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Blázquez M, Ortiz-Álvarez R, Gasulla F, Pérez-Vargas I, Pérez-Ortega S. Bacterial communities associated with an island radiation of lichen-forming fungi. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298599. [PMID: 38498492 PMCID: PMC10947700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary radiations are one of the most striking processes biologists have studied in islands. A radiation is often sparked by the appearance of ecological opportunity, which can originate in processes like trophic niche segregation or the evolution of key innovations. Another recently proposed mechanism is facilitation mediated by the bacterial communities associated with the radiating species. Here we explore the role of the bacterial communities in a radiation of lichen-forming fungi endemic to Macaronesia. Bacterial diversity was quantified by high throughput sequencing of the V1-V2 hyper-variable region of 172 specimens. We characterized the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of the bacterial communities associated with the different species, tested for compositional differences between these communities, carried out a functional prediction, explored the relative importance of different factors in bacterial community structure, searched for phylosymbiosis and tried to identify the origin of this pattern. The species of the radiation differed in the composition of their bacterial communities, which were mostly comprised of Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteriia, but not in the functionality of those communities. A phylosimbiotic pattern was detected, but it was probably caused by environmental filtering. These findings are congruent with the combined effect of secondary chemistry and mycobiont identity being the main driver of bacterial community structure. Altogether, our results suggest that the associated bacterial communities are not the radiation's main driver. There is one possible exception, however, a species that has an abnormally diverse core microbiome and whose bacterial communities could be subject to a specific environmental filter at the functional level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Gasulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Israel Pérez-Vargas
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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2
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Härer A, Rennison DJ. Gut Microbiota Uniqueness Is Associated with Lake Size, a Proxy for Diet Diversity, in Stickleback Fish. Am Nat 2024; 203:284-291. [PMID: 38306277 DOI: 10.1086/727703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
AbstractOrganismal divergence can be driven by differential resource use and adaptation to different trophic niches. Variation in diet is a major factor shaping the gut microbiota, which is crucial for many aspects of their hosts' biology. However, it remains largely unknown how host diet diversity affects the gut microbiota, and it could be hypothesized that trophic niche width is positively associated with gut microbiota diversity. To test this idea, we sequenced the 16S ribosomal RNA gene from intestinal tissue of 14 threespine stickleback populations from lakes of varying size on Vancouver Island, Canada, that have been shown to differ in trophic niche width. Using lake size as a proxy for trophic ecology, we found evidence for higher gut microbiota uniqueness among individuals from populations with broader trophic niches. While these results suggest that diet diversity might promote gut microbiota diversity, additional work investigating diet and gut microbiota variation of the same host organisms will be necessary. Yet our results motivate the question of how host population diversity (e.g., ecological, morphological, genetic) might interact with the gut microbiota during the adaptation to ecological niches.
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3
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Gheoca V, Benedek AM, Schneider E. Taxonomic and functional diversity of land snails reflects habitat complexity in riparian forests. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9808. [PMID: 37330530 PMCID: PMC10276844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat complexity affects the structure and dynamics of ecological communities, more often with increased complexity leading to greater species diversity and abundance. Among the terrestrial invertebrate groups, the low vagility of land snails makes them susceptible to react to small-scale habitat alteration. In the current paper we aimed to assess the relationship between taxonomic and functional composition and diversity of land snail communities and habitat structure in the riparian forest habitat. We found that both snail abundance and species richness responded positively to the increase in habitat complexity. The complexity of the riparian forest affected also the snail trait composition. Forest species, species living in woody debris, leaf litter, and root zone and those feeding on detritus were more abundant in complex habitats, while large snails with more offspring, snails having the ability to survive longer periods of dryness, as well as species that prefer arid habitats, were more abundant in less complex habitats. We concluded that habitat complexity promoted functional diversity, with the amount of woody debris as main positive driver, and the adjacent agricultural fields as negative driver of functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voichița Gheoca
- Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Research Center, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 5-7 Raţiu Street, 550012, Sibiu, Romania.
| | - Ana Maria Benedek
- Faculty of Sciences, Applied Ecology Research Center, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 5-7 Raţiu Street, 550012, Sibiu, Romania.
| | - Erika Schneider
- Department Aueninstitut/Institute for Wetlands Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, KIT ‒ Karlsruhe Institute for Technology - University of Land Baden-Württemberg and Research Center of the Helmholtz Society, Josefstrasse 1, 76437, Rastatt, Germany
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4
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Morii Y, Ohkubo Y, Kanaya G, Prozorova L. The habitat use and trophic niche comparisons among closely related land snails in Northeast Asia. POPUL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Morii
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Yusaku Ohkubo
- Center for Data Assimilation Research and Applications, Joint Support Center for Data Science Research Research Organization of Information and Systems Tokyo Japan
| | - Gen Kanaya
- Regional Environment Conservation Division National Institute for Environmental Studies Ibaraki Japan
| | - Larisa Prozorova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladivostok Russia
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5
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The evolution of trait variance creates a tension between species diversity and functional diversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2521. [PMID: 35534474 PMCID: PMC9085882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It seems intuitively obvious that species diversity promotes functional diversity: communities with more plant species imply more varied plant leaf chemistry, more species of crops provide more kinds of food, etc. Recent literature has nuanced this view, showing how the relationship between the two can be modulated along latitudinal or environmental gradients. Here we show that even without such effects, the evolution of functional trait variance can erase or even reverse the expected positive relationship between species- and functional diversity. We present theory showing that trait-based eco-evolutionary processes force species to evolve narrower trait breadths in more tightly packed, species-rich communities, in their effort to avoid competition with neighboring species. This effect is so strong that it leads to an overall reduction in trait space coverage whenever a new species establishes. Empirical data from land snail communities on the Galápagos Islands are consistent with this claim. The finding that the relationship between species- and functional diversity can be negative implies that trait data from species-poor communities may misjudge functional diversity in species-rich ones, and vice versa. The positive relationship between species diversity and functional diversity has been shown to vary. Here, the authors use theoretical models and data from Galápagos land snail communities to show how eco-evolutionary processes can force species to evolve narrower trait breadths in more species-rich communities to avoid competition, creating a negative relationship.
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6
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Yamazaki D, Ito S, Miura O, Sasaki T, Chiba S. High-throughput SNPs dataset reveal restricted population connectivity of marine gastropod within the narrow distribution range of peripheral oceanic islands. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2119. [PMID: 35136087 PMCID: PMC8825847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular studies based on the high resolution genetic markers help us to grasp the factor shaping the genetic structure of marine organisms. Ecological factors linking to life history traits have often explained the process of genetic structuring in open and connectable oceanic environments. Besides, population genetic divergence can be affected by fragmented habitat, oceanic current, and past geographical events. In the present study, we demonstrated the genetic differentiation of marine gastropod Monodonta sp. within a narrow range of peripheral oceanic islands, the Ogasawara Islands. Genetic analyses were performed not only with a mitochondrial DNA marker but also with a high-throughput SNPs dataset obtained by ddRAD-seq. The results of the mtDNA analyses did not show genetic divergence among populations, while the SNPs dataset detected population genetic differentiation. Population demographic analyses and gene flow estimation suggested that the genetic structure was formed by sea level fluctuation associated with the past climatic change and regulated by temporal oceanographic conditions. These findings provide important insights into population genetic patterns in open and connectable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishi Yamazaki
- Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, 41 Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8576, Japan.
| | - Shun Ito
- Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Osamu Miura
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, 200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasaki
- Institute of Boninology, Chichijima-Aza-Nishimachi, Ogasawara, Tokyo, 100-2101, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, 41 Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8576, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
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7
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OUP accepted manuscript. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Ito S, Hirano T, Chiba S, Konuma J. Shell colour diversification induced by ecological release: A shift in natural selection after a migration event. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15534-15544. [PMID: 34824773 PMCID: PMC8601913 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological release is often attributed to the rapid adaptive diversification of phenotypic traits. However, it is not well understood how natural selection changes its strength and direction through the process of ecological release. Herein, we demonstrated how shell colour of the Japanese land snail Euhadra peliomphala simodae has diversified via a shift in natural selection due to ecological release after migration from the mainland to an island. This snail's shell colour diversified on the island due to disruptive selection after migration from the mainland. We used trail camera traps to identify the cause of natural selection on both the mainland and the island. We then conducted a mark-recapture experiment while collecting microhabitat use data. In total, we captured and marked around 1,700 snails on the mainland, some of which were preyed upon by an unknown predator. The trail camera traps showed that the predator is the large Japanese field mouse Apodemus speciosus, and the predatory frequency was higher on the mainland than on the island. However, this predation did not correlate with shell colour. Microhabitat use on the island was more extensive than on the mainland, with snails on the island using both ground and arboreal microhabitats. A Bayesian estimation showed that the stabilizing selection on shell colour came from factors other than predation. Our results suggest that the course of natural selection was modified due to ecological release after migration from the mainland, explaining one cause of the phenotypic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Ito
- Graduate School of Life ScienceTohoku UniversityMiyagiJapan
| | - Takahiro Hirano
- Graduate School of Life ScienceTohoku UniversityMiyagiJapan
- Center for Northeast Asian StudiesTohoku UniversityMiyagiJapan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Graduate School of Life ScienceTohoku UniversityMiyagiJapan
- Center for Northeast Asian StudiesTohoku UniversityMiyagiJapan
| | - Junji Konuma
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceToho UniversityChibaJapan
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9
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Sowersby W, Cerca J, Wong BBM, Lehtonen TK, Chapple DG, Leal-Cardín M, Barluenga M, Ravinet M. Pervasive admixture and the spread of a large-lipped form in a cichlid fish radiation. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5551-5571. [PMID: 34418206 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive radiations have proven important for understanding the mechanisms and processes underlying biological diversity. The convergence of form and function, as well as admixture and adaptive introgression, are common in adaptive radiations. However, distinguishing between these two scenarios remains a challenge for evolutionary research. The Midas cichlid species complex (Amphilophus spp.) is a prime example of adaptive radiation, with phenotypic diversification occurring at various stages of genetic differentiation. One species, A. labiatus, has large fleshy lips, is associated with rocky lake substrates, and occurs patchily within Lakes Nicaragua and Managua. By contrast, the similar, but thin-lipped, congener, A. citrinellus, is more common and widespread. We investigated the evolutionary history of the large-lipped form, specifically regarding whether the trait has evolved independently in both lakes from ancestral thin-lipped populations, or via dispersal and/or admixture events. We collected samples from distinct locations in both lakes, and assessed differences in morphology and ecology. Using RAD-seq, we genotyped thousands of SNPs to measure population structure and divergence, demographic history, and admixture. We found significant between-species differences in ecology and morphology, local intraspecific differences in body shape and trophic traits, but only limited intraspecific variation in lip shape. Despite clear ecological differences, our genomic approach uncovered pervasive admixture between the species and low genomic differentiation, with species within lakes being genetically more similar than species between lakes. Taken together, our results suggest a single origin of large-lips, followed by pervasive admixture and adaptive introgression, with morphology being driven by local ecological opportunities, despite ongoing gene-flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Sowersby
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biology, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - José Cerca
- Frontiers of Evolutionary Zoology Research Group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Topi K Lehtonen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariana Leal-Cardín
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Barluenga
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Ravinet
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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10
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Lin X, Shih C, Hou Y, Shu X, Zhang M, Hu J, Jiang J, Xie F. Climatic-niche evolution with key morphological innovations across clades within Scutiger boulengeri (Anura: Megophryidae). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10353-10368. [PMID: 34367580 PMCID: PMC8328447 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies of climatic-niche shifts over evolutionary time accompanied by key morphological innovations have attracted the interest of many researchers recently. We applied ecological niche models (ENMs), ordination method (environment principal component analyses; PCA-env), combined phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs), and phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression methods to analyze the realized niche dynamics and correspondingly key morphological innovations across clades within Scutiger boulengeri throughout their distributions in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) margins of China. Our results show there are six clades in S. boulengeri and obvious niche divergences caused by niche expansion in three clades. Moreover, in our system, niche expansion is more popular than niche unfilling into novel environmental conditions. Annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, and precipitation of driest month may contribute to such a shift. In addition, we identified several key climatic factors and morphological traits that tend to be associated with niche expansion in S. boulengeri clades correspondingly. We found phenotypic plasticity [i.e., length of lower arm and hand (LAHL), hind-limb length (HLL), and foot length (FL)] and evolutionary changes [i.e., snout-vent length (SVL)] may together contribute to niche expansion toward adapting novel niche, which provides us a potential pattern of how a colonizing toad might seed a novel habitat to begin the process of speciation and finally adaptive radiation. For these reasons, persistent phylogeographic divisions and accompanying divergences in niche occupancy and morphological adaption suggest that for future studies, distinct genetic structure and morphological changes corresponding to each genetic clade should be included in modeling niche evolution dynamics, but not just constructed at the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary StudiesCapital Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of PaleobiologyNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Yinmeng Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Meihua Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Junhua Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianping Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Mangkang Ecological StationTibet Ecological Safety Monitor NetworkChangduChina
| | - Feng Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu Institute of BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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11
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Brachmann MK, Parsons K, Skúlason S, Ferguson MM. The interaction of resource use and gene flow on the phenotypic divergence of benthic and pelagic morphs of Icelandic Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus). Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7315-7334. [PMID: 34188815 PMCID: PMC8216915 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conceptual models of adaptive divergence and ecological speciation in sympatry predict differential resource use, phenotype-environment correlations, and reduced gene flow among diverging phenotypes. While these predictions have been assessed in past studies, connections among them have rarely been assessed collectively. We examined relationships among phenotypic, ecological, and genetic variation in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) from six Icelandic localities that have undergone varying degrees of divergence into sympatric benthic and pelagic morphs. We characterized morphological variation with geometric morphometrics, tested for differential resource use between morphs using stable isotopes, and inferred the amount of gene flow from single nucleotide polymorphisms. Analysis of stable isotopic signatures indicated that sympatric morphs showed similar difference in resource use across populations, likely arising from the common utilization of niche space within each population. Carbon isotopic signature was also a significant predictor of individual variation in body shape and size, suggesting that variation in benthic and pelagic resource use is associated with phenotypic variation. The estimated percentage of hybrids between sympatric morphs varied across populations (from 0% to 15.6%) but the majority of fish had genotypes (ancestry coefficients) characteristic of pure morphs. Despite evidence of reduced gene flow between sympatric morphs, we did not detect the expected negative relationship between divergence in resource use and gene flow. Three lakes showed the expected pattern, but morphs in the fourth showed no detectable hybridization and had relatively low differences in resource use between them. This coupled with the finding that resource use and genetic differentiation had differential effects on body shape variation across populations suggests that reproductive isolation maintains phenotypic divergence between benthic and pelagic morphs when the effects of resource use are relatively low. Our ability to assess relationships between phenotype, ecology, and genetics deepens our understanding of the processes underlying adaptive divergence in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineSchool of Life ScienceUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySaudárkrókurIceland
- Icelandic Museum of Natural HistoryReykjavíkIceland
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12
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Phillips JG, Linscott TM, Rankin AM, Kraemer AC, Shoobs NF, Parent CE. Archipelago-Wide Patterns of Colonization and Speciation Among an Endemic Radiation of Galápagos Land Snails. J Hered 2021; 111:92-102. [PMID: 31841140 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly arrived species on young or remote islands are likely to encounter less predation and competition than source populations on continental landmasses. The associated ecological release might facilitate divergence and speciation as colonizing lineages fill previously unoccupied niche space. Characterizing the sequence and timing of colonization on islands represents the first step in determining the relative contributions of geographical isolation and ecological factors in lineage diversification. Herein, we use genome-scale data to estimate timing of colonization in Naesiotus snails to the Galápagos islands from mainland South America. We test inter-island patterns of colonization and within-island radiations to understand their contribution to community assembly. Partly contradicting previously published topologies, phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that most Naesiotus species form island-specific clades, with within-island speciation dominating cladogenesis. Galápagos Naesiotus also adhere to the island progression rule, with colonization proceeding from old to young islands and within-island diversification occurring earlier on older islands. Our work provides a framework for evaluating the contribution of colonization and in situ speciation to the diversity of other Galápagos lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow ID.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.,BEACON Center for Evolution in Action, East Lansing, MI
| | - T Mason Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow ID.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.,BEACON Center for Evolution in Action, East Lansing, MI
| | - Andrew M Rankin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow ID.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.,BEACON Center for Evolution in Action, East Lansing, MI
| | - Andrew C Kraemer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow ID.,Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE
| | - Nathaniel F Shoobs
- Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christine E Parent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow ID.,Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies (IBEST), University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.,BEACON Center for Evolution in Action, East Lansing, MI
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13
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Kerschbaumer M, Postl L, Sturmbauer C. Microevolutionary change in viscerocranial bones under congeneric sympatry in the Lake Tanganyikan cichlid genus Tropheus. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2021; 848:3639-3653. [PMID: 34720168 PMCID: PMC8550039 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-021-04536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid genus Tropheus lives at rocky shores all around the lake and comprises six species which are subdivided into about 120 morphologically similar but color-wise distinct populations. Typically, they live without a second Tropheus species, but there are some regions where two or even three sister species live in sympatry. We previously showed that there are morphological differences concerning head shape, eye size and insertion of fins among populations living alone compared to those living in sympatry with a second Tropheus. This study goes one step further to test if sympatry affects the shape of viscerocranial bones. By means of geometric morphometrics, we compare the shape of four bones among thirteen Tropheus populations, some of which in sympatry and some living alone. We quantify patterns of shape variation and estimate morphological disparity among the four bony elements in the study species and populations. We found consistent differences in the shape of one bony element among non-sympatric and sympatric populations, besides an extensive variation in the shape of viscerocranial bones within and among species. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism in Tropheus is clearly evident in the viscerocranial bones analyzed. We suggest that the relatively subtle morphological signal in sympatric vs. non-sympatric Tropheus populations is owed to the fact that the depth segregation does not yet represent a full shift in the trophic niche, albeit our data confirm that differences in ecologically relevant traits, such as bones of the preorbital region, play an important role in the process of niche separation and in the context of explosive diversification of cichlid fishes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10750-021-04536-7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbeth Postl
- Library Feldkirch, Widnau 2-4, 6800 Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Christian Sturmbauer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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14
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Lunghi E, Manenti R, Cianferoni F, Ceccolini F, Veith M, Corti C, Ficetola GF, Mancinelli G. Interspecific and interpopulation variation in individual diet specialization: Do environmental factors have a role? Ecology 2020; 101:e03088. [PMID: 32320485 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual diet specialization (IS) has important community- and population-level implications and its ecological drivers are actively investigated. Here, to test the hypothesis that local environmental conditions may influence IS in wild populations, we analyzed the stomach contents of 395 individuals from eight populations of five allopatric species of European cave salamanders (genus Hydromantes). We assessed whether their degree of individual diet specialization (1) scaled positively with the respective niche widths, in agreement with Van Valen's niche variation hypothesis (NVH), and (2) could be predicted by satellite-derived climatic and vegetation characteristics of the sites where the populations live. Consistent with the NVH, the degree of individual diet specialization increased with the populations' total niche width. Furthermore, two variables describing local nonarboreal vegetation cover and habitat heterogeneity successfully predicted the variation in individual specialization across the eight populations. Climatic factors had a generally low predictive power, with individual specialization in low- and high-elevation populations showing contrasting patterns of co-variation with air temperature in the warmest quarter of the year. However, independently from elevation, specialization peaked under conditions of high nonarboreal vegetation cover and high precipitation regimes. We discussed the results against two mutually nonexclusive scenarios hypothesizing different mechanisms linking environmental factors to salamanders' trophic strategy at an individual and population level. We concluded that satellite-derived climatic and vegetation variables to date generally adopted to model Grinnellian niches might also be useful in predicting spatial variations in dietary habits of populations, that is, their Eltonian niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lunghi
- Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1, Beijing, 100101, China.,Museo di Storia Naturale "La Specola" dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Romana 17, Firenze, 50125, Italy.,Biogeographie, Universität Trier Fachbereich VI Raum-und Umweltwissenschaften, Universitätsring 15, Trier, 54286, Germany
| | - Raoul Manenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Fabio Cianferoni
- Museo di Storia Naturale "La Specola" dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Romana 17, Firenze, 50125, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), 50019, Italy
| | - Filippo Ceccolini
- Museo di Storia Naturale "La Specola" dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Romana 17, Firenze, 50125, Italy
| | - Michael Veith
- Biogeographie, Universität Trier Fachbereich VI Raum-und Umweltwissenschaften, Universitätsring 15, Trier, 54286, Germany
| | - Claudia Corti
- Museo di Storia Naturale "La Specola" dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Romana 17, Firenze, 50125, Italy
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, Milano, 20133, Italy.,Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CS 40700, Grenoble, 38058, France
| | - Giorgio Mancinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Centro Ecotekne, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine (IRBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pola, 4, Lesina (Foggia), 71010, Italy.,CoNISMa, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Piazzale Flaminio, 9, Roma, 00196, Italy
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15
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Pérez-Miranda F, Mejía O, González-Díaz AA, Martínez-Méndez N, Soto-Galera E, Zúñiga G, Říčan O. The role of head shape and trophic variation in the diversification of the genus Herichthys in sympatry and allopatry. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:1370-1378. [PMID: 32128818 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the putative cases of sympatric speciation in the genus Herichthys by studying the variation in head shape using principal component analysis, phylomorphospace and reconstructions of the ancestral states of feeding preferences. Herichthys includes both allopatric and sympatric sister species, as well as sympatric unrelated species and thus offers great potential for evolutionary studies of putatively sympatric speciation. Herichthys is the northernmost group of cichlids in America and one of the most ecologically disparate genera within Middle American cichlids. Fifteen anatomical points were recorded on the heads of 293 specimens of the 11 species recognized within the genus. The results show that in spite of having wide variation in consumed diets, most species of Herichthys are close in morphospace. However, morphological variation was great among the two pairs of sympatric sister species in agreement with the suggested sympatric model of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Pérez-Miranda
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Omar Mejía
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alfonso A González-Díaz
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Mexico
| | - Norberto Martínez-Méndez
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Soto-Galera
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Zúñiga
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Oldrich Říčan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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16
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Modica MV, Gorson J, Fedosov AE, Malcolm G, Terryn Y, Puillandre N, Holford M. Macroevolutionary Analyses Suggest That Environmental Factors, Not Venom Apparatus, Play Key Role in Terebridae Marine Snail Diversification. Syst Biol 2020; 69:413-430. [PMID: 31504987 PMCID: PMC7164365 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How species diversification occurs remains an unanswered question in predatory marine invertebrates, such as sea snails of the family Terebridae. However, the anatomical disparity found throughput the Terebridae provides a unique perspective for investigating diversification patterns in venomous predators. In this study, a new dated molecular phylogeny of the Terebridae is used as a framework for investigating diversification of the family through time, and for testing the putative role of intrinsic and extrinsic traits, such as shell size, larval ecology, bathymetric distribution, and anatomical features of the venom apparatus, as drivers of terebrid species diversification. Macroevolutionary analysis revealed that when diversification rates do not vary across Terebridae clades, the whole family has been increasing its global diversification rate since 25 Ma. We recovered evidence for a concurrent increase in diversification of depth ranges, while shell size appeared to have undergone a fast divergence early in terebrid evolutionary history. Our data also confirm that planktotrophy is the ancestral larval ecology in terebrids, and evolutionary modeling highlighted that shell size is linked to larval ecology of the Terebridae, with species with long-living pelagic larvae tending to be larger and have a broader size range than lecithotrophic species. Although we recovered patterns of size and depth trait diversification through time and across clades, the presence or absence of a venom gland (VG) did not appear to have impacted Terebridae diversification. Terebrids have lost their venom apparatus several times and we confirm that the loss of a VG happened in phylogenetically clustered terminal taxa and that reversal is extremely unlikely. Our findings suggest that environmental factors, and not venom, have had more influence on terebrid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Modica
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
- UMR5247, Université de Montpellier CC 1703, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Juliette Gorson
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Center, 413 E. 69th Street, BRB 424, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexander E Fedosov
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Gavin Malcolm
- Bird Hill, Barnes Lane, Milford on Sea, Hampshire, UK
| | - Yves Terryn
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antillles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Puillandre
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antillles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mandë Holford
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Center, 413 E. 69th Street, BRB 424, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Bolnick DI, Ballare KM. Resource diversity promotes among-individual diet variation, but not genomic diversity, in lake stickleback. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:495-505. [PMID: 31919988 PMCID: PMC7325224 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many generalist species consist of specialised individuals that use different resources. This within-population niche variation can stabilise population and community dynamics. Consequently, ecologists wish to identify environmental settings that promote such variation. Theory predicts that environments with greater resource diversity favour ecological diversity among consumers (via disruptive selection or plasticity). Alternatively, niche variation might be a side-effect of neutral genomic diversity in larger populations. We tested these alternatives in a metapopulation of threespine stickleback. Stickleback consume benthic and limnetic invertebrates, focusing on the former in small lakes, the latter in large lakes. Intermediate-sized lakes support generalist stickleback populations using an even mixture of the two prey types, and exhibit greater among-individual variation in diet and morphology. In contrast, genomic diversity increases with lake size. Thus, phenotypic diversity and neutral genetic polymorphism are decoupled: trophic diversity being greatest in intermediate-sized lakes with high resource diversity, whereas neutral genetic diversity is greatest in the largest lakes.
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18
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Reynolds RG, Kolbe JJ, Glor RE, López-Darias M, Gómez Pourroy CV, Harrison AS, de Queiroz K, Revell LJ, Losos JB. Phylogeographic and phenotypic outcomes of brown anole colonization across the Caribbean provide insight into the beginning stages of an adaptive radiation. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:468-494. [PMID: 31872929 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most important insights into the ecological and evolutionary processes of diversification and speciation have come from studies of island adaptive radiations, yet relatively little research has examined how these radiations initiate. We suggest that Anolis sagrei is a candidate for understanding the origins of the Caribbean Anolis adaptive radiation and how a colonizing anole species begins to undergo allopatric diversification, phenotypic divergence and, potentially, speciation. We undertook a genomic and morphological analysis of representative populations across the entire native range of A. sagrei, finding that the species originated in the early Pliocene, with the deepest divergence occurring between western and eastern Cuba. Lineages from these two regions subsequently colonized the northern Caribbean. We find that at the broadest scale, populations colonizing areas with fewer closely related competitors tend to evolve larger body size and more lamellae on their toepads. This trend follows expectations for post-colonization divergence from progenitors and convergence in allopatry, whereby populations freed from competition with close relatives evolve towards common morphological and ecological optima. Taken together, our results show a complex history of ancient and recent Cuban diaspora with populations on competitor-poor islands evolving away from their ancestral Cuban populations regardless of their phylogenetic relationships, thus providing insight into the original diversification of colonist anoles at the beginning of the radiation. Our research also supplies an evolutionary framework for the many studies of this increasingly important species in ecological and evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason J Kolbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Richard E Glor
- Herpetology Division, Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KA, USA
| | | | | | - Alexis S Harrison
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin de Queiroz
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Liam J Revell
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jonathan B Losos
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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19
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Doenz CJ, Krähenbühl AK, Walker J, Seehausen O, Brodersen J. Ecological opportunity shapes a large Arctic charr species radiation. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191992. [PMID: 31640512 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological opportunity is considered a crucial factor for adaptive radiation. Here, we combine genetic, morphological and ecological data to assess species and ecomorphological diversity of Artic charr in six lakes of a catchment in southernmost Greenland, where only charr and stickleback occur. Because the diversity of habitats and resources increases with lake size, we predict a positive association between lake size and the extent of ecomorphological diversity. The largest lake of the catchment harbours the largest Arctic charr assemblage known today. It consists of six genetically differentiated species belonging to five ecomorphs (anadromous, littoral benthic, profundal dwarf, planktivorous, piscivorous), of which the latter comprises two ecomorphologically extremely similar species. Lakes of intermediate size contain two ecomorphologically and genetically distinct species. Small lakes harbour one genetically homogeneous, yet sometimes ecomorphologically variable population. Supporting our prediction, lake size is positively correlated with the extent of ecomorphological specialization towards profundal, pelagic and piscivorous lifestyle. Furthermore, assemblage-wide morphospace increases sharply when more than one genetic cluster is present. Our data suggest that ecological opportunity and speciation jointly determine phenotypic expansion in this charr radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela J Doenz
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrin K Krähenbühl
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Walker
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Martin CH, McGirr JA, Richards EJ, St. John ME. How to Investigate the Origins of Novelty: Insights Gained from Genetic, Behavioral, and Fitness Perspectives. Integr Org Biol 2019; 1:obz018. [PMID: 33791533 PMCID: PMC7671130 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologists are drawn to the most extraordinary adaptations in the natural world, often referred to as evolutionary novelties, yet rarely do we understand the microevolutionary context underlying the origins of novel traits, behaviors, or ecological niches. Here we discuss insights gained into the origins of novelty from a research program spanning biological levels of organization from genotype to fitness in Caribbean pupfishes. We focus on a case study of the origins of novel trophic specialists on San Salvador Island, Bahamas and place this radiation in the context of other rapid radiations. We highlight questions that can be addressed about the origins of novelty at different biological levels, such as measuring the isolation of novel phenotypes on the fitness landscape, locating the spatial and temporal origins of adaptive variation contributing to novelty, detecting dysfunctional gene regulation due to adaptive divergence, and connecting behaviors with novel traits. Evolutionary novelties are rare, almost by definition, and we conclude that integrative case studies can provide insights into this rarity relative to the dynamics of adaptation to more common ecological niches and repeated parallel speciation, such as the relative isolation of novel phenotypes on fitness landscapes and the transient availability of ecological, genetic, and behavioral opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J A McGirr
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - E J Richards
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - M E St. John
- Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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21
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Hoxha T, Crookes S, MacIsaac I, Chang X, Johansson M, Dick JT, Nicolai A, MacIsaac HJ. Comparative feeding behaviour of native and introduced terrestrial snails tracks their ecological impacts. NEOBIOTA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.47.35000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A developing body of theory and empirical evidence suggest that feeding behaviour as measured by the functional response (FR) can assist researchers in assessing the relative potential, ecological impacts and competitive abilities of native and introduced species. Here, we explored the FRs of two land snails that occur in south-western Ontario, one native (Mesodonthyroidus) and one non-indigenous (Cepaeanemoralis) to Canada. The non-indigenous species appears to have low ecological impact and inferior competitive abilities. Consistent with theory, while both species conformed to Type II functional responses, the native species had a significantly higher attack rate (5.30 vs 0.41, respectively) and slightly lower handling time (0.020 vs 0.023), and hence a higher maximum feeding rate (50.0 vs 43.5). The non-indigenous species exhibited a significantly longer time to contact for a variety of food types, and appeared less discriminating of paper that was offered as a non-food type. The non-indigenous species also ate significantly less food when in mixed species trials with the native snail. These feeding patterns match the known low ecological impact of the introduced snail and are consistent with the view that it is an inferior competitor relative to the native species. However, field experimentation is required to clarify whether the largely microallopatric distributions of the two species in south-western Ontario reflect competitive dominance by the native species or other factors such as habitat preference, feeding preferences or predator avoidance. The relative patterns of feeding behaviour and ecological impact are, however, fully in line with recent functional response theory and application.
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22
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Rowsey DM, Heaney LR, Jansa SA. Tempo and mode of mandibular shape and size evolution reveal mixed support for incumbency effects in two clades of island-endemic rodents (Muridae: Murinae). Evolution 2019; 73:1411-1427. [PMID: 30985908 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Existing radiations in a spatially limited system such as an oceanic island may limit the ecological opportunity experienced by later colonists, resulting in lower macroevolutionary rates for secondary radiations. Additionally, potential colonists may be competitively excluded by these incumbent (resident) species, unless they are biologically distinct (biotic filtering). The extant phenotypic diversity of secondary colonists may thus be impacted by lower rates of phenotypic evolution, exclusion from certain phenotypes, and transitions to new morphotypes to escape competition from incumbent lineages. We used geometric morphometric methods to test whether the rates and patterns of mandibular evolution of the Luzon "old endemic" rodent clades, Phloeomyini and Chrotomyini, are consistent with these predictions. Each clade occupied nearly completely separate shape space and partially separate size space. We detected limited support for decelerating and clade-specific evolutionary rates for both shape and size, with strong evidence for a shift in evolutionary mode within Chrotomyini. Our results suggest that decelerating phenotypic evolutionary rates are not a necessary result of incumbency interactions; rather, incumbency effects may be more likely to determine which clades can become established in the system. Nonincumbent clades that pass a biotic filter can potentially exhibit relatively unfettered evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota M Rowsey
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
| | | | - Sharon A Jansa
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
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23
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Kraemer AC, Philip CW, Rankin AM, Parent CE. Trade-offs direct the evolution of coloration in Galápagos land snails. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182278. [PMID: 30963863 PMCID: PMC6367191 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, multiple selective factors are recognized as jointly contributing to the evolution of morphology. What is not clear is how these forces vary across communities to promote morphological diversification among related species. In this study of Galápagos endemic snails (genus Naesiotus), we test several hypotheses of colour evolution. We observe mockingbirds (genus Mimus) predating live snails and find that avian predation selects against conspicuous shells. The evolutionary outcome of this selection is a diversity of shell colours across snails of the archipelago, each closely matching local backgrounds. We also find that snails more regularly exposed to the hot, equatorial sun reflect more light than shells of species from shadier habitats, suggesting a role for thermoregulatory constraints directing colour evolution. The signature of thermoregulatory selection is most clear in comparatively young communities (on the youngest islands), while the signature of selection from predators is most evident in older communities (on the older islands). Together, our findings point to a scenario of shifting selective forces along island ontogeny and community maturity that lead to the distribution of snail coloration we observe in Galápagos. Complex selective regimes such as these may have more responsibility for morphological diversity than is currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. Kraemer
- Department Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - C. W. Philip
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
| | - A. M. Rankin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - C. E. Parent
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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24
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25
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Divergence, Convergence and Phenotypic Diversity of Neotropical Frugivorous Bats. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowing how adaptation shapes morphological evolution is fundamental to understanding the processes that promote biological diversity. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the effects of adaptive radiations on phenotypic diversity, which is related to processes that promote phenotypic divergence and convergence. We applied comparative methods to identify shifts in adaptive peaks and to detect divergence and convergence in skull morphology of frugivorous bats (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae and Carollinae), an ecologically diverse group with strong association between skull morphology, feeding performance and diet that suggests adaptive diversification through morphological innovation. We found divergence and convergence for skull morphology. Fifteen peak shifts were found for jaws, which result in four convergent and four divergent regimes. For skull, nine peak shifts were detected that result in three convergent and three divergent regimes. Furthermore, convergence was significant and strong for skull morphology since distantly related organisms converged to the same adaptive optima. Results suggest that convergence indicates the effect of restriction on phenotypes to keep the advantages provided by the skull phenotype that played a central role in the evolution of strict frugivory in phyllostomids. We conclude that convergence has limited phenotypic diversity of functional traits related to feeding in phyllostomid frugivores.
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26
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Foster KL, Piller KR. Disentangling the drivers of diversification in an imperiled group of freshwater fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Goodeidae). BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:116. [PMID: 30021522 PMCID: PMC6052539 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most perplexing questions in evolutionary biology is why some lineages diversify into many species, and others do not. In many cases, ecological opportunity has played an important role, leading to diversification along trophic or habitat-based axes. The Goodeidae (Teleostomi: Cyprinodontiformes) are a family of freshwater fishes with two subfamilies: Goodeinae (42 species, viviparous, heterogeneous habitats, Mesa Central of Mexico) and Empetrichthyinae (4 species, oviparous, homogeneous habitats, Great Basin of the United States). These discrepant sets of characteristics and their sister-group relationship make the goodeids amenable to a comparative study of diversification. We gathered lateral body images from more than 1600 specimens of all extant species in the family. Geometric morphometric, and phylogenetic comparative analyses were used to address whether higher species diversity correlates with higher rates of morphological shape evolution and whether there are differences in functional/habitat modules between the two subfamilies. RESULTS This study recovered a higher rate of overall body shape evolution in the Goodeinae that is nearly double in magnitude compared to the Empetrichthyinae. A modularity test indicated that the Goodeinae displayed elevated rates of morphological evolution in comparison to the Empetrichthyinae when only trunk (locomotor) regions were compared between subfamilies. No significant differences in evolutionary shape rates were recovered when the trophic (head) regions were compared between subfamilies. DISCUSSION These results support the hypothesis that Mexican goodeids radiated via an ecological opportunity scenario into a wide-array of novel habitats in the island-like Mesa Central as evidenced by their high rate of shape evolution, relative to the Empetrichthyinae. This study quantitatively unraveled the drivers of evolution and eliminated trophic specialization as a driving force within the Goodeidae. CONCLUSIONS A combination of phylogenetic and morphometric data, and phylogenetic comparative analyses were used to examine body shape rate evolution within the Goodeidae. Results support the hypothesis that species in the subfamily Goodeinae on the central Mexican plateau had a higher rate of body shape evolution relative to its sister subfamily Empetrichthyinae in the Great Basin suggesting that the Goodeinae diversified via an ecological opportunity scenario along habitat, rather than trophic axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L. Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402 USA
- Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5410 USA
| | - Kyle R. Piller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402 USA
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Rowsey DM, Heaney LR, Jansa SA. Diversification rates of the "Old Endemic" murine rodents of Luzon Island, Philippines are inconsistent with incumbency effects and ecological opportunity. Evolution 2018; 72:1420-1435. [PMID: 29845633 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diversity-dependent cladogenesis occurs when a colonizing lineage exhibits increasing interspecific competition as it ecologically diversifies. Repeated colonization of a region by closely related taxa may cause similar effects as species within each lineage compete with one another. This may be particularly relevant for secondary colonists, which could experience limited diversification due to competition with earlier, incumbent colonists over evolutionary time. We tested the hypothesis that an incumbent lineage may diminish the diversification of secondary colonists in two speciose clades of Philippine "Old Endemic" murine rodents-Phloeomyini and Chrotomyini-on the relatively old oceanic island of Luzon. Although phylogenetic analyses confirm the independent, noncontemporaneous colonization of Luzon by the ancestors of these two clades, we found no support for arrested diversification in either. Rather, it appears that diversification of both clades resulted from constant-rate processes that were either uniform or favored the secondary colonists (Chrotomyini), depending on the method used. Our results suggest that ecological incumbency has not played an important role in determining lineage diversification among Luzon murines, despite sympatric occurrence by constituent species within each lineage, and a substantial head start for the primary colonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota M Rowsey
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Lawrence R Heaney
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - Sharon A Jansa
- Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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Alhajeri BH, Steppan SJ. Ecological and Ecomorphological Specialization Are Not Associated with Diversification Rates in Muroid Rodents (Rodentia: Muroidea). Evol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-018-9449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Comparative phylogeography of oceanic archipelagos: Hotspots for inferences of evolutionary process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 113:7986-93. [PMID: 27432948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601078113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote island archipelagos offer superb opportunities to study the evolution of community assembly because of their relatively young and simple communities where speciation contributes to the origin and evolution of community structure. There is great potential for common phylogeographic patterns among remote archipelagos that originate through hotspot volcanism, particularly when the islands formed are spatially isolated and linearly arranged. The progression rule is characterized by a phylogeographic concordance between island age and lineage age in a species radiation. Progression is most likely to arise when a species radiation begins on an older island before the emergence of younger islands of a hotspot archipelago. In the simplest form of progression, colonization of younger islands as they emerge and offer appropriate habitat, is coincident with cladogenesis. In this paper, we review recent discoveries of the progression rule on seven hotspot archipelagos. We then discuss advantages that progression offers to the study of community assembly, and insights that community dynamics may offer toward understanding the evolution of progression. We describe results from two compelling cases of progression where the mosaic genome may offer insights into contrasting demographic histories that shed light on mechanisms of speciation and progression on remote archipelagos.
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Novosolov M, Rodda GH, Gainsbury AM, Meiri S. Dietary niche variation and its relationship to lizard population density. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:285-292. [PMID: 28944457 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insular species are predicted to broaden their niches, in response to having fewer competitors. They can thus exploit a greater proportion of the resource spectrum. In turn, broader niches are hypothesized to facilitate (or be a consequence of) increased population densities. We tested whether insular lizards have broader dietary niches than mainland species, how it relates to competitor and predator richness, and the nature of the relationship between population density and dietary niche breadth. We collected population density and dietary niche breadth data for 36 insular and 59 mainland lizard species, and estimated competitor and predator richness at the localities where diet data were collected. We estimated dietary niche shift by comparing island species to their mainland relatives. We controlled for phylogenetic relatedness, body mass and the size of the plots over which densities were estimated. We found that island and mainland species had similar niche breadths. Dietary niche breadth was unrelated to competitor and predator richness, on both islands and the mainland. Population density was unrelated to dietary niche breadth across island and mainland populations. Our results indicate that dietary generalism is not an effective way of increasing population density nor is it result of lower competitive pressure. A lower variety of resources on islands may prevent insular animals from increasing their niche breadths even in the face of few competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Novosolov
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gordon H Rodda
- Fort Collins Science Center, US Geological Survey, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alison M Gainsbury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Shai Meiri
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sei M, Robinson DG, Geneva AJ, Rosenberg G. Doubled helix: Sagdoidea is the overlooked sister group of Helicoidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Marklund MHK, Svanbäck R, Zha Y, Scharnweber K, Eklöv P. The influence of habitat accessibility on the dietary and morphological specialisation of an aquatic predator. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria H. K. Marklund
- Dept of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala Univ., Norbyvägen 18d; SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden
- Water Research Centre and The Environment Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Adelaide; North Terrace SA Australia
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Dept of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala Univ., Norbyvägen 18d; SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Yinghua Zha
- Dept of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala Univ., Norbyvägen 18d; SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kristin Scharnweber
- Dept of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala Univ., Norbyvägen 18d; SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Peter Eklöv
- Dept of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala Univ., Norbyvägen 18d; SE-75236 Uppsala Sweden
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Uit de Weerd DR, Fernández Velázquez A. Pinning down Tenuistemma (Pulmonata: Urocoptidae): local evolution of an extreme shell type. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ord TJ, Summers TC, Noble MM, Fulton CJ. Ecological Release from Aquatic Predation Is Associated with the Emergence of Marine Blenny Fishes onto Land. Am Nat 2017; 189:570-579. [PMID: 28410030 DOI: 10.1086/691155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An ecological release from competition or predation is a frequent adaptive explanation for the colonization of novel environments, but empirical data are limited. On the island of Rarotonga, several blenny fish species appear to be in the process of colonizing land. Anecdotal observations have implied that aquatic predation is an important factor in prompting such amphibious fish behavior. We provide evidence supporting this hypothesis by demonstrating that amphibious blennies shift their abundance up and down the shoreline to remain above predatory fishes that periodically move into intertidal areas during high tide. A predation experiment using blenny mimics confirmed a high risk of aquatic predation for blennies, significantly higher than predation experienced on land. These data suggest that predation has played an active role in promoting terrestrial activity in amphibious blennies and provide a rare example of how ecological release from predation could drive the colonization of a novel environment.
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Stroud JT, Losos JB. Ecological Opportunity and Adaptive Radiation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T. Stroud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, Florida 33156;
| | - Jonathan B. Losos
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01238;
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Chiba S, Cowie RH. Evolution and Extinction of Land Snails on Oceanic Islands. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nonmarine molluscs are the major animal group with the greatest number of recorded extinctions due to anthropogenic impacts, and that number is certainly a serious underestimate. Land snails, particularly endemic land snails of oceanic islands, are the group of molluscs that have sustained the most extinctions. Understanding their ecology and the evolutionary processes that have led to their extreme vulnerability is crucial if we are to be able to conserve these diverse and important species. Oceanic island snails tend to have low α-diversity and high β-diversity, and divergence of habitat use among related species is known to occur in some radiations of land snails on oceanic islands. Processes of speciation and ecological interaction are possible major drivers of these patterns. The ecological opportunities available at the initial stage of insular evolution and the scarcity of effective predators may have led to divergence of habitat use and high β-diversity in oceanic island snails. Fewer and less diverse predators on oceanic islands lead to the evolution of fewer and less diverse defense traits in oceanic island snails, which results in their high vulnerability to non-native predators. High β-diversity of oceanic island snails also results in great vulnerability to habitat loss. Accordingly, the high susceptibility of oceanic island snails to extinction reflects their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Chiba
- Center for Northeast Asian Studies and Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - Robert H. Cowie
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
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Dornburg A, Lippi C, Federman S, Moore JA, Warren DL, Iglesias TL, Brandley MC, Watkins-Colwell GJ, Lamb AD, Jones A. Disentangling the Influence of Urbanization and Invasion on Endemic Geckos in Tropical Biodiversity Hot Spots: A Case Study ofPhyllodactylus martini(Squamata: Phyllodactylidae) along an Urban Gradient in Curaçao. BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2016. [DOI: 10.3374/014.057.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Martin CH. The cryptic origins of evolutionary novelty: 1000-fold faster trophic diversification rates without increased ecological opportunity or hybrid swarm. Evolution 2016; 70:2504-2519. [PMID: 27593215 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological opportunity is frequently proposed as the sole ingredient for adaptive radiation into novel niches. An additional trigger may be genome-wide hybridization resulting from "hybrid swarm." However, these hypotheses have been difficult to test due to the rarity of comparable control environments lacking adaptive radiations. Here I exploit such a pattern in microendemic radiations of Caribbean pupfishes. I show that a sympatric three species radiation on San Salvador Island, Bahamas diversified 1445 times faster than neighboring islands in jaw length due to the evolution of a novel scale-eating adaptive zone from a generalist ancestral niche. I then sampled 22 generalist populations on seven neighboring islands and measured morphological diversity, stomach content diversity, dietary isotopic diversity, genetic diversity, lake/island areas, macroalgae richness, and Caribbean-wide patterns of gene flow. None of these standard metrics of ecological opportunity or gene flow were associated with adaptive radiation, except for slight increases in macroalgae richness. Thus, exceptional trophic diversification is highly localized despite myriad generalist populations in comparable environmental and genetic backgrounds. This study provides a strong counterexample to the ecological and hybrid swarm theories of adaptive radiation and suggests that diversification of novel specialists on a sparse fitness landscape is constrained by more than ecological opportunity and gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Martin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3280.
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Craddock EM. Profuse evolutionary diversification and speciation on volcanic islands: transposon instability and amplification bursts explain the genetic paradox. Biol Direct 2016; 11:44. [PMID: 27600528 PMCID: PMC5012101 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-016-0146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species-rich adaptive radiations arising from rare plant and animal colonizers are common on remote volcanic archipelagoes. However, they present a paradox. The severe genetic bottleneck of founder events and effects of inbreeding depression, coupled with the inherently stressful volcanic environment, would seem to predict reduced evolutionary potential and increased risk of extinction, rather than rapid adaptive divergence and speciation. Significantly, eukaryotic genomes harbor many families of transposable elements (TEs) that are mobilized by genome shock; these elements may be the primary drivers of genetic reorganization and speciation on volcanic islands. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS Here I propose that a central factor in the spectacular radiation and diversification of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophila and other terrestrial lineages on the Hawaiian and other oceanic islands has been repeated bursts of transposition of multiple TEs induced by the unique ecological features of volcanic habitats. Founder individuals and populations on remote volcanic islands experience significant levels of physiological and genomic stress as a consequence of both biotic and abiotic factors. This results in disruption of the usual epigenetic suppression of TEs, unleashing them to proliferate and spread, which in turn gives rise to novel genetic variation and remodels genomic regulatory circuits, facilitating rapid morphological, ecological and behavioral change, and adaptive radiation. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS To obtain empirical support for the hypothesis, test organisms should be exposed to prolonged heat stress, high levels of carbon dioxide and other volcanic gases, along with inbreeding. Data from subsequent whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics screening for TE numbers and locations would then be compared with initial pre-exposure TE information for the test strains, a labor-intensive project. Several predicted outcomes arising from the hypothesis are discussed. Currently available data are consistent with the proposed concept of stress-induced TE mobilization as a trigger of evolutionary diversification and speciation on volcanic islands. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS The main implication is that both TEs and species should proliferate at a much higher rate on volcanic islands than elsewhere. Second, the evolvability of a lineage may correlate with the abundance and distribution of TEs in the genome. Successful colonizers of volcanic habitats with high genomic proportions of TEs may be best poised to found a speciose lineage that gives rise to a dramatic adaptive radiation. Colonizers that are depauperate in TEs are likely to be evolutionarily constrained and diversify little, if at all. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Dr. James Shapiro and Dr. Wolfgang Miller (nominated by Editorial Board member Dr. I. King Jordan).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysse M Craddock
- School of Natural and Social Sciences, Purchase College, State University of New York, 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, NY, 10577-1400, USA.
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40
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Kleindorfer S, Dudaniec RY. Host-parasite ecology, behavior and genetics: a review of the introduced fly parasite Philornis downsi and its Darwin’s finch hosts. BMC ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-016-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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41
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Different ecological conditions support individual specialization in closely related, ecologically similar species. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Exploring the legacy of goat grazing: signatures of habitat fragmentation on genetic patterns of endemic weevil populations in Northern Isabela Island, Galápagos (Ecuador). CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Alhajeri BH, Schenk JJ, Steppan SJ. Ecomorphological diversification following continental colonization in muroid rodents (Rodentia: Muroidea). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bader H. Alhajeri
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL 32306-4295 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Kuwait University; Safat 13110 Kuwait
| | - John J. Schenk
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL 32306-4295 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; New Orleans LA 70118-5698 USA
| | - Scott J. Steppan
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL 32306-4295 USA
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Refsnider JM, Des Roches S, Rosenblum EB. Evidence for ecological release over a fine spatial scale in a lizard from the White Sands formation. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M. Refsnider
- Dept of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; Univ. of California at Berkeley; 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley CA 94720-3114 USA
| | - Simone Des Roches
- Dept of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; Univ. of California at Berkeley; 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley CA 94720-3114 USA
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Dept of Environmental Science, Policy and Management; Univ. of California at Berkeley; 130 Mulford Hall Berkeley CA 94720-3114 USA
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Touchton JM, Wikelski M. Ecological opportunity leads to the emergence of an alternative behavioural phenotype in a tropical bird. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1041-9. [PMID: 25640464 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Loss of a dominant competitor can open ecological opportunities. Ecological opportunities are considered prerequisites for adaptive radiations. Nonetheless, initiation of diversification in response to ecological opportunity is seldom observed, so we know little about the stages by which behavioural variation either increases or coalesces into distinct phenotypes. Here, a natural experiment showed that in a tropical island's guild of army ant-following birds, a new behavioural phenotype emerged in subordinate spotted antbirds (Hylophylax naevioides) after the socially dominant ocellated antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani) died out. Individuals with this behavioural phenotype are less territorial; instead, they roam in search of ant swarms where they feed in locations from which dominant competitors formerly excluded them. Roaming individuals fledge more young than territorial individuals. We conclude that ecological opportunity arising from species loss may enhance the success of alternative behavioural phenotypes and can favour further intraspecific diversification in life-history traits in surviving species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeene M Touchton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-2016, USA.,Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Am Obstberg 1, D-78315, Radolfzell, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Panamá, Repɐblica de, Panamá
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Am Obstberg 1, D-78315, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Postfach M633, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
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Wellborn GA, Langerhans RB. Ecological opportunity and the adaptive diversification of lineages. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:176-95. [PMID: 25628875 PMCID: PMC4298445 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tenet that ecological opportunity drives adaptive diversification has been central to theories of speciation since Darwin, yet no widely accepted definition or mechanistic framework for the concept currently exists. We propose a definition for ecological opportunity that provides an explicit mechanism for its action. In our formulation, ecological opportunity refers to environmental conditions that both permit the persistence of a lineage within a community, as well as generate divergent natural selection within that lineage. Thus, ecological opportunity arises from two fundamental elements: (1) niche availability, the ability of a population with a phenotype previously absent from a community to persist within that community and (2) niche discordance, the diversifying selection generated by the adaptive mismatch between a population's niche-related traits and the newly encountered ecological conditions. Evolutionary response to ecological opportunity is primarily governed by (1) spatiotemporal structure of ecological opportunity, which influences dynamics of selection and development of reproductive isolation and (2) diversification potential, the biological properties of a lineage that determine its capacity to diversify. Diversification under ecological opportunity proceeds as an increase in niche breadth, development of intraspecific ecotypes, speciation, and additional cycles of diversification that may themselves be triggered by speciation. Extensive ecological opportunity may exist in depauperate communities, but it is unclear whether ecological opportunity abates in species-rich communities. Because ecological opportunity should generally increase during times of rapid and multifarious environmental change, human activities may currently be generating elevated ecological opportunity - but so far little work has directly addressed this topic. Our framework highlights the need for greater synthesis of community ecology and evolutionary biology, unifying the four major components of the concept of ecological opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Wellborn
- Department of Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, Oklahoma, 73019
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State UniversityCampus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
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Hirano T, Kameda Y, Kimura K, Chiba S. Divergence in the shell morphology of the land snail genusAegista(Pulmonata: Bradybaenidae) under phylogenetic constraints. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hirano
- Graduate School of Life Science; Tohoku University; 41, Kawauchi Aoba Sendai Miyagi 980-0862 Japan
| | - Yuichi Kameda
- National Museum of Nature and Science; 4-1-1, Amakubo Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0005 Japan
| | - Kazuki Kimura
- Graduate School of Life Science; Tohoku University; 41, Kawauchi Aoba Sendai Miyagi 980-0862 Japan
| | - Satoshi Chiba
- Graduate School of Life Science; Tohoku University; 41, Kawauchi Aoba Sendai Miyagi 980-0862 Japan
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Lobban KD, Lovegrove BG, Rakotondravony D. The energetics of a Malagasy rodent, Macrotarsomys ingens (Nesomyinae): a test of island and zoogeographical effects on metabolism. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 184:1077-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Meiri S, Kadison AE, Novosolov M, Pafilis P, Foufopoulos J, Itescu Y, Raia P, Pincheira-Donoso D. The number of competitor species is unlinked to sexual dimorphism. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:1302-12. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shai Meiri
- Department of Zoology; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Amy E. Kadison
- Department of Zoology; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Maria Novosolov
- Department of Zoology; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Panayiotis Pafilis
- Section of Zoology and Marine Biology; Department of Biology; University of Athens; Panepistimioupolis, Ilissia Athens 157-84 Greece
| | - Johannes Foufopoulos
- School of Natural Resources and Environment; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Yuval Itescu
- Department of Zoology; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Pasquale Raia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse; Università Federico II; L.go San Marcellino 10 Naples 80138 Italy
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Bloom DD, Fikáček M, Short AEZ. Clade age and diversification rate variation explain disparity in species richness among water scavenger beetle (Hydrophilidae) lineages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98430. [PMID: 24887453 PMCID: PMC4041770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining the disparity of species richness across the tree of life is one of the great challenges in evolutionary biology. Some lineages are exceptionally species rich, while others are relatively species poor. One explanation for heterogeneity among clade richness is that older clades are more species rich because they have had more time to accrue diversity than younger clades. Alternatively, disparity in species richness may be due to among-lineage diversification rate variation. Here we investigate diversification in water scavenger beetles (Hydrophilidae), which vary in species richness among major lineages by as much as 20 fold. Using a time-calibrated phylogeny and comparative methods, we test for a relationship between clade age and species richness and for shifts in diversification rate in hydrophilids. We detected a single diversification rate increase in Megasternini, a relatively young and species rich clade whose diversity might be explained by the stunning diversity of ecological niches occupied by this clade. We find that Amphiopini, an old clade, is significantly more species poor than expected, possibly due to its restricted geographic range. The remaining lineages show a correlation between species richness and clade age, suggesting that both clade age and variation in diversification rates explain the disparity in species richness in hydrophilids. We find little evidence that transitions between aquatic, semiaquatic, and terrestrial habitats are linked to shifts in diversification rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin D. Bloom
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Martin Fikáček
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew E. Z. Short
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
- Division of Entomology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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