1
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Reed J, New L, Corkeron P, Harcourt R. Disentangling the influence of entanglement on recruitment in North Atlantic right whales. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240314. [PMID: 38471549 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
North Atlantic right whales are Critically Endangered and declining, with entanglements in fishing gear a key contributor to their decline. Entanglement events can result in lethal and sub-lethal (i.e. increased energetic demands and reduced foraging ability) impacts, with the latter influencing critical life-history states, such as reproduction. Using a multi-event framework, we developed a Bayesian mark-recapture model to investigate the influence of entanglement severity on survival and recruitment for female right whales. We used information from 199 known-aged females sighted between 1977 and 2018, combined with known entanglements of varying severity that were classified as minor, moderate or severe. Severe entanglements resulted in an average decline in survival of 27% for experienced non-breeders, 9% for breeders and 26% for pre-breeding females compared with other entanglements and unentangled individuals. Surviving individuals with severe entanglements had low transitional probabilities to breeders, but surprisingly, individuals with minor entanglements had the lowest transitional probabilities, contrary to expectations underpinning current management actions. Management actions are needed to address the lethal and sub-lethal impacts of entanglements, regardless of severity classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Reed
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Leslie New
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Peter Corkeron
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Robert Harcourt
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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2
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Adamski P. Catch Effectiveness Revealed by Site-Related Differences in Capture-Mark-Recapture Methods: A Butterfly Metapopulation Study. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:1234-1240. [PMID: 36254469 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding metapopulation structures is very important in the context of ecological studies and conservation. Crucial in this respect are the abundances of both the whole metapopulation and its constituent subpopulations. In recent decades, capture-mark-recapture studies have been considered the most reliable means of calculating such abundances. In butterfly studies, individual insects are usually caught with an entomological net. But the effectiveness of this method can vary for a number of reasons: differences between fieldworkers, in time, between sites etc. This article analyses catch effectiveness data with respect to two subpopulations of the Apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo) metapopulation in the Pieniny National Park (Polish Carpathians). The results show that this parameter varied significantly between sites, probably because of differences in microrelief and plant cover. In addition, a method is proposed that will include information on catch effectiveness for estimating the sizes of particular subpopulations and will help to elucidate the structure of the entire metapopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Adamski
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, al Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
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3
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Xia C, Møller AP. An explanation for negligible senescence in animals. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8970. [PMID: 35784090 PMCID: PMC9170523 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Negligible or negative senescence occurs when mortality risk is stable or decreases with age, and has been observed in some wild animals. Age‐independent mortality in animals may lead to an abnormally long maximum individual lifespans and be incompatible with evolutionary theories of senescence. The reason why there is no evidence of senescence in these animals has not been fully understood. Recovery rates are usually very low for wild animals with high dispersal ability and/or small body size (e.g., bats, rodents, and most birds). The only information concerning senescence for most of these species is the reported lifespan when individuals are last seen or caught. We deduced the probability density function of the reported lifespan based on the assumption that the real lifespan corresponding to Weibull or Gompertz distribution. We show that the magnitude of the increase in mortality risk is largely underestimated based on the reported lifespans with low recovery probability. The risk of mortality can aberrantly appear to have a negative correlation with age when it actually increases with increasing lifespan. We demonstrated that the underestimated aging rate for wild animals with low recovery probability can be generalizable to any aging models. Our work provides an explanation for the appearance of negligible senescence in many wild animals. Humans attempt to obtain insights from other creatures to better understand our own biology and its gain insight into how to enhance and extended human health. Our advice is to take a second glance before admiring the negligible senescence in other animals. This ability to escape from senescence is possibly only as beautiful illusion in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canwei Xia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China
| | - Anders Pape Møller
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing China
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐Saclay Orsay Cedex France
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4
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Tourani M. A review of spatial capture-recapture: Ecological insights, limitations, and prospects. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8468. [PMID: 35127014 PMCID: PMC8794757 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
First described by Efford (2004), spatial capture-recapture (SCR) has become a popular tool in ecology. Like traditional capture-recapture, SCR methods account for imperfect detection when estimating ecological parameters. In addition, SCR methods use the information inherent in the spatial configuration of individual detections, thereby allowing spatially explicit estimation of population parameters, such as abundance, survival, and recruitment. Paired with advances in noninvasive survey methods, SCR has been applied to a wide range of species across different habitats, allowing for population- and landscape-level inferences with direct consequences for conservation and management. I conduct a literature review of SCR studies published since the first description of the method and provide an overview of their scope in terms of the ecological questions answered with this tool, taxonomic groups targeted, geography, spatio-temporal extent of analyses, and data collection methods. In addition, I review approaches for analytical implementation and provide an overview of parameters targeted by SCR studies and conclude with current limitations and future directions in SCR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Tourani
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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5
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Reid JM, Bignal E, Bignal S, McCracken DI, Fenn SR, Trask AE, Monaghan P. Integrating advances in population and evolutionary ecology with conservation strategy through long-term studies of red-billed choughs. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:20-34. [PMID: 34679183 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conceptual and methodological advances in population and evolutionary ecology are often pursued with the ambition that they will help identify demographic, ecological and genetic constraints on population growth rate (λ), and ultimately facilitate evidence-based conservation. However, such advances are often decoupled from conservation practice, impeding translation of scientific understanding into effective conservation and of conservation-motivated research into wider conceptual understanding. We summarise key outcomes from long-term studies of a red-billed chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax population of conservation concern, where we proactively aimed to achieve the dual and interacting objectives of advancing population and evolutionary ecology and advancing effective conservation. Estimation of means, variances and covariances in key vital rates from individual-based demographic data identified temporal and spatial variation in subadult survival as key constraints on λ, and simultaneously provided new insights into how vital rates can vary as functions of demographic structure, natal conditions and parental life history. Targeted analyses showed that first-year survival increased with prey abundance, implying that food limitation may constrain λ. First-year survival then decreased dramatically, threatening population viability and prompting emergency supplementary feeding interventions. Detailed evaluations suggested that the interventions successfully increased first-year survival in some years and additionally increased adult survival and successful reproduction, thereby feeding back to inform intervention refinements and understanding of complex ecological constraints on λ. Genetic analyses revealed novel evidence of expression of a lethal recessive allele, and demonstrated how critically small effective population size can arise, thereby increasing inbreeding and loss of genetic variation. Population viability analyses parameterised with all available demographic and genetic data showed how ecological and genetic constraints can interact to limit population viability, and identified ecological management as of primacy over genetic management to ensure short-term persistence of the focal population. This case study demonstrates a full iteration through the sequence of primary science, evidence-based intervention, quantitative evaluation and feedback that is advocated in conservation science but still infrequently achieved. It thereby illustrates how pure science advances informed conservation actions to ensure the (short-term) stability of the target population, and how conservation-motivated analyses fed back to advance fundamental understanding of population processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eric Bignal
- Scottish Chough Study Group, Kindrochaid, Bridgend, Isle of Islay, Argyll, UK
| | - Sue Bignal
- Scottish Chough Study Group, Kindrochaid, Bridgend, Isle of Islay, Argyll, UK
| | - Davy I McCracken
- Department of Integrated Land Management, Scotland's Rural College, Ayr, UK
| | - Sarah R Fenn
- School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Amanda E Trask
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Pat Monaghan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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6
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Pigeon G, Albon S, Loe LE, Bischof R, Bonenfant C, Forchhammer M, Irvine RJ, Ropstad E, Veiberg V, Stien A. Context-dependent fitness costs of reproduction despite stable body mass costs in an Arctic herbivore. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:61-73. [PMID: 34543441 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cost of reproduction on demographic rates is often assumed to operate through changing body condition. Several studies have found that reproduction depresses body mass more if the current conditions are severe, such as high population densities or adverse weather, than under benign environmental conditions. However, few studies have investigated the association between the fitness components and body mass costs of reproduction. Using 25 years of individual-based capture-recapture data from Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus, we built a novel Bayesian state-space model that jointly estimated interannual change in mass, annual reproductive success and survival, while accounting for incomplete observations. The model allowed us to partition the differential effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on both non-reproductive mass change and the body mass cost of reproduction, and to quantify their consequences on demographic rates. Contrary to our expectation, the body mass cost of reproduction (mean = -5.8 kg) varied little between years (CV = 0.08), whereas the between-year variation in body mass changes, that were independent of the previous year's reproductive state, varied substantially (CV = 0.4) in relation to autumn temperature and the amount of rain-on-snow in winter. This body mass loss led to a cost of reproduction on the next reproduction, which was amplified by the same environmental covariates, from a 10% reduction in reproductive success in benign years, to a 50% reduction in harsh years. The reproductive mass loss also resulted in a small reduction in survival. Our results show how demographic costs of reproduction, driven by interannual fluctuations in individual body condition, result from the balance between body mass costs of reproduction and body mass changes that are independent of previous reproductive state. We illustrate how a strong context-dependent fitness cost of reproduction can occur, despite a relatively fixed body mass cost of reproduction. This suggests that female reindeer display a very conservative energy allocation strategy, either aborting their reproductive attempt at an early stage or weaning at a relatively constant cost. Such a strategy might be common in species living in a highly stochastic and food limited environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pigeon
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Leif Egil Loe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Richard Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- UMR CNRS 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Erik Ropstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Audun Stien
- Department for Arctic Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Dupont P, Milleret C, Tourani M, Brøseth H, Bischof R. Integrating dead recoveries in open‐population spatial capture–recapture models. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Dupont
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences PB 5003 ÅsNO‐1432Norway
| | - C. Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences PB 5003 ÅsNO‐1432Norway
| | - M. Tourani
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences PB 5003 ÅsNO‐1432Norway
| | - H. Brøseth
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Norwegian Institute for Nature Research PB 5685 Torgarden TrondheimNO‐7485Norway
| | - R. Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences PB 5003 ÅsNO‐1432Norway
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8
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Acker P, Burthe SJ, Newell MA, Grist H, Gunn C, Harris MP, Payo-Payo A, Swann R, Wanless S, Daunt F, Reid JM. Episodes of opposing survival and reproductive selection cause strong fluctuating selection on seasonal migration versus residence. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210404. [PMID: 34004132 PMCID: PMC8131125 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying temporal variation in sex-specific selection on key ecologically relevant traits, and quantifying how such variation arises through synergistic or opposing components of survival and reproductive selection, is central to understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics, but rarely achieved. Seasonal migration versus residence is one key trait that directly shapes spatio-seasonal population dynamics in spatially and temporally varying environments, but temporal dynamics of sex-specific selection have not been fully quantified. We fitted multi-event capture-recapture models to year-round ring resightings and breeding success data from partially migratory European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) to quantify temporal variation in annual sex-specific selection on seasonal migration versus residence arising through adult survival, reproduction and the combination of both (i.e. annual fitness). We demonstrate episodes of strong and strongly fluctuating selection through annual fitness that were broadly synchronized across females and males. These overall fluctuations arose because strong reproductive selection against migration in several years contrasted with strong survival selection against residence in years with extreme climatic events. These results indicate how substantial phenotypic and genetic variation in migration versus residence could be maintained, and highlight that biologically important fluctuations in selection may not be detected unless both survival selection and reproductive selection are appropriately quantified and combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Acker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Norway
| | - Sarah J. Burthe
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Mark A. Newell
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Hannah Grist
- SAMS Research Services Ltd, European Marine Science Park, Oban, UK
| | - Carrie Gunn
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | | | - Ana Payo-Payo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Sarah Wanless
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Francis Daunt
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Institutt for Biologi, NTNU, Norway
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9
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Quque M, Paquet M, Zahn S, Théron F, Faivre B, Sueur C, Criscuolo F, Doutrelant C, Covas R. Contrasting associations between nestling telomere length and pre and postnatal helpers' presence in a cooperatively breeding bird. Oecologia 2021; 196:37-51. [PMID: 33864121 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies on cooperative breeders have addressed the effects of non-breeding 'helpers' on reproduction and parental care, but the consequences for offspring physiology and long-term survival are less understood. Helpers are expected to benefit offspring, but their presence can also lead to decreased pre- or post-natal parental reproductive effort. To examine whether prenatal and postnatal helpers influence offspring condition, we conducted a whole-clutch cross-fostering experiment in sociable weavers (Philetairus socius) that altered the nestlings' social environment (presence/absence of helpers). We tested whether relative telomere length (rTL), an indicator of somatic maintenance, was influenced by prenatal and/or postnatal presence of helpers 9 and 17 days after hatching, and whether rTL predicted long-term survival. Nine days after hatching, we found an overall positive effect of postnatal helpers on rTL: for nestlings with prenatal helpers, a reduction in the number of helpers post-hatch was associated with shorter telomeres, while nestlings swapped from nests without helpers to nests with helpers had a larger rTL. However, when prenatal helpers were present, an increased number of helpers after hatching led to shorter telomeres. Nine-day old chicks with longer rTL tended to be more likely to survive over the 5 years following hatching. However, close to fledging, there was no detectable effect of the experiment on rTL and no link between rTL and survival. This experimental study of a wild cooperative breeder, therefore, presents partial support for the importance of the presence of helpers for offspring rTL and the link between early-life telomere length and long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Quque
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Matthieu Paquet
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandrine Zahn
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frank Théron
- CNRS, CEFE UMR 5175, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Faivre
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Cédric Sueur
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Claire Doutrelant
- CNRS, CEFE UMR 5175, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Research Centre On Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, CIBIO-InBio, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Covas
- Research Centre On Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, CIBIO-InBio, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Marchand P, Garel M, Morellet N, Benoit L, Chaval Y, Itty C, Petit E, Cargnelutti B, Hewison AJM, Loison A. A standardised biologging approach to infer parturition: An application in large herbivores across the hider‐follower continuum. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Marchand
- Office Français de la Biodiversité Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique Unité Ongulés Sauvages Juvignac France
| | - Mathieu Garel
- Office Français de la Biodiversité Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique Unité Ongulés Sauvages Gières France
| | - Nicolas Morellet
- Université de ToulouseINRAECEFS Castanet‐Tolosan France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne Auzeville‐Tolosane France
| | - Laura Benoit
- Université de ToulouseINRAECEFS Castanet‐Tolosan France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne Auzeville‐Tolosane France
| | - Yannick Chaval
- Université de ToulouseINRAECEFS Castanet‐Tolosan France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne Auzeville‐Tolosane France
| | - Christian Itty
- Office Français de la Biodiversité Service Appui aux Acteurs et Mobilisation des Territoires Castanet‐le‐Haut France
| | - Elodie Petit
- Office Français de la Biodiversité Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique Unité Sanitaire de la Faune Sévrier France
- VetAgro Sup Lyon Marcy‐l'Étoile France
| | - Bruno Cargnelutti
- Université de ToulouseINRAECEFS Castanet‐Tolosan France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne Auzeville‐Tolosane France
| | - Aidan J. M. Hewison
- Université de ToulouseINRAECEFS Castanet‐Tolosan France
- LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne Auzeville‐Tolosane France
| | - Anne Loison
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine Univ. Grenoble AlpesUniv. Savoie Mont‐BlancCNRSLECA Grenoble France
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11
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Oosthuizen WC, Péron G, Pradel R, Bester MN, de Bruyn PJN. Positive early-late life-history trait correlations in elephant seals. Ecology 2021; 102:e03288. [PMID: 33481267 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Correlations between early- and late-life performance are a major prediction of life-history theory. Negative early-late correlations can emerge because biological processes are optimized for early but not late life (e.g., rapid development may accelerate the onset of senescence; "developmental theory of aging") or because allocation to early-life performance comes at a cost in terms of late-life performance (as in the disposable soma theory). But variation in genetic and environmental challenges that each individual has to cope with during early life may also lead to positive early-late life-history trait correlations (the "fixed heterogeneity" or "individual quality" hypothesis). We analyzed individual life-history trajectories of 7,420 known-age female southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) monitored over 36 yr to determine how actuarial senescence (a proxy for late-life performance) correlate with age at first reproduction (a proxy for early-life performance). As some breeding events may not be detected in this field study, we used a custom "multievent" hierarchical model to estimate the age at first reproduction and correlate it to other life-history traits. The probability of first reproduction was 0.34 at age 3, with most females breeding for the first time at age 4, and comparatively few at older ages. Females with an early age of first reproduction outperformed delayed breeders in all aspects we considered (survival, rate of senescence, net reproductive output) but one: early breeders appeared to have an onset of actuarial senescence 1 yr earlier compared to late breeders. Genetics and environmental conditions during early life likely explain the positive correlation between early- and late-life performance. Our results provide the first evidence of actuarial senescence in female southern elephant seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Chris Oosthuizen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.,Marine Apex Predator Research Unit, Institute for Coastal and Marine Research and Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Guillaume Péron
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Roger Pradel
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Marthán N Bester
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - P J Nico de Bruyn
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
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12
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Assessing the Diversity of the Form of Age-Specific Changes in Adult Mortality from Captive Mammalian Populations. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12090354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Actuarial senescence (i.e., the age-specific increase in mortality rate) is pervasive across mammalian species, but our current understanding of the diversity of forms that actuarial senescence displays across species remains limited. Although several mathematical models have been proposed to model actuarial senescence, there is still no consensus on which model to use, especially when comparing mortality patterns among species. To fill this knowledge gap, we fitted and compared different forms of increase using models commonly used in senescence studies (i.e., Gompertz, Weibull, and logistic) across 61 species of mammalian captive populations using the Bayesian Survival Trajectory Analysis (BaSTA) approach. For as much as 79% of the species, a Gompertz increase of mortality with age was the most parsimonious model that satisfactorily described the shape of age-specific mortality changes in adults. This highlights that the form of the increase in mortality is mostly consistent across mammalian species and follows the Gompertz rule with some rare exceptions. The implications of that result are twofold. First, the Gompertz rate of mortality increase should be used in cross-species comparative analyses of mammals, as already done in some studies. Second, although the Gompertz model accurately describes actuarial senescence in most mammals, there are notable exceptions, and the factors causing this deviation from an exponential mortality increase during the adult stage warrant further investigation.
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13
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Reichert S, Berger V, Jackson J, Chapman SN, Htut W, Mar KU, Lummaa V. Maternal age at birth shapes offspring life-history trajectory across generations in long-lived Asian elephants. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:996-1007. [PMID: 31222736 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advanced maternal age at birth can have pronounced consequences for offspring health, survival and reproduction. If carried over to the next generation, such fitness effects could have important implications for population dynamics and the evolution of ageing, but these remain poorly understood. While many laboratory studies have investigated maternal age effects, relatively few studies have been conducted in natural populations, and they usually only present a "snapshot" of an offspring's lifetime. In the present study, we focus on how maternal age influences offspring life-history trajectories and performance in a long-lived mammal. We use a multigenerational demographic dataset of semi-captive Asian elephants to investigate maternal age effects on several offspring life-history traits: condition, reproductive success and overall survival. We show that offspring born to older mothers display reduced overall survival but higher reproductive success, and reduced survival of their own progeny. Our results show evidence of a persistent effect of maternal age on fitness across generations in a long-lived mammal. By highlighting transgenerational effects on the fitness of the next generation associated with maternal age, the present study helps increase our understanding of factors contributing to individual variation in ageing rates and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Reichert
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vérane Berger
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - John Jackson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Win Htut
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Myanma Timber Enterprise, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Khyne U Mar
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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14
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Ito S, Konuma J. Disruptive selection of shell colour in land snails: a mark–recapture study of Euhadra peliomphala simodae. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many theoretical studies have suggested that disruptive selection plays an important role in phenotypic divergence, but few studies have determined the action of disruptive selection on phenotypic divergence via field studies. This study investigated the effect of disruptive selection on shell colour polymorphism in the Japanese land snail Euhadra peliomphala simodae to determine whether extreme phenotypes of snail shell colour are favoured over intermediate phenotypes. We conducted field surveys on an oceanic island with black, yellow and intermediate-coloured E. p. simodae snails. We captured and marked ~1800 individual snails and monitored their survival over 18 months. We quantified shell colours against images and examined the frequency distribution of shell colour variation. The variation exhibited a bimodal distribution with a far lower frequency of intermediate-coloured snails than of black or yellow snails. The population sizes of the three snail groups fluctuated synchronously with the changing seasons. Bayesian estimates showed lower survival rates for juvenile intermediate-coloured snails than for juvenile black and yellow snails, implying there was disruptive selection associated with shell colour. We suggest this disruptive selection may have resulted in the evolutionary divergence of the snail’s shell colour within the lineage having high shell colour variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Ito
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junji Konuma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Kidwai Z, Jimenez J, Louw CJ, Nel H, Marshal JP. Using N-mixture models to estimate abundance and temporal trends of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.) populations from aerial counts. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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16
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Culina A, Linton DM, Pradel R, Bouwhuis S, Macdonald DW. Live fast, don't die young: Survival-reproduction trade-offs in long-lived income breeders. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:746-756. [PMID: 30737781 PMCID: PMC6850603 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs between survival and reproduction are at the core of life-history theory, and essential to understanding the evolution of reproductive tactics as well as population dynamics and stability. Factors influencing these trade-offs are multiple and often addressed in isolation. Further problems arise as reproductive states and survival in wild populations are estimated based on imperfect and potentially biased observation processes, which might lead to flawed conclusions. In this study, we aimed at elucidating trade-offs between current reproduction (both pregnancy and lactation), survival and future reproduction, including the specific costs of first reproduction, in long-lived, income breeding small mammals, an under-studied group. We developed a novel statistical framework that encapsulates the breeding life cycle of females, and accounts for incomplete information on female pregnancy and lactation and imperfect and biased recapture rates. We applied this framework to longitudinal data on two sympatric, closely related bat species (Myotis daubentonii and M. nattereri). We revealed the existence of several, to our knowledge previously unknown, trends in survival and breeding of these closely related, sympatric species and detected remarkable differences in their age and costs of first reproduction, as well as their survival-reproduction trade-offs. Our results indicate that species with this type of life history exhibit a mixture of patterns expected for long-lived and short-lived animals, and between income and capital breeders. Thus, we call for more studies to be conducted in similar study systems, increasing our ability to fully understand the evolutionary origin and fitness effects of trade-offs and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antica Culina
- WildCRU, Zoology DepartmentThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubney, AbingdonUK
- Netherlands Institute of EcologyNIOO‐KNAWWageningenNetherlands
| | - Danielle Marie Linton
- WildCRU, Zoology DepartmentThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubney, AbingdonUK
| | - Roger Pradel
- CEFE UMR 5175CNRS Université de MontpellierUniversité Paul‐ Valery MontpellierEPHEMontpellier Cedex 05France
| | | | - David W. Macdonald
- WildCRU, Zoology DepartmentThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreUniversity of OxfordTubney, AbingdonUK
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17
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Berger V, Lemaître JF, Allainé D, Gaillard JM, Cohas A. Early and Adult Social Environments Shape Sex-Specific Actuarial Senescence Patterns in a Cooperative Breeder. Am Nat 2018; 192:525-536. [PMID: 30205028 DOI: 10.1086/699513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sociality modulates life-history traits through changes in resource allocation to fitness-related traits. However, how social factors at different stages of the life cycle modulate senescence remains poorly understood. To address this question, we assessed the influence of social environment in both early life and adulthood on actuarial senescence in the Alpine marmot, a cooperative breeder. The influence of helpers on actuarial senescence strongly differed depending on when help was provided and on the sex of the dominant. Being helped when adult slowed down senescence in both sexes. However, the effect of the presence of helpers during the year of birth of a dominant was sex specific. Among dominants helped during adulthood, females born in the presence of helpers senesced slower, whereas males senesced faster. Among dominants without helpers during adulthood, females with helpers at birth senesced faster. Social environment modulates senescence but acts differently between sexes and life stages.
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18
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To breed or not to breed: drivers of intermittent breeding in a seabird under increasing predation risk and male bias. Oecologia 2018; 188:129-138. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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19
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Zúñiga D, Gager Y, Kokko H, Fudickar AM, Schmidt A, Naef-Daenzer B, Wikelski M, Partecke J. Migration confers winter survival benefits in a partially migratory songbird. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29157357 PMCID: PMC5697929 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evolve and to be maintained, seasonal migration, despite its risks, has to yield fitness benefits compared with year-round residency. Empirical data supporting this prediction have remained elusive in the bird literature. To test fitness related benefits of migration, we studied a partial migratory population of European blackbirds (Turdus merula) over 7 years. Using a combination of capture-mark-recapture and radio telemetry, we compared survival probabilities between migrants and residents estimated by multi-event survival models, showing that migrant blackbirds had 16% higher probability to survive the winter compared to residents. A subsequent modelling exercise revealed that residents should have 61.25% higher breeding success than migrants, to outweigh the survival costs of residency. Our results support theoretical models that migration should confer survival benefits to evolve, and thus provide empirical evidence to understand the evolution and maintenance of migration. Winter is one of the most challenging seasons for many animals. Cold temperatures, bad weather, short days, long nights and a shortage of food can impose a deadly threat. To avoid these inhospitable conditions, some animals migrate to warmer climes during the winter. These animals include many songbirds, which return to the same habitat in the following spring because it offers abundant resources that are thought to help them to breed more successfully. Yet, migration itself can be risky, and there is little empirical data on the survival benefits of migration in songbirds. Zúñiga et al. tested whether songbirds that migrate are actually more likely to survive the winter than those that do not migrate. The study focused on a population of European blackbirds over a period of seven years. Some of these birds migrated from the breeding grounds in Germany to their wintering sites in southern Europe, whereas others remained all year at the breeding grounds. Zúñiga et al. found that migrant blackbirds were 16% more likely to survive the winter than the residents. Yet during the summer, there was no difference in survival between the two groups. This raised the question, if migration confers survival benefits, why do some birds do not migrate at all? Theory predicts that those birds that do not migrate should have some reproductive benefit instead. This makes sense given that birds which remain at the breeding grounds would have access to prime breeding sites which are limited. Using mathematical modelling, Zúñiga et al. estimated how much of reproductive benefits the residents would need to outweigh their greater risk of not surviving the winter. The model predicted that residents should have at least 61.25% higher breeding success than migrants. The results provide empirical evidence to help scientist understand how migration evolves and becomes maintained in animal population. Future studies are now needed to confirm the estimated breeding success of both groups. Also, because many songbirds are threatened by human activity during migration and at their overwintering sites, future studies to understand how, where and why migratory songbirds die will be important to direct the conservation efforts to protect migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zúñiga
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yann Gager
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Michael Fudickar
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | | | | | - Martin Wikelski
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jesko Partecke
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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20
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21
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Lagrange P, Gimenez O, Doligez B, Pradel R, Garant D, Pelletier F, Bélisle M. Assessment of individual and conspecific reproductive success as determinants of breeding dispersal of female tree swallows: A capture-recapture approach. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7334-7346. [PMID: 28944020 PMCID: PMC5606858 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeding dispersal is a key process of population structure and dynamics and is often triggered by an individual's breeding failure. In both colonial and territorial birds, reproductive success of conspecifics (RSc) can also lead individuals to change breeding sites after a failure on a site. Yet, few studies have simultaneously investigated the independent contribution of individual reproductive success (RSi) and of RSc on dispersal decision. Here, we develop a modeling framework to disentangle the effects of RSi and RSc on demographic parameters, while accounting for imperfect individual detection and other confounding factors such as age or dispersal behavior in the previous year. Using a 10‐year capture–recapture dataset composed of 1,595 banded tree swallows, we assessed the effects of nonmanipulated RSi and RSc on female breeding dispersal in this semicolonial passerine. Dispersal was strongly driven by RSi, but not by RSc. Unsuccessful females were 9.5–2.5 times more likely to disperse than successful ones, depending if they had dispersed or not in the previous year, respectively. Unsuccessful females were also three times less likely to be detected than successful ones. Contrary to theoretical and empirical studies, RSc did not drive the decision to disperse but influenced the selection of the following breeding site once dispersal had been initiated. Because detection of individuals was driven by RSi, which was positively correlated to RSc, assuming a perfect detection as in previous studies may have lead us to conclude that RSc affected dispersal patterns, yet our approach corrected for this bias. Overall, our results suggest that the value and use of RSc as public information to guide dispersal decisions are likely dictated by multiple ecological determinants, such as landscape structure and extent, if this cue is indeed used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paméla Lagrange
- Département de Biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada.,CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Blandine Doligez
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - CNRS UMR 5558 Université de Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
| | - Roger Pradel
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de Biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Marc Bélisle
- Département de Biologie Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke QC Canada
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22
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Berger V, Lemaître JF, Dupont P, Allainé D, Gaillard JM, Cohas A. Age-specific survival in the socially monogamous alpine marmot (Marmota marmota): evidence of senescence. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Zimova M, Mills LS, Nowak JJ. High fitness costs of climate change‐induced camouflage mismatch. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:299-307. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Zimova
- Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program College of Natural Resources North Carolina State University Box 7617, David Clark Labs Raleigh NC 27695‐7617 USA
| | - L. Scott Mills
- Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program College of Natural Resources North Carolina State University Box 7617, David Clark Labs Raleigh NC 27695‐7617 USA
| | - J. Joshua Nowak
- Wildlife Biology Program University of Montana Missoula MT 59812 USA
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24
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Gager Y, Gimenez O, O'Mara MT, Dechmann DKN. Group size, survival and surprisingly short lifespan in socially foraging bats. BMC Ecol 2016; 16:2. [PMID: 26767616 PMCID: PMC4714502 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationships between group size, survival, and longevity vary greatly among social species. Depending on demographic and ecological circumstances, there are both positive and negative effects of group size variation on individual survival and longevity. For socially foraging species in particular there may be an optimal group size that predicts maximum individual survival that is directly related to the potential for information transfer, social coordination, and costs of conspecific interference. Our aim was to investigate this central aspect of evolutionary ecology by focusing on a socially foraging bat, Molossus molossus. This species optimizes foraging success by eavesdropping on the echolocation calls of group members to locate ephemeral food patches. We expected to find the highest survival and longest lifespans in small groups as a consequence of a trade-off between benefits of information transfer on ephemeral resources and costs of conspecific interference. Results In a mark-recapture study of 14 mixed-sex M. molossus social groups in Gamboa, Panama, spanning several years we found the expected relatively small and intermediate, but stable groups, with a mean size of 9.6 ± 6.7 adults and juveniles. We estimated survival proxies using Cox proportional hazard models and multistate-mark recapture models generated with recapture data as well as automated monitoring of roost entrances in a subset of the groups. Median survival of females was very short with 1.8 years and a maximum estimated longevity of 5.6 years. Contrary to our expectations, we found no relationship between variation in group size and survival, a result similar to few other studies. Conclusions Strong selection towards small group size may result from psychoacoustic and cognitive constraints related to acoustic interference in social foraging and the complexity of coordinated flight. The short lifespans were unexpected and may result from life at the energetic edge due to a highly specialized diet. The absence of a relationship between group size and survival may reflect a similar but optimized survival within the selected range of group sizes. We expect the pattern of small group sizes will be consistent in future research on species dependent on social information transfer about ephemeral resources. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-016-0056-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Gager
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany. .,International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - M Teague O'Mara
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany. .,Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany. .,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
| | - Dina K N Dechmann
- Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany. .,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany. .,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
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25
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Waller J, Svensson EI. The measurement of selection when detection is imperfect: How good are naïve methods? Methods Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Waller
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit Department of Biology Lund University SE‐223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - Erik I. Svensson
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit Department of Biology Lund University SE‐223 62 Lund Sweden
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26
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Pearson SF, Giovanini J, Jones JE, Kroll AJ. Breeding Bird Community Continues to Colonize Riparian Buffers Ten Years after Harvest. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143241. [PMID: 26637120 PMCID: PMC4670142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Riparian ecosystems integrate aquatic and terrestrial communities and often contain unique assemblages of flora and fauna. Retention of forested buffers along riparian habitats is a commonly employed practice to reduce potential negative effects of land use on aquatic systems. However, very few studies have examined long-term population and community responses to buffers, leading to considerable uncertainty about effectiveness of this practice for achieving conservation and management outcomes. We examined short- (1-2 years) and long-term (~10 years) avian community responses (occupancy and abundance) to riparian buffer prescriptions to clearcut logging silvicultural practices in the Pacific Northwest USA. We used a Before-After-Control-Impact experimental approach and temporally replicated point counts analyzed within a Bayesian framework. Our experimental design consisted of forested control sites with no harvest, sites with relatively narrow (~13 m) forested buffers on each side of the stream, and sites with wider (~30 m) and more variable width unharvested buffer. Buffer treatments exhibited a 31-44% increase in mean species richness in the post-harvest years, a pattern most evident 10 years post-harvest. Post-harvest, species turnover was much higher on both treatments (63-74%) relative to the controls (29%). We did not find evidence of local extinction for any species but found strong evidence (no overlap in 95% credible intervals) for an increase in site occupancy on both Narrow (short-term: 7%; long-term 29%) and Wide buffers (short-term: 21%; long-term 93%) relative to controls after harvest. We did not find a treatment effect on total avian abundance. When assessing relationships between buffer width and site level abundance of four riparian specialists, we did not find strong evidence of reduced abundance in Narrow or Wide buffers. Silviculture regulations in this region dictate average buffer widths on small and large permanent streams that range from ~22-25 m. Guidelines for this region are within the range of buffers included in our study, in which we observed no evidence for avian species loss or for a decline in species abundance (including riparian associated species).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F. Pearson
- Wildlife Research Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jack Giovanini
- Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jay E. Jones
- Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Kroll
- Weyerhaeuser, Federal Way, Washington, United States of America
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27
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Gaillard JM, Berger V, Tidière M, Duncan P, Lemaître JF. Does tooth wear influence ageing? A comparative study across large herbivores. Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Schmaltz LE, Juillet C, Tinbergen JM, Verkuil YI, Hooijmeijer JCEW, Piersma T. Apparent annual survival of staging ruffs during a period of population decline: insights from sex and site-use related differences. POPUL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-015-0511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Cézilly F, Quinard A, Motreuil S, Pradel R. Adult survival selection in relation to multilocus heterozygosity and body size in a tropical bird species, the Zenaida dove, Zenaida aurita. Oecologia 2015; 180:127-36. [PMID: 26433960 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Both phenotypic and genetic quality can influence the survival of individuals through time, although their relative influences are rarely addressed simultaneously. Here we used capture-mark-recapture modelling to assess the influence of both multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) and body size on apparent adult survival in a tropical bird species, the Zenaida dove, Zenaida aurita, using a sample of 391 individuals genotyped at 11 microsatellites, while controlling for the effects of sex. No effect of body size on either adult survival or capture rate was found. In the best model, survival was a logit linear function of MLH, whereas detection probability was a sex-dependent logit linear function of the logarithm of field effort, increasing with time and affected by a random individual effect. Using a Bayesian approach, we found that MLH explained 1.14% of the total deviance, as expected from theory and previous studies of heterozygosity-fitness correlations, with no evidence for local effects. However, results from capture-mark-recapture modelling indicated that expected longevity varied from 4.8 years in the least heterozygous individuals (MLH = 0.37) to 10.6 years in the most heterozygous ones (MLH = 1), thus suggesting that MLH had potentially a substantial effect on survival. We discuss our results in relation to current hypotheses about the origin of heterozygosity-fitness correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Aurélie Quinard
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Motreuil
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, 6 boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Roger Pradel
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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30
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Acker P, Grégoire A, Rat M, Spottiswoode CN, van Dijk RE, Paquet M, Kaden JC, Pradel R, Hatchwell BJ, Covas R, Doutrelant C. Disruptive viability selection on a black plumage trait associated with dominance. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2027-41. [PMID: 26249359 PMCID: PMC4949555 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Traits used in communication, such as colour signals, are expected to have positive consequences for reproductive success, but their associations with survival are little understood. Previous studies have mainly investigated linear relationships between signals and survival, but both hump-shaped and U-shaped relationships can also be predicted, depending on the main costs involved in trait expression. Furthermore, few studies have taken the plasticity of signals into account in viability selection analyses. The relationship between signal expression and survival is of particular interest in melanin-based traits, because their main costs are still debated. Here, we first determined the main factors explaining variability in a melanin-based trait linked to dominance: the bib size of a colonial bird, the sociable weaver Philetairus socius. We then used these analyses to obtain a measure representative of the individual mean expression of bib size. Finally, we used capture-recapture models to study how survival varied in relation to bib size. Variation in bib size was strongly affected by year and moderately affected by age, body condition and colony size. In addition, individuals bearing small and large bibs had higher survival than those with intermediate bibs, and this U-shaped relationship between survival and bib size appeared to be more pronounced in some years than others. These results constitute a rare example of disruptive viability selection, and point towards the potential importance of social costs incurred by the dominance signalling function of badges of status.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Acker
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (UMR 5174 EDB), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier - CNRS - ENFA, Toulouse, France
| | - A Grégoire
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - M Rat
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - C N Spottiswoode
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R E van Dijk
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Paquet
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - J C Kaden
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh Zoo, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Pradel
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - B J Hatchwell
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - R Covas
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.,CIBIO, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,Biology Department, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Doutrelant
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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Paquet M, Doutrelant C, Hatchwell BJ, Spottiswoode CN, Covas R. Antagonistic effect of helpers on breeding male and female survival in a cooperatively breeding bird. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1354-62. [PMID: 25850564 PMCID: PMC4557059 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Cooperatively breeding species are typically long lived and hence, according to theory, are expected to maximize their lifetime reproductive success through maximizing survival. Under these circumstances, the presence of helpers could be used to lighten the effort of current reproduction for parents to achieve higher survival. 2. In addition, individuals of different sexes and ages may follow different strategies, but whether male and female breeders and individuals of different ages benefit differently from the presence of helpers has often been overlooked. Moreover, only one study that investigated the relationship between parental survival and the presence of helpers used capture-mark-recapture analyses (CMR). These methods are important since they allow us to account for the non-detection of individuals that are alive in the population but not detected, and thus, the effects on survival and recapture probability to be disentangled. 3. Here, we used multi-event CMR methods to investigate whether the number of helpers was associated with an increase in survival probability for male and female breeders of different ages in the sociable weaver Philetairus socius. In this species, both sexes reduce their feeding rate in the presence of helpers. We therefore predicted that the presence of helpers should increase the breeders' survival in both sexes, especially early in life when individuals potentially have more future breeding opportunities. In addition, sociable weaver females reduce their investment in eggs in the presence of helpers, so we predicted a stronger effect of helpers on female than male survival. 4. As expected we found that females had a higher survival probability when breeding with more helpers. Unexpectedly, however, male survival probability decreased with increasing number of helpers. This antagonistic effect diminished as the breeders grew older. 5. These results illustrate the complexity of fitness costs and benefits underlying cooperative behaviours and how these may vary with the individuals' sex and age. They also highlight the need for further studies on the sex-specific effects of helpers on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Paquet
- CEFE-CNRS1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Ben J Hatchwell
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of SheffieldWestern Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire N Spottiswoode
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeDowning Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Rita Covas
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape TownCape Town, South Africa
- CIBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic ResourcesCampus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
- Biology Department, Science Faculty, University of PortoPorto, Portugal
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Plard F, Gaillard JM, Coulson T, Delorme D, Warnant C, Michallet J, Tuljapurkar S, Krishnakumar S, Bonenfant C. Quantifying the influence of measured and unmeasured individual differences on demography. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1434-45. [PMID: 26140296 PMCID: PMC5642278 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Demographic rates can vary not only with measured individual characters like age, sex and mass but also with unmeasured individual variables like behaviour, genes and health. 2. Predictions from population models that include measured individual characteristics often differ from models that exclude them. Similarly, unmeasured individual differences have the potential to impact predictions from population models. However, unmeasured individual differences are rarely included in population models. 3. We construct stage- and age-structured models (where stage is mass) of a roe deer population, which are parameterized from statistical functions that either include, or ignore, unmeasured individual differences. 4. We found that mass and age structures substantially impacted model parameters describing population dynamics, as did temporal environmental variation, while unmeasured individual differences impacted parameters describing population dynamics to a much smaller extent once individual heterogeneity related to mass and age has been included in the model. We discuss how our assumptions (unmeasured individual differences only in mean trait values) could have influenced our findings and under what circumstances unmeasured individual differences could have had a larger impact on population dynamics. 5. There are two reasons explaining the relative small influence of unmeasured individual differences on population dynamics in roe deer. First, individual body mass and age both capture a large amount of individual differences in roe deer. Second, in large populations of long-lived animals, the average quality of individuals (independent of age and mass) within the population is unlikely to show substantial variation over time, unless rapid evolution is occurring. So even though a population consisting of high-quality individuals would have much higher population growth rate than a population consisting of low-quality individuals, the probability of observing a population consisting only of high-quality individuals is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Plard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biology, Stanford Univeristy, Herrin Labs 454, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Delorme
- Centre National d’Études et de Recherches Appliquées Cervidés-Sangliers, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, 87 avenue de Wagram, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Claude Warnant
- Centre National d’Études et de Recherches Appliquées Cervidés-Sangliers, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, 87 avenue de Wagram, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Michallet
- Centre National d’Études et de Recherches Appliquées Cervidés-Sangliers, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, 87 avenue de Wagram, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Shripad Tuljapurkar
- Department of Biology, Stanford Univeristy, Herrin Labs 454, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Christophe Bonenfant
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Kidd LR, Sheldon BC, Simmonds EG, Cole EF. Who escapes detection? Quantifying the causes and consequences of sampling biases in a long-term field study. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1520-9. [PMID: 26081262 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inferences drawn from long-term field studies are vulnerable to biases in observability of different classes of individuals, which may lead to biases in the estimates of selection, or fitness. Population surveys that monitor breeding individuals can introduce such biases by not identifying individuals that fail early in their reproductive attempts. Here, we quantify how the standard protocol for detecting breeding females introduces bias in a long-term population study of the great tit, Parus major. We do so by identifying females whose breeding attempts fail before they would normally be censused and explore whether this early failure can be predicted by a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We investigate the effect of these biases on estimates of reproductive performance and selection. We show that females that go undetected by standard censusing because they fail early in their breeding attempt were less likely to have been previously trapped within our study site and were more likely to breed in poor-quality habitats. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this bias sampling had lead previous studies on this population to overestimate the reproductive performance of unringed females, which are likely to be immigrants to the population. Finally, we show that these biases in detectability influence estimates of selection on a key life-history trait. While these conclusions are specific to this study, we suggest that such effects are likely to be widespread and that more attention should be given to whether or not methods for surveying natural populations introduce systematic bias that will influence conclusions about ecological and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindall R Kidd
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ben C Sheldon
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Emily G Simmonds
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ella F Cole
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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Desprez M, Harcourt R, Hindell MA, Cubaynes S, Gimenez O, McMahon CR. Age-specific cost of first reproduction in female southern elephant seals. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20140264. [PMID: 24872464 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When to commence breeding is a crucial life-history decision that may be the most important determinant of an individual's lifetime reproductive output and can have major consequences on population dynamics. The age at which individuals first reproduce is an important factor influencing the intensity of potential costs (e.g. reduced survival) involved in the first breeding event. However, quantifying age-related variation in the cost of first reproduction in wild animals remains challenging because of the difficulty in reliably recording the first breeding event. Here, using a multi-event capture-recapture model that accounts for both imperfect detection and uncertainty in the breeding status on an 18-year dataset involving 6637 individuals, we estimated age and state-specific survival of female elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) in the declining Macquarie Island population. We detected a clear cost of first reproduction on survival. This cost was higher for both younger first-time breeders and older first-time breeders compared with females recruiting at age four, the overall mean age at first reproduction. Neither earlier primiparity nor delaying primiparity appear to confer any evolutionary advantage, rather the optimal strategy seems to be to start breeding at a single age, 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Desprez
- Marine Predator Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Robert Harcourt
- Marine Predator Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mark A Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sarah Cubaynes
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Clive R McMahon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
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Kellner KF, Swihart RK. Accounting for imperfect detection in ecology: a quantitative review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111436. [PMID: 25356904 PMCID: PMC4214722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection in studies of species abundance and distribution is often imperfect. Assuming perfect detection introduces bias into estimation that can weaken inference upon which understanding and policy are based. Despite availability of numerous methods designed to address this assumption, many refereed papers in ecology fail to account for non-detection error. We conducted a quantitative literature review of 537 ecological articles to measure the degree to which studies of different taxa, at various scales, and over time have accounted for imperfect detection. Overall, just 23% of articles accounted for imperfect detection. The probability that an article incorporated imperfect detection increased with time and varied among taxa studied; studies of vertebrates were more likely to incorporate imperfect detection. Among articles that reported detection probability, 70% contained per-survey estimates of detection that were less than 0.5. For articles in which constancy of detection was tested, 86% reported significant variation. We hope that our findings prompt more ecologists to consider carefully the detection process when designing studies and analyzing results, especially for sub-disciplines where incorporation of imperfect detection in study design and analysis so far has been lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F. Kellner
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert K. Swihart
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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Gamelon M, Focardi S, Gaillard JM, Gimenez O, Bonenfant C, Franzetti B, Choquet R, Ronchi F, Baubet E, Lemaître JF. Do age-specific survival patterns of wild boar fit current evolutionary theories of senescence? Evolution 2014; 68:3636-43. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Gamelon
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; N-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Stefano Focardi
- Istituto per i Sistemi Complessi; CNR; via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive; UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Barbara Franzetti
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Ca’ Fornacetta 9 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Rémi Choquet
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive; UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Francesca Ronchi
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Ca’ Fornacetta 9 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Eric Baubet
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; 2 Bis Rue des Religieuses, BP 19 52120 Châteauvillain France
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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Koons DN, Gamelon M, Gaillard JM, Aubry LM, Rockwell RF, Klein F, Choquet R, Gimenez O. Methods for studying cause-specific senescence in the wild. Methods Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David N. Koons
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center; Utah State University; 5230 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-5230 USA
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Campus CNRS; UMR 5175; 1919 Route de Mende Montpellier Cedex 5 34293 France
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim N-7491 Norway
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; UMR 5558; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1 Villeurbanne F-69622 France
| | - Lise M. Aubry
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center; Utah State University; 5230 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-5230 USA
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Campus CNRS; UMR 5175; 1919 Route de Mende Montpellier Cedex 5 34293 France
| | - Robert F. Rockwell
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024 USA
| | - François Klein
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Appliquée Cervidés-Sanglier; 85 bis avenue de Wagram Paris 75008 France
| | - Rémi Choquet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Campus CNRS; UMR 5175; 1919 Route de Mende Montpellier Cedex 5 34293 France
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Campus CNRS; UMR 5175; 1919 Route de Mende Montpellier Cedex 5 34293 France
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Senar JC, Conroy MJ, Quesada J, Mateos-Gonzalez F. Selection based on the size of the black tie of the great tit may be reversed in urban habitats. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:2625-32. [PMID: 25077014 PMCID: PMC4113287 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A standard approach to model how selection shapes phenotypic traits is the analysis of capture–recapture data relating trait variation to survival. Divergent selection, however, has never been analyzed by the capture–recapture approach. Most reported examples of differences between urban and nonurban animals reflect behavioral plasticity rather than divergent selection. The aim of this paper was to use a capture–recapture approach to test the hypothesis that divergent selection can also drive local adaptation in urban habitats. We focused on the size of the black breast stripe (i.e., tie width) of the great tit (Parus major), a sexual ornament used in mate choice. Urban great tits display smaller tie sizes than forest birds. Because tie size is mostly genetically determined, it could potentially respond to selection. We analyzed capture/recapture data of male great tits in Barcelona city (N = 171) and in a nearby (7 km) forest (N = 324) from 1992 to 2008 using MARK. When modelling recapture rate, we found it to be strongly influenced by tie width, so that both for urban and forest habitats, birds with smaller ties were more trap-shy and more cautious than their larger tied counterparts. When modelling survival, we found that survival prospects in forest great tits increased the larger their tie width (i.e., directional positive selection), but the reverse was found for urban birds, with individuals displaying smaller ties showing higher survival (i.e., directional negative selection). As melanin-based tie size seems to be related to personality, and both are heritable, results may be explained by cautious personalities being favored in urban environments. More importantly, our results show that divergent selection can be an important mechanism in local adaptation to urban habitats and that capture–recapture is a powerful tool to test it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Conroy
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia
| | | | - Fernando Mateos-Gonzalez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, University of Uppsala Uppsala, Sweden
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40
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Roche EA, Shaffer TL, Anteau MJ, Sherfy MH, Stucker JH, Wiltermuth MT, Dovichin CM. Detection probability of least tern and piping plover chicks in a large river system. J Wildl Manage 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Roche
- U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; 8711 37th Street Southeast Jamestown ND 58401 USA
| | - Terry L. Shaffer
- U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; 8711 37th Street Southeast Jamestown ND 58401 USA
| | - Michael J. Anteau
- U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; 8711 37th Street Southeast Jamestown ND 58401 USA
| | - Mark H. Sherfy
- U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; 8711 37th Street Southeast Jamestown ND 58401 USA
| | - Jennifer H. Stucker
- U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; 1561 Lindig Street St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Mark T. Wiltermuth
- U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; 8711 37th Street Southeast Jamestown ND 58401 USA
| | - Colin M. Dovichin
- U.S. Geological Survey; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; 8711 37th Street Southeast Jamestown ND 58401 USA
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41
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Desprez M, McMahon CR, Hindell MA, Harcourt R, Gimenez O. Known unknowns in an imperfect world: incorporating uncertainty in recruitment estimates using multi-event capture-recapture models. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4658-68. [PMID: 24363895 PMCID: PMC3867902 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the demography of wild animals remains challenging as several of the critical parts of their life history may be difficult to observe in the field. In particular, determining with certainty when an individual breeds for the first time is not always obvious. This can be problematic because uncertainty about the transition from a prebreeder to a breeder state - recruitment - leads to uncertainty in vital rate estimates and in turn in population projection models. To avoid this issue, the common practice is to discard imperfect data from the analyses. However, this practice can generate a bias in vital rate estimates if uncertainty is related to a specific component of the population and reduces the sample size of the dataset and consequently the statistical power to detect effects of biological interest. Here, we compared the demographic parameters assessed from a standard multistate capture-recapture approach to the estimates obtained from the newly developed multi-event framework that specifically accounts for uncertainty in state assessment. Using a comprehensive longitudinal dataset on southern elephant seals, we demonstrated that the multi-event model enabled us to use all the data collected (6639 capture-recapture histories vs. 4179 with the multistate model) by accounting for uncertainty in breeding states, thereby increasing the precision and accuracy of the demographic parameter estimates. The multi-event model allowed us to incorporate imperfect data into demographic analyses. The gain in precision obtained has important implications in the conservation and management of species because limiting uncertainty around vital rates will permit predicting population viability with greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Desprez
- Marine Predator Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, 2109, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clive R McMahon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mark A Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert Harcourt
- Marine Predator Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, 2109, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, campus CNRS, UMR 51751919 Route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34293, France
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Abadi F, Botha A, Altwegg R. Revisiting the effect of capture heterogeneity on survival estimates in capture-mark-recapture studies: does it matter? PLoS One 2013; 8:e62636. [PMID: 23646131 PMCID: PMC3639964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently developed capture-mark-recapture methods allow us to account for capture heterogeneity among individuals in the form of discrete mixtures and continuous individual random effects. In this article, we used simulations and two case studies to evaluate the effectiveness of continuously distributed individual random effects at removing potential bias due to capture heterogeneity, and to evaluate in what situation the added complexity of these models is justified. Simulations and case studies showed that ignoring individual capture heterogeneity generally led to a small negative bias in survival estimates and that individual random effects effectively removed this bias. As expected, accounting for capture heterogeneity also led to slightly less precise survival estimates. Our case studies also showed that accounting for capture heterogeneity increased in importance towards the end of study. Though ignoring capture heterogeneity led to a small bias in survival estimates, such bias may greatly impact management decisions. We advocate reducing potential heterogeneity at the sampling design stage. Where this is insufficient, we recommend modelling individual capture heterogeneity in situations such as when a large proportion of the individuals has a low detection probability (e.g. in the presence of floaters) and situations where the most recent survival estimates are of great interest (e.g. in applied conservation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Abadi
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Claremont, South Africa
- Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Andre Botha
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Modderfontein, South Africa
| | - Res Altwegg
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Claremont, South Africa
- Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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43
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Beirne C, Lambin X. Understanding the Determinants of Volunteer Retention Through Capture-Recapture Analysis: Answering Social Science Questions Using a Wildlife Ecology Toolkit. Conserv Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Beirne
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Aberdeen; AB24 2TZ UK
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences; University Exeter (Cornwall Campus); Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - Xavier Lambin
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Aberdeen; AB24 2TZ UK
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Roche EA, Brown CR, Brown MB, Lear KM. Recapture heterogeneity in cliff swallows: increased exposure to mist nets leads to net avoidance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58092. [PMID: 23472138 PMCID: PMC3589455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologists often use mark-recapture to estimate demographic variables such as abundance, growth rate, or survival for samples of wild animal populations. A common assumption underlying mark-recapture is that all animals have an equal probability of detection, and failure to meet or correct for this assumption-as when certain members of the population are either easier or more difficult to capture than other animals-can lead to biased and inaccurate demographic estimates. We built within-year and among-years Cormack-Jolly-Seber recaptures-only models to identify causes of capture heterogeneity for a population of colonially nesting cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) caught using mist-netting as a part of a 20-year mark-recapture study in southwestern Nebraska, U.S.A. Daily detection of cliff swallows caught in stationary mist nets at their colony sites declined as the birds got older and as the frequency of netting at a site within a season increased. Experienced birds' avoidance of the net could be countered by sudden disturbances that startled them into a net, such as when we dropped a net over the side of a bridge or flushed nesting cliff swallows into a stationary net positioned at a colony entrance. Our results support the widely held, but seldom tested, belief that birds learn to avoid stationary mist nets over time, but also show that modifications of traditional field methods can reduce this source of recapture heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Roche
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
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Bergeron P, Montiglio PO, Réale D, Humphries MM, Gimenez O, Garant D. Disruptive viability selection on adult exploratory behaviour in eastern chipmunks. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:766-74. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Bergeron
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - P.-O. Montiglio
- Département des Sciences Biologiques; UQAM; Montreal QC Canada
| | - D. Réale
- Département des Sciences Biologiques; UQAM; Montreal QC Canada
| | - M. M. Humphries
- Natural Resource Sciences; Macdonald Campus; McGill University; Ste-Anne de Bellevue QC Canada
| | - O. Gimenez
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive; CNRS Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - D. Garant
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
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46
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Nussey DH, Froy H, Lemaitre JF, Gaillard JM, Austad SN. Senescence in natural populations of animals: widespread evidence and its implications for bio-gerontology. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:214-25. [PMID: 22884974 PMCID: PMC4246505 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
That senescence is rarely, if ever, observed in natural populations is an oft-quoted fallacy within bio-gerontology. We identify the roots of this fallacy in the otherwise seminal works of Medawar and Comfort, and explain that under antagonistic pleiotropy or disposable soma explanations for the evolution of senescence there is no reason why senescence cannot evolve to be manifest within the life expectancies of wild organisms. The recent emergence of long-term field studies presents irrefutable evidence that senescence is commonly detected in nature. We found such evidence in 175 different animal species from 340 separate studies. Although the bulk of this evidence comes from birds and mammals, we also found evidence for senescence in other vertebrates and insects. We describe how high-quality longitudinal field data allow us to test evolutionary explanations for differences in senescence between the sexes and among traits and individuals. Recent studies indicate that genes, prior environment and investment in growth and reproduction influence aging rates in the wild. We argue that - with the fallacy that wild animals do not senesce finally dead and buried - collaborations between bio-gerontologists and field biologists can begin to test the ecological generality of purportedly 'public' mechanisms regulating aging in laboratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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47
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Sigourney DB, Munch SB, Letcher BH. Combining a Bayesian nonparametric method with a hierarchical framework to estimate individual and temporal variation in growth. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Buoro M, Prévost E, Gimenez O. Digging through model complexity: using hierarchical models to uncover evolutionary processes in the wild. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2077-2090. [PMID: 22901099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest for studying questions in the wild requires acknowledging that eco-evolutionary processes are complex, hierarchically structured and often partially observed or with measurement error. These issues have long been ignored in evolutionary biology, which might have led to flawed inference when addressing evolutionary questions. Hierarchical modelling (HM) has been proposed as a generic statistical framework to deal with complexity in ecological data and account for uncertainty. However, to date, HM has seldom been used to investigate evolutionary mechanisms possibly underlying observed patterns. Here, we contend the HM approach offers a relevant approach for the study of eco-evolutionary processes in the wild by confronting formal theories to empirical data through proper statistical inference. Studying eco-evolutionary processes requires considering the complete and often complex life histories of organisms. We show how this can be achieved by combining sequentially all life-history components and all available sources of information through HM. We demonstrate how eco-evolutionary processes may be poorly inferred or even missed without using the full potential of HM. As a case study, we use the Atlantic salmon and data on wild marked juveniles. We assess a reaction norm for migration and two potential trade-offs for survival. Overall, HM has a great potential to address evolutionary questions and investigate important processes that could not previously be assessed in laboratory or short time-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buoro
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS, UMR 5175, Montpellier Cedex, France.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,INRA, UMR ECOBIOP, INRA/UPPA, Pôle d'Hydrobiologie de l'INRA, St Pée sur Nivelle, France
| | - E Prévost
- INRA, UMR ECOBIOP, INRA/UPPA, Pôle d'Hydrobiologie de l'INRA, St Pée sur Nivelle, France.,Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR ECOBIOP, INRA/UPPA, UFR Côte Basque, Anglet, France
| | - O Gimenez
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Campus CNRS, UMR 5175, Montpellier Cedex, France
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Biro PA. Are most samples of animals systematically biased? Consistent individual trait differences bias samples despite random sampling. Oecologia 2012; 171:339-45. [PMID: 22885993 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sampling animals from the wild for study is something nearly every biologist has done, but despite our best efforts to obtain random samples of animals, 'hidden' trait biases may still exist. For example, consistent behavioral traits can affect trappability/catchability, independent of obvious factors such as size and gender, and these traits are often correlated with other repeatable physiological and/or life history traits. If so, systematic sampling bias may exist for any of these traits. The extent to which this is a problem, of course, depends on the magnitude of bias, which is presently unknown because the underlying trait distributions in populations are usually unknown, or unknowable. Indeed, our present knowledge about sampling bias comes from samples (not complete population censuses), which can possess bias to begin with. I had the unique opportunity to create naturalized populations of fish by seeding each of four small fishless lakes with equal densities of slow-, intermediate-, and fast-growing fish. Using sampling methods that are not size-selective, I observed that fast-growing fish were up to two-times more likely to be sampled than slower-growing fish. This indicates substantial and systematic bias with respect to an important life history trait (growth rate). If correlations between behavioral, physiological and life-history traits are as widespread as the literature suggests, then many animal samples may be systematically biased with respect to these traits (e.g., when collecting animals for laboratory use), and affect our inferences about population structure and abundance. I conclude with a discussion on ways to minimize sampling bias for particular physiological/behavioral/life-history types within animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Australia.
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50
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Lewison R, Oro D, Godley B, Underhill L, Bearhop S, Wilson RP, Ainley D, Arcos JM, Boersma PD, Borboroglu PG, Boulinier T, Frederiksen M, Genovart M, González-Solís J, Green JA, Grémillet D, Hamer KC, Hilton GM, Hyrenbach KD, Martínez-Abraín A, Montevecchi WA, Phillips RA, Ryan PG, Sagar P, Sydeman WJ, Wanless S, Watanuki Y, Weimerskirch H, Yorio P. Research priorities for seabirds: improving conservation and management in the 21st century. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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