise after primary school entry and are not due to preexisting health conditions. We also find that teachers tend to over-refer relatively young children to special needs services, but this over-referring behavior is not driving the results, which are based on psychologists' diagnoses. The SSA effect persists throughout compulsory schooling, resulting in higher test scores and better quality vocational training contracts. However, SSA does not affect employment, earnings, or disability insurance benefits at labor market entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Balestra
- Center for Disability and Integration, Department of EconomicsUniversity of St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Beatrix Eugster
- Center for Disability and Integration, Department of EconomicsUniversity of St. GallenSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Helge Liebert
- Department of Health Care PolicyHarvard Medical School, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts
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Man KKC, Chan EW, Ip P, Coghill D, Simonoff E, Chan PKL, Lau WCY, Schuemie MJ, Sturkenboom MCJM, Wong ICK. Prenatal antidepressant exposure and the risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 86:1-11. [PMID: 29247762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review assesses the association between prenatal antidepressant exposure and risk of ADHD in children. Electronic databases were searched up to 25 July 2017. Observational studies examining this association were included in the review and meta-analysis was conducted where appropriate. Eight relevant studies were identified. The seven studies included in the meta-analysis comprised a total of 2,886,502 children. The pooled estimates comparing prenatal exposure to non-exposure showed an adjusted rate ratio (aRR) of 1.39 (95%CI 1.21-1.61). Similarly, an increased risk was found comparing previous antidepressant users and non-users: aRR = 1.56 (95%CI 1.25-1.95). The relationship between maternal psychiatric conditions and ADHD in children yielded an aRR of 1.90 (95%CI 1.47-2.45). Three studies conducted sibling-matched analyses with aRR of 0.94 (95%CI 0.75-1.16). These data suggest that the observed association between prenatal use of antidepressants and risk of ADHD in offspring can be partially explained by confounding by indication because the results from sibling-matched analyses do not support an increased risk of ADHD in discordant exposed siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K C Man
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Faculty of Social Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Esther W Chan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David Coghill
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily Simonoff
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wallis C Y Lau
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Miriam C J M Sturkenboom
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian C K Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom.
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6
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Won J, Jin Y, Choi J, Park S, Lee TH, Lee SR, Chang KT, Hong Y. Melatonin as a Novel Interventional Candidate for Fragile X Syndrome with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28632163 PMCID: PMC5486135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common monogenic form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). FXS with ASD results from the loss of fragile X mental retardation (fmr) gene products, including fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which triggers a variety of physiological and behavioral abnormalities. This disorder is also correlated with clock components underlying behavioral circadian rhythms and, thus, a mutation of the fmr gene can result in disturbed sleep patterns and altered circadian rhythms. As a result, FXS with ASD individuals may experience dysregulation of melatonin synthesis and alterations in melatonin-dependent signaling pathways that can impair vigilance, learning, and memory abilities, and may be linked to autistic behaviors such as abnormal anxiety responses. Although a wide variety of possible causes, symptoms, and clinical features of ASD have been studied, the correlation between altered circadian rhythms and FXS with ASD has yet to be extensively investigated. Recent studies have highlighted the impact of melatonin on the nervous, immune, and metabolic systems and, even though the utilization of melatonin for sleep dysfunctions in ASD has been considered in clinical research, future studies should investigate its neuroprotective role during the developmental period in individuals with ASD. Thus, the present review focuses on the regulatory circuits involved in the dysregulation of melatonin and disruptions in the circadian system in individuals with FXS with ASD. Additionally, the neuroprotective effects of melatonin intervention therapies, including improvements in neuroplasticity and physical capabilities, are discussed and the molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder are reviewed. The authors suggest that melatonin may be a useful treatment for FXS with ASD in terms of alleviating the adverse effects of variations in the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Won
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Yunho Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Jeonghyun Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sookyoung Park
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Korea.
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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Man KKC, Chan EW, Ip P, Coghill D, Simonoff E, Chan PKL, Lau WCY, Schuemie MJ, Sturkenboom MCJM, Wong ICK. Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ 2017; 357:j2350. [PMID: 28566274 PMCID: PMC5450015 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the potential association between prenatal use of antidepressants and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring.Design Population based cohort study.Setting Data from the Hong Kong population based electronic medical records on the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System.Participants 190 618 children born in Hong Kong public hospitals between January 2001 and December 2009 and followed-up to December 2015.Main outcome measure Hazard ratio of maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy and ADHD in children aged 6 to 14 years, with an average follow-up time of 9.3 years (range 7.4-11.0 years).Results Among 190 618 children, 1252 had a mother who used prenatal antidepressants. 5659 children (3.0%) were given a diagnosis of ADHD or received treatment for ADHD. The crude hazard ratio of maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy was 2.26 (P<0.01) compared with non-use. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, including maternal psychiatric disorders and use of other psychiatric drugs, the adjusted hazard ratio was reduced to 1.39 (95% confidence interval 1.07 to 1.82, P=0.01). Likewise, similar results were observed when comparing children of mothers who had used antidepressants before pregnancy with those who were never users (1.76, 1.36 to 2.30, P<0.01). The risk of ADHD in the children of mothers with psychiatric disorders was higher compared with the children of mothers without psychiatric disorders even if the mothers had never used antidepressants (1.84, 1.54 to 2.18, P<0.01). All sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Sibling matched analysis identified no significant difference in risk of ADHD in siblings exposed to antidepressants during gestation and those not exposed during gestation (0.54, 0.17 to 1.74, P=0.30).Conclusions The findings suggest that the association between prenatal use of antidepressants and risk of ADHD in offspring can be partially explained by confounding by indication of antidepressants. If there is a causal association, the size of the effect is probably smaller than that reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K C Man
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther W Chan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Coghill
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emily Simonoff
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, London, UK
| | | | - Wallis C Y Lau
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Ian C K Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Paediatric Pharmacy Research, Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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Lee S, Won J, Park S, Lee SR, Chang KT, Kim JH, Hong Y. Beneficial effect of interventional exercise on autistic Fragile X syndrome. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:760-762. [PMID: 28533625 PMCID: PMC5430288 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of the present review is to discuss recent published articles in
the understanding of efficacy of interventional exercise on autistic Fragile X syndrome
(FXS) with special emphasis on its significance in clinical application in patients.
[Methods] This review article was identified scientifically and/or clinically relevant
articles from PubMed that directly/indirectly met the inclusion criteria. [Results]
Mutation of fragile X mental retardation 1 (fmr1) gene on the X
chromosome is related with loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) that
affecting physiological and behavioral abnormalities. Autistic FXS individuals exhibit
disturbed sleep and altered circadian behavior. Although the underlying molecular
mechanisms are not been fully explored, interventional exercise in autistic FXS has been
clinically used for the treatment of physiological and behavioral abnormalities as well as
psychiatric disorder in autistic FXS. [Conclusion] This review describes beneficial
efficacy of interventional exercise and its controversy in patients with autistic FXS.
This review also provides interventional strategies for clinicians and scientists that the
way of neurophysiological approaches according to the level of physical and behavioral
abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Republic of Korea.,u-Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Republic of Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Republic of Korea.,u-Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Republic of Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookyoung Park
- u-Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Republic of Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Republic of Korea.,u-Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Republic of Korea.,Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Republic of Korea
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9
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Safari MR, Omrani MD, Noroozi R, Sayad A, Sarrafzadeh S, Komaki A, Manjili FA, Mazdeh M, Ghaleiha A, Taheri M. Synaptosome-Associated Protein 25 (SNAP25) Gene Association Analysis Revealed Risk Variants for ASD, in Iranian Population. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:305-311. [PMID: 27888397 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0860-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common, complex neurological condition, affecting approximately 1% of people worldwide. Monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders which showed autistic behavior patterns have suggested synaptic dysfunction, as a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of ASD. Subsequently, genes involved in synaptic signaling have been investigated with a priority for candidate gene studies. A synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) gene plays a crucial role in the central nervous system, contributing to exocytosis by targeting and fusion of vesicles to the cell membrane. Studies have shown a correlation between aberrant expression of the SNAP25 and a variety of brain diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene are associated with several psychiatric diseases, such as bipolar, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether polymorphisms (rs3746544 and rs1051312) in the regulatory 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of the SNAP25 gene have an association with ASD in unrelated Iranian case (N = 524)-control (N = 472) samples. We observed robust association of the rs3746544 SNP and ASD patients, in both allele and haplotype-based analyses. Our results supported the previous observations and indicated a possible role for SNAP25 polymorphisms as susceptibility genetic factors involved in developing ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 23, Amir Ebrahimi St, Pasdaran Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Noroozi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Sarrafzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdokht Mazdeh
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Neurology, Hamadan University of Medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghaleiha
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No 23, Amir Ebrahimi St, Pasdaran Ave, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Current taxonomic approaches in medicine and psychiatry are limited in validity and utility. They do serve simple communication purposes for medical coding, teaching, and reimbursement, but they are not suited for the modern era with its rapid explosion of knowledge from the “omics” revolution. The National Academy of Sciences published a report entitled Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease. The authors advocate a new taxonomy that would integrate molecular data, clinical data, and health outcomes in a dynamic, iterative fashion, bringing together research, public health, and health-care delivery with the interlinked goals of advancing our understanding of disease pathogenesis and thereby improving health. As the need for an information hub and a knowledge network with a dynamic taxonomy based on integration of clinical and research data is vital, and timely, this proposal merits consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga R Krishnan
- Professor, Duke University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Adjunct Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, North Carolina, USA; Dean, Duke NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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11
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Cox CR, Eaton S, Ekas NV, Van Enkevort EA. Death concerns and psychological well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 45-46:229-238. [PMID: 26256841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Utilizing a terror management theory perspective, the present research examined whether having a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with underlying cognitions and explicit worries about death, and their roles in psychological well-being. METHOD 147 mothers of children with ASD (n=74) and typically developing children (n=73) completed a fear of death scale, as well as measures of death-thought accessibility, positive and negative affect, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS Following previous research, mothers of children with ASD reported worse psychological health. Additionally, they evidenced greater death-thought accessibility compared to mothers of typically developing children, but did not differ in explicit worries about mortality. Greater death-thought accessibility, in turn, mediated the influence of ASD diagnosis on negative affect, depression, and anxiety. CONCLUSION The current study offers an initial understanding of the association between mortality concerns and psychological health for mothers of children with ASD. Further, it underscores the importance of health care providers' efforts to attend to, and educate parents about, their thoughts of mortality, even if the parent does not acknowledge such concerns. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS The present study examined the impact of both implicit and explicit worries about death in parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Specifically, we were able to demonstrate that increased death-thought accessibility among mothers of children with ASD was associated with worse psychological health. While it is possible for parents of children with ASD to report conscious worries about death, there were no observed differences on this measure. As far as we know, this work is the first to empirically examine the prevalence of mortality-related concerns in this population and the subsequent effects of death-thought accessibility on psychological health. This is an important avenue of research as parents of children with ASD may experience greater worries about leaving their children upon death with no one to care for them, or to leave their children in the care of individuals who may not understand their son or daughter's unique needs. Additionally, the current findings highlight the importance of addressing mortality-related concerns, even when they may not be explicitly recognized, among parents of children with ASD. Given the effectiveness of parent education programs for children with ASD, a primary avenue for intervention may be education. Training care providers in ways to better discuss thoughts of death may help to alleviate stress and foster greater psychological well-being.
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12
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Lee M, Won J, Lee S, Hong Y, Kim JH, Hong Y. Benefits of Physical Exercise for Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome in Humans. J Lifestyle Med 2015; 5:35-8. [PMID: 26770889 PMCID: PMC4711957 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2015.5.2.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common known genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder, and is also linked to other neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this review article is to examine a variety of recent studies on the correlation between physical exercise and autistic behavior in individuals with fragile X syndrome. Additionally, we discuss promising approaches for further investigation of the benefits of physical exercise for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. A systematic search of the PubMed digital library database for pertinent articles published from 1995 to 2011 was conducted. Individuals with ASD who experience exercise tend to exhibit improvement in physical function. In addition, exercise promotes neurotrophic factors and boosts the growth of new brain cells. The collected review articles describe how physical exercise has particular effects on stereotypic behavior and cognition among ASD patients. Finally, physical exercise may benefit patients with autism spectrum disorder through the improvement of muscular strength for increased physical capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Seonghoon Lee
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Yunkyung Hong
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Joo-Heon Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
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13
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Sheth K, Moss J, Hyland S, Stinton C, Cole T, Oliver C. The behavioral characteristics of Sotos syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2945-56. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Sheth
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Moss
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience; University College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hyland
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Chris Stinton
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Cole
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Birmingham Women's Hospital; Birmingham United Kingdom
| | - Chris Oliver
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology; University of Birmingham; Birmingham United Kingdom
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14
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Codina-Solà M, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Homs A, Santoyo J, Rigau M, Aznar-Laín G, Del Campo M, Gener B, Gabau E, Botella MP, Gutiérrez-Arumí A, Antiñolo G, Pérez-Jurado LA, Cuscó I. Integrated analysis of whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome profiling in males with autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2015; 6:21. [PMID: 25969726 PMCID: PMC4427998 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with high heritability. Recent findings support a highly heterogeneous and complex genetic etiology including rare de novo and inherited mutations or chromosomal rearrangements as well as double or multiple hits. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) and blood cell transcriptome by RNAseq in a subset of male patients with idiopathic ASD (n = 36) in order to identify causative genes, transcriptomic alterations, and susceptibility variants. RESULTS We detected likely monogenic causes in seven cases: five de novo (SCN2A, MED13L, KCNV1, CUL3, and PTEN) and two inherited X-linked variants (MAOA and CDKL5). Transcriptomic analyses allowed the identification of intronic causative mutations missed by the usual filtering of WES and revealed functional consequences of some rare mutations. These included aberrant transcripts (PTEN, POLR3C), deregulated expression in 1.7% of mutated genes (that is, SEMA6B, MECP2, ANK3, CREBBP), allele-specific expression (FUS, MTOR, TAF1C), and non-sense-mediated decay (RIT1, ALG9). The analysis of rare inherited variants showed enrichment in relevant pathways such as the PI3K-Akt signaling and the axon guidance. CONCLUSIONS Integrative analysis of WES and blood RNAseq data has proven to be an efficient strategy to identify likely monogenic forms of ASD (19% in our cohort), as well as additional rare inherited mutations that can contribute to ASD risk in a multifactorial manner. Blood transcriptomic data, besides validating 88% of expressed variants, allowed the identification of missed intronic mutations and revealed functional correlations of genetic variants, including changes in splicing, expression levels, and allelic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Codina-Solà
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
| | | | - Aïda Homs
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
| | - Javier Santoyo
- Medical Genome Project, Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform of Andalusia (GBPA), C/Albert Einstein, Cartuja Scientific and Technology Park, INSUR Builiding, Sevilla, 41092 Spain
| | - Maria Rigau
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain
| | - Gemma Aznar-Laín
- Pediatric Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim 25-29, Barcelona, 08003 Spain
| | - Miguel Del Campo
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain ; Servicio de Genética, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, Barcelona, 08015 Spain
| | - Blanca Gener
- Genetics Service, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces 12, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48093 Spain
| | - Elisabeth Gabau
- Pediatrics Service, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Parc Taulí 1, Sabadell, 08208 Spain
| | - María Pilar Botella
- Pediatric Neurology, Hospital de Txagorritxu, C/José de Atxotegui s/n, Victoria-Gasteiz, 01009 Spain
| | - Armand Gutiérrez-Arumí
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
| | - Guillermo Antiñolo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain ; Medical Genome Project, Genomics and Bioinformatics Platform of Andalusia (GBPA), C/Albert Einstein, Cartuja Scientific and Technology Park, INSUR Builiding, Sevilla, 41092 Spain ; Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Fetal Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Avda Manuel Siurot s/n, Sevilla, 41013 Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Pérez-Jurado
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
| | - Ivon Cuscó
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Doctor Aiguader 88, 422, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), C/Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, 08003 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029 Spain
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15
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Musser ED, Hawkey E, Kachan-Liu SS, Lees P, Roullet JB, Goddard K, Steiner RD, Nigg JT. Shared familial transmission of autism spectrum and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:819-27. [PMID: 24444366 PMCID: PMC4211282 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether familial transmission is shared between autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, we assessed the prevalence, rates of comorbidity, and familial transmission of both disorders in a large population-based sample of children during a recent 7 year period. METHODS Study participants included all children born to parents with the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) Health Plan between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2004 (n = 35,073). Children and mothers with physician-identified autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were identified via electronic medical records maintained for all KPNW members. RESULTS Among children aged 6-12 years, prevalence was 2.0% for ADHD and 0.8% for ASD; within those groups, 0.2% of the full sample (19% of the ASD sample and 9.6% of the ADHD sample) had co-occurring ASD and ADHD, when all children were included. When mothers had a diagnosis of ADHD, first born offspring were at 6-fold risk of ADHD alone (OR = 5.02, p < .0001) and at 2.5-fold risk of ASD alone (OR = 2.52, p < .01). Results were not accounted for by maternal age, child gestational age, child gender, and child race. CONCLUSIONS Autism spectrum disorders shares familial transmission with ADHD. ADHD and ASD have a partially overlapping diathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D. Musser
- Oregon Health & Science University, Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, USA, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hawkey
- Oregon Health & Science University, Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Paul Lees
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Robert D. Steiner
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, University of Wisconsin, Marshfield, Wiscosin, USA
| | - Joel T. Nigg
- Oregon Health & Science University, Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon, USA
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16
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Paemka L, Mahajan VB, Skeie JM, Sowers LP, Ehaideb SN, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Sasaoka T, Tao H, Miyagi A, Ueno N, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Wu S, Darbro BW, Ferguson PJ, Pieper AA, Britt JK, Wemmie JA, Rudd DS, Wassink T, El-Shanti H, Mefford HC, Carvill GL, Manak JR, Bassuk AG. PRICKLE1 interaction with SYNAPSIN I reveals a role in autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80737. [PMID: 24312498 PMCID: PMC3849077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent comorbidity of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) with epilepsy suggests a shared underlying genetic susceptibility; several genes, when mutated, can contribute to both disorders. Recently, PRICKLE1 missense mutations were found to segregate with ASD. However, the mechanism by which mutations in this gene might contribute to ASD is unknown. To elucidate the role of PRICKLE1 in ASDs, we carried out studies in Prickle1(+/-) mice and Drosophila, yeast, and neuronal cell lines. We show that mice with Prickle1 mutations exhibit ASD-like behaviors. To find proteins that interact with PRICKLE1 in the central nervous system, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen with a human brain cDNA library and isolated a peptide with homology to SYNAPSIN I (SYN1), a protein involved in synaptogenesis, synaptic vesicle formation, and regulation of neurotransmitter release. Endogenous Prickle1 and Syn1 co-localize in neurons and physically interact via the SYN1 region mutated in ASD and epilepsy. Finally, a mutation in PRICKLE1 disrupts its ability to increase the size of dense-core vesicles in PC12 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest PRICKLE1 mutations contribute to ASD by disrupting the interaction with SYN1 and regulation of synaptic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Paemka
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vinit B. Mahajan
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Skeie
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Levi P. Sowers
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Salleh N. Ehaideb
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program of Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Toshikuni Sasaoka
- Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Tao
- Hospital for Sick Kids, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Asuka Miyagi
- Developmental Biology Department, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki City, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Developmental Biology Department, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki City, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi-shi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi-shi, Japan
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Shu Wu
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Benjamin W. Darbro
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Polly J. Ferguson
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah K. Britt
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John A. Wemmie
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program of Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Danielle S. Rudd
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Thomas Wassink
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hatem El-Shanti
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Shafallah Medical Genetics Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Heather C. Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gemma L. Carvill
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - J. Robert Manak
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Bassuk
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Park S, Jung SW, Kim BN, Cho SC, Shin MS, Kim JW, Yoo HJ, Cho DY, Chung US, Son JW, Kim HW. Association between the GRM7 rs3792452 polymorphism and attention deficit hyperacitiveity disorder in a Korean sample. Behav Brain Funct 2013; 9:1. [PMID: 23295062 PMCID: PMC3680053 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the ionotropic and glutamate receptors, N-methyl D-asparate 2A (GRIN2A) and 2B (GRIN2B), and the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR7 (GRM7) gene polymorphisms and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Korean population. Methods We conducted a case–control analysis of 202 ADHD subjects and 159 controls, performed a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) on 149 trios, and compared scores from the continuous performance test (CPT), the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) according to the genotype of the glutamate receptor genes. Results There were no significant differences in the genotype or allele frequencies of the GRIN2A rs8049651, GRIN2B rs2284411, or GRM7 rs37952452 polymorphisms between the ADHD and control groups. For 148 ADHD trios, the TDT analysis also showed no preferential transmission of the GRIN2A rs8049651 or GRIN2B rs2284411 polymorphisms. However, the TDT analysis of the GRM7 rs3792452 polymorphism showed biased transmission of the G allele (χ2 = 4.67, p = 0.031). In the ADHD probands, the subjects with GG genotype in the GRM7 rs37952452 polymorphism had higher mean T-scores for omission errors on the CPT than did those with the GA or AA genotype (t = 3.38, p = 0.001). In addition, the ADHD subjects who were homozygous for the G allele in the GRM7 rs37952452 polymorphism had higher STAIC-T (t = 5.52, p < 0.001) and STAIC-S (t = 2.74, p = 0.007) scores than did those with the GA or AA genotype. Conclusions These results provide preliminary evidence of an association between the GRM7 rs37952452 polymorphism and selective attention deficit and anxiety found within the Korean ADHD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Park
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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18
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The association of child mental health conditions and parent mental health status among U.S. Children, 2007. Matern Child Health J 2012; 16:1266-75. [PMID: 21948199 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-011-0888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the association of child mental health conditions and parent mental health status. This study used data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health on 80,982 children ages 2-17. The presence of a child mental health condition was defined as a parent-reported diagnosis of at least one of seven child mental health conditions. Parent mental health was assessed via a 5-point scale. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of child mental health conditions and parent mental health status, while examining socioeconomic, parent, family, and community factors as potential effect modifiers and confounders of the association. 11.1% of children had a mental health condition (95% CI = 10.5-11.6). The prevalence of child mental health conditions increased as parent mental health status worsened. Race/ethnicity was the only significant effect modifier of the child-parent mental health association. After adjustment for confounders, the stratum-specific adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of child mental health conditions related to a one-level decline in parent mental health were: 1.44 (1.35-1.55) for non-Hispanic whites, 1.24 (1.06-1.46) for non-Hispanic blacks, 1.04 (0.81-1.32) for Hispanics from non-immigrant families, 1.21 (0.96-1.93) for Hispanics from immigrant families, and 1.43 (1.21-1.70) for non-Hispanic other race children. The effect of parent mental health status on child mental health conditions was significant only among non-Hispanic children. Parent-focused interventions to prevent or improve child mental health conditions may be best targeted to the sub-populations for whom parent and child mental health are most strongly associated.
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Lewis BA, Short EJ, Iyengar SK, Taylor HG, Freebairn L, Tag J, Avrich AA, Stein CM. Speech-Sound Disorders and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms. TOPICS IN LANGUAGE DISORDERS 2012; 32:247-263. [PMID: 24363479 PMCID: PMC3868495 DOI: 10.1097/tld.0b013e318261f086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the association of speech-sound disorders (SSD) with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by the severity of the SSD and the mode of transmission of SSD within the pedigrees of children with SSD. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS The participants were 412 children who were enrolled in a longitudinal family study of SSD. Children were grouped on the basis of the severity of their SSD as determined by their scores on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation and history of an SSD. Five severity groups were compared: no SSD, resolved SSD, mild SSD, mild-moderate SSD, and moderate-severe SSD. Participants were also coded for comorbid language impairment (LI), based on scores on a standardized language test. Pedigrees of children were considered to represent bilineal inheritance of disorders if there was a history for SSD on both the maternal and paternal sides of the family. Parents completed the ADHD rating scale and a developmental questionnaire for each of their children. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Children with moderate-severe SSD had higher ratings on the inattention and hyperactive/impulsivity scales than children with no SSD. Children whose family pedigrees demonstrated bilineal inheritance had higher ratings of inattention than children without bilineal inheritance. To determine the best predictors of ADHD ratings, multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. LI was more predictive of ADHD symptoms than SSD severity, bilineal inheritance of SSD, age, or gender. Findings support that LI rather than SSD is associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Lewis
- Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth J Short
- Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - H Gerry Taylor
- Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lisa Freebairn
- Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jessica Tag
- Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Allison A Avrich
- Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Catherine M Stein
- Departments of Psychological Sciences (Drs Lewis and Short and Mss Freebairn and Tag), Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Iyengar and Stein and Ms Avrich), and Pediatrics (Dr Taylor), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Regional brain perfusion before and after treatment with methylphenidate may be associated with the G1287A polymorphism of the norepinephrine transporter gene in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Lett 2012; 514:159-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gejman PV, Sanders AR, Kendler KS. Genetics of Schizophrenia: New Findings and Challenges. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2011; 12:121-44. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-082410-101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V. Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, and University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois 60201;
| | - Alan R. Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, and University of Chicago, Evanston, Illinois 60201;
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics and Departments of Psychiatry and Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298;
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Kantojärvi K, Kotala I, Rehnström K, Ylisaukko-Oja T, Vanhala R, von Wendt TN, von Wendt L, Järvelä I. Fine mapping of Xq11.1-q21.33 and mutation screening of RPS6KA6, ZNF711, ACSL4, DLG3, and IL1RAPL2 for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism Res 2011; 4:228-33. [PMID: 21384559 DOI: 10.1002/aur.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
About 80% of cases with autism express intellectual disability. Both in autism and in mental retardation without autism the majority of the cases are males, suggesting a X-chromosomal effect. In fact, some molecular evidence has been obtained for a common genetic background for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). In several genome-wide scans (GWS), evidence for linkage at X-chromosome has been reported including the GWS of Finnish ASD families with the highest multipoint lod score (MLS) of 2.75 obtained close to DXS7132 at Xq11.1. To further dissect the relationship between autism and genes implicated in XLMR, we have fine-mapped Xq11.1-q21.33 and analyzed five candidate genes in the region. We refined the region using 26 microsatellite markers and linkage analysis in 99 Finnish families with ASD. The most significant evidence for linkage was observed at DXS1225 on Xq21.1 with a nonparametric multipoint NPL(all) value of 3.43 (P = 0.0004). We sequenced the coding regions and splice sites of RPS6KA6 and ZNF711 residing at the peak region in 42 male patients from families contributing to the linkage. We also analyzed ACSL4 and DLG3, which have previously been known to cause XLMR and IL1RAPL2, a homologous gene for IL1RAPL1 that is mutated in autism and XLMR. A total of six novel and 11 known single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. Further studies are warranted to analyze the candidate genes at Xq11.1-q21.33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Kantojärvi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Russell VA. Overview of animal models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 9:Unit9.35. [PMID: 21207367 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0935s54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous, highly heritable, behavioral disorder that affects ∼5% to 10% of children worldwide. Although animal models cannot truly reflect human psychiatric disorders, they can provide insight into the disorder that cannot be obtained from human studies because of the limitations of available techniques. Genetic models include the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), the Naples High Excitability (NHE) rat, poor performers in the 5-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task, the dopamine transporter (DAT) knock-out mouse, the SNAP-25 deficient mutant coloboma mouse, mice expressing a human mutant thyroid hormone receptor, a nicotinic receptor knock-out mouse, and a tachykinin-1 (NK1) receptor knock-out mouse. Chemically induced models of ADHD include prenatal or early postnatal exposure to ethanol, nicotine, polychlorinated biphenyls, or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Environmentally induced models have also been suggested; these include neonatal anoxia and rat pups reared in social isolation. The major insight provided by animal models was the consistency of findings regarding the involvement of dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and sometimes also serotonergic systems, as well as more fundamental defects in neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne Ann Russell
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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Zhang H, Zhu S, Zhu Y, Chen J, Zhang G, Chang H. An association study between SNAP-25 gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011; 15:48-52. [PMID: 20599404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral disorder in childhood. Genetic associations have been reported between ADHD and polymorphic variants within or near dopamine pathway genes. Synaptosomal-associated protein, 25 kDa (SNAP-25), a presynaptic plasma membrane protein with an integral role in synaptic transmission, has shown association with ADHD in several datasets. We characterized two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs362549, rs363006) and one microsatellite [5'-UTR (TAAA)(n)] of SNAP-25. The association of these variants with ADHD was assessed in 102 trios collected from 90 male and 12 female probands. Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis showed that none of the polymorphic alleles were preferentially transmitted to the probands. Quantitative analysis was also conducted to assess the relationship between these marker alleles and the severity of ADHD symptoms. Analysis of the DSM-IV subtypes indicated that a significant association was identified between SNP rs362549 and ADHD subtypes (P = 0.0047). This is the first report of an association between SNAP-25 and ADHD in Chinese subjects of Han descent. We still support the premise that SNAP-25 is a genetic susceptibility factor for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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Kim BN, Kim JW, Kang H, Cho SC, Shin MS, Yoo HJ, Hong SB, Lee DS. Regional differences in cerebral perfusion associated with the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor genotypes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2010; 35:330-6. [PMID: 20731965 PMCID: PMC2928286 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.090168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurobiologic studies have suggested that dysregulation of central noradrenergic systems may be involved in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and it has been hypothesized that genetic changes in the norepinephrine pathways might contribute to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex circuits in ADHD. We previously reported decreased cerebral blood flow in the right lateral prefrontal cortex and both orbitofrontal cortices in children with ADHD. Genetic investigations have shown that the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) is associated with ADHD. Our aim was to examine whether the presence of a risk allele of the ADRA2A MspI polymorphism is associated with differences in regional cerebral blood flow in boys with ADHD. METHODS We recruited 21 Korean boys with ADHD (mean age 9.9, standard deviation [SD] 2.7 yr) and 11 age- and sex-matched controls (mean age 10.6 [SD 2.1] yr). Each participant underwent technetium-99m-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime ((99m)Tc-HMPAO) single-photon emission computed tomography. We performed image analyses with voxe-wise t statistics using SPM2. RESULTS We found regional hypoperfusion in the prefrontal regions, including the right orbitofrontal and right medial gyri, and the bilateral putamen and cerebellum in boys with ADHD relative to controls (p < 0.0005, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). Boys with ADHD who carried the C allele (n = 13) at the ADRA2A MspI polymorphism had reduced perfusion in the bilateral orbitofrontal regions compared with those without the C allele (n = 8) (p < 0.0005, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). LIMITATIONS This study was limited by the small sample size, and we did not obtain genetic data from the controls. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that regional differences in cerebral perfusion in the orbitofrontal cortex represent an intermediate neuroimaging phenotype associated with the ADRA2A MspI polymorphism; these data support the validity of the noradrenergic hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Correspondence to: Dr. J.-W. Kim, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-No, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea;
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Cho SC, Kim HW, Kim BN, Kim JW, Shin MS, Cho DY, Chung S, Jung SW, Yoo HJ, Chung IW, Chung US, Son JW. Neurotrophin-3 gene, intelligence, and selective attention deficit in a Korean sample with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:1065-9. [PMID: 20576502 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component. Neurotrophin-3 (NTF3), which participates in the differentiation and survival of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons, has been identified as a factor in the development of ADHD. We investigated the relationships between ADHD and NTF3 gene polymorphism. METHODS We conducted a case-control analysis of 202 ADHD subjects and 159 controls, performed a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) on 151 trios, and compared the intelligence quotient (IQ) and a continuous performance test (CPT) according to the genotype of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs6332 and rs6489630) in the NTF3 gene. RESULTS In the case-control and family-based analyses, NTF3 was not significantly associated with ADHD. However, in the ADHD probands, the subjects with AA genotype in the rs6332 SNP had significantly higher mean T-scores for commission errors on the CPT than did those with the AG genotypes (p=0.045). The mean IQ of the ADHD probands who had the CC genotype of the rs6489630 SNP were higher compared with those who had the CT or TT genotype (p=0.035). The mean T-score for response time on the CPT was higher in the subjects with TT genotype in the rs6489630 SNP compared to those with the CC or CT genotype, even after adjusting for the effect of IQ (p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary evidence of an association between NTF3 and the intelligence and selective attention deficit in the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Churl Cho
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hale TS, Smalley SL, Dang J, Hanada G, Macion J, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Loo SK. ADHD familial loading and abnormal EEG alpha asymmetry in children with ADHD. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:605-15. [PMID: 20006344 PMCID: PMC2878884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Abnormal brain laterality (ABL) is indicated in ADHD. ADHD and brain laterality are heritable. Genetic factors contributing to lateralization of brain function may contribute to ADHD. If so, increased ADHD family loading should be associated with greater ABL. Previous studies have shown increased rightward alpha asymmetry in ADHD. We tested whether this was more pronounced in ADHD children with increased ADHD family loading. METHODS We compared EEG alpha asymmetry at rest and during the Conner's Continuous Performance Test (CPT) in ADHD children with and without ADHD affected parents, and replicated our findings in a second larger sample. The replication study additionally stratified the parent-affected sample by parental persistent versus non-persistent ADHD status, increased spatial resolution of EEG measures, and assessed low versus high-alpha. RESULTS Study-1: the parent-affected group showed increased rightward asymmetry across frontal and central regions and reduced rightward parietal asymmetry during an eyes closed (EC) condition, as well as increasing rightward parietal asymmetry with advancing age during the CPT. Study-2 replicated these findings and further delineated influences of low versus high-alpha, recording site, and effects of parental persistent versus non-persistent ADHD status. CONCLUSION Increased ADHD familial loading was associated with increased rightward frontal asymmetry. In contrast, increased rightward parietal asymmetry was associated with reduced ADHD family loading. Frontal results are consistent with an ADHD endophenotype. Parietal results suggest an ADHD adaptive trait prevalent with less ADHD family loading. Age effects indicate a unique developmental course among ADHD children whose parents have non-persistent ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sigi Hale
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics at the UCLA Semel Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room 47-448, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Farias AC, Cunha A, Benko CR, McCracken JT, Costa MT, Farias LG, Cordeiro ML. Manganese in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: relationship with methylphenidate exposure. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010; 20:113-8. [PMID: 20415606 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2009.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder that affects children worldwide. The etiology of ADHD is complex and not fully understood. Earlier studies associated elevated levels of manganese (Mn) with learning problems, attention deficits, and ADHD. Furthermore, it has also been shown that the dopamine (DA) system, the primary site of action of pharmacological ADHD treatments, is influenced by high levels of Mn. Recent studies have suggested that Mn accumulates in dopaminergic neurons via the presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT). A role for altered functioning of the dopaminergic system in the etiology of ADHD has been well established through neurochemical, neurophysiological, imaging, and genetics studies. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a psychostimulant commonly used to manage ADHD symptoms. The pharmacotherapeutic effect of MPH occurs primarily through its action of inhibiting DAT, and thus increasing dopamine, as well as other catecholamines, at the synapse. We assessed a group of children with ADHD and matched control children without psychopathology attending public schools in a southern Brazilian city and reported elevated serum concentrations of Mn in treatment-naïve children with ADHD compared to normal controls. Interestingly, children with ADHD receiving concurrent MPH showed no difference in Mn serum levels versus controls. We then prospectively assessed the impact of naturalistic treatment with MPH and determined that Mn concentrations were significantly reduced from baseline values following MPH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Farias
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Av. Silva Jardim 1632, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Combi R, Redaelli S, Beghi M, Clerici M, Cornaggia C, Dalprà L. Clinical and genetic evaluation of a family showing both autism and epilepsy. Brain Res Bull 2010; 82:25-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex genetic disorder manifesting combined environmental and genetic causation. Recently, genome-wide association experiments yielded remarkable new experimental evidence that is leading to a better understanding of the genetic models and the biological risk factors involved in schizophrenia. These studies have discovered uncommon copy number variations (mainly deletions) and common single nucleotide polymorphisms with alleles associated with schizophrenia. The aggregate data provide support for polygenic inheritance and for genetic overlap of schizophrenia with autism and with bipolar disorder. It is anticipated that the application of a myriad of tools from systems biology, in combination with biological functional experiments, will lead to a delineation of biological pathways involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and eventually to new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; and Research Institute, Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Vegt R, Bertoli-Avella AM, Tulen JHM, de Graaf B, Verkerk AJMH, Vervoort J, Twigt CM, Maat-Kievit A, van Tuijl R, van der Lijn M, Hengeveld MW, Oostra BA. Genome-wide linkage analysis in a Dutch multigenerational family with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 18:206-11. [PMID: 19707245 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder. Genetics has an important role in the aetiology of this disease. In this study, we describe the clinical findings in a Dutch family with eight patients suffering from ADHD, in whom five had at least one other psychiatric disorder. We performed a genome-wide (parametric and nonparametric) affected-only linkage analysis. Two genomic regions on chromosomes 7 and 14 showed an excess of allele sharing among the definitely affected members of the family with suggestive LOD scores (2.1 and 2.08). Nonparametric linkage analyses (NPL) yielded a maxNPL of 2.92 (P=0.001) for marker D7S502 and a maxNPL score of 2.56 (P=0.003) for marker D14S275. We confirmed that all patients share the same haplotype in each region of 7p15.1-q31.33 and 14q11.2-q22.3. Interestingly, both loci have been reported before in Dutch (affected sib pairs) and German (extended families) ADHD linkage studies. Hopefully, the genome-wide association studies in ADHD will help to highlight specific polymorphisms and genes within the broad areas detected by our, as well as other, linkage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinus Vegt
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Amin N, Aulchenko YS, Dekker MC, Ferdinand RF, van Spreeken A, Temmink AH, Verhulst FC, Oostra BA, van Duijn CM. Suggestive linkage of ADHD to chromosome 18q22 in a young genetically isolated Dutch population. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:958-66. [PMID: 19156173 PMCID: PMC2986494 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable, neuropsychiatric disorder among children. Linkage studies in isolated populations have proved powerful to detect variants for complex diseases, such as ADHD. We performed a genome-wide linkage scan for ADHD in nine patients from a genetically isolated population in the Netherlands, who were linked to each other within 10 generations through multiple lines of descent. The genome-wide scan was performed with a set of 400 microsatellite markers with an average spacing of +/-10-12 cM. We performed multipoint parametric linkage analyses using both recessive and dominant models. Our genome scan pointed to several chromosomal regions that may harbour ADHD susceptibility genes. None exceeded the empirical genome-wide significance threshold, but the Log of odds (LOD) scores were >1.5 for regions 6p22 (Heterogenetic log of odds (HLOD)=1.67) and 18q21-22 (HLOD=2.13) under a recessive model. We followed up these two regions in a larger sample of ADHD patients (n=21, 9 initial and 12 extra patients). The LOD scores did not increase after increasing the sample size (6p22 (HLOD=1.51), 18q21-22 (HLOD=1.83)). However, the LOD score on 6p22 increased to 2 when a separate analysis was performed for the inattentive type ADHD children. The linkage region on chromosome 18q overlaps with the findings of association of rs2311120 (P=10(-5)) and rs4149601 (P=10(-4)) in the genome-wide association analysis for ADHD performed by the Genetic Association Information Network consortium. Furthermore, there was an excess of regions harbouring serotonin receptors (HTR1B, HTR1E, HTR4, HTR1D, and HTR6) that showed a LOD score >1 in our genome-wide scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri S Aulchenko
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke C Dekker
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alwin van Spreeken
- Department of Neurology, Sint Franciscus Hospital, Roosendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons H Temmink
- Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Howells FM, Bindewald L, Russell VA. Cross-fostering does not alter the neurochemistry or behavior of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Behav Brain Funct 2009; 5:24. [PMID: 19549323 PMCID: PMC2711096 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable developmental disorder resulting from complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. The most widely used animal model, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), displays the major symptoms of ADHD (deficits in attention, impulsivity and hyperactivity) and has a disturbance in the noradrenergic system when compared to control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The aim of the present study was to determine whether the ADHD-like characteristics of SHR were purely genetically determined or dependent on the gene-environment interaction provided by the SHR dam. Methods SHR/NCrl (Charles River, USA), WKY/NCrl (Charles River, USA) and Sprague Dawley rats (SD/Hsd, Harlan, UK) were bred at the University of Cape Town. Rat pups were cross-fostered on postnatal day 2 (PND 2). Control rats remained with their birth mothers to serve as a reference for their particular strain phenotype. Behavior in the open-field and the elevated-plus maze was assessed between PND 29 and 33. Two days later, rats were decapitated and glutamate-stimulated release of [3H]norepinephrine was determined in prefrontal cortex and hippocampal slices. Results There was no significant effect of "strain of dam" but there was a significant effect of "pup strain" on all parameters investigated. SHR pups travelled a greater distance in the open field, spent a longer period of time in the inner zone and entered the inner zone of the open-field more frequently than SD or WKY. SD were more active than WKY in the open-field. WKY took longer to enter the inner zone than SHR or SD. In the elevated-plus maze, SHR spent less time in the closed arms, more time in the open arms and entered the open arms more frequently than SD or WKY. There was no difference between WKY and SD behavior in the elevated-plus maze. SHR released significantly more [3H]norepinephrine in response to glutamate than SD or WKY in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex while SD prefrontal cortex released more [3H]norepinephrine than WKY. SHR were resilient, cross-fostering did not reduce their ADHD-like behavior or change their neurochemistry. Cross-fostering of SD pups onto SHR or WKY dams increased their exploratory behavior without altering their anxiety-like behavior. Conclusion The ADHD-like behavior of SHR and their neurochemistry is genetically determined and not dependent on nurturing by SHR dams. The similarity between WKY and SD supports the continued use of WKY as a control for SHR and suggests that SD may be a useful additional reference strain for SHR. The fact that SD behaved similarly to WKY in the elevated-plus maze argues against the use of WKY as a model for anxiety-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur M Howells
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Division of Physiology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa.
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Cuscó I, Medrano A, Gener B, Vilardell M, Gallastegui F, Villa O, González E, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Vilella E, Del Campo M, Pérez-Jurado LA. Autism-specific copy number variants further implicate the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway and the glutamatergic synapse in the etiology of the disorder. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:1795-804. [PMID: 19246517 PMCID: PMC2671988 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) constitute a group of severe neurodevelopmental conditions with complex multifactorial etiology. In order to explore the hypothesis that submicroscopic genomic rearrangements underlie some ASD cases, we have analyzed 96 Spanish patients with idiopathic ASD after extensive clinical and laboratory screening, by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) using a homemade bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) array. Only 13 of the 238 detected copy number alterations, ranging in size from 89 kb to 2.4 Mb, were present specifically in the autistic population (12 out of 96 individuals, 12.5%). Following validation by additional molecular techniques, we have characterized these novel candidate regions containing 24 different genes including alterations in two previously reported regions of chromosome 7 associated with the ASD phenotype. Some of the genes located in ASD-specific copy number variants act in common pathways, most notably the phosphatidylinositol signaling and the glutamatergic synapse, both known to be affected in several genetic syndromes related with autism and previously associated with ASD. Our work supports the idea that the functional alteration of genes in related neuronal networks is involved in the etiology of the ASD phenotype and confirms a significant diagnostic yield for aCGH, which should probably be included in the diagnostic workup of idiopathic ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivon Cuscó
- Unitat de Genètica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Andrés Medrano
- Unitat de Genètica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Blanca Gener
- Unitat de Genètica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Unidad de Genética Clínica, Hospital de Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mireia Vilardell
- Unitat de Genètica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Fátima Gallastegui
- Unitat de Genètica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Olaya Villa
- Unitat de Genètica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Eva González
- Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Santiago
- Unitat de Genètica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Psiquiatric Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Campo
- Unitat de Genètica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Programa de Medicina Molecular i Genètica, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona 08039, Spain
| | - Luis A. Pérez-Jurado
- Unitat de Genètica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Programa de Medicina Molecular i Genètica, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona 08039, Spain
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Aureli A, Sebastiani P, Del Beato T, Marimpietri A, Melillo V, Sechi E, Di Loreto S. Investigation on the possible relationship existing between the HLA-DR gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or mental retardation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 21:985-91. [PMID: 19144284 DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the possible relationship existing between the HLA-DR gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or mental retardation (MR). The diagnosis of ADHD and mental retardation were established through clinical interviews with the parents, children and teachers, according to the criteria in DSM-IV. HLA-DRB1 genotyping was performed both by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) and by sequence based typing (SBT) in a cohort of 81 affected children and a sample of 100 healthy controls. Here, we report a positive association of HLA-DR4 with ADHD but not with MR. The study adds confirmation to the role of the HLA-DRB1 in the etiology of some types of childhood neuropsychiatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aureli
- CNR ITOI Institute for Organ Transplantation and Immunocytology, L'Aquila, Italy
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CBCL pediatric bipolar disorder profile and ADHD: comorbidity and quantitative trait loci analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47:1151-7. [PMID: 18724256 PMCID: PMC2783759 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3181825a68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pediatric bipolar disorder profile of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL-PBD), a parent-completed measure that avoids clinician ideological bias, has proven useful in differentiating patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We used CBCL-PBD profiles to distinguish patterns of comorbidity and to search for quantitative trait loci in a genomewide scan in a sample of multiple affected ADHD sibling pairs. METHOD A total of 540 ADHD subjects ages 5 to 18 years were assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version and CBCL. Parents were assessed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version supplemented by the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children for disruptive behavioral disorders. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity were contrasted based on the CBCL-PBD profile. A quantitative trait loci variance component analysis was used to identify potential genomic regions that may harbor susceptibility genes for the CBCL-PBD quantitative phenotype. RESULTS Bipolar spectrum disorders represented less than 2% of the overall sample. The CBCL-PBD classification was associated with increased generalized anxiety disorder (p =.001), oppositional defiant disorder (p =.008), conduct disorder (p =.003), and parental substance abuse (p =.005). A moderately significant linkage signal (multipoint maximum lod score = 2.5) was found on chromosome 2q. CONCLUSIONS The CBCL-PBD profile distinguishes a subset of ADHD patients with significant comorbidity. Linkage analysis of the CBCL-PBD phenotype suggests certain genomic regions that merit further investigation for genes predisposing to severe psychopathology.
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Cho SC, Kim JW, Kim BN, Hwang JW, Park M, Kim SA, Cho DY, Yoo HJ, Chung US, Son JW, Park TW. Possible association of the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor gene with response time variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:957-63. [PMID: 18314873 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the MspI and DraI polymorphisms at the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) are associated with ADHD. However, few studies have been designed to ascertain the association between the ADRA2A genotypes and the performance on neurocognitive measures in ADHD. The aims of this study were to examine the association of the ADRA2A MspI and DraI polymorphisms with ADHD in Korean subjects, and to determine the relationship between the genotypes of these two polymorphisms and the candidate endophenotypes, as measured by the continuous performance test (CPT). In a case-control study, we assessed 186 ADHD probands and 150 normal controls. One hundred eight trios were studied in a family based association analysis. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis showed preferential transmission of the C allele of the DraI polymorphism (chi(2) = 5.88, P = 0.015). In the haplotype analyses, a trend of over-transmission of haplotype C/C was observed (chi(2) = 3.80, P = 0.051). The homozygous subjects for the C allele (C/C genotype) at the DraI polymorphism showed a trend toward a higher mean T-score with respect to the response time variability profiles of the CPT than did those with the other genotypes (C/T + T/T genotypes; P = 0.042). The homozygous subjects for the G allele (G/G genotype) at the MspI polymorphism showed a tendency to have a lower mean T-score with respect to the response time variability profiles of the CPT (P = 0.068). The results of this study provide important evidence for the involvement of the ADRA2A MspI and DraI polymorphisms in the etiology of ADHD in Korean subjects. In addition, our results provide evidence for the possible role of these two polymorphisms in ADHD symptom expression, such as increased response time variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Churl Cho
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim JW, Biederman J, McGrath CL, Doyle AE, Mick E, Fagerness J, Purcell S, Smoller JW, Sklar P, Faraone SV. Further evidence of association between two NET single-nucleotide polymorphisms with ADHD. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:624-30. [PMID: 17876324 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) gene is an attractive candidate gene for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Noradrenergic systems are critical to higher brain functions such as attention and executive function, which are defective in ADHD. The clinical efficacy of medications that target NET also supports its role in the etiology of ADHD. Here, we have applied a dense mapping strategy to capture all genetic variations within the NET gene in a large number of ADHD families (474 trios). As a result, we found association of the same alleles from two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3785143 and rs11568324) previously identified in another large-scale ADHD genetic study (International Multisite ADHD Geneproject). Furthermore, the effect sizes were consistent across both studies. This is the first time that identical alleles of NET from different studies were implicated, and thus our report provides further evidence that the NET gene is involved in the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kim
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Asherson P, Zhou K, Anney RJL, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Altink M, Arnold R, Boer F, Brookes K, Buschgens C, Butler L, Cambell D, Chen W, Christiansen H, Feldman L, Fleischman K, Fliers E, Howe-Forbes R, Goldfarb A, Heise A, Gabriëls I, Johansson L, Lubetzki I, Marco R, Medad S, Minderaa R, Mulas F, Müller U, Mulligan A, Neale B, Rijsdijk F, Rabin K, Rommelse N, Sethna V, Sorohan J, Uebel H, Psychogiou L, Weeks A, Barrett R, Xu X, Banaschewski T, Sonuga-Barke E, Eisenberg J, Manor I, Miranda A, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV. A high-density SNP linkage scan with 142 combined subtype ADHD sib pairs identifies linkage regions on chromosomes 9 and 16. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:514-21. [PMID: 18180756 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of the International Multi-centre ADHD Genetics project we completed an affected sibling pair study of 142 narrowly defined Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) proband-sibling pairs. No linkage was observed on the most established ADHD-linked genomic regions of 5p and 17p. We found suggestive linkage signals on chromosomes 9 and 16, respectively, with the highest multipoint nonparametric linkage signal on chromosome 16q23 at 99 cM (log of the odds, LOD=3.1) overlapping data published from the previous UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) (LOD>1, approximately 95 cM) and Dutch (LOD>1, approximately 100 cM) studies. The second highest peak in this study was on chromosome 9q22 at 90 cM (LOD=2.13); both the previous UCLA and German studies also found some evidence of linkage at almost the same location (UCLA LOD=1.45 at 93 cM; German LOD=0.68 at 100 cM). The overlap of these two main peaks with previous findings suggests that loci linked to ADHD may lie within these regions. Meta-analysis or reanalysis of the raw data of all the available ADHD linkage scan data may help to clarify whether these represent true linked loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Asherson
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
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Kieling C, Goncalves RRF, Tannock R, Castellanos FX. Neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008; 17:285-307, viii. [PMID: 18295147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This article addresses the current understanding of the neurobiological bases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), focusing on empiric research findings that connect genetic and environmental factors to structural and functional brain abnormalities, ultimately leading to a set of age-dependent behavioral manifestations. Section one presents evidence for genetic risk factors for ADHD and discusses the role of potential environmental factors in the etiology of the disorder. Section two focuses on brain imaging studies and how they have helped generate different hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of ADHD. Finally, the article addresses the longitudinal course of symptoms in ADHD from infancy to adulthood in an attempt to place biological findings for this complex brain disorder in the context of maturation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 - 2201A 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Rommelse NNJ, Altink ME, Oosterlaan J, Beem L, Buschgens CJM, Buitelaar J, Sergeant JA. Speed, variability, and timing of motor output in ADHD: which measures are useful for endophenotypic research? Behav Genet 2008; 38:121-32. [PMID: 18071893 PMCID: PMC2257997 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-007-9186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) shares a genetic basis with motor coordination problems and probably motor timing problems. In line with this, comparable problems in motor timing should be observed in first degree relatives and might, therefore, form a suitable endophenotypic candidate. This hypothesis was investigated in 238 ADHD-families (545 children) and 147 control-families (271 children). A motor timing task was administered, in which children had to produce a 1,000 ms interval. In addition to this task, two basic motor tasks were administered to examine speed and variability of motor output, when no timing component was required. Results indicated that variability in motor timing is a useful endophenotypic candidate: It was clearly associated with ADHD, it was also present in non-affected siblings, and it correlated within families. Accuracy (under- versus over-production) in motor timing appeared less useful: Even though accuracy was associated with ADHD (probands and affected siblings had a tendency to under-produce the 1,000 ms interval compared to controls), non-affected siblings did not differ from controls and sibling correlations were only marginally significant. Slow and variable motor output without timing component also appears present in ADHD, but not in non-affected siblings, suggesting these deficits not to be related to a familial vulnerability for ADHD. Deficits in motor timing could not be explained by deficits already present in basic motor output without a timing component. This suggests abnormalities in motor timing were predominantly related to deficient motor timing processes and not to general deficient motor functioning. The finding that deficits in motor timing run in ADHD-families suggests this to be a fruitful domain for further exploration in relation to the genetic underpinnings of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda N J Rommelse
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a neurobiological syndrome with an estimated prevalence among children and adolescents of 5%. It is a highly heritable disorder, but acquired factors in etiology are sometimes uncovered that may be amenable to preventive measures or specific therapy. Early reports have described symptoms similar to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder that followed brain trauma or viral encephalitis, and recent MRI studies have demonstrated brain volumetric changes that may be involved in the pathophysiology of the syndrome. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic Statistical Manual, introduced in 1968, emphasizes symptomatic criteria in diagnosis. Here, an overview of environmental factors in the etiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is presented to encourage more emphasis and research on organic causal factors, preventive intervention, and specific therapies. An organic theory and the genetic and biochemical basis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are briefly reviewed, and an etiologic classification is suggested. Environmental factors are prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal in origin. Pregnancy- and birth-related risk factors include maternal smoking and alcohol ingestion, prematurity, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and thyroid deficiency. Childhood illnesses associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder include virus infections, meningitis, encephalitis, head injury, epilepsy, toxins, and drugs. More controversial factors discussed are diet-related sensitivities and iron deficiency. Early prenatal recognition, prevention, and treatment of environmental etiologies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may reduce physician reliance on symptomatic modification with medication, a frequent reason for parental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gordon Millichap
- FRCP, Division of Neurology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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Kim JW, Biederman J, Arbeitman L, Fagerness J, Doyle AE, Petty C, Perlis RH, Purcell S, Smoller JW, Faraone SV, Sklar P. Investigation of variation in SNAP-25 and ADHD and relationship to co-morbid major depressive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:781-90. [PMID: 17455213 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), a protein involved in presynaptic neurotransmitter release, is a candidate gene for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous investigators have reported association initially with two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3746544, rs1051312) and their associated haplotypes. Subsequently, additional SNPs across the region were also reported to be associated with ADHD. We attempted to replicate these observations in a sample of 229 families with ADHD offspring by genotyping 61 SNPs spanning the region containing SNAP-25. A single SNP (rs3787283) which is in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs3746544 and rs1051312 (D' = 0.89-0.94) resulted in a nominally significant association (P = 0.002). When we pooled our data with those from prior studies, results were modestly significant for rs3746544 (P = 0.048) and rs6077690 (P = 0.031). As an attempt to determine if specific ADHD-related phenotypes may be more relevant to SNAP-25 than the categorical diagnosis, we carried out exploratory subgroup analysis in our ADHD sample according to co-morbid status. We found the strongest association result in the ADHD patients with co-morbid major depressive disorder (MDD). Six SNPs were nominally associated with the ADHD and co-morbid MDD cases (P = 0.012-0.045). Furthermore, a haplotype block located 11 kb 3' of the gene showed positive evidence for association with this phenotype (global P = 0.013). In conclusion, we report some evidence supporting the association of previously implicated SNPs (rs3746544, rs1051312) of SNAP-25 to ADHD. We further suggest that co-morbidity with MDD may enhance detection of the association between SNAP-25 and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kim
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Das M, Mukhopadhyay K. DAT1 3'-UTR 9R allele: preferential transmission in Indian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007; 144B:826-9. [PMID: 17440935 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the dopaminergic system are frequently observed in association with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a 40 bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) has been investigated in different populations. Both significant association and lack of association with the10 repeat allele (10R) of DAT1 VNTR have been reported. Objective of the present investigation was to examine association of this polymorphism with ADHD in Indian children. Genotypic data obtained from ADHD probands (n = 79), their parents (n = 148) and control individuals (n = 153) were analyzed for haplotype-based haplotype relative risk analysis (HHRR), transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), and family-based association test (FBAT). HHRR analysis revealed significant (P = 0.009) transmission of shorter alleles (< or =9R). TDT analysis of informative ADHD families (n = 32) also exhibited highly significant transmission of the shorter alleles (P = 0.002). Further analysis by FBAT showed preferential transmission (P = 0.019) of the 9R allele from parents to ADHD probands. It can be inferred from the data obtained that the DAT1 3'-UTR 9R allele may confer risk of ADHD in the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Das
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, India
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Huang YS, Chao CC, Wu YY, Chen YY, Chen CK. Acute effects of methylphenidate on performance during the Test of Variables of Attention in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 61:219-25. [PMID: 17472588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to determine the acute effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on cognitive performance using the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study subjects comprised 57 children diagnosed with ADHD aged 6-13 years. Diagnoses of ADHD and other comorbid psychiatric disorders were based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fourth edition criteria following a standard interview with the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, epidemiologic version. The subjects' performance on the TOVA was compared before and 1 h after administration of MPH. After administration of MPH, commission scores, response time and ADHD scores improved significantly, however, there were no significant changes in omission scores, response time variability or response sensitivity. The authors concluded that administration of one dose of MPH (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) produced more effects on impulsivity than on attention deficiency in children with ADHD, and that the second half section of the TOVA could be more sensitive than the first half in determining the acute effects of MPH therapy in children with ADHD. However, the effects of different MPH doses on the TOVA results need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shu Huang
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Castermans D, Vermeesch JR, Fryns JP, Steyaert JG, Van de Ven WJM, Creemers JWM, Devriendt K. Identification and characterization of the TRIP8 and REEP3 genes on chromosome 10q21.3 as novel candidate genes for autism. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:422-31. [PMID: 17290275 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown cause and pathogenesis. The identification of genes involved in autism is expected to increase our understanding of its pathogenesis. Infrequently, neurodevelopmental disorders like autism are associated with chromosomal anomalies. To identify candidate genes for autism, we initiated a positional cloning strategy starting from individuals with idiopathic autism carrying a de novo chromosomal anomaly. We report on the clinical, cytogenetic and molecular findings in a male person with autism, no physical abnormalities and normal IQ, carrying a de novo balanced paracentric inversion 46,XY,inv(10)(q11.1;q21.3). The distal breakpoint disrupts the TRIP8 gene, which codes for a protein predicted to be a transcriptional regulator associated with nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. However, no link between thyroid gland and autism has been reported so far. In addition, the same breakpoint abolishes expression of a nearby gene, REEP3, through a position effect. Receptor Expression-Enhancing Proteins (REEP) 3 is one of the six human homologs of yeast Yop1p, a probable regulator of cellular vesicle trafficking between the endoplasmatic reticulum and the Golgi network. These observations suggest that TRIP8 and REEP3 are both positional candidate genes for autism. In addition, our data indicate that in the selection of positional candidate genes when studying chromosomal aberrations, position effects should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Castermans
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Klauck SM, Felder B, Kolb-Kokocinski A, Schuster C, Chiocchetti A, Schupp I, Wellenreuther R, Schmötzer G, Poustka F, Breitenbach-Koller L, Poustka A. Mutations in the ribosomal protein gene RPL10 suggest a novel modulating disease mechanism for autism. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:1073-84. [PMID: 16940977 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autism has a strong genetic background with a higher frequency of affected males suggesting involvement of X-linked genes and possibly also other factors causing the unbalanced sex ratio in the etiology of the disorder. We have identified two missense mutations in the ribosomal protein gene RPL10 located in Xq28 in two independent families with autism. We have obtained evidence that the amino-acid substitutions L206M and H213Q at the C-terminal end of RPL10 confer hypomorphism with respect to the regulation of the translation process while keeping the basic translation functions intact. This suggests the contribution of a novel, possibly modulating aberrant cellular function operative in autism. Previously, we detected high expression of RPL10 by RNA in situ hybridization in mouse hippocampus, a constituent of the brain limbic system known to be afflicted in autism. Based on these findings, we present a model for autistic disorder where a change in translational function is suggested to impact on those cognitive functions that are mediated through the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Klauck
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Hartman CA, Luteijn E, Serra M, Minderaa R. Refinement of the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ): an instrument that describes the diverse problems seen in milder forms of PDD. J Autism Dev Disord 2006; 36:325-42. [PMID: 16617405 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to refine the Children's Social Behavior Questionnaire (CSBQ), to reduce its length, and to verify its psychometric properties. The CSBQ is a questionnaire for parents or caregivers of children with PDD. The items describe a broad range of features that are typical of PDD, particularly in its milder forms. Based on conceptual judgment and factor analyses, the number of items was reduced from 96 to 49. Six subscales were constructed to allow a differentiated description of PDD problems. Estimates for internal, test-retest, and inter-rater reliability, and for convergent and divergent validity were good. Different clinical and control groups showed the hypothesized patterns in nature and degree of their problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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50
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Das M, Bhowmik AD, Sinha S, Chattopadhyay A, Chaudhuri K, Singh M, Mukhopadhyay K. MAOA promoter polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in indian children. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:637-42. [PMID: 16856146 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly disabling, early onset childhood neurobehavioral disorder with a higher occurrence in boys as compared to girls. Pharmacological and molecular genetic studies have revealed the influence of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in the etiology of the disorder. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is a mitochondrial enzyme that regulates the dopaminergic signals in the pre-synaptic region. Polymorphism in the promoter region of the MAOA gene, which comprises of 30 bp repeats with repeat number varying between 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5, has been shown to be associated with various neurobehavioral disorders including ADHD. This is the first study on Indian ADHD cases to validate an association between transmission of MAOA promoter polymorphism and risk of ADHD. We have analyzed the MAOA promoter polymorphism in a group of ADHD probands, their parents and ethnically matched controls by UNPHASED. Our findings indicate significant difference in the frequency of 3.5 repeat allele (P = 0.02) between cases and controls and preferential transmission of the short allele (3.5 repeat) from mothers to male ADHD probands (P = 0.005). We conclude that the short 3.5 repeat allele of the MAOA-u VNTR is probably associated with ADHD in our population and could be the reason for making boys prone to ADHD as compared to girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Das
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, India
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