1
|
Novak A, Dzelalija M, Goic-Barisic I, Kovacic A, Pirija M, Maravic A, Radic M, Marinovic J, Rubic Z, Carev M, Tonkic M. Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of a Hospital Outbreak Clonal Lineage of Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica serovar Mikawasima Containing blaTEM-1B and blaSHV-2 That Emerged on a Neonatal Ward, During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microb Drug Resist 2024; 30:118-126. [PMID: 38330414 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoid salmonella can cause severe infections in newborns and is therefore declared a pathogen of major health significance at this age. The aim of the study was molecular and antimicrobial characterization of β-lactamase-producing Salmonella Mikawasima outbreak clone on a Neonatal ward, University Hospital of Split (UHS), Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic. From April 2020, until April 2023, 75 nonrepetitive strains of Salmonella Mikawasima were isolated from stool specimens and tested for antimicrobial resistance. All 75 isolates were resistant to ampicillin and gentamicin, while 98% of isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. A high level of resistance was observed to third-generation cephalosporins (36% to ceftriaxone and 47% to ceftazidime). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase production was phenotypically detected by double-disk synergy test in 40% of isolates. Moderate resistance to quinolones was detected; 7% of isolates were resistant to pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All isolates were susceptible to carbapenems, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. Fourteen representative isolates, from 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023, were analyzed with PFGE and all of them belong to the same clone. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of three outbreak-related strains (SM1 and SM2 from 2020 and SM3 from 2023) confirmed that these strains share the same serotype (Mikawasima), multilocus sequence typing profile (ST2030), resistance genes [blaTEM-1B, aac(6')-Iaa, aac(6')-Im, and aph(2'')-Ib)] and carry incompatibility group C (IncC) plasmid. Furthermore, the gene blaSHV-2 was detected in SM1 and SM2. In summary, WGS analysis of three representative strains clearly demonstrates the persistence of β-lactamase-producing Salmonella Mikawasima in UHS during the 4-year period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Novak
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- ESCMID Food and Waterborne Infections Study Group - EFWISG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mia Dzelalija
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Goic-Barisic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Kovacic
- Teaching Public Health Institute of Split and Dalmatia County, Split, Croatia
| | - Mario Pirija
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Maravic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Marina Radic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Jelena Marinovic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Zana Rubic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Merica Carev
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- ESCMID Food and Waterborne Infections Study Group - EFWISG, Basel, Switzerland
- Teaching Public Health Institute of Split and Dalmatia County, Split, Croatia
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Tonkic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital of Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Engel S, Bachem A, Strugnell RA, Strasser A, Herold MJ, Bedoui S. Functional flexibility and plasticity in immune control of systemic Salmonella infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102343. [PMID: 37245415 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to systemic Salmonella infection depends on multiple effector mechanisms. Lymphocyte-derived interferon gamma (IFN-γ) enhances cell-intrinsic bactericidal capabilities to antagonize the hijacking of phagocytes as replicative niches for Salmonella. Programmed cell death (PCD) provides another means through which phagocytes fight against intracellular Salmonella. We describe remarkable levels of flexibility with which the host coordinates and adapts these responses. This involves interchangeable cellular sources of IFN-γ regulated by innate and adaptive cues, and the rewiring of PCD pathways in previously unknown ways. We discuss that such plasticity is likely the consequence of host-pathogen coevolution and raise the possibility of further functional overlap between these seemingly distinct processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Engel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crump JA, Nyirenda TS, Kalonji LM, Phoba MF, Tack B, Platts-Mills JA, Gordon MA, Kariuki SM. Nontyphoidal Salmonella Invasive Disease: Challenges and Solutions. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:S32-S37. [PMID: 37274526 PMCID: PMC10236517 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella are a leading cause of community-onset bacteremia and other serious infections in sub-Saharan African countries where large studies indicate that they are an uncommon cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea. Approximately 535 000 nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease illnesses and 77 500 deaths were estimated to occur in 2017; 422 000 (78.9%) illnesses and 66 500 (85.9%) deaths in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium sequence type (ST) 313 and lineages of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ST11 dominate as causes of invasive disease. A major reservoir for these specific strains outside of humans has not been identified to date. Human fecal shedding of such strains is common in areas where nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease incidence is high. The case-fatality ratio of nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease is approximately 15%. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to avert fatal outcomes. Antimicrobial resistance, including multiple drug resistance, decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility, and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, is increasing in prevalence and is likely to further compromise patient outcomes. Naturally acquired immunity against invasive disease develops in children aged >3 years in endemic areas, likely mediated in part by the sequential acquisition of T-cell immunity, followed by antigen-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Vaccines in preclinical or clinical development include live-attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, nontyphoidal S. enterica core and O-polysaccharide glycoconjugates, multiple antigen-presenting system complexes, and generalized modules for membrane antigens vaccines. The latter are in phase I trials in Europe and Africa. Both vaccine use, and other effective, evidence-based nonvaccine interventions, are needed to prevent and control nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tonney S Nyirenda
- Department of Pathology, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lisette Mbuyi Kalonji
- Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marie-France Phoba
- Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bieke Tack
- Department of Clinical Science, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James A Platts-Mills
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koolman L, Prakash R, Diness Y, Msefula C, Nyirenda TS, Olgemoeller F, Wigley P, Perez-Sepulveda B, Hinton JCD, Owen SV, Feasey NA, Ashton PM, Gordon MA. Case-control investigation of invasive Salmonella disease in Malawi reveals no evidence of environmental or animal transmission of invasive strains, and supports human to human transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010982. [PMID: 36508466 PMCID: PMC9779717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive Salmonella infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the routes of transmission are uncertain. We conducted a case-control study of index-case and geographically-matched control households in Blantyre, Malawi, sampling Salmonella isolates from index cases, healthy people, animals, and the household environment. METHODOLOGY Sixty index cases of human invasive Salmonella infection were recruited (March 2015-Oct 2016). Twenty-eight invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease and 32 typhoid patients consented to household sampling. Each index-case household was geographically matched to a control household. Extensive microbiological sampling included stool sampling from healthy household members, stool or rectal swabs from household-associated animals and boot-sock sampling of the household environment. FINDINGS 1203 samples from 120 households, yielded 43 non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates from 25 households (overall sample positivity 3.6%). In the 28 iNTS patients, disease was caused by 3 STs of Salmonella Typhimurium, mainly ST313. In contrast, the isolates from households spanned 15 sequence types (STs). Two S. Typhimurium isolates from index cases closely matched isolates from their respective asymptomatic household members (2 and 3 SNP differences respectively). Despite the recovery of a diverse range of NTS, there was no overlap between the STs causing iNTS disease with any environmental or animal isolates. CONCLUSIONS The finding of NTS strains from index cases that matched household members, coupled with lack of related animal or environmental isolates, supports a hypothesis of human to human transmission of iNTS infections in the household. The breadth of NTS strains found in animals and the household environment demonstrated the robustness of NTS sampling and culture methodology, and suggests a diverse ecology of Salmonella in this setting. Healthy typhoid (S. Typhi) carrier state was not detected. The lack of S. Typhi isolates from the household environment suggests that further methodological development is needed to culture S. Typhi from the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Koolman
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Reenesh Prakash
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yohane Diness
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Franziska Olgemoeller
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wigley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Blanca Perez-Sepulveda
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Siân V. Owen
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A. Feasey
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Ashton
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Melita A. Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sukjoi C, Buddhasiri S, Tantibhadrasapa A, Kaewsakhorn T, Phothaworn P, Nale JY, Lopez-Garcia AV, AbuOun M, Anjum MF, Malik DJ, Galyov EE, Clokie MRJ, Korbsrisate S, Thiennimitr P. Therapeutic effects of oral administration of lytic Salmonella phages in a mouse model of non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955136. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) caused by a Gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) is one of the most common bacterial foodborne diseases worldwide. Bacteriophages (phages) can specifically target and lyse their host bacteria, including the multidrug-resistant strains, without collateral damage to other bacteria in the community. However, the therapeutic use of Salmonella phages in vivo is still poorly investigated. Salmonella phages ST-W77 and SE-W109 have previously been shown by our group to be useful for biocontrol properties. Here, we tested whether phages ST-W77 and SE-W109 can reduce Salmonella invasion into cultured human cells and confer a therapeutic benefit for acute NTS in a mammalian host. Human colonocytes, T84 cells, were treated with phages ST-W77, SE-W109, and its combination for 5 min before S. Tm infection. Gentamicin protection assays demonstrated that ST-W77 and SE-W109 significantly reduced S. Tm invasion and inflammatory response in human colonocytes. Next, streptomycin-pretreated mice were orally infected with S. Tm (108 CFU/mouse) and treated with a single or a combination of ST-W77 and SE-W109 (1010 PFU/mouse for 4 days) by oral feeding. Our data showed that phage-treated mice had lower S. Tm numbers and tissue inflammation compared to the untreated mice. Our study also revealed that ST-W77 and SE-W109 persist in the mouse gut lumen, but not in systemic sites. Together, these data suggested that Salmonella phages ST-W77 and SE-W109 could be further developed as an alternative approach for treating an acute NTS in mammalian hosts.
Collapse
|
6
|
Falay D, Hardy L, Tanzito J, Lunguya O, Bonebe E, Peeters M, Mattheus W, Van Geet C, Verheyen E, Akaibe D, Katuala P, Ngbonda D, Weill FX, Pardos de la Gandara M, Jacobs J. Urban rats as carriers of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type 313, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010740. [PMID: 36067238 PMCID: PMC9481155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS-mainly serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium) are major causes of bloodstream infections in children in sub-Saharan Africa, but their reservoir remains unknown. We assessed iNTS carriage in rats in an urban setting endemic for iNTS carriage and compared genetic profiles of iNTS from rats with those isolated from humans. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS From April 2016 to December 2018, rats were trapped in five marketplaces and a slaughterhouse in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. After euthanasia, blood, liver, spleen, and rectal content were cultured for Salmonella. Genetic relatedness between iNTS from rats and humans-obtained from blood cultures at Kisangani University Hospital-was assessed with multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core-genome MLST (cgMLST). 1650 live-capture traps yielded 566 (34.3%) rats (95.6% Rattus norvegicus, 4.4% Rattus rattus); 46 (8.1%) of them carried Salmonella, of which 13 had more than one serotype. The most common serotypes were II.42:r:- (n = 18 rats), Kapemba (n = 12), Weltevreden and Typhimurium (n = 10, each), and Dublin (n = 8). Salmonella Typhimurium belonged to MLST ST19 (n = 7 rats) and the invasive ST313 (n = 3, isolated from deep organs but not from rectal content). Sixteen human S. Typhimurium isolates (all ST313) were available for comparison: MLVA and cgMLST revealed two distinct rat-human clusters involving both six human isolates, respectively, i.e. in total 12/16 human ST313 isolates. All ST313 Typhimurium isolates from rats and humans clustered with the ST313 Lineage 2 isolates and most were multidrug resistant; the remaining isolates from rats including S. Typhimurium ST19 were pan-susceptible. CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence of urban rats as potential reservoirs of S. Typhimurium ST313 in an iNTS endemic area in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Falay
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jacques Tanzito
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Edmonde Bonebe
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marjan Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Bacterial Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Geet
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Pediatrics, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verheyen
- OD Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dudu Akaibe
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pionus Katuala
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dauly Ngbonda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des bactéries pathogènes entériques, Paris, France
| | | | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pollenus E, Gouwy M, Van den Steen PE. Neutrophils in malaria: the good, the bad or the ugly? Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12912. [PMID: 35175636 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocytes in human peripheral blood. They are often the first cells to respond to an invading pathogen and might therefore play an important role in malaria. Malaria is a globally important disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, responsible for more than 400 000 deaths each year. Most of these deaths are caused by complications, including cerebral malaria, severe malarial anemia, placental malaria, renal injury, metabolic problems and malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Neutrophils contribute in the immune defense against malaria, through clearance of parasites via phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, Plasmodium parasites diminish antibacterial functions of neutrophils, making patients more susceptible to other infections. Neutrophils might also be involved in the development of malaria complications, for example via the release of toxic granules and NETs. However, technical pitfalls in the determination of the roles of neutrophils have caused contradicting results. Further investigations need to consider these pitfalls, in order to elucidate the role of neutrophils in malaria complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pollenus
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chin Y, Yang KS, Chang SH, Cheng-Chung Wei J, Yip HT, Hung YM, Chang R. Risk of non-typhoidal Salmonella infection in patients with cholecystectomy: Results from a nationwide matched cohort study in Taiwan. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14787. [PMID: 34534394 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was designed to investigate the association between cholecystectomy and the risk of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection. METHODS We obtained claims-based data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to perform a nationwide cohort study. A propensity score (PS)-matching analysis was performed with a ratio of 1:2 in the cholecystectomy cohort and cholecystectomy-free group to reduce selection bias. Both groups were followed until NTS diagnosis, a dropout from the insurance programme or the end of 2013. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the risk of NTS infection between the cholecystectomy and cholecystectomy-free groups. RESULTS Our study enrolled 197 444 patients who had undergone cholecystectomy and 394 888 patients who did not receive cholecystectomy. The adjusted HR (aHR) of NTS infection was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.13-1.58; P < .001) for the cholecystectomy group after adjusting for demographical characteristics and relevant comorbidities. The study population is predominantly female patients (55%) and older (58% older than 50 years). The subgroup analysis revealed that both sexes and notably, patients aged >50, who underwent cholecystectomy had a higher risk of NTS infection than the matched controls. Follow-up of patients who underwent cholecystectomy showed that they had a significantly higher risk of NTS infection for more than 6 months after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that cholecystectomy might be an independent risk factor for subsequent NTS infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen Chin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Chest Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Shan Yang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Tung Yip
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Chest Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Renin Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wilairatana P, Mala W, Klangbud WK, Kotepui KU, Rattaprasert P, Kotepui M. Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21889. [PMID: 34750425 PMCID: PMC8576030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographical overlaps of malaria parasites and Salmonella spp. can lead to co-infection of these two pathogens, especially in the tropics where malaria is endemic. Moreover, few literatures suggested that malaria infection was associated with Salmonella bacteremia. Therefore, this study quantified pooled prevalence of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. The systematic review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021252322). Studies on co-infection of typhoidal/NTS and malaria were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Meta-analyses on the following criteria were performed: (1) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients, (2) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS among malaria patients, (3) pooled prevalence of malaria infections among patients with Salmonella spp. infection, and (4) probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. Additionally, the case fatality rate and mean difference of malarial parasitemia between typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection and Plasmodium monoinfection were also determined. The subgroup analyses of typhoidal/NTS, regions (Africa and Asia), countries, time (publication year), characteristics of participants, and diagnostic tests for identifying Salmonella spp. were also conducted. A sensitivity test was performed to determine the robustness of the study outcomes. Publication bias among the included studies was evaluated using the funnel plot and Egger’s test. All analyses were performed using Stata version 15 (StataCorp LLC, Texas, USA) with a p-value < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Eighty-one studies that met the eligibility criteria were included in the analyses. Of the 73,775 study participants, 4523 had typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infections. The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients were 14% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9–19%; I2, 99.4%; 2971/17,720 cases) and 1% (95% CI 1–1%; I2, 89.9%; 252/29,081 cases) using the Widal test and culture methods for identifying Salmonella spp., respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS infection among patients with malaria were 31% (95% CI 23–39%; I2, 99.5%; 3202/19,208 cases) and 3% (95% CI 2–3%; I2, 86.8%; 407/40,426 cases) using the Widal test and culture methods for identifying Salmonella spp., respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of malaria infection among patients with typhoidal/NTS were 17% (95% CI 6–29%; I2, 33.3%; 13/75 cases) and 43% (95% CI 32–53%; I2, 89.1%; 287/736 cases), respectively. Malaria infection was associated with typhoidal/NTS in children aged < 15 years (p < 0.0001; odds ratio, 0.36; 95% CI 0.23–0.58; I2, 73.9%; 3188/43,212 cases). The case fatality rate in patients with malaria and NTS co-infections was 16% (95% CI 9–24%; I2, 89.1%; 18/103 cases). From the view of the present study, the inappropriate use of the Widal test for Salmonella spp. diagnosis can overestimate the prevalence of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infections. Malaria infection associated with typhoidal/NTS in children and the high case fatality rates among few patients with co-infections were highlighted. Future prospective longitudinal studies using the appropriate and confirmatory dsiagnosis for Salmonella spp. infections are highly recommended to ensure the real prevalence of co-infection and highlight the outcome of co-infection for providing adequate treatment in febrile patients who live in areas where malaria is endemic, such as tropical Africa and India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanida Mala
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Wiyada Kwanhian Klangbud
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Pongruj Rattaprasert
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Müller R, Gerwel TM, Kimuda MP, Bishop ÖT, Veale CGL, Hoppe HC. Virtual screening and in vitro validation identifies the first reported inhibitors of Salmonella enterica HPPK. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1750-1756. [PMID: 34778775 PMCID: PMC8528203 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HPPK, which directly precedes DHPS in the folate biosynthetic pathway, is a promising but chronically under-exploited anti-microbial target. Here we report the identification of new S. enterica HPPK inhibitors, offering potential for new resistance circumventing S. enterica therapies as well as avenues for diversifying the current HPPK inhibitor space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
| | - Tiaan M Gerwel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University Makhanda 6140 South Africa
| | - Magambo Phillip Kimuda
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University Makhanda 6140 South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University Makhanda 6140 South Africa
| | - Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville 3209 South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University Makhanda 6140 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Park SE, Pham DT, Pak GD, Panzner U, Maria Cruz Espinoza L, von Kalckreuth V, Im J, Mogeni OD, Schütt-Gerowitt H, Crump JA, Breiman RF, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Owusu-Dabo E, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Bassiahi Soura A, Aseffa A, Gasmelseed N, Sooka A, Keddy KH, May J, Aaby P, Biggs HM, Hertz JT, Montgomery JM, Cosmas L, Olack B, Fields B, Sarpong N, Razafindrabe TJL, Raminosoa TM, Kabore LP, Sampo E, Teferi M, Yeshitela B, El Tayeb MA, Krumkamp R, Dekker DM, Jaeger A, Tall A, Gassama A, Niang A, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Løfberg SV, Deerin JF, Park JK, Konings F, Carey ME, Van Puyvelde S, Ali M, Clemens J, Dougan G, Baker S, Marks F. The genomic epidemiology of multi-drug resistant invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in selected sub-Saharan African countries. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2021-005659. [PMID: 34341020 PMCID: PMC8330565 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) is one of the leading causes of bacteraemia in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to provide a better understanding of the genetic characteristics and transmission patterns associated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) iNTS serovars across the continent. Methods A total of 166 iNTS isolates collected from a multi-centre surveillance in 10 African countries (2010–2014) and a fever study in Ghana (2007–2009) were genome sequenced to investigate the geographical distribution, antimicrobial genetic determinants and population structure of iNTS serotypes–genotypes. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in the context of the existing genomic frameworks for various iNTS serovars. Population-based incidence of MDR-iNTS disease was estimated in each study site. Results Salmonella Typhimurium sequence-type (ST) 313 and Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 were predominant, and both exhibited high frequencies of MDR; Salmonella Dublin ST10 was identified in West Africa only. Mutations in the gyrA gene (fluoroquinolone resistance) were identified in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium in Ghana; an ST313 isolate carrying blaCTX-M-15 was found in Kenya. International transmission of MDR ST313 (lineage II) and MDR ST11 (West African clade) was observed between Ghana and neighbouring West African countries. The incidence of MDR-iNTS disease exceeded 100/100 000 person-years-of-observation in children aged <5 years in several West African countries. Conclusions We identified the circulation of multiple MDR iNTS serovar STs in the sampled sub-Saharan African countries. Investment in the development and deployment of iNTS vaccines coupled with intensified antimicrobial resistance surveillance are essential to limit the impact of these pathogens in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Eun Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy Thanh Pham
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gi Deok Pak
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ursula Panzner
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Justin Im
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heidi Schütt-Gerowitt
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Robert F Breiman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, KEMRI Complex, Nairobi, Kenya.,Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Abdramane Bassiahi Soura
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, University of Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nagla Gasmelseed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.,Faculty of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Albatin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arvinda Sooka
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Karen H Keddy
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jürgen May
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Holly M Biggs
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Julian T Hertz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, KEMRI Complex, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Leonard Cosmas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, KEMRI Complex, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Barry Fields
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, KEMRI Complex, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nimako Sarpong
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Krumkamp
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Denise Myriam Dekker
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Jaeger
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Adama Tall
- Institute Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amy Gassama
- Institute Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Morten Bjerregaard-Andersen
- Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Valborg Løfberg
- Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jin Kyung Park
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Konings
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Megan E Carey
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Sandra Van Puyvelde
- Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Ali
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Clemens
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,University of California, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee JS, Mogasale V, Marks F, Kim J. Geographical distribution of risk factors for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella at the subnational boundary level in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:529. [PMID: 34090380 PMCID: PMC8180173 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) is a growing health-concern in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. iNTS is associated with fatal diseases such as HIV and malaria. Despite high case fatality rates, the disease has not been given much attention. The limited number of population-based surveillance studies hampers accurate estimation of global disease burden. Given the lack of available evidence on the disease, it is critical to identify high risk areas for future surveillance and to improve our understanding of iNTS endemicity. Methods Considering that population-based surveillance data were sparse, a composite index called the iNTS risk factor (iNRF) index was constructed based on risk factors that commonly exist across countries. Four risk factors associated with the prevalence of iNTS were considered: malaria, HIV, malnutrition, and safe water. The iNRF index was first generated based on the four risk factors which were collected within a 50 km radius of existing surveillance sites. Pearson product-moment correlation was used to test statistical associations between the iNRF index and the prevalence of iNTS observed in the surveillance sites. The index was then further estimated at the subnational boundary level across selected countries and used to identify high risk areas for iNTS. Results While the iNRF index in some countries was generally low (i.e. Rwanda) or high (i.e. Cote d’Ivoire), the risk-level of iNTS was variable not only by country but also within a country. At the provincial-level, the highest risk area was identified in Maniema, the Democratic Republic of Congo, whereas Dakar in Senegal was at the lowest risk. Conclusions The iNRF index can be a useful tool to understand the geographically varying risk-level of iNTS. Given that conducting a population-based surveillance study requires extensive human and financial resources, identifying high risk areas for iNTS prior to a study implementation can facilitate an appropriate site-selection process in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06198-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Seok Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08226, South Korea.
| | - Vittal Mogasale
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08226, South Korea
| | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08226, South Korea
| | - Jerome Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, SNU Research Park, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08226, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Appiah GD, Mpimbaza A, Lamorde M, Freeman M, Kajumbula H, Salah Z, Kugeler K, Mikoleit M, White PB, Kapisi J, Borchert J, Sserwanga A, Van Dyne S, Mead P, Kim S, Lauer AC, Winstead A, Manabe YC, Flick RJ, Mintz E. Salmonella Bloodstream Infections in Hospitalized Children with Acute Febrile Illness-Uganda, 2016-2019. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:37-46. [PMID: 33999850 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Salmonella infection is a common cause of acute febrile illness (AFI) among children in sub-Saharan Africa; however, diagnosing Salmonella bacteremia is challenging in settings without blood culture. The Uganda AFI surveillance system includes blood culture-based surveillance for etiologies of bloodstream infection (BSIs) in hospitalized febrile children in Uganda. We analyzed demographic, clinical, blood culture, and antimicrobial resistance data from hospitalized children at six sentinel AFI sites from July 2016 to January 2019. A total of 47,261 children were hospitalized. Median age was 2 years (interquartile range, 1-4) and 26,695 (57%) were male. Of 7,203 blood cultures, 242 (3%) yielded bacterial pathogens including Salmonella (N = 67, 28%), Staphylococcus aureus (N = 40, 17%), Escherichia spp. (N = 25, 10%), Enterococcus spp. (N = 18, 7%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (N = 17, 7%). Children with BSIs had longer median length of hospitalization (5 days versus 4 days), and a higher case-fatality ratio (13% versus 2%) than children without BSI (all P < 0.001). Children with Salmonella BSIs did not differ significantly in length of hospitalization or mortality from children with BSI resulting from other organisms. Serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility results were available for 49 Salmonella isolates, including 35 (71%) non-typhoidal serotypes and 14 Salmonella serotype Typhi (Typhi). Among Typhi isolates, 10 (71%) were multi-drug resistant and 13 (93%) had decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Salmonella strains, particularly non-typhoidal serotypes and drug-resistant Typhi, were the most common cause of BSI. These data can inform regional Salmonella surveillance in East Africa and guide empiric therapy and prevention in Uganda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace D Appiah
- 1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Arthur Mpimbaza
- 2Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda.,3Child Health and Development Center, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Molly Freeman
- 1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Henry Kajumbula
- 5Department of Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Zainab Salah
- 1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kiersten Kugeler
- 6Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Matthew Mikoleit
- 7Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Porscha Bumpus White
- 1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James Kapisi
- 2Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeff Borchert
- 6Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Susan Van Dyne
- 1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul Mead
- 6Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Sunkyung Kim
- 1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ana C Lauer
- 1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alison Winstead
- 8Division of Parasitic Disease and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- 9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert J Flick
- 9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eric Mintz
- 1Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sargun A, Sassone-Corsi M, Zheng T, Raffatellu M, Nolan EM. Conjugation to Enterobactin and Salmochelin S4 Enhances the Antimicrobial Activity and Selectivity of β-Lactam Antibiotics against Nontyphoidal Salmonella. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1248-1259. [PMID: 33691061 PMCID: PMC8122056 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of infection worldwide. Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars typically cause inflammatory diarrhea in healthy individuals, and can cause bacteremia in immunocompromised patients, children, and the elderly. Management of NTS infection poses a challenge because antibiotic treatment prolongs fecal shedding of the pathogen and is thus not recommended for most patients. In recent years, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in NTS has also become a major issue. Thus, new therapeutic strategies to target NTS are needed. Here, we evaluated whether six siderophore-β-lactam conjugates based on enterobactin (Ent) and salmochelin S4 (digulcosylated Ent, DGE) provide antimicrobial activity against the two highly prevalent NTS serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis by targeting the siderophore receptors FepA and/or IroN. The conjugates showed 10- to 1000-fold lower minimum inhibitory concentrations against both serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis compared to the parent antibiotics under iron limitation and were recognized and transported by FepA and/or IroN. NTS treated with the Ent/DGE-β-lactam conjugates exhibited aberrant cellular morphologies suggesting inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins, and the conjugates selectively killed NTS in coculture with Staphylococcus aureus. Lastly, the DGE-based conjugates proved to be effective at inhibiting growth of NTS in the presence of the Ent-sequestering protein lipocalin-2. This work describes the successful use of siderophore-antibiotic conjugates against NTS and highlights the opportunity for narrowing the activity spectrum of antibiotics by using Ent and DGE to target enteric bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Sargun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Martina Sassone-Corsi
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tengfei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cordovana M, Mauder N, Kostrzewa M, Wille A, Rojak S, Hagen RM, Ambretti S, Pongolini S, Soliani L, Justesen US, Holt HM, Join-Lambert O, Le Hello S, Auzou M, Veloo AC, May J, Frickmann H, Dekker D. Classification of Salmonella enterica of the (Para-)Typhoid Fever Group by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040853. [PMID: 33921159 PMCID: PMC8071548 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoidal and para-typhoidal Salmonella are major causes of bacteraemia in resource-limited countries. Diagnostic alternatives to laborious and resource-demanding serotyping are essential. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS) is a rapidly developing and simple bacterial typing technology. In this study, we assessed the discriminatory power of the FTIRS-based IR Biotyper (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany), for the rapid and reliable identification of biochemically confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid fever-associated Salmonella isolates. In total, 359 isolates, comprising 30 S. Typhi, 23 S. Paratyphi A, 23 S. Paratyphi B, and 7 S. Paratyphi C, respectively and other phylogenetically closely related Salmonella serovars belonging to the serogroups O:2, O:4, O:7 and O:9 were tested. The strains were derived from clinical, environmental and food samples collected at different European sites. Applying artificial neural networks, specific automated classifiers were built to discriminate typhoidal serovars from non-typhoidal serovars within each of the four serogroups. The accuracy of the classifiers was 99.9%, 87.0%, 99.5% and 99.0% for Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, B and Salmonella Paratyphi C, respectively. The IR Biotyper is a promising tool for fast and reliable detection of typhoidal Salmonella. Hence, IR biotyping may serve as a suitable alternative to conventional approaches for surveillance and diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cordovana
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (M.C.); (N.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Norman Mauder
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (M.C.); (N.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Markus Kostrzewa
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (M.C.); (N.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Andreas Wille
- Institute for Hygiene and Environment, 20539 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sandra Rojak
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, 56070 Koblenz, Germany; (S.R.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, 56070 Koblenz, Germany; (S.R.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Simone Ambretti
- Operative Unit of Microbiology, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero Policlinico Sant’Orsola-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Stefano Pongolini
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Soliani
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, 43126 Parma, Italy; (S.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Ulrik S. Justesen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (U.S.J.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Hanne M. Holt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (U.S.J.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Olivier Join-Lambert
- Department of Microbiology, Université de Caen, Normandie, CEDEX 5, 14032 Caen, France; (O.J.-L.); (S.L.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Department of Microbiology, Université de Caen, Normandie, CEDEX 5, 14032 Caen, France; (O.J.-L.); (S.L.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Michel Auzou
- Department of Microbiology, Université de Caen, Normandie, CEDEX 5, 14032 Caen, France; (O.J.-L.); (S.L.H.); (M.A.)
| | - Alida C. Veloo
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jürgen May
- Infectious Disease Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; or
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Tropical Medicine II Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; or
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Denise Dekker
- Infectious Disease Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; or
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu DK, Yang KS, Wei JCC, Yip HT, Chang R, Hung YM, Hung CH. Appendectomy and Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infection: A Population-Based Matched Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071466. [PMID: 33918175 PMCID: PMC8037619 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential association between appendectomy and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that appendectomy may be associated with gut vulnerability to NTS. The data were retrospectively collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to describe the incidence rates of NTS infection requiring hospital admission among patients with and without an appendectomy. A total of 208,585 individuals aged ≥18 years with an appendectomy were enrolled from January 2000 to December 2012, and compared with a control group of 208,585 individuals who had never received an appendectomy matched by propensity score (1:1) by index year, age, sex, occupation, and comorbidities. An appendectomy was defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Procedure Codes. The main outcome was patients who were hospitalized for NTS. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Two sensitivity analyses were conducted for cross-validation. Of the 417,170 participants (215,221 (51.6%) male), 208,585 individuals (50.0%) had an appendectomy, and 112 individuals developed NTS infection requiring hospitalization. In the fully adjusted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model, the appendectomy group had an increased risk of NTS infection (adjusted HR (aHR), 1.61; 95% CI, 1.20-2.17). Females and individuals aged 18 to 30 years with a history of appendectomy had a statistically higher risk of NTS than the control group (aHR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.26-2.93 and aHR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.41-5.07). In this study, appendectomy was positively associated with subsequent hospitalization for NTS. The mechanism behind this association remains uncertain and needs further studies to clarify the interactions between appendectomy and NTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Den-Ko Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Shan Yang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Tung Yip
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Renin Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (Y.-M.H.); (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-73422121 (R.C.); +886-75552565 (Y.-M.H.); +886-76577711 (ext. 3414) (C.-H.H.)
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (Y.-M.H.); (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-73422121 (R.C.); +886-75552565 (Y.-M.H.); +886-76577711 (ext. 3414) (C.-H.H.)
| | - Chih-Hsin Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (Y.-M.H.); (C.-H.H.); Tel.: +886-73422121 (R.C.); +886-75552565 (Y.-M.H.); +886-76577711 (ext. 3414) (C.-H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Raji MA, Kazeem HM, Magyigbe KA, Ahmed AO, Lawal DN, Raufu IA. Salmonella Serovars, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Factors Isolated from Intestinal Content of Slaughtered Chickens and Ready-to-Eat Chicken Gizzards in the Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2021; 2021:8872137. [PMID: 33748266 PMCID: PMC7943306 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8872137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed food-borne diseases, and the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in poultry and poultry products is a global public health problem. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to July 2017 with an aim of determining the isolation rates of Salmonella species from the intestinal contents of slaughtered chickens, the most common serotypes that invade and colonize the tissues of chickens in Ilorin, and the susceptibilities of the isolated species to commonly used antibiotics. Four hundred samples of intestinal contents from apparently healthy slaughtered chickens and one hundred ready-to-eat chicken gizzards in Ilorin, Kwara State, were examined for the presence of Salmonella and their serotypes. Salmonellae were isolated and identified according to the techniques recommended by the World Health Organization: preenrichment, selective plating, biochemical testing, and serotyping. A total number of forty-three (43) Salmonella isolates consisting of 33 from intestinal contents and 10 from ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were isolated and identified. There was an overall Salmonella prevalence rate of 8.6% (43/500), and the isolates were distributed as follows: gizzard, 2% (n = 10) and intestinal contents, 6.6% (n = 33). The predominant serovars were Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (16) and S. Haifa (5). All ready-to-eat chicken gizzards were associated with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 (5). The Salmonella from intestinal contents belong to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars 45: d: 1, 7 (11) and S. Haifa (5). Salmonella species isolated were 100% resistant to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and ceftazidime. This is followed by cloxacillin (81%), tetracycline (75%), and sulfamethoxazole (67%). The Salmonella isolates were, however, 100% sensitive to enrofloxacin, 74% to streptomycin, and 72% to gentamycin antibiotics. The most common serotype was S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7. All the twenty five Salmonella serovars consisting of twenty-one serotypes (n = 21), two of the Salmonella that could not be cultured after enrichment, and the two that were contaminated with Proteus possessed the virulence genes of invA and stn. The Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 45: d: 1, 7 and S. Haifa possess virulence genes so they are potentially virulent for humans in this area. The national and local health authorities in Nigeria should improve hygiene measures especially at retail slaughter markets to reduce salmonellosis which is one of the most important food-borne diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Raji
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - H. M. Kazeem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
| | - K. A. Magyigbe
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
| | - A. O. Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - D. N. Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - I. A. Raufu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kubicek-Sutherland JZ, Xie G, Shakya M, Dighe PK, Jacobs LL, Daligault H, Davenport K, Stromberg LR, Stromberg ZR, Cheng Q, Kempaiah P, Ong’echa JM, Otieno V, Raballah E, Anyona S, Ouma C, Chain PSG, Perkins DJ, Mukundan H, McMahon BH, Doggett NA. Comparative genomic and phenotypic characterization of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from Siaya, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008991. [PMID: 33524010 PMCID: PMC7877762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major global health concern that often causes bloodstream infections in areas of the world affected by malnutrition and comorbidities such as HIV and malaria. Developing a strategy to control the emergence and spread of highly invasive and antimicrobial resistant NTS isolates requires a comprehensive analysis of epidemiological factors and molecular pathogenesis. Here, we characterize 11 NTS isolates that caused bloodstream infections in pediatric patients in Siaya, Kenya from 2003-2010. Nine isolates were identified as S. Typhimurium sequence type 313 while the other two were S. Enteritidis. Comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic analyses were performed to compare these isolates to those previously identified in sub-Saharan Africa. We identified a S. Typhimurium isolate referred to as UGA14 that displayed novel plasmid, pseudogene and resistance features as compared to other isolates reported from Africa. Notably, UGA14 is able to ferment both lactose and sucrose due to the acquisition of insertion elements on the pKST313 plasmid. These findings show for the first time the co-evolution of plasmid-mediated lactose and sucrose metabolism along with cephalosporin resistance in NTS further elucidating the evolutionary mechanisms of invasive NTS phenotypes. These results further support the use of combined genomic and phenotypic approaches to detect and characterize atypical NTS isolates in order to advance biosurveillance efforts that inform countermeasures aimed at controlling invasive and antimicrobial resistant NTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Xie
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
| | - Migun Shakya
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
| | - Priya K. Dighe
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
| | - Lindsey L. Jacobs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
| | | | - Karen Davenport
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
| | | | | | - Qiuying Cheng
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Prakasha Kempaiah
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - John Michael Ong’echa
- University of New Mexico/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Vincent Otieno
- University of New Mexico/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Evans Raballah
- University of New Mexico/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Public Health, Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Samuel Anyona
- University of New Mexico/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- University of New Mexico/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | | | - Douglas J. Perkins
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- University of New Mexico/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Harshini Mukundan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Norman A. Doggett
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nontyphoidal Salmonella Osteomyelitis in an Immunocompetent Adult Without Preceding Symptoms. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
20
|
Salmonella Hessarek Gastroenteritis with Bacteremia: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080656. [PMID: 32824139 PMCID: PMC7460271 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Hessarek (Salmonella Hessarek) is considered a serovar with high host specificity and is an uncommon cause of disease in humans; no cases of S. Hessarek bacteremia have been reported in humans to date. On 16 July 2019, a young male presented abdominal pain, vomit, diarrhea, and fever up to 41 °C, a few hours after a kebab meal containing goat meat; he went to the Emergency Room, where a Film Array® GI Panel (BioFire, Biomerieux Company, Marcy-L´Étoile, France) was performed on his feces and results were positive for Salmonella. The culture of the feces was negative, but the blood culture was positive for Salmonella spp., which was identified as Salmonella Hessarek by seroagglutination assays. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone 2 g intravenously qd for 8 days; he was discharged in good general conditions, and ciprofloxacin 500 mg per os bid for 7 more days was prescribed, after exclusion of endocarditis and of clinical signs of complicated bacteremia. This case of Salmonella Hessarek gastroenteritis with bacteremia is probably the first case of bloodstream human infection due to this agent ever described. Further studies are needed to ascertain the global burden of S. Hessarek disease in humans.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tack B, Vanaenrode J, Verbakel JY, Toelen J, Jacobs J. Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review on antimicrobial resistance and treatment. BMC Med 2020; 18:212. [PMID: 32677939 PMCID: PMC7367361 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are a frequent cause of invasive infections in sub-Saharan Africa. They are frequently multidrug resistant (co-resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol), and resistance to third-generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility have been reported. Third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are often used to treat invasive NTS infections, but azithromycin might be an alternative. However, data on antibiotic treatment efficacy in invasive NTS infections are lacking. In this study, we aimed to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of antimicrobial resistance in invasive NTS infections in sub-Saharan Africa and to describe the available evidence and recommendations on antimicrobial treatment. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of all available literature on antimicrobial resistance and treatment in invasive NTS infections. We performed a random effects meta-analysis to assess the temporal distribution of multidrug resistance, third-generation cephalosporin resistance, and fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility. We mapped these data to assess the spatial distribution. We provided a narrative synthesis of the available evidence and recommendations on antimicrobial treatment. RESULTS Since 2001, multidrug resistance was observed in 75% of NTS isolates from all sub-Saharan African regions (95% confidence interval, 70-80% and 65-84%). Third-generation cephalosporin resistance emerged in all sub-Saharan African regions and was present in 5% (95% confidence interval, 1-10%) after 2010. Fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility emerged in all sub-Saharan African regions but did not increase over time. Azithromycin resistance was reported in DR Congo. There were no reports on carbapenem resistance. We did not find high-quality evidence on the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment. There were no supranational guidelines. The "Access group" antibiotics ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol and "Watch group" antibiotics ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin were recommended as the first-choice antibiotics in national guidelines or reviews. These also recommended (a switch to) oral fluoroquinolones or azithromycin. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the widespread multidrug resistance in invasive NTS infections in sub-Saharan Africa, resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility was present in all regions. There was a lack of data on the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment in these infections, and supranational evidence-based guidelines were absent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Tack
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaan Toelen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Woman and Child, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Detection and differential identification of typhoidal Salmonella using bacteriophages and resazurin. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:196. [PMID: 32300512 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at developing an easy to use and inexpensive biosensor for the detection of typhoidal Salmonella. The technique was designed to be used without expensive instrumentation if necessary. Bacteriophages specifically infecting three typhoidal Salmonella serovars were isolated and purified. Log-phase cultures were mixed with a high titre of a single phage (109 PFUs) in separate wells of a microtitre plate and incubated at room temperature (30 °C) for 1 h. After incubation, resazurin was added and the plates were incubated further for 1 h. Absorbance at 570 nm of each test well was measured using a commercial microplate reader and compared with that of the control well. A significant difference (p < 0.05) between the absorbance of test and control wells indicated the presence of target bacteria. With visual inspection, a delay in colour change from blue to pink was considered a positive result. The system could detect 5 × 104 CFUs in 120 min without pre-enrichment and 10 CFUs with a pre-enrichment of 6 h.
Collapse
|
23
|
High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: A Cross-Sectional Study at Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:6167234. [PMID: 32411256 PMCID: PMC7210541 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6167234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae particularly extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers have become a major public health threat. Despite efforts to limit their spread, rates of multidrug-resistance members of the Enterobacteriaceae continue to increase throughout the world causing increased morbidity and mortality and raised costs for medical care. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Methods Four hundred forty Enterobacteriaceae isolates from outpatients referred to Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory were identified and assessed for their antimicrobial resistance pattern by using the automated VITEK 2 compact system. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase production was determined by the VITEK 2 automated compact system using the extended-spectrum β-lactamase test panel as per the instruction of the manufacturer. Results The overall resistance rates of Enterobacteriaceae against cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones were high. Nitrofurantoin with a resistance rate of 14.3% and piperacillin/tazobactam combination with a resistance rate of 17.3% were better active against this group of Gram-negative bacteria. Out of 440 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, 42.1% were multidrug-resistant of which 34.3% and 8.95% were extensively drug-resistant and pan-drug resistant, respectively. Among 185 multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, 63.9% of the isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamase of which 75.4%, 19.5%, 1.7%, 2.5%, and 0.8% were E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, E. cloacae, and P. mirabilis, respectively. Conclusions The present study demonstrated high prevalence rates of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. In order to combat these problems, infection control strategy and proper antibiotic policies should be formulated.
Collapse
|
24
|
Buteux A, Nacher M, Merat C, Nguyen D, Roze B, Cabié A, Olive C. Risk Factors for Nontyphi Salmonella Bacteremia Over 10 Years in Fort-de-France, Martinique, West Indies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:58-62. [PMID: 31820710 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella infections can result in bacteremia. This study was undertaken to determine the predictive factors for bacteremia in children aged less than 16 years. Medical data were collected for every child with positive nontyphoidal Salmonella cultures in blood or stools at the University hospital of Martinique, French West Indies, between January 2005 and December 2015. Among 454 patients, 333 were included; 156 cases had confirmed bacteremia, and 177 were included as control group with nontyphoidal Salmonella only isolated in stools. Age at diagnosis, delay before consulting, prematurity, immunosuppression, or hyperthermic seizures were not significantly associated with bacteremia. C-reactive protein was higher in cases of bacteremia (P = 0.01); however, after adjusting to the threshold of 30 mg/L, there was no longer any difference. There were also significant relations for electrolytes such as hyponatremia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.08 [95% CI = 1.31-3.95]; P < 0.01), high urea level (OR = 0.53 [95% CI = 0.32-0.88], P < 0.01). The infecting serotype was the most discriminant risk factor (P < 10-4). Among 28 serotypes isolated between 2005 and 2015, Salmonella panama was the most common serotype: 122 strains (78.2%) were isolated from bacteremic patients versus 60 (33.9%) from nonbacteremic patients (P < 10-4). Salmonella panama was the most important risk factor for bacteremia (OR = 7.37 [95% CI = 3.18-17.1], P < 10-4) even after multivariate analysis (OR = 13.09 [95% CI = 5.42-31.59], P < 10-4). After adjusting for bacteremia, S. panama was associated with a significantly higher body temperature than other Salmonella: 39°C (standard deviation [SD] = 0.92) versus 38.2°C [SD = 1.1], linear regression P < 10-3. Children with Salmonella serotype panama infection were at higher risk of bacteremia than children infected with other Salmonella serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Buteux
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- INSERM CIC1424 Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, France.,EA 3593 Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, France
| | - Célia Merat
- Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, France.,EA 3593 Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de la Guyane, Cayenne, France
| | - Benoit Roze
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, France
| | - André Cabié
- EA 4537 Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales dans la Caraïbe, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France.,INSERM CIC1424 Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, France.,Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, France
| | - Claude Olive
- EA 4537 Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales dans la Caraïbe, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prabhakar P, Lekshmi M, Ammini P, Nayak BB, Kumar S. Salmonella Contamination of Seafood in Landing Centers and Retail Markets of Mumbai, India. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1361-1365. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Seafood contamination with Salmonella enterica is not only a public health concern, but can also lead to economic losses due to import rejections. Continuous monitoring of seafood for Salmonella is necessary for risk assessment and to establish suitable control measures.
Objective
The objective of this study was to determine the extent of Salmonella contamination of seafood in fish landing centers and retails markets.
Methods
In this study, we analyzed seafood samples from three fish landing centers and seven retail markets of Mumbai, India for S. enterica contamination. Salmonella was isolated using multiple selective enrichment broths and selective agars, and identified by conventional biochemical tests followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results
Of 82 samples of seafood, comprising both finfish and shellfish, Salmonella was detected in 17 (20.7%) finfish samples. None of the shellfish samples (shrimps, clams, and cephalopods) were found to be contaminated with Salmonella. Samples from both landing centers and fish markets, as well as from pelagic and demersal sources, harbored Salmonella. Source-wise analysis showed that 11 of 57 (19.3%) samples from retail fish markets and 6 of 25 (24%) samples from fish landing centers were contaminated with Salmonella.
Conclusions
The study emphasizes the need to implement measures to prevent anthropogenic contamination of coastal waters and improve the hygiene of retail fish markets in Mumbai.
Highlights
Seafood from landing centers and retail markets, as well as from pelagic and demersalhabitats were similarly contaminated with Salmonella. Fish species widely consumed in the region of this study were found highly contaminated with Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parmanand Prabhakar
- ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Post Harvest Technology, QC Laboratory, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Manjusha Lekshmi
- ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Post Harvest Technology, QC Laboratory, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Parvathi Ammini
- CSIR—National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682018, India
| | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Post Harvest Technology, QC Laboratory, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Sanath Kumar
- ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Post Harvest Technology, QC Laboratory, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luvsansharav UO, Wakhungu J, Grass J, Oneko M, Nguyen V, Bigogo G, Ogola E, Audi A, Onyango D, Hamel MJ, Montgomery JM, Fields PI, Mahon BE. Exploration of risk factors for ceftriaxone resistance in invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in western Kenya. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229581. [PMID: 32126103 PMCID: PMC7053705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection has emerged as a prominent cause of invasive infections in Africa. We investigated the prevalence of ceftriaxone-resistant invasive NTS infections, conducted exploratory analysis of risk factors for resistance, and described antimicrobial use in western Kenya. We conducted a secondary analysis of existing laboratory, epidemiology, and clinical data from three independent projects, a malaria vaccine trial, a central nervous system (CNS) study, and the International Emerging Infections Program morbidity surveillance (surveillance program) during 2009-2014. We calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ceftriaxone-resistant NTS infections compared with ceftriaxone-susceptible infections. We surveyed hospitals, pharmacies, and animal drug retailers about the availability and use of antimicrobials. In total, 286 invasive NTS infections were identified in the three projects; 43 NTS isolates were ceftriaxone-resistant. The absolute prevalence of ceftriaxone resistance varied among these methodologically diverse projects, with 18% (16/90) of isolates resistant to ceftriaxone in the vaccine trial, 89% (16/18) in the CNS study, and 6% (11/178) in the surveillance program. Invasive ceftriaxone-resistant infections increased over time. Most ceftriaxone-resistant isolates were co-resistant to multiple other antimicrobials. Having an HIV-positive mother (OR = 3.7; CI = 1.2-11.4) and taking trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the current illness (OR = 9.6, CI = 1.2-78.9) were significantly associated with acquiring ceftriaxone-resistant invasive NTS infection. Ceftriaxone and other antibiotics were widely prescribed; multiple issues related to prescription practices and misuse were identified. In summary, ceftriaxone-resistant invasive NTS infection is increasing and limiting treatment options for serious infections. Efforts are ongoing to address the urgent need for improved microbiologic diagnostic capacity and an antimicrobial surveillance system in Kenya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulzii-Orshikh Luvsansharav
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Workforce Branch, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James Wakhungu
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julian Grass
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Martina Oneko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Von Nguyen
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Workforce Branch, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Ogola
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Allan Audi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Mary J Hamel
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Patricia I Fields
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara E Mahon
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Epidemiology and Microbiology of Bacterial Bloodstream Infection in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Thindwa D, Chipeta MG, Henrion MYR, Gordon MA. Distinct climate influences on the risk of typhoid compared to invasive non-typhoid Salmonella disease in Blantyre, Malawi. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20310. [PMID: 31889080 PMCID: PMC6937328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Salmonella diseases, both typhoid and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS), are seasonal bloodstream infections causing important morbidity and mortality globally in Africa. The reservoirs and transmission of both are not fully understood. We hypothesised that differences in the time-lagged relationships of rainfall or temperature with typhoid and iNTS incidence might infer differences in epidemiology. We assessed the dynamics of invasive Salmonella incidence over a 16-year period of surveillance, quantifying incidence peaks, seasonal variations, and nonlinear effects of rainfall and temperature exposures on the relative risks of typhoid and iNTS, using monthly lags. An increased relative risk of iNTS incidence was short-lasting but immediate after the onset of the rains, whereas that of typhoid was long-lasting but with a two months delayed start, implying a possible difference in transmission. The relative-risk function of temperature for typhoid was bimodal, with higher risk at both lower (with a 1 month lag) and higher (with a ≥4 months lag) temperatures, possibly reflecting the known patterns of short and long cycle typhoid transmission. In contrast, the relative-risk of iNTS was only increased at lower temperatures, suggesting distinct transmission mechanisms. Environmental and sanitation control strategies may be different for iNTS compared to typhoid disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deus Thindwa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael G Chipeta
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Big Data Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Malawi College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Marc Y R Henrion
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yousafi Q, Azhar M, Khan MS, Mehmood A, Saleem S, Sajid MW, Hussain A, Kamal MA. Interaction of human dynein light chain 1 (DYNLL1) with enterochelin esterase ( Salmonella typhimurium) and protective antigen ( Bacillus anthraci) might be the potential cause of human infection. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 27:1396-1402. [PMID: 32346352 PMCID: PMC7182775 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein light chain 1 (DYNLL1) is an important constituent of motor proteins complex. In human it is encoded by DYNLL1 gene. It is involved in cargo transport functions and interacts with many viral proteins with the help of short linear consensus motif sequence (K/R) XTQT. Viral proteins bind to DYNLL1 through its consensus short linear motif (SLiM) sequence to reach the target site in the cell and cause different infections in the host. It is still unknown if bacterial proteins also contain the same conserved SLiMs sequence through which they bind to this motor protein and cause infections. So, it is important to investigate the role of DYNLL1 in human bacterial infections. The interaction partner proteins of DYNLL1 against conserved viral motif sequences were predicted through PDBSum. Pairwise sequence alignment, between viral motif sequence and that of predicted proteins, was performed to identify conserved region in predicted interaction partners. Docking between the DYNLL1 and new pathogenic interaction partners was performed, by using PatchDock, to explore the protein-protein binding quality. Interactions of docked complexes were visualized by DimPlot. Three pathogenic bacterial proteins i.e., enterochelin esterase (3MGA), protective antigen (3J9C) and putative lipoprotein (4KT3) were selected as candidate interaction partners of DYNLL1. The putative lipoprotein (4KT3) showed low quality binding with DYNLL1. So, enterochelin esterase (3MGA) and protective antigen (3J9C) were speculated to be involved in human bacterial infections by using DYNLL1 to reach their target sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qudsia Yousafi
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Maria Azhar
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | | | - Asim Mehmood
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Saleem
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | | | - Abrar Hussain
- Dept. Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ajayi A, Smith SI, Kalpy JC, Bode-Sojobi IO, René YK, Adeleye AI. Molecular diversity and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans and food animals in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:509-527. [PMID: 31658835 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Salmonellosis remain a major public health problem globally. This study determined the diversity and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans and food animals. Using standard methods, Salmonella spp. were isolated from fecal samples, profiled for antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance genes. Seventy-one Salmonella isolates were recovered from both humans and food animals comprising cattle, sheep, and chicken. Forty-four serovars were identified, with dominant Salmonella Budapest (31.8%). Rare serovars were present in chicken (S. Alfort, S. Wichita, S. Linton, S. Ealing, and S. Ebrie) and humans (S. Mowanjum, S. Huettwillen, S. Limete, and S. Chagoua). Sixty-eight percent of isolates were sensitive to all test antibiotics, while the highest rate of resistance was to nalidixic acid (16.9%; n = 12), followed by ciprofloxacin (11.3%; n = 8) and tetracycline (9.9%; n = 8). Five isolates (7%) were multidrug-resistant and antimicrobial resistance genes coding resistance to tetracycline (tetA), beta-lactam (blaTEM), and quinolone/fluoroquinolone (qnrB and qnrS) were detected. Evolutionary analysis of gyrA gene sequences of human and food animal Salmonella isolates revealed variations but are evolutionarily interconnected. Isolates were grouped into four clades with S. Budapest isolate from cattle clustering with S. Budapest isolated from chicken, whereas S. Essen isolated from sheep and chicken was grouped into a clade. Diverse S. enterica serovars with high antibiotic resistance profile are ubiquitous in food animals; hence, there is a need for surveillance and prudent use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Ajayi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
| | - Stella Ifeanyi Smith
- 2 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Julien Coulibaly Kalpy
- 3 Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Virologie Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Centre Nationale de Référence de Salmonella, Paris, France
| | | | - Yao Kouamé René
- 3 Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Virologie Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Centre Nationale de Référence de Salmonella, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Akinola SA, Mwanza M, Ateba CN. Occurrence, Genetic Diversities And Antibiotic Resistance Profiles Of Salmonella Serovars Isolated From Chickens. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3327-3342. [PMID: 31695452 PMCID: PMC6817352 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s217421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Contamination with Salmonella on food products and poultry in particular has been linked to foodborne infections and/or death in humans. This study investigated the occurrence, genetic diversities and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from chickens. Patients and methods Twenty each duplicate faecal swab samples were collected from five different poultry pens of broilers, layers and indigenous chickens in the North-West Province, South Africa. Isolates identities were confirmed through amplification and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and the invA gene fragments after which phylogenetic tree was constructed. Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC:13076TM), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC:14028TM) and E. coli (ATCC:259622TM) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The serotypes of Salmonella isolates were determined. Antibiotic-resistant profiles of the isolates against eleven antimicrobial agents were determined. Results Eighty-four (84%) of representative isolates possessed the invA genes. The percent occurrence and diversity of Salmonella subspecies in chickens were 1.81-30.9% and was highest in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Notably, the following serotypes Salmonella bongori (10.09%), Salmonella Pullorum (1.81%), Salmonella Typhimurium (12.72%), Salmonella Weltevreden, Salmonella Chingola, Salmonella Houten and Salmonella Bareily (1.81%). Isolates (96.6%) displayed multidrug resistance profiles and the identification of isolates with more than nine antibiotic resistance was a cause for concern. Conclusion This study indicates that isolates had pre-exposure histories to the antibiotics tested and may pose severe threats to food security and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Abiola Akinola
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Center for Animal Health Studies, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Phage Bio-Control Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Manore C, Graham T, Carr A, Feryn A, Jakhar S, Mukundan H, Highlander HC. Modeling and Cost Benefit Analysis to Guide Deployment of POC Diagnostics for Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections with Antimicrobial Resistance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11245. [PMID: 31375759 PMCID: PMC6677775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is among the leading causes of blood stream infections in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions, especially among pediatric populations. Invasive NTS can be difficult to treat and have high case-fatality rates, in part due to emergence of strains resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Furthermore, improper treatment contributes to increased antibiotic resistance and death. Point of care (POC) diagnostic tests that rapidly identify invasive NTS infection, and differentiate between resistant and non-resistant strains, may greatly improve patient outcomes and decrease resistance at the community level. Here we present for the first time a model for NTS dynamics in high risk populations that can analyze the potential advantages and disadvantages of four strategies involving POC diagnostic deployment, and the resulting impact on antimicrobial treatment for patients. Our analysis strongly supports the use of POC diagnostics coupled with targeted antibiotic use for patients upon arrival in the clinic for optimal patient and public health outcomes. We show that even the use of imperfect POC diagnostics can significantly reduce total costs and number of deaths, provided that the diagnostic gives results quickly enough that patients are likely to return or stay to receive targeted treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Manore
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos, 87544, USA.
| | - Todd Graham
- University of Portland, Mathematics Department, Portland, 97203, USA
| | - Alexa Carr
- University of Portland, Mathematics Department, Portland, 97203, USA
| | - Alicia Feryn
- University of Portland, Mathematics Department, Portland, 97203, USA
| | - Shailja Jakhar
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chemistry, Los Alamos, 87544, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Epidemiological Survey and Retrospective Analysis of Salmonella Infections between 2000 and 2017 in Warmia and Masuria Voivodship in Poland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55030074. [PMID: 30897848 PMCID: PMC6473649 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Salmonellosis is a major foodborne bacterial infection throughout the world. Epidemiological surveillance is one of the key factors to reduce the number of infections caused by this pathogen in both humans and animals. The first outcome measure was the prevalence of non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) infections between 2000 and 2017 among the population of the predominantly agricultural and touristic Polish region of Warmia and Masuria (WaM). The second outcome measure was the comparison of the NTS hospitalization rate of all registered NTS cases, an investigation of the monthly reports of infections, and the exploration of the annual minimal and maximal NTS infection number in WaM in the above-mentioned time period. The last outcome was a comparison of the prevalence of NTS infections in the region and in its administrative districts by considering both rural and urban municipalities three years before and three years after the accession of Poland into the European Union (EU) in 2004. Materials and Methods: The total number of infections and hospitalizations in the 19 districts of the WaM voivodship in Poland was registered monthly between 2000–2017 by the Provincial Sanitary-Epidemiological Station in Olsztyn, Poland. Results: Between 2000 and 2017, the number of diagnosed salmonellosis cases decreased significantly in WaM; the decrease was higher in urban districts than in rural ones, and the ratio of hospitalizations and the total number of NTS cases increased significantly across all districts. The lowest number of cases was reported in the winter months and was stable from 2007, whereas the highest number was reported in the summer months with a higher tendency of outbreaks. Conclusion: The falling number of salmonellosis cases in 2000–2017 in WaM reflects the general trend in Poland and Europe. The decrease of NTS infections in WaM is related to the accession of Poland into the EU.
Collapse
|
34
|
Mitiku H, Weldegebreal F, Marami D, Teklemariam Z. Nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2019; 11:23-29. [PMID: 30858731 PMCID: PMC6385773 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s193166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteria have emerged as the prominent cause of severe and life-threatening bacteremia in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrobial resistance is another concern that adversely affects the health outcome of the patients. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates, and associated factors of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia among antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected adult individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 170 antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected adult individuals in three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia from June 2017 to June 2018. Data on sociodemographic and associated factors were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Blood specimens were examined for nontyphoidal Salmonella using the recommended culture and serological methods. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify the predictors of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. A P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia was 10% (95% CI: 5.93-15.54). A lack of hand washing habit before food preparation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 13.1, 95% CI: 10.40-15.30) and a CD4+ count <200 cells/µL (AOR: 3.61, 95% CI: 1.74-5.25) were found to be significantly associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. Most isolates were sensitive to gentamycin (76.5%), ciprofloxacin (70.5%), and ceftriaxone (58.8%), but resistant to tetracycline (88.2%), chloramphenicol (76.5%), ampicillin (70.6%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (70.6%). Conclusion The prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia was high. HIV-infected patients who did not wash their hands before food preparation and those whose CD4+ count was <200 cells/µL had significantly higher odds of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim should not be used for the treatment of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. The treatment needs to be supported by culture isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Mitiku
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia,
| | - Fitsum Weldegebreal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia,
| | - Dadi Marami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia,
| | - Zelalem Teklemariam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fall-Niang NK, Sambe-Ba B, Seck A, Deme SN, Wane AA, Bercion R, Alambedji-Bada R, Gassama-Sow A. Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Isolates in Chicken Carcasses in Dakar, Senegal. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:130-136. [PMID: 30707626 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of the Salmonella contamination of poultry products in Senegal is unknown. Salmonella contamination and antimicrobial drug resistance profiles in chicken carcasses were investigated. Between July 2012 and July 2013, three types of chicken carcasses (broilers, laying hens, and premises chickens) obtained from retailers in the markets of Dakar and its suburbs were tested for Salmonella contamination. Salmonella strains were isolated from 300 chicken carcasses according to International Organization for Standardization ISO 6579 (2002) guidelines. In these samples, 273 isolates were obtained, belonging to 22 serovars, and 53% samples were contaminated with at least 1 serovar. Standardized techniques were used for the susceptibility testing and serotyping of isolates. Hygiene conditions, in terms of the cleanliness of stalls, the packing of chicken carcasses in bags, and the maintenance of the cold chain at the stall, were moderately poor. The three serovars most frequently identified were Salmonella Istanbul (28%), Salmonella Brancaster (19%), and Salmonella Kentucky (13%). Overall, 21% of isolates were resistant to quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Serovar Istanbul was resistant to tetracycline (TE) and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (SXT). Serovars Brancaster and Kentucky were resistant to betalactams and to quinolones or fluoroquinolones. The uncommon serovar Senftenberg had the strongest resistance profile, displaying resistance to betalactams including imipenem (IMP). Large numbers of isolates were resistant to TE (66%) and SXT (47%). Resistance to cephalosporins (5%), chloramphenicol (2%), gentamicin (8%), and IMP (1%) was less frequent. A large proportion of the broilers sold in Dakar markets were contaminated with Salmonella. This situation probably resulted from poor hygiene conditions in chicken farms and slaughterhouses and from breaks in the cold chain at some point in the distribution of poultry products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bissoume Sambe-Ba
- 1 Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Pasteur Institute Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Seck
- 2 Medical Biology Analysis Laboratory, Pasteur Institute Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Saidou Nourou Deme
- 3 Food Safeties and Environmental Hygiene Laboratory, Pasteur Institute Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoul Aziz Wane
- 1 Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Pasteur Institute Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Raymond Bercion
- 2 Medical Biology Analysis Laboratory, Pasteur Institute Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Rianatou Alambedji-Bada
- 4 Microbiology-Immunology-Infectious Pathology Laboratory, Interstate School of Veterinary Science, UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amy Gassama-Sow
- 1 Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Pasteur Institute Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,3 Food Safeties and Environmental Hygiene Laboratory, Pasteur Institute Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,5 Chemical Engineering and Applied Biology Department, Polytechnic School, UCAD, Dakar, Senegal
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Frickmann H, Wiemer DF, Wassill L, Hinz R, Rojak S, Wille A, Loderstädt U, Schwarz NG, von Kalckreuth V, Im J, Jin Jeon H, Marks F, Owusu-Dabo E, Sarpong N, May J, Eibach D, Dekker D. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based detection of typhoid fever on an automated Genie II Mk2 system - A case-control-based approach. Acta Trop 2019; 190:293-295. [PMID: 30528158 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi, is an important cause of blood stream infections in the tropics, for which easy-to-apply molecular diagnostic approaches are desirable. The diagnostic performance of a newly introduced and a previously described loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) approach using different primer sets on a Genie II Mk2 device for the identification of Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica ser. Typhi was evaluated with well-characterized residual materials from the tropics in a case control-based approach. After in-vitro confirmation of binding characteristics of both LAMP primer sets with culture isolates (n = 112), sensitivity and specificity were 100% for the newly designed new LAMP primer set 1 with incubated blood culture materials, while specificity was reduced to 97.1% for primer set 2. For 170 EDTA blood samples, sensitivity and specificity were 10% and 98.3% for primer set 1 as well as 38.0% and 83.3% for primer set 2, respectively; qPCR from EDTA blood did not score much better with 10% sensitivity and 100% specificity. LAMP using a Genie II Mk2 device is suitable for the identification of Salmonella enterica spp. enterica ser. Typhi from incubated blood culture materials. Sensitivity and specificity were insufficient for diagnosis directly from EDTA blood samples but LAMP showed similar sensitivity as qPCR.
Collapse
|
37
|
Epidemiology and Outcomes of Nontyphoidal Salmonella Bacteremias from England, 2004 to 2015. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01189-18. [PMID: 30381422 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01189-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) bacteremia causes hospitalization and high morbidity and mortality. We linked Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit (GBRU) data to the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data set to study the trends and outcomes of NTS bacteremias in England between 2004 and 2015. All confirmed NTS isolates from blood from England submitted to GBRU between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2015 were deterministically linked to HES records. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR), proportions, and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to describe differences in age, sex, antibiotic resistance patterns, and serotypes over time. Males, neonates, and adults above 65 years were more likely to have NTS bacteremia (AOR, 1.54 [95% CI, 1.46 to 1.67]; 2.57 [95% CI, 1.43 to 4.60]; and 3.56 [95% CI, 3.25 to 3.90], respectively). Proportions of bacteremia increased from 1.41% in 2004 to 2.67% in 2015. Thirty-four percent of all blood isolates were resistant to a first-line antibiotic, and 1,397 (56%) blood isolates were linked to an HES record. Of the patients with NTS bacteremia, 969 (69%) had a cardiovascular condition and 155 (12%) patients died, out of which 120 (77%) patients were age 65 years and above. NTS bacteremia mainly affects older people with comorbidities placing them at increased risk of prolonged hospital stay and death. Resistance of invasive NTS to first-line antimicrobial agents appeared to be stable in England, but the emergence of resistance to last-resort antibiotics, such as colistin, requires careful monitoring.
Collapse
|
38
|
Mabbott NA. The Influence of Parasite Infections on Host Immunity to Co-infection With Other Pathogens. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2579. [PMID: 30467504 PMCID: PMC6237250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites have evolved a wide range of mechanisms that they use to evade or manipulate the host's immune response and establish infection. The majority of the in vivo studies that have investigated these host-parasite interactions have been undertaken in experimental animals, especially rodents, which were housed and maintained to a high microbiological status. However, in the field situation it is increasingly apparent that pathogen co-infections within the same host are a common occurrence. For example, chronic infection with pathogens including malarial parasites, soil-transmitted helminths, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and viruses such as HIV may affect a third of the human population of some developing countries. Increasing evidence shows that co-infection with these pathogens may alter susceptibility to other important pathogens, and/or influence vaccine efficacy through their effects on host immune responsiveness. Co-infection with certain pathogens may also hinder accurate disease diagnosis. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the host's immune response to infection with different types of parasites can influence susceptibility to infection with other pathogenic microorganisms. A greater understanding of how infectious disease susceptibility and pathogenesis can be influenced by parasite co-infections will enhance disease diagnosis and the design of novel vaccines or therapeutics to more effectively control the spread of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A Case of Malaria Predisposing to Salmonella Bacteremia in a Returning Traveler from Nigeria. Case Rep Infect Dis 2018; 2018:8463417. [PMID: 30363709 PMCID: PMC6180980 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8463417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a febrile adult returning to the U.S. from Nigeria. Malaria was diagnosed by rapid antigen testing, but recognition of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease was delayed. While the moniker, "typhomalaria," once used to describe an illness with features of malaria and typhoid fever, has fallen out of favor, it may nevertheless be a helpful reminder to clinicians that both infectious diseases can arise in the same patient. Blood cultures should be obtained routinely in febrile returning travelers from malaria-endemic regions, including those in whom the diagnosis of malaria has already been established.
Collapse
|
40
|
Takele S, Woldemichael K, Gashaw M, Tassew H, Yohannes M, Abdissa A. Prevalence and drug susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates from apparently healthy slaughter cattle and personnel working at the Jimma municipal abattoir, south-West Ethiopia. TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2018; 4:13. [PMID: 30263141 PMCID: PMC6154828 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-018-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Salmonella species are among the most common food borne pathogens worldwide and their infection is one of the major global public health problems. During the last decade, multidrug resistant Salmonella species have greatly increased in humans and animals. So the aim of this study was to determine prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella in apparently healthy slaughterer cattle and personnel working at the Jimma abattoir. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2016 at the Jimma abattoir. A total of 440 samples consisting of carcass swabs (n = 195), cattle feces (n = 195), and human stool (n = 50) were collected. Standard isolation and identification procedures were performed to identify Salmonella isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were also carried out on each isolate. Results The overall proportion of Salmonella positive isolates was 9.5% in all samples, of which 11.3% were from carcass swabs, 5.6% from cattle feces, and 18% from human stool. All isolates were resistant to tasted antibiotics except Ciprofloxacin. Conclusion This study ascertains that Salmonella were widely distributed and significant proportions have developed resistance to routinely prescribed antibiotics. Therefore, there is needed to implement urgent intervention programs in study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samson Takele
- 1Department of Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mulatu Gashaw
- 1Department of Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Haimanot Tassew
- 1Department of Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Moti Yohannes
- 3School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Alemseged Abdissa
- 1Department of Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Adetoye A, Pinloche E, Adeniyi BA, Ayeni FA. Characterization and anti-salmonella activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from cattle faeces. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:96. [PMID: 30165820 PMCID: PMC6118008 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non typhoidal salmonellosis is one of the neglected zoonoses in most African countries. The use of sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics as animal growth promoter enhances the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria with food animal reservoirs and may also results in antibiotics residue in animal products. One promising alternative to antibiotics in animal feed is Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) as probiotics. This study was carried out to determine the anti-salmonella activities and suitability of LAB isolated from cattle faeces in Nigeria as potential probiotics in cattle feed. Method The test Salmonella enterica spp strains and LAB were isolated from cattle faeces and identified by MALDI-TOF MS and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA genes respectively. The anti-salmonella activities of the isolated LAB in co-culture, cell-free supernatant, inhibition of growth by viable LAB cells and quantification of organic acids were determined by standard techniques. The ability of the LAB strains to withstand gastric conditions, antibiotic susceptibility and their haemolytic ability on blood agar were also determined. Results A total of 88 LAB belonging to 15 species were isolated and identified from cattle faeces. The most abundant species were Streptococcus infantarius (26), Enterococcus hirae (12), Lactobacillus amylovorus (10), Lactobacillus mucosae (10) and Lactobacillus ingluviei (9). Most of the LAB strains showed good anti-salmonella activities against the test Salmonella enterica spp. with 2 Lactobacillus strains; Lactobacillus amylovorus C94 and Lactobacillus salivarius C86 exhibiting remarkable anti-salmonella activities with total inhibition of Salmonella spp after 18 hours of co-incubation. The selected strains were able to survive simultaneous growth at pH 3 and 7% bile concentration and are non hemolytic. Conclusion This study reports the vast diversity of culturable LAB in cattle faeces from Nigeria and their putative in-vitro antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica spp isolated from cattle. Lactobacillus amylovorus C94 and Lactobacillus salivarius C86 demonstrated promising probiotic potentials in-vitro and will be further tested in-vivo in animal field trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Adetoye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Eric Pinloche
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural SciencesAberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Bolanle A Adeniyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Funmilola A Ayeni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Whistler T, Sapchookul P, McCormick DW, Sangwichian O, Jorakate P, Makprasert S, Jatapai A, Naorat S, Surin U, Koosakunwat S, Supcharassaeng S, Piralam B, Mikoleit M, Baggett HC, Rhodes J, Gregory CJ. Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonellosis in rural Thailand from 2006-2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006718. [PMID: 30080897 PMCID: PMC6095622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive salmonellosis is a common cause of bloodstream infection in Southeast Asia. Limited epidemiologic and antimicrobial resistance data are available from the region. METHODS Blood cultures performed in all 20 hospitals in the northeastern province of Nakhon Phanom (NP) and eastern province of Sa Kaeo (SK), Thailand were captured in a bloodstream infection surveillance system. Cultures were performed as clinically indicated in hospitalized patients; patients with multiple positive cultures had only the first included. Bottles were incubated using the BacT/Alert system (bioMérieux, Thailand) and isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques; all Salmonella isolates were classified to at least the serogroup level. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed using disk diffusion. RESULTS Salmonella was the fifth most common pathogen identified in 147,535 cultures with 525 cases (211 in Nakhon Phanom (NP) and 314 in Sa Kaeo (SK)). The overall adjusted iNTS incidence rate in NP was 4.0 cases/100,000 person-years (95% CI 3.5-4.5) and in SK 6.4 cases/100,000 person-years (95% CI 5.7-7.1; p = 0.001). The most common serogroups were C (39.4%), D (35.0%) and B (9.9%). Serogroup D predominated in NP (103/211) with 59.2% of this serogroup being Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. Serogroup C predominated in SK (166/314) with 84.3% of this serogroup being Salmonella serovar Choleraesuis. Antibiotic resistance was 68.2% (343/503) for ampicillin, 1.2% (6/482) for ciprofloxacin (or 58.1% (280/482) if both intermediate and resistant phenotypes are considered), 17.0% (87/512) for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 12.2% (59/484) for third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime or ceftazidime). Multidrug resistance was seen in 99/516 isolates (19.2%). CONCLUSIONS The NTS isolates causing bloodstream infections in rural Thailand are commonly resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, and TMP-SMX. Observed differences between NP and SK indicate that serogroup distribution and antibiotic resistance may substantially differ throughout Thailand and the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Whistler
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patranuch Sapchookul
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - David W. McCormick
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ornuma Sangwichian
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Possawat Jorakate
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Makprasert
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Jatapai
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sathapana Naorat
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Uraiwan Surin
- Nakhon Phanom General Hospital, Nakhon Phanom Provincial Health Office, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
| | - Surathinee Koosakunwat
- Nakhon Phanom General Hospital, Nakhon Phanom Provincial Health Office, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
| | - Surachai Supcharassaeng
- Sa Kaeo Crown Prince Hospital, Sa Kaeo Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
| | - Barameht Piralam
- Nakhon Phanom General Hospital, Nakhon Phanom Provincial Health Office, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
| | - Mathew Mikoleit
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Henry C. Baggett
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julia Rhodes
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Gregory
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration (TUC), Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Garedew L, Solomon S, Worku Y, Worku H, Gemeda D, Lelissa G, Mamuye Y, Abubeker R, Mihret A, Fentaw S, Worku A, Bahiru M, Erenso G. Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Salmonellosis in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6406405. [PMID: 29951540 PMCID: PMC5989278 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6406405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis using reliable tools and treatment following in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests are critical to proper addressing of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella infection. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the practice of diagnosis and treatment of salmonellosis in Addis Ababa. Tube Widal test (for blood samples only), culture, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were employed for both blood and stool samples. RESULTS Of all the diseases listed in the diagnosis, nontyphoidal (n = 72, 13.71%) and typhoidal (n = 47, 8.95%) salmonellosis were the second and third common diseases. Among the 288 blood samples, almost half were positive for O, H, or both antigens. However, only 1 (0.68%) of the positive blood samples yielded Salmonella isolate during culture. The study demonstrated low specificity (0.68%) and positive predictive value (48.78%) of Widal test. Conversely, the test showed 100% sensitivity and negative predictive values. Salmonella isolates were identified from 7 (7.07%) of 99 stool samples. Two-thirds of salmonellosis suspected patients received antibiotic treatment. However, only half of the confirmed salmonellosis patients were treated with appropriate antibiotics. All of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone but resistant to ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS Majority of the patients who participated in this study were wrongly diagnosed using symptoms, clinical signs, and tube Widal test. Consequently, most of the patients received inappropriate treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Legesse Garedew
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Semaria Solomon
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yoseph Worku
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hilina Worku
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Debela Gemeda
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gada Lelissa
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshwondm Mamuye
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Amete Mihret
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Surafel Fentaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Girume Erenso
- St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Delahoy MJ, Wodnik B, McAliley L, Penakalapati G, Swarthout J, Freeman MC, Levy K. Pathogens transmitted in animal feces in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:661-676. [PMID: 29729998 PMCID: PMC6013280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Animals found in close proximity to humans in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) harbor many pathogens capable of infecting humans, transmissible via their feces. Contact with animal feces poses a currently unquantified-though likely substantial-risk to human health. In LMIC settings, human exposure to animal feces may explain some of the limited success of recent water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions that have focused on limiting exposure to human excreta, with less attention to containing animal feces. We conducted a review to identify pathogens that may substantially contribute to the global burden of disease in humans through their spread in animal feces in the domestic environment in LMICs. Of the 65 potentially pathogenic organisms considered, 15 were deemed relevant, based on burden of disease and potential for zoonotic transmission. Of these, five were considered of highest concern based on a substantial burden of disease for which transmission in animal feces is potentially important: Campylobacter, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Lassa virus, Cryptosporidium, and Toxoplasma gondii. Most of these have a wide range of animal hosts, except Lassa virus, which is spread through the feces of rats indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. Combined, these five pathogens cause close to one million deaths annually. More than half of these deaths are attributed to invasive NTS. We do not estimate an overall burden of disease from improperly managed animal feces in LMICs, because it is unknown what proportion of illnesses caused by these pathogens can be attributed to contact with animal feces. Typical water quantity, water quality, and handwashing interventions promoted in public health and development address transmission routes for both human and animal feces; however, sanitation interventions typically focus on containing human waste, often neglecting the residual burden of disease from pathogens transmitted via animal feces. This review compiles evidence on which pathogens may contribute to the burden of disease through transmission in animal feces; these data will help prioritize intervention types and regions that could most benefit from interventions aimed at reducing human contact with animal feces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Delahoy
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Breanna Wodnik
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lydia McAliley
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gauthami Penakalapati
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jenna Swarthout
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew C Freeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tadesse G, Tessema TS, Beyene G, Aseffa A. Molecular epidemiology of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192575. [PMID: 29432492 PMCID: PMC5809059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wide-ranging evidence on the occurrence of fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance genetic determinants in African Salmonella strains is not available. The main objectives of this study were to assess the heterogeneity, estimate pooled proportions and describe the preponderance of FQ-resistance determinants in typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates of Africa. METHODS Genetic and phenotypic data on 6103 Salmonella isolates were considered. Meta- and frequency analyses were performed depending on the number of studies by category, number of isolates and risks of bias. A random effects model was used to assess heterogeneity and estimate pooled proportions. Relative and cumulative frequencies were calculated to describe the overall preponderance of FQ-resistance determinants in quinolone resistant isolates. RESULTS The pooled proportion of gyrA mutants (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis) was estimated at 5.7% (95% Confidence interval (CI) = 2.6, 9.8; Tau squared (T2) = 0.1105), and was higher in S. Typhi than in S. Typhimurium (odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, 95%CI = 2, 5.7). The proportions of each of gyrB and parC mutants, and strains with Plasmid Mediated Quinolone Resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) were low (≤ 0.3%). Overall, 23 mutant serotypes were identified, and most strains had mutations at codons encoding Ser83 and Asp87 of gyrA (82%, 95%CI = 78, 86). CONCLUSIONS Mutations at gyrA appear to account for ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility in most clinical Salmonella strains in Africa. The estimates could be harnessed to develop a mismatch-amplification mutation-assay for the detection of FQ-resistant strains in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Tadesse
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye S. Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getenet Beyene
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), ALERT Campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
García V, Mandomando I, Ruiz J, Herrera-León S, Alonso PL, Rodicio MR. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis causing mixed infections in febrile children in Mozambique. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:195-204. [PMID: 29430190 PMCID: PMC5797457 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s147243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis, mostly caused by serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis of Salmonella enterica, has emerged as a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was the clinical and microbiological characterization of nontyphoidal salmonellosis episodes affecting febrile children in Mozambique. Patients and methods The clinical records of the patients were evaluated, and S. enterica isolates were characterized with regard to serovar, phage type, antimicrobial resistance (phenotype/responsible genes), plasmid content, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multilocus sequence typing. Results Fifteen S. Typhimurium and 21 S. Enteritidis isolates were recovered from blood samples of 25 children, the majority with underlying risk factors. With regard to phage typing, most isolates were either untypeable or reacted but did not conform, revealing that a number of previously unrecognized patterns are circulating in Mozambique. Most isolates were multidrug-resistant, with nearly all of the responsible genes located on derivatives of serovar-specific virulence plasmids. ST313 and ST11 were the predominant sequence types associated with S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively, and the uncommon ST1479 was also detected in S. Enteritidis. A distinct XbaI fragment of ~350 kb was associated with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of multidrug-resistant isolates of S. Enteritidis. Nearly half of the children were coinfected with both serovars, a fact expected to aggravate the disease and hamper the treatment. However, particularly poor outcomes were not observed for the coinfected patients. Conclusion Mixed Salmonella infections could frequently occur in febrile children in Mozambique. Additional studies are required to determine their actual impact and consequences, not only in this country, but also in other African countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa García
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça.,Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona
| | - Silvia Herrera-León
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro L Alonso
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.,ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona
| | - M Rosario Rodicio
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dekker D, Krumkamp R, Eibach D, Sarpong N, Boahen KG, Frimpong M, Fechtner E, Poppert S, Hagen RM, Schwarz NG, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Owusu-Dabo E, Im J, Marks F, Frickmann H, May J. Characterization of Salmonella enterica from invasive bloodstream infections and water sources in rural Ghana. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:47. [PMID: 29351771 PMCID: PMC5775569 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-2957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) cause the majority of bloodstream infections in Ghana, however the mode of transmission and source of invasive NTS in Africa are poorly understood. This study compares NTS from water sources and invasive bloodstream infections in rural Ghana. Methods Blood from hospitalised, febrile children and samples from drinking water sources were analysed for Salmonella spp. Strains were serotyped to trace possible epidemiological links between human and water-derived isolates.. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed, Results In 2720 blood culture samples, 165 (6%) NTS were isolated. S. Typhimurium (70%) was the most common serovar followed by S. Enteritidis (8%) and S. Dublin (8%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 95 (58%) NTS isolates, including five S. Enteritidis. One S. Typhimurium showed reduced fluroquinolone susceptibility. In 511 water samples, 19 (4%) tested positive for S. enterica with two isolates being resistant to ampicillin and one isolate being resistant to cotrimoxazole. Serovars from water samples were not encountered in any of the clinical specimens. Conclusion Water analyses demonstrated that common drinking water sources were contaminated with S. enterica posing a potential risk for transmission. However, a link between S. enterica from water sources and patients could not be established, questioning the ability of water-derived serovars to cause invasive bloodstream infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Dekker
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Ralf Krumkamp
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Eibach
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nimako Sarpong
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Gyau Boahen
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Frimpong
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Elina Fechtner
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Poppert
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Bundeswehr Hospital of Hamburg, Germany, Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Georg Schwarz
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Justin Im
- Epidemiology Unit, International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Marks
- Epidemiology Unit, International Vaccine Institute (IVI), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,The Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Bundeswehr Hospital of Hamburg, Germany, Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen May
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Borstel, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Akullian A, Montgomery JM, John-Stewart G, Miller SI, Hayden HS, Radey MC, Hager KR, Verani JR, Ochieng JB, Juma J, Katieno J, Fields B, Bigogo G, Audi A, Walson J. Multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with invasive disease in western Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006156. [PMID: 29329299 PMCID: PMC5785031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a leading cause of bloodstream infections in Africa, but the various contributions of host susceptibility versus unique pathogen virulence factors are unclear. We used data from a population-based surveillance platform (population ~25,000) between 2007–2014 and NTS genome-sequencing to compare host and pathogen-specific factors between individuals presenting with NTS bacteremia and those presenting with NTS diarrhea. Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 and Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 were the most common isolates. Multi-drug resistant strains of NTS were more commonly isolated from patients presenting with NTS bacteremia compared to NTS diarrhea. This relationship was observed in patients under age five [aOR = 15.16, 95% CI (2.84–81.05), P = 0.001], in patients five years and older, [aOR = 6.70 95% CI (2.25–19.89), P = 0.001], in HIV-uninfected patients, [aOR = 21.61, 95% CI (2.53–185.0), P = 0.005], and in patients infected with Salmonella serogroup B [aOR = 5.96, 95% CI (2.28–15.56), P < 0.001] and serogroup D [aOR = 14.15, 95% CI (1.10–182.7), P = 0.042]. Thus, multi-drug-resistant NTS was strongly associated with bacteremia compared to diarrhea among children and adults. This association was seen in HIV-uninfected individuals infected with either S. Typhimurium or S. Enteritidis. Risk of developing bacteremia from NTS infection may be driven by virulence properties of the Salmonella pathogen. Though NTS is normally associated with self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans, it is a leading cause of bloodstream infection in Africa. The biological mechanisms that contribute to invasiveness in NTS in Africa are unclear. In this paper we address which specific host and pathogen risk factors are associated with blood stream infection from non-typhoidal Salmonella in rural Kenya. We found that multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of NTS were associated with NTS bacteremia, even after controlling for known host-factors including HIV, age, and NTS serogroup (a taxonomic grouping). Our results suggest that multi-drug resistant NTS is associated with blood stream infection even in the immune-competent host. Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type ST313, an emerging genotype in sub-Saharan Africa, was the most common cause of blood stream infection in children and adults, followed by Salmonella Enteritidis sequence type ST11. The increasing prevalence of commonly circulating non-typhoidal Salmonella poses a major challenge to the control of highly pathogenic NTS serovars. The specific biological and epidemiological mechanisms driving invasiveness from infection with drug-resistant NTS warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Akullian
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Global Good Fund, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Samuel I. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Hillary S. Hayden
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Radey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kyle R. Hager
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Verani
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - John Benjamin Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jane Juma
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jim Katieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Barry Fields
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Allan Audi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Judd Walson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition Network, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Akinyemi KO, Ajoseh SO, Iwalokun BA, Oyefolu AOB, Fakorede CO, Abegunrin RO, Adunmo O. Antimicrobial Resistance and Plasmid Profiles of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovars from Different Sources in Lagos, Nigeria. Health (London) 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2018.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
50
|
Investigation of Salmonella Enteritidis outbreaks in South Africa using multi-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis, 2013-2015. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:661. [PMID: 28969587 PMCID: PMC5625639 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) has become a significant pathogen in South Africa, and the need for improved molecular surveillance of this pathogen has become important. Over the years, multi-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) has become a valuable molecular subtyping technique for Salmonella, particularly for highly homogenic serotypes such as Salmonella Enteritidis. This study describes the use of MLVA in the molecular epidemiological investigation of outbreak isolates in South Africa. METHODS Between the years 2013 and 2015, the Centre for Enteric Diseases (CED) received 39 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates from seven foodborne illness outbreaks, which occurred in six provinces. MLVA was performed on all isolates. RESULTS Three MLVA profiles (MLVA profiles 21, 22 and 28) were identified among the 39 isolates. MLVA profile 28 accounted for 77% (30/39) of the isolates. Isolates from a single outbreak were grouped into a single MLVA profile. A minimum spanning tree (MST) created from the MLVA data showed a close relationship between MLVA profiles 21, 22 and 28, with a single VNTR locus difference between them. CONCLUSIONS MLVA has proven to be a reliable method for the molecular epidemiological investigation of Salmonella Enteritidis outbreaks in South Africa. These foodborne outbreaks emphasize the importance of the One Health approach as an essential component for combating the spread of zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis.
Collapse
|