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Kabalan BA, Reisinger AJ, Pintor LM, Scarasso MA, Reisinger LS. Intraspecific variation in crayfish behavioral traits affects leaf litter breakdown in streams. Oecologia 2024; 205:515-531. [PMID: 38995365 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Although intraspecific trait variation is increasingly recognized as affecting ecosystem processes, few studies have examined the ecological significance of among-population variation in behavioral traits in natural ecosystems. In freshwater habitats, crayfish are consumers that can influence ecosystem structure (e.g., macroinvertebrate communities) and function (e.g., leaf litter breakdown). To test whether crayfish behavioral traits (activity, boldness, and foraging voracity) are major contributors of leaf litter breakdown rates in the field, we collected rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) from eight streams across the midwestern USA and measured behaviors using laboratory assays. At the same streams, we measured breakdown rates of leaf packs that were accessible or inaccessible to crayfish. Our results provide evidence that among-population variation in crayfish boldness and foraging voracity was a strong predictor of leaf litter breakdown rates, even after accounting for commonly appreciated environmental drivers (water temperature and human land use). Our results suggest that less bold rusty populations (i.e., emerged from shelter more slowly) had greater direct impacts on leaf litter breakdown than bold populations (P = 0.001, r2 = 0.85), potentially because leaf packs can be both a shelter and food resource to crayfish. Additionally, we found that foraging voracity was negatively related to breakdown rates in leaf packs that were inaccessible to crayfish (P = 0.025, r2 = 0.60), potentially due to a trophic cascade from crayfish preying on other invertebrates that consume leaf litter. Overall, our results add to the growing evidence that trait variation in animals may be important for understanding freshwater ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana A Kabalan
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA.
| | - Alexander J Reisinger
- Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Lauren M Pintor
- Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Marco A Scarasso
- Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lindsey S Reisinger
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
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2
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Zhang C, De Meester L, Stoks R. Rapid evolution of consumptive and non-consumptive predator effects on prey population densities, bioenergetics and stoichiometry. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:906-917. [PMID: 38807348 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Predators can strongly influence prey populations not only through consumptive effects (CE) but also through non-consumptive effects (NCE) imposed by predation risk. Yet, the impact of NCE on bioenergetic and stoichiometric body contents of prey, traits that are shaping life histories, population and food web dynamics, is largely unknown. Moreover, the degree to which NCE can evolve and can drive evolution in prey populations is rarely studied. A 6-week outdoor mesocosm experiment with Caged-Fish (NCE) and Free-Ranging-Fish (CE and NCE) treatments was conducted to quantify and compare the effects of CE and NCE on population densities, bioenergetic and stoichiometric body contents of Daphnia magna, a keystone species in freshwater ecosystems. We tested for evolution of CE and NCE by using experimental populations consisting of D. magna clones from two periods of a resurrected natural pond population: a pre-fish period without fish and a high-fish period with high predation pressure. Both Caged-Fish and Free-Ranging-Fish treatments decreased the body size and population densities, especially in Daphnia from the high-fish period. Only the Free-Ranging-Fish treatment affected bioenergetic variables, while both the Caged-Fish and Free-Ranging-Fish treatments shaped body stoichiometry. The effects of CE and NCE were different between both periods indicating their rapid evolution in the natural resurrected population. Both the Caged-Fish and Free-Ranging-Fish treatments changed the clonal frequencies of the experimental Daphnia populations of the pre-fish as well as the high-fish period, indicating that not only CE but also NCE induced clonal sorting, hence rapid evolution during the mesocosm experiment in both periods. Our results demonstrate that CE as well as NCE have the potential to change not only the body size and population density but also the bioenergetic and stoichiometric characteristics of prey populations. Moreover, we show that these responses not only evolved in the studied resurrected population, but that CE and NCE also caused differential rapid evolution in a time frame of 6 weeks (ca. four to six generations). As NCE can evolve as well as can drive evolution, they may play an important role in shaping eco-evolutionary dynamics in predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luc De Meester
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Orrick K, Sommer N, Rowland F, Ferraro K. Predator-prey interactions across hunting mode, spatial domain size, and habitat complexities. Ecology 2024; 105:e4316. [PMID: 38693704 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions are a fundamental part of community ecology, yet the relative importance of consumptive and nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) (defined as a risk-induced response that alters prey fitness) has not been resolved. Theory suggests that the emergence and subsequent predominance of consumptive or NCEs depend on the given habitat's complexity as well as predator hunting mode and spatial domain sizes of both predator and prey, but their relative influence on the outcome of predator-prey interactions is unknown. We built agent-based models in NetLogo to simulate predator-prey interactions for three hunting modes-sit-and-wait, sit-and-pursue, and active-while concurrently simulating large versus small spatial domain sizes for both predators and prey. We studied (1) how hunting mode and spatial domain size interact to influence the emergence of consumptive or NCEs and (2) how, when NCEs do dominate, hunting mode and spatial domain separately or additively determine prey shifts in time, space, and habitat use. Our results indicate consumptive effects only dominate for active predators when prey habitat domains overlap completely with the predator's spatial domain and when sit-and-wait and sit-and-pursue predators and their prey both have large spatial domains. Prey are most likely to survive when they shift their time but most frequently shift their habitat. Our paper helps to better understand the underlying mechanisms that drive consumptive or NCEs to be most dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaggie Orrick
- Yale University School of the Environment, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nathalie Sommer
- Yale University School of the Environment, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Freya Rowland
- Yale University School of the Environment, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kristy Ferraro
- Yale University School of the Environment, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Thieltges DW, Johnson PTJ, van Leeuwen A, Koprivnikar J. Effects of predation risk on parasite-host interactions and wildlife diseases. Ecology 2024; 105:e4315. [PMID: 38679953 PMCID: PMC11147705 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Landscapes of fear can determine the dynamics of entire ecosystems. In response to perceived predation risk, prey can show physiological, behavioral, or morphological trait changes to avoid predation. This in turn can indirectly affect other species by modifying species interactions (e.g., altered feeding), with knock-on effects, such as trophic cascades, on the wider ecosystem. While such indirect effects stemming from the fear of predation have received extensive attention for herbivore-plant and predator-prey interactions, much less is known about how they alter parasite-host interactions and wildlife diseases. In this synthesis, we present a conceptual framework for how predation risk-as perceived by organisms that serve as hosts-can affect parasite-host interactions, with implications for infectious disease dynamics. By basing our approach on recent conceptual advances with respect to predation risk effects, we aim to expand this general framework to include parasite-host interactions and diseases. We further identify pathways through which parasite-host interactions can be affected, for example, through altered parasite avoidance behavior or tolerance of hosts to infections, and discuss the wider relevance of predation risk for parasite and host populations, including heuristic projections to population-level dynamics. Finally, we highlight the current unknowns, specifically the quantitative links from individual-level processes to population dynamics and community structure, and emphasize approaches to address these knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Anieke van Leeuwen
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | - Janet Koprivnikar
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Huang J, Gu L, Sun Y, Zhang L, Huang Y, Yang Z. Declining aqueous calcium and fish predation risk interactively modify the phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia pulex. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124266. [PMID: 38821339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous calcium (Ca) decline is threatening freshwater ecosystems worldwide. There are great concerns about the possible ecological consequences of Ca limitation combined with biological pressures like predation. Here we investigated the interactions between Ca restriction and fish predation risk on the phenotypic plasticity in the keystone herbivore Daphnia, together with physiological responses underlying the plastic trait changes. Fish predation risk induced D. pulex to mature earlier and produce more but smaller offspring at adequate Ca. Declining Ca inhibited the expression of defensive traits, with the inhibitive degree showing a linear or threshold-limited dynamic. The presence of predation risk mitigated the negative effect of declining Ca on reducing body size but exacerbated the delay in maturity, indicating a life history trade-off for larger body size rather than the current reproduction in multi-stressed Daphnia. Actin 3-mediated cytoskeleton and AMPK β-mediated energy metabolism were highly correlated with these plastic trait changes. Altered phenotypic plasticity in planktonic animals is expected to trigger many ecological impacts from individual fitness to community structure, thus providing new insights into the mechanisms underlying decreased Ca affecting lake ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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6
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Gong L, Wu H, Wang Z, Wu H, Feng J, Jiang T. Do nocturnal birds use acoustic and visual cues to avoid predation by bats? Integr Zool 2024; 19:524-537. [PMID: 37427486 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Anti-predation strategies are critical to animal survival and are fundamental to deciphering predator-prey interactions. As an important defense strategy, sensory predator detection (such as through acoustic and visual cues) enables animals to assess predation risk and execute predator-avoidance behavior; however, there are limited studies on the anti-predation behavior of nocturnal animals. The prey of bats provides an excellent representative system for examining the anti-predation behavior of nocturnal animals. Here, we broadcasted different types of echolocation calls of the bird-eating bat Ia io to two wild passerine birds, namely, Zosterops japonicus and Sinosuthora webbiana, that are preyed upon by I. io, and presented the birds with individual bats under different light intensities. The results showed that both bird species were able to perceive the low-frequency audible portion of the bats' echolocation calls; however, they did not exhibit escape responses to the acoustic stimuli. In the dark and under moonlit conditions, both bird species were unable to respond to active bats at close range and the birds only exhibited evasive flight behavior when bats approached or touched them. These results suggest that nocturnal passerine birds may not be able to use acoustic or visual cues to detect bats and adopt evasive maneuvers to avoid predation. This work suggests that bat predation pressure may not elicit primary predator-avoidance responses in nocturnal passerine birds. The results provide new insights into the anti-predation behavior of nocturnal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Gong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tinglei Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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7
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Coyle O, Vredenburg VT, Stillman JH. Interactive abiotic and biotic stressor impacts on a stream-dwelling amphibian. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11371. [PMID: 38711490 PMCID: PMC11070774 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Organisms within freshwater and marine environments are subject to a diverse range of often co-occurring abiotic and biotic stressors. Despite growing awareness of the complex multistress systems at play in aquatic ecosystems, many questions remain regarding how simultaneous stressors interact with one another and jointly impact aquatic species. We looked at multistress interactions in a protected stream ecosystem in Mendocino County, California. Specifically, we examined how diurnal temperature variation, turbidity, and predator cues altered the movement speed of larval Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). In a second experiment, we looked at how simulated low-flow summer conditions impact the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in the same species. Larvae moved almost one and a half times faster in the presence of chemical cues from trout and suspended sediment, and almost two times faster when both sediment and trout cues were present but were only marginally affected by temperature and visual cues from conspecifics. Interestingly, the order of stressor exposure also appeared to influence larval speed, where exposure to sediment and trout in earlier trials tended to lead to faster speeds in later trials. Additionally, larvae exposed to low-flow conditions had more variable, but not statistically significantly higher, expression of HSPs. Our findings highlight the potential interactive effects of an abiotic stressor, sedimentation, and a biotic stressor, and predator chemical cues on an ecologically important trait: movement speed. Our findings also demonstrate the likely role of HSPs in larval salamander survival in challenging summer conditions. Taken together, these findings show that larval D. tenebrosus responds behaviorally to biotic and abiotic stressors and suggests a possible pathway for physiological tolerance of environmental stress. Consideration of multistress systems and their effects is important for understanding the full effects of co-occurring stressors on aquatic organisms to guide appropriate conservation and management efforts based on ecologically relevant responses of organisms within an environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Coyle
- Department of BiologySan Francisco State UniversitySan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vance T. Vredenburg
- Department of BiologySan Francisco State UniversitySan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jonathon H. Stillman
- Department of BiologySan Francisco State UniversitySan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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8
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Li F, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Lv T, Yu H, Yu D, Liu C. Predation risk-mediated indirect effects promote submerged plant growth: Implications for lake restoration. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 355:120512. [PMID: 38442660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Biological manipulation, involving fish stockings, is commonly used to counteract the deterioration of submerged vegetation in eutrophic lakes. Nevertheless, the non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of stocked carnivorous fish are often overlooked. Using a controlled experimental system, we investigated the NCEs of a native carnivorous fish, snakehead (Channa argus), on two key biological factors, herbivore-dominated grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and disturbance-dominated loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), influencing submerged plants growth. Additionally, we conducted a meta-analysis on predation risk and primary productivity. The results reveal that predation risk induces oxidative stress damage and affects grass carp growth. Non-significant changes in cortisol and glucose may be linked to predation risk prediction. Simultaneously, predation risk reduces fish feeding and disturbance behavior, relieving pressure on submerged plants to be grazed and disturbed, thereby supporting plant development. The presence of submerged plants, in turn, enhances loach activity and influences water body characteristics through negative feedback. Furthermore, the meta-analysis results indicate the facilitative effect of predation risk on primary producers. Our findings contribute to the understanding of biological manipulation theory. We demonstrate that the predation risk associated with introducing carnivorous fish can promote the growth of submerged plants through behaviorally mediated indirect effects. This highlights the potential utility of predation risk in lake restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Li
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tian Lv
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haihao Yu
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Dan Yu
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- The National Field Station of Freshwater Ecosystem of Liangzi Lake, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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9
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Amer NR, Stoks R, Antoł A, Sniegula S. Microgeographic differentiation in thermal and antipredator responses and their carry-over effects across life stages in a damselfly. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295707. [PMID: 38394143 PMCID: PMC10889876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Global warming and invasive species, separately or combined, can impose a large impact on the condition of native species. However, we know relatively little about how these two factors, individually and in combination, shape phenotypes in ectotherms across life stages and how this can differ between populations. We investigated the non-consumptive predator effects (NCEs) imposed by native (perch) and invasive (signal crayfish) predators experienced only during the egg stage or during both the egg and larval stages in combination with warming on adult life history traits of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. To explore microgeographic differentiation, we compared two nearby populations differing in thermal conditions and predator history. In the absence of predator cues, warming positively affected damselfly survival, possibly because the warmer temperature was closer to the optimal temperature. In the presence of predator cues, warming decreased survival, indicating a synergistic effect of these two variables on survival. In one population, predator cues from perch led to increased survival, especially under the current temperature, likely because of predator stress acclimation phenomena. While warming decreased, predator cues increased larval development time with a proportionally stronger effect of signal crayfish cues experienced during the egg stage, indicating a negative carry-over effect from egg to larva. Warming and predator cues increased mass at emergence, with the predator effect driven mainly by exposure to signal crayfish cues during the egg stage, indicating a positive carry-over effect from egg to adult. Notably, warming and predator effects were not consistent across the two studied populations, suggesting a phenotypic signal of adaptation at a microgeographic scale to thermal conditions and predator history. We also observed pronounced shifts during ontogeny from synergistic (egg and early larval stage) toward additive (late larval stage up to emergence) effects between warming and predator stress. The results point out that population- and life-stage-specific responses in life-history traits to NCEs are needed to predict fitness consequences of exposure to native and invasive predators and warming in prey at a microgeographic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen R. Amer
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Robby Stoks
- Department of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Antoł
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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10
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Cease AJ. How Nutrients Mediate the Impacts of Global Change on Locust Outbreaks. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:527-550. [PMID: 38270985 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Locusts are grasshoppers that can migrate en masse and devastate food security. Plant nutrient content is a key variable influencing population dynamics, but the relationship is not straightforward. For an herbivore, plant quality depends not only on the balance of nutrients and antinutrients in plant tissues, which is influenced by land use and climate change, but also on the nutritional state and demands of the herbivore, as well as its capacity to extract nutrients from host plants. In contrast to the concept of a positive relationship between nitrogen or protein concentration and herbivore performance, a five-decade review of lab and field studies indicates that equating plant N to plant quality is misleading because grasshoppers respond negatively or neutrally to increasing plant N just as often as they respond positively. For locusts specifically, low-N environments are actually beneficial because they supply high energy rates that support migration. Therefore, intensive land use, such as continuous grazing or cropping, and elevated ambient CO2 levels that decrease the protein:carbohydrate ratios of plants are predicted to broadly promote locust outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, and Global Locust Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
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11
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Corbett JJ, Trussell GC. Local adaptation in trait-mediated trophic cascades. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232583. [PMID: 38196361 PMCID: PMC10777162 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Predator-induced changes in prey foraging can influence community dynamics by increasing the abundance of basal resources via a trait-mediated trophic cascade. The strength of these cascades may be altered by eco-evolutionary relationships between predators and prey, but the role of basal resources has received limited attention. We hypothesized that trait-mediated trophic cascade strength may be shaped by selection from trophic levels above and below prey. Field and laboratory experiments used snails (Nucella lapillus) from two regions in the Gulf of Maine (GoM) that vary in basal resource availability (e.g. mussels), seawater temperature, and contact history with the invasive green crab, Carcinus maenas. In field and laboratory experiments, Nucella from both regions foraged on mussels in the presence or absence of green crab risk cues. In the field, Nucella from the northern GoM, where mussels are scarce, were less responsive to risk cues and more responsive to seawater temperature than southern Nucella. In the lab, however, northern Nucella foraged and grew more than southern snails in the presence of risk, but foraging and growth were similar in the absence of risk. We suggest that adaptation to basal resource availability may shape geographical variation in the strength of trait-mediated trophic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Corbett
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and Coastal Sustainability Institute, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Geoffrey C. Trussell
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and Coastal Sustainability Institute, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
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12
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Dantzer B, Mabry KE, Bernhardt JR, Cox RM, Francis CD, Ghalambor CK, Hoke KL, Jha S, Ketterson E, Levis NA, McCain KM, Patricelli GL, Paull SH, Pinter-Wollman N, Safran RJ, Schwartz TS, Throop HL, Zaman L, Martin LB. Understanding Organisms Using Ecological Observatory Networks. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad036. [PMID: 37867910 PMCID: PMC10586040 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activities are rapidly changing ecosystems around the world. These changes have widespread implications for the preservation of biodiversity, agricultural productivity, prevalence of zoonotic diseases, and sociopolitical conflict. To understand and improve the predictive capacity for these and other biological phenomena, some scientists are now relying on observatory networks, which are often composed of systems of sensors, teams of field researchers, and databases of abiotic and biotic measurements across multiple temporal and spatial scales. One well-known example is NEON, the US-based National Ecological Observatory Network. Although NEON and similar networks have informed studies of population, community, and ecosystem ecology for years, they have been minimally used by organismal biologists. NEON provides organismal biologists, in particular those interested in NEON's focal taxa, with an unprecedented opportunity to study phenomena such as range expansions, disease epidemics, invasive species colonization, macrophysiology, and other biological processes that fundamentally involve organismal variation. Here, we use NEON as an exemplar of the promise of observatory networks for understanding the causes and consequences of morphological, behavioral, molecular, and physiological variation among individual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
| | - K E Mabry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003,USA
| | - J R Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003,USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - R M Cox
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22940,USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407,USA
| | - C D Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407,USA
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - C K Ghalambor
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - K L Hoke
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - S Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712,USA
| | - E Ketterson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405,USA
| | - N A Levis
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405,USA
| | - K M McCain
- Global Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612,USA
| | - G L Patricelli
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,USA
| | - S H Paull
- Battelle, National Ecological Observatory Network, 1685 38th Street, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - N Pinter-Wollman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R J Safran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309,USA
| | - T S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - H L Throop
- School of Earth and Space Exploration and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - L Zaman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,USA
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - L B Martin
- Global Health and Infectious Disease Research Center and Center for Genomics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612,USA
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Lopez LK, Gil MA, Crowley PH, Trimmer PC, Munson A, Ligocki IY, Michelangeli M, Sih A. Integrating animal behaviour into research on multiple environmental stressors: a conceptual framework. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1345-1364. [PMID: 37004993 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
While a large body of research has focused on the physiological effects of multiple environmental stressors, how behavioural and life-history plasticity mediate multiple-stressor effects remains underexplored. Behavioural plasticity can not only drive organism-level responses to stressors directly but can also mediate physiological responses. Here, we provide a conceptual framework incorporating four fundamental trade-offs that explicitly link animal behaviour to life-history-based pathways for energy allocation, shaping the impact of multiple stressors on fitness. We first address how small-scale behavioural changes can either mediate or drive conflicts between the effects of multiple stressors and alternative physiological responses. We then discuss how animal behaviour gives rise to three additional understudied and interrelated trade-offs: balancing the benefits and risks of obtaining the energy needed to cope with stressors, allocation of energy between life-history traits and stressor responses, and larger-scale escape from stressors in space or time via large-scale movement or dormancy. Finally, we outline how these trade-offs interactively affect fitness and qualitative ecological outcomes resulting from multiple stressors. Our framework suggests that explicitly considering animal behaviour should enrich our mechanistic understanding of stressor effects, help explain extensive context dependence observed in these effects, and highlight promising avenues for future empirical and theoretical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Lopez
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Kids Research, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Corner Hawkesbury Road & Hainsworth Street, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Michael A Gil
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122/Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA
| | - Philip H Crowley
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 195 Huguelet Drive, 101 Thomas Hunt Morgan Building, Lexington, KY, 40506-0225, USA
| | - Pete C Trimmer
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, University Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Amelia Munson
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Isaac Y Ligocki
- Department of Biology, Millersville University of Pennsylvania, Roddy Science Hall, PO Box 1002, Millersville, PA, 17551, USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Marcus Michelangeli
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, Umeå, SE-907 36, Sweden
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science & Policy, University of California, 2132 Wickson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Musil M, Let M, Roje S, Drozd B, Kouba A. Feeding in predator naïve crayfish is influenced by cues from a fish predator. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12265. [PMID: 37507522 PMCID: PMC10382577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39406-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we experimentally evaluated how the feeding behaviour of marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis is influenced by cues from conspecifics and the round goby Neogobius melanostomus, a fish predator, in tanks that permitted chemical communication but not visual recognition. We used four experimental groups with different combinations in two sub-tanks. The first sub-tank always contained a crayfish and prey (40 individuals of the water louse Asellus aquaticus). The other sub-tanks were set up as follows: (i) empty, serving as a control (C); (ii) with a conspecific crayfish (Cr); (iii) with a round goby (G) to simulate predator-only odour; and (iv) a round goby and three small conspecific crayfish (G + Cr) to simulate the presence of a predator and/or the alarm odour. Two sub-treatments were defined for the fourth group, categorised as 'injured' or 'not injured' depending on whether prey crayfish were visibly injured or not, respectively. We observed a significant decline in the consumption of water lice in the G and G + Cr treatments compared to the C and Cr treatments (up to 47% on average). There were no significant differences in consumption between the G and G + Cr treatments, or C and Cr treatments. No significant differences in food consumption parameters were detected between sub-treatments with 'injured' and 'not injured' conspecific crayfish. Knowledge of modifications in the feeding behaviour of marbled crayfish in the presence of round goby (and fish predators in general) is essential for ecologists attempting to understand the changes and impacts occurring in invaded freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Musil
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Let
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Roje
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Bořek Drozd
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Kouba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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15
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Sommer NR, Alshwairikh YA, Arietta AZA, Skelly DK, Buchkowski RW. Prey metabolic responses to predators depend on predator hunting mode and prey antipredator defenses. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie R. Sommer
- Yale School of the Environment, Greeley Memorial Laboratory New Haven CT USA
| | - Yara A. Alshwairikh
- Yale School of the Environment, Greeley Memorial Laboratory New Haven CT USA
| | - A. Z. Andis Arietta
- Yale School of the Environment, Greeley Memorial Laboratory New Haven CT USA
| | - David K. Skelly
- Yale School of the Environment, Greeley Memorial Laboratory New Haven CT USA
| | - Robert W. Buchkowski
- Yale School of the Environment, Greeley Memorial Laboratory New Haven CT USA
- Dept of Biology, Univ. of Western Ontario, Biological and Geological Sciences Building London ON Canada
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16
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Brandl SJ, Lefcheck JS, Bates AE, Rasher DB, Norin T. Can metabolic traits explain animal community assembly and functioning? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1-18. [PMID: 36054431 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
All animals on Earth compete for free energy, which is acquired, assimilated, and ultimately allocated to growth and reproduction. Competition is strongest within communities of sympatric, ecologically similar animals of roughly equal size (i.e. horizontal communities), which are often the focus of traditional community ecology. The replacement of taxonomic identities with functional traits has improved our ability to decipher the ecological dynamics that govern the assembly and functioning of animal communities. Yet, the use of low-resolution and taxonomically idiosyncratic traits in animals may have hampered progress to date. An animal's metabolic rate (MR) determines the costs of basic organismal processes and activities, thus linking major aspects of the multifaceted constructs of ecological niches (where, when, and how energy is obtained) and ecological fitness (how much energy is accumulated and passed on to future generations). We review evidence from organismal physiology to large-scale analyses across the tree of life to propose that MR gives rise to a group of meaningful functional traits - resting metabolic rate (RMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and aerobic scope (AS) - that may permit an improved quantification of the energetic basis of species coexistence and, ultimately, the assembly and functioning of animal communities. Specifically, metabolic traits integrate across a variety of typical trait proxies for energy acquisition and allocation in animals (e.g. body size, diet, mobility, life history, habitat use), to yield a smaller suite of continuous quantities that: (1) can be precisely measured for individuals in a standardized fashion; and (2) apply to all animals regardless of their body plan, habitat, or taxonomic affiliation. While integrating metabolic traits into animal community ecology is neither a panacea to disentangling the nuanced effects of biological differences on animal community structure and functioning, nor without challenges, a small number of studies across different taxa suggest that MR may serve as a useful proxy for the energetic basis of competition in animals. Thus, the application of MR traits for animal communities can lead to a more general understanding of community assembly and functioning, enhance our ability to trace eco-evolutionary dynamics from genotypes to phenotypes (and vice versa), and help predict the responses of animal communities to environmental change. While trait-based ecology has improved our knowledge of animal communities to date, a more explicit energetic lens via the integration of metabolic traits may further strengthen the existing framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Brandl
- Department of Marine Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Jonathan S Lefcheck
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO Program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Douglas B Rasher
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, 04544, USA
| | - Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Febrer-Serra M, Lassnig N, Colomar V, Picó G, Tejada S, Sureda A, Pinya S. Oxidative stress and behavioral responses of moorish geckos (Tarentola mauritanica) submitted to the presence of an introduced potential predator (Hemorrhois hippocrepis). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158864. [PMID: 36169021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stressful situations induce an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can lead to molecular damage and alteration of cell function. The introduction of new potential predators induces physiological stress in native fauna. However, behavioral responses have been reported in preys, demonstrating an induction of the defenses against alien species. Behavioral and antioxidant enzyme responses in the moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica, against the invasive predator horseshoe whip snake (Hemorrhois hippocrepis) were assessed. Behavior was recorded and a tissue sample from the tail was collected after placing the gecko in a terrarium with previous absence or presence of the snake in 'Control' and 'H. hippocrepis' groups, respectively. Fifteen behavioral variables were examined, including tongue flick (TF) and locomotion patterns. Antioxidant enzyme activities -catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR)-, and the levels of reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio (GSH/GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured in the tissue sampled. Geckos exposed to the snake's odor showed a higher number of TF, longer amounts of time remaining motionless or moving in slow motion and they spent less time on the ground in comparison to the 'Control' group. The presence of the snake produced a significant increase in the activities of CAT, SOD and GR and a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio in T. mauritanica individuals exposed to the snake's scent. Thus, both behavioral responses and oxidative stress biomarkers clearly showed that T. mauritanica is able to recognize H. hippocrepis as a potential predator, despite being a recently introduced snake at the Balearic Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Febrer-Serra
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Nil Lassnig
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Víctor Colomar
- Consortium for the Recovery of Fauna of the Balearic Islands (COFIB), Government of the Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Gabriela Picó
- Consortium for the Recovery of Fauna of the Balearic Islands (COFIB), Government of the Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7.5, Ed. Guillem Colom, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7.5, Ed. Guillem Colom, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa, km 7.5, Ed. Guillem Colom, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Samuel Pinya
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
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18
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Ristyadi D, He XZ, Wang Q. Predator- and killed prey-induced fears bear significant cost to an invasive spider mite: Implications in pest management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5456-5462. [PMID: 36057852 PMCID: PMC9826069 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of biological control using predators is normally assumed to be achieved through direct predation. Yet it is largely unknown how the predator- and killed prey-induced stress to prey may contribute to biological control effectiveness. Here, we investigate variations in life-history traits and offspring fitness of the spider mite Tetranychus ludeni in response to cues from the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and killed T. ludeni, providing knowledge for evaluation of the nonconsumptive contribution to the biological control of T. ludeni and for future development of novel spider mite control measures using these cues. RESULTS Cues from predators and killed prey shortened longevity by 23-25% and oviposition period by 35-40%, and reduced fecundity by 31-37% in T. ludeni females. These cues significantly reduced the intrinsic rate of increase (rm ) and net population growth rate (R0 ), and extended time to double the population size (Dt ). Predator cues significantly delayed lifetime production of daughters. Mothers exposed to predator cues laid significantly smaller eggs and their offspring developed significantly more slowly but these eggs had significantly higher hatch rate. CONCLUSION Predator- and killed prey-induced fears significantly lower the fitness of T. ludeni, suggesting that these nonconsumptive effects can contribute to the effectiveness of biological control to a great extent. Our study provides critical information for evaluation of biological control effectiveness using predators and paves the way for identification of chemical odors from the predator and killed prey, and development of new materials and methods for the control of spider mite pests. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Ristyadi
- School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
- Agriculture FacultyJambi UniversityJambiIndonesia
| | - Xiong Z He
- School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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19
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Warming and predation risk only weakly shape size-mediated priority effects in a cannibalistic damselfly. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17324. [PMID: 36243749 PMCID: PMC9569353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in hatching dates can shape intraspecific interactions through size-mediated priority effects (SMPE), a phenomenon where bigger, early hatched individuals gain advantage over smaller, late hatched ones. However, it remains unclear to what extent and how SMPE are affected by key environmental factors such as warming and predation risk imposed by top predators. We studied effects of warming (low and high temperature) and predation risk (presence and absence of predator cues of perch) on SMPE in life history and physiological traits in the cannibalistic damselfly Ischnura elegans. We induced SMPE in the laboratory by manipulating hatching dates, creating following groups: early and late hatchlings reared in separate containers, and mixed phenology groups where early and late hatchlings shared the same containers. We found strong SMPE for survival and emergence success, with the highest values in early larvae of mixed phenology groups and the lowest values in late larvae of mixed phenology groups. Neither temperature nor predator cues affected SMPE for these two traits. The other life history traits (development rate and mass at emergence) did not show SMPE, but were affected by temperature and predator cues. A tendency for SMPE was found for protein content, in the high temperature treatment. The other physiological traits (phenoloxidase activity and fat content) showed fixed expressions across treatments, indicating decoupling between physiology and life history. The results underline that SMPEs are trait-dependent, and only weakly or not affected by temperature and predation risk.
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20
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Diserens TA, Churski M, Bubnicki JW, Zalewski A, Brzeziński M, Kuijper DPJ. Wolf risk fails to inspire fear in two mesocarnivores suggesting facilitation prevails. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16469. [PMID: 36183040 PMCID: PMC9526698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores not only supress mesocarnivores via killing and instilling fear, but also facilitate them through carrion provisioning. Hence, mesocarnivores frequently face a trade-off between risk avoidance and food acquisition. Here we used the raccoon dog and red fox in Białowieża Forest, Poland as models for investigating how large carnivores shape mesocarnivore foraging behaviour in an area with widespread large carnivore carrion provisioning. Using a giving up density experiment we quantified mesocarnivore foraging responses to wolf body odour across a landscape-scale gradient in wolf encounter rates. At locations with higher wolf encounter rates, raccoon dogs depleted feeding trays more than at plots with lower wolf encounter rates. Simulating wolf presence by adding wolf body odour caused raccoon dogs to deplete feeding trays more at locations with low wolf encounter rates, but less at locations with high wolf encounter rates. Fox foraging costs did not vary with the application of wolf body odour or wolf encounter rates. The frequency that the mesocarnivores visited experimental foraging patches was unaffected by wolf body odour or landscape level encounter rates. These results provide further evidence that large carnivore suppression can play a subordinate role to facilitation in determining mesocarnivore behaviour. The varying raccoon dog response to wolf odour across the landscape-scale gradient in wolf encounter rates shows how mesocarnivore-large carnivore interactions can be context-dependent. We suggest that rather than testing the effects of single risk cues on prey behaviour, future studies should focus on understanding how context modifies the ecological impacts of large carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Diserens
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland. .,Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02‑097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Churski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Jakub W Bubnicki
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Marcin Brzeziński
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02‑097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dries P J Kuijper
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
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21
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Behavioural Responses of Defended and Undefended Prey to Their Predator—A Case Study of Rotifera. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081217. [PMID: 36009844 PMCID: PMC9404713 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Predation is a strong species interaction causing severe harm or death to prey. Thus, prey species have evolved various defence strategies to minimize predation risk, which may be immediate (e.g., a change in behaviour) or transgenerational (morphological defence structures). We studied the behaviour of two strains of a rotiferan prey (Brachionus calyciflorus) that differ in their ability to develop morphological defences in response to their predator Asplanchna brightwellii. Using video analysis, we tested: (a) if two strains differ in their response to predator presence and predator cues when both are undefended; (b) whether defended individuals respond to live predators or their cues; and (c) if the morphological defence (large spines) per se has an effect on the swimming behaviour. We found a clear increase in swimming speed for both undefended strains in predator presence. However, the defended specimens responded neither to the predator presence nor to their cues, showing that they behave indifferently to their predator when they are defended. We did not detect an effect of the spines on the swimming behaviour. Our study demonstrates a complex plastic behaviour of the prey, not only in the presence of their predator, but also with respect to their defence status.
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22
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Capybara responses to varying levels of predation risk. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Dantzer B, Newman AEM. Expanding the frame around social dynamics and glucocorticoids: From hierarchies within the nest to competitive interactions among species. Horm Behav 2022; 144:105204. [PMID: 35689971 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the social environment on individual state or condition has largely focused on glucocorticoid levels (GCs). As metabolic hormones whose production can be influenced by nutritional, physical, or psychosocial stressors, GCs are a valuable (though singular) measure that may reflect the degree of "stress" experienced by an individual. Most work to date has focused on how social rank influences GCs in group-living species or how predation risk influences GCs in prey. This work has been revealing, but a more comprehensive assessment of the social environment is needed to fully understand how different features of the social environment influence GCs in both group living and non-group living species and across life history stages. Just as there can be intense within-group competition among adult conspecifics, it bears appreciating there can also be competition among siblings from the same brood, among adult conspecifics that do not live in groups, or among heterospecifics. In these situations, dominance hierarchies typically emerge, albeit, do dominants or subordinate individuals or species have higher GCs? We examine the degree of support for hypotheses derived from group-living species about whether differential GCs between dominants and subordinates reflect the "stress of subordination" or "costs of dominance" in these other social contexts. By doing so, we aim to test the generality of these two hypotheses and propose new research directions to broaden the lens that focuses on social hierarchies and GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 48109 Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Amy E M Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
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24
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Baker HK, Li SS, Samu SC, Jones NT, Symons CC, Shurin JB. Prey naiveté alters the balance of consumptive and non‐consumptive predator effects and shapes trophic cascades in freshwater plankton. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry K. Baker
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Univ. of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Stephanie S. Li
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Univ. of California San Diego CA USA
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State Univ. Columbus OH USA
| | - Stefan C. Samu
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Univ. of California San Diego CA USA
| | - Natalie T. Jones
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Univ. of California San Diego CA USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Queensland St. Lucia QLD Australia
| | - Celia C. Symons
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Jonathan B. Shurin
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, Univ. of California San Diego CA USA
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25
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Redinger JM, Halvorson HM, Gifford ME. Variable stoichiometric and macronutrient responses to lizard predation in Ozark glade grasshopper communities. Oecologia 2022; 199:757-768. [PMID: 35610326 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The General Stress Paradigm (GSP) predicts that prey body compositions should shift under chronic predation as prey increase body carbon and decrease body nitrogen content through dietary changes, heightened metabolism, reduced dietary efficiency, and the breakdown of nitrogen rich tissues to make labile carbohydrates available. In our study, we explored how the elemental and macronutrient content along with the morphology of three abundant Ozark glade grasshopper species differed between glades with and without predatory collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) populations. Our results indicated that lichen grasshoppers (Trimerotropis saxatilis) increased body C:N ratios in response to predators. Scudder's short-wing grasshoppers (Melanoplus scudderi) increased both body %C and %protein content, while the handsome grasshoppers (Syrbula admirabilis) did not significantly respond to the presence of collared lizards. None of the three grasshopper species showed morphological responses to predation. We also found that elemental and macronutrient content of grasshoppers was not always significantly correlated and was not associated with the same environmental factors, indicating a need to incorporate both perspectives in future research and utilize more accurate macromolecular assays. Overall, we found support for some aspects of the GSP in field-active animals and add to the growing body of evidence that predator-induced changes in prey body composition are more complex than predicted by the original GSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Redinger
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Halvor M Halvorson
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Matthew E Gifford
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA.
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26
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In defense of elemental currencies: can ecological stoichiometry stand as a framework for terrestrial herbivore nutritional ecology? Oecologia 2022; 199:27-38. [PMID: 35396976 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional ecologists aim to predict population or landscape-level effects of food availability, but the tools to extrapolate nutrition from small to large extents are often lacking. The appropriate nutritional ecology currencies should be able to represent consumer responses to food while simultaneously be simple enough to expand such responses to large spatial extents and link them to ecosystem functioning. Ecological stoichiometry (ES), a framework of nutritional ecology, can meet these demands, but it is typically associated with ecosystem ecology and nutrient cycling, and less often used to study wildlife nutrition. Despite the emerging zoogeochemical evidence that animals, and thus their diets, play critical roles in nutrient movement, wildlife nutritional ecology has not fully embraced ES, and ES has not incorporated nutrition in many wildlife studies. Here, we discuss how elemental currencies are "nutritionally, organismally, and ecologically explicit" in the context of terrestrial herbivore nutritional ecology. We add that ES and elemental currencies offer a means to measure resource quality across landscapes and compare nutrient availability among regions. Further, we discuss ES shortcomings and solutions, and list future directions to advance the field. As ecological studies increasingly grow in spatial extent, and attempt to link multiple levels of biological organization, integrating more simple and unifying currencies into nutritional studies, like elements, is necessary for nutritional ecology to predict herbivore occurrences and abundances across regions.
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27
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Krama T, Krams R, Munkevics M, Willow J, Popovs S, Elferts D, Dobkeviča L, Raibarte P, Rantala M, Contreras-Garduño J, Krams IA. Physiological stress and higher reproductive success in bumblebees are both associated with intensive agriculture. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12953. [PMID: 35256917 PMCID: PMC8898004 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-living organisms face multiple stressors in their habitats, and habitat quality often affects development and life history traits. Increasing pressures of agricultural intensification have been shown to influence diversity and abundance of insect pollinators, and it may affect their elemental composition as well. We compared reproductive success, body concentration of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), and C/N ratio, each considered as indicators of stress, in the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). Bumblebee hives were placed in oilseed rape fields and semi-natural old apple orchards. Flowering season in oilseed rape fields was longer than that in apple orchards. Reproductive output was significantly higher in oilseed rape fields than in apple orchards, while the C/N ratio of queens and workers, an indicator of physiological stress, was lower in apple orchards, where bumblebees had significantly higher body N concentration. We concluded that a more productive habitat, oilseed rape fields, offers bumblebees more opportunities to increase their fitness than a more natural habitat, old apple orchards, which was achieved at the expense of physiological stress, evidenced as a significantly higher C/N ratio observed in bumblebees inhabiting oilseed rape fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia,Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Indrikis A. Krams
- Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia,University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia,University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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28
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Chitwood MC, Baruzzi C, Lashley MA. “Ecology of fear” in ungulates: Opportunities for improving conservation. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8657. [PMID: 35261746 PMCID: PMC8888265 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Because ungulates are important contributors to ecosystem function, understanding the “ecology of fear” could be important to the conservation of ecosystems. Although studying ungulate ecology of fear is common, knowledge from ungulate systems is highly contested among ecologists. Here, we review the available literature on the ecology of fear in ungulates to generalize our current knowledge and how we can leverage it for conservation. Four general focus areas emerged from the 275 papers included in our literature search (and some papers were included in multiple categories): behavioral responses to predation risk (79%), physiological responses to predation risk (15%), trophic cascades resulting from ungulate responses to predation risk (20%), and manipulation of predation risk (1%). Of papers focused on behavior, 75% were about movement and habitat selection. Studies were biased toward North America (53%), tended to be focused on elk (Cervus canadensis; 29%), and were dominated by gray wolves (40%) or humans (39%) as predators of interest. Emerging literature suggests that we can utilize predation risk for conservation with top‐down (i.e., increasing predation risk) and bottom‐up (i.e., manipulating landscape characteristics to increase risk or risk perception) approaches. It is less clear whether fear‐related changes in physiology have population‐level fitness consequences or cascading effects, which could be fruitful avenues for future research. Conflicting evidence of trait‐mediated trophic cascades might be improved with better replication across systems and accounting for confounding effects of ungulate density. Improving our understanding of mechanisms modulating the nature of trophic cascades likely is most important to ensure desirable conservation outcomes. We recommend future work embrace the complexity of natural systems by attempting to link together the focal areas of study identified herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Colter Chitwood
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma USA
| | - Carolina Baruzzi
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Starkville Mississippi USA
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Marcus A. Lashley
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Starkville Mississippi USA
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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29
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Polverino G, Soman VR, Karakaya M, Gasparini C, Evans JP, Porfiri M. Ecology of fear in highly invasive fish revealed by robots. iScience 2022; 25:103529. [PMID: 35106458 PMCID: PMC8786638 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species threaten biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. We develop an innovative experimental approach, integrating biologically inspired robotics, time-series analysis, and computer vision, to build a detailed profile of the effects of non-lethal stress on the ecology and evolution of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)—a global pest. We reveal that brief exposures to a robotic predator alter mosquitofish behavior, increasing fear and stress responses, and mitigate the impact of mosquitofish on native tadpoles (Litoria moorei) in a cause-and-effect fashion. Effects of predation risk from the robot carry over to routine activity and feeding rate of mosquitofish weeks after exposure, resulting in weight loss, variation in body shape, and reduction in the fertility of both sexes—impairing survival, reproduction, and ecological success. We capitalize on evolved responses of mosquitofish to reduce predation risk—neglected in biological control practices—and provide scientific foundations for widespread use of state-of-the-art robotics in ecology and evolution research. Can robotic predators reveal the vulnerabilities of invasive and pest species? Our predator selectively targets invasive fish to protect native amphibians Stress from the robot compromises behavior, health, and reproduction of invaders We open new frontiers for robotics in ecology, evolution, and biocontrol research
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Polverino
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vrishin R Soman
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Clelia Gasparini
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jonathan P Evans
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Maurizio Porfiri
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.,Center for Urban Science and Progress, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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30
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Weterings MJA, Losekoot S, Kuipers HJ, Prins HHT, van Langevelde F, van Wieren SE. Influence of multiple predators decreases body condition and fecundity of European hares. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8442. [PMID: 35136544 PMCID: PMC8809432 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the hypothesized negative correlation between the influence of multiple predators and body condition and fecundity of the European hare, from 13 areas in the Netherlands.Year-round abundance of predators was estimated by hunters. We quantified predator influence as the sum of their field metabolic rates, as this sum reflects the daily food requirements of multiple individuals. We determined the ratio between body mass and hindfoot length of hares as an index of body condition and the weight of their adrenal gland as a measure of chronic exposure to stress, and we counted the number of placental scars to estimate fecundity of hares.As hypothesized, we found that the sum of field metabolic rate of predators was negatively correlated with body condition and the number of placental scars, whereas it was positively related to the weight of the adrenal glands. In contrast to the sum of the field metabolic rate, the total number of predators did not or weakly affect the investigated risk responses.The sum of the field metabolic rate can be a useful proxy for the influence of multiple predators and takes into account predator abundance, type, body weight, and food requirements of multiple predators.With our findings, our paper contributes to a better understanding of the risk effects of multiple predators on prey fitness. Additionally, we identify a potential contributor to the decline of European hare populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J. A. Weterings
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Wildlife ManagementDepartment of Animal ManagementVan Hall Larenstein University of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Sanne Losekoot
- Wildlife ManagementDepartment of Animal ManagementVan Hall Larenstein University of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Henry J. Kuipers
- Wildlife ManagementDepartment of Animal ManagementVan Hall Larenstein University of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Herbert H. T. Prins
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Frank van Langevelde
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- School of Life SciencesWestville CampusUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Sipke E. van Wieren
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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31
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Occurrence and Abundance of an Apex Predator and a Sympatric Mesopredator in Rural Areas of the Coastal Range of Southern Chile. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The two mammalian carnivores, puma (Puma concolor) and South American grey fox (Lycalopex griseus) were studied, in a remote area located in the humid temperate forest of the coastal range of southern Chile. A total of six locations were selected in three landscapes: pre-mountain range, mountain range, and coast. The chosen study locations are relevant because they correspond to threatened areas with different levels of human intervention., so they offer the ideal setting for studying how different species of carnivores respond to both human presence and activities. A dataset was collected for 24 months during 2016–2018 through photo-trapping (13 camera traps placed along 50 photo-trap stations). Wes estimated the apparent occurrence and relative abundance index (RAI) of the fauna registered, by means of generalized linear models to contrast those of an apex predator, such as the puma and a sympatric mesopredator, the South American grey fox, across the three landscapes. The ecological variables assessed were the RAI of the other carnivore considered, exotic carnivores such as dogs and cats, human intervention, farmland effect, prey availability, and habitat quality. The primary hypothesis was that the apparent occurrence and RAI of puma and fox would be positively associated with the RAI of prey and livestock and negatively with human intervention. On the other hand, the secondary hypothesis dealt with the interactions between puma and fox faced with different degrees of human intervention. The results showed that the apparent occurrence of the puma was statistically explained by location only, and it was highest at the mountain range. The apparent occurrence of foxes was explained by both puma apparent occurrence and relative integrated anthropization index (INRA), being highest in the pre-mountain range. Concerning the RAI of pumas, high values were yielded by location and fox RAI. For the RAI of foxes, they were location, puma RAI, and INRA. It can be suggested that eucalyptus plantations from the pre-mountain range could offer an adequate habitat for the puma and the fox, but not the coastal range, as the mountain range could be acting as a biological barrier. Due to the nature of the data, it was not possible to detect any relevant effect between the two carnivores’ considered, between their respective preys, or the very abundant presence of dogs.
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32
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Jermacz Ł, Kletkiewicz H, Poznańska-Kakareko M, Klimiuk M, Kobak J. Chronic predation risk affects prey escape abilities through behavioral and physiological changes. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
One of the options to reduce predation risk is reallocation of energy into locomotion system. The higher aerobic capacity, the more energy can be partitioned into an escape. Thus, increase in aerobic capacity can increase prey escape abilities. We investigated prey (freshwater crustaceans: Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii) ability to improve their locomotor performance through an increase in aerobic capacity under chronic predation risk. We forced gammarids (pre-exposed to the predation cue or control) to long-distance swimming in the presence or absence of predation cues to obtain: control (pre-exposure and test in control conditions), acute (pre-exposure to control conditions, test in the presence of the predation cue) and chronic (pre-exposure and test in the presence of the cue) risk treatments. After this forced swimming effort, we measured various swimming parameters, glycogen content, and lactate concentration of the experimental amphipods. Exposure to predation cues made G. jazdzewskii reduce its speed after prolonged forced swimming in the presence of predation cues, whereas D. villosus never changed its swimming performance due to predation risk. In both species, post-effort lactate concentration was higher under the acute predation risk than in risk-free conditions. However, only D. villosus demonstrated lower lactate concentration when exposed to chronic vs. acute predation risk. Moreover, pre-exposure of both species to predation cues caused reduction in glycogen content. We showed that under chronic predation risk some prey species can modify their physiology to increase aerobic capacity and sustain high efficiency of escape performance. However, this phenomenon is species-specific and costly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jermacz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Hanna Kletkiewicz
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Poznańska-Kakareko
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Maciej Klimiuk
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Physiology, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kobak
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Lwowska, Toruń, Poland
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33
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The legacy of predator threat shapes prey foraging behaviour. Oecologia 2021; 198:79-89. [PMID: 34817645 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Predators exert strong selection on prey foraging behaviour such that prey responses may reflect a combination of ancestral effects of predators (genetic and nongenetic transgenerational effects), past individual experience with predators (phenotypic plasticity), and current exposure to predators (behavioural response). However, the importance of these factors in shaping prey foraging behaviour is not well understood. To test the relative effects of ancestry, prior experience, and current exposure, we measured foraging rates and food size preference of different ancestry and exposure groups of Western mosquitofish in the presence and absence of immediate threat from predatory largemouth bass. Our results confirm that mosquitofish had lower foraging rate in the immediate presence of predator threat. Mosquitofish also foraged at a lower rate if they had ancestry with predators, regardless of immediate threat. In contrast, individual prior experience with predators only caused reduced foraging rates in the immediate presence of a predator. This suggests that phenotypic plasticity could carry a lower risk of maladaptive antipredator responses-i.e., reduced food intake-in the complete absence of a predator. Finally, in the presence of a predator, mosquitofish with both ancestry and experience with predators consumed larger, presumably more energetically valuable, food items. Overall, our results show that non-consumptive effects of predators on prey behaviour can persist within and across generations, such that the legacy of past predator exposure-or "the ghost of predation past"-may continue to shape prey behaviour even when predators are no longer around.
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34
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Zaguri M, Kandel S, Lavie N, Hawlena D. Methodological limitations and conceptual implications of nutritional estimations. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Zaguri
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab, Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Inst. of Life Sciences, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
| | - Shani Kandel
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab, Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Inst. of Life Sciences, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
| | - Noa Lavie
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab, Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Inst. of Life Sciences, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
| | - Dror Hawlena
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab, Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Inst. of Life Sciences, The Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem Israel
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35
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Krams R, Munkevics M, Popovs S, Dobkeviča L, Willow J, Contreras Garduño J, Krama T, Krams IA. Ecological Stoichiometry of Bumblebee Castes, Sexes, and Age Groups. Front Physiol 2021; 12:696689. [PMID: 34721052 PMCID: PMC8548625 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.696689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological stoichiometry is important for revealing how the composition of chemical elements of organisms is influenced by their physiological functions and ecology. In this study, we investigated the elemental body composition of queens, workers, and males of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris, an important pollinator throughout Eurasia, North America, and northern Africa. Our results showed that body elemental content differs among B. terrestris castes. Young queens and workers had higher body nitrogen concentration than ovipositing queens and males, while castes did not differ significantly in their body carbon concentration. Furthermore, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was higher in ovipositing queens and males. We suggest that high body nitrogen concentration and low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in young queens and workers may be related to their greater amount of flight muscles and flight activities than to their lower stress levels. To disentangle possible effects of stress in the agricultural landscape, further studies are needed to compare the elemental content of bumblebee bodies between natural habitats and areas of high-intensity agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronalds Krams
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Māris Munkevics
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sergejs Popovs
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Linda Dobkeviča
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jonathan Willow
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jorge Contreras Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Indrikis A Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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36
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Configural learning memory can be transformed from intermediate-term to long-term in pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113509. [PMID: 34175362 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A lab bred W-strain of Lymnaea stagnalis exhibits configural learning (CL). CL is a form of higher order associative learning wherein when snails experience two contrasting stimuli together such as predatory odour (CE: crayfish effluent) and food odour (C: carrot odour) they learn and associate risk with food. The memory for CL has been shown to last 3 h. Here, we show that when only a single CL-training session is given only a 3 h memory is formed. Memory is not present 24 h after the training session. However, memory can be enhanced and snails show long term memory (24 h memory) when trained for a second time within a 7-day time period after the first CL-training. We further hypothesised that Green tea exposure will enhance memory persistence as catechins in green tea are shown to be cognitive enhancers. We thus subjected snails to CL training followed by green tea exposure which resulted in enhanced memory persistence and it occurred during memory consolidation phase. Thus, we show for the first time that CL intermediate-term memory can be transformed to long-term memory by green tea and multiple trainings in a lab bred strain of Lymnaea.
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Vinterstare J, Ekelund Ugge GMO, Hulthén K, Hegg A, Brönmark C, Nilsson PA, Zellmer UR, Lee M, Pärssinen V, Sha Y, Björnerås C, Zhang H, Gollnisch R, Herzog SD, Hansson LA, Škerlep M, Hu N, Johansson E, Langerhans RB. Predation risk and the evolution of a vertebrate stress response: Parallel evolution of stress reactivity and sexual dimorphism. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1554-1567. [PMID: 34464014 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Predation risk is often invoked to explain variation in stress responses. Yet, the answers to several key questions remain elusive, including the following: (1) how predation risk influences the evolution of stress phenotypes, (2) the relative importance of environmental versus genetic factors in stress reactivity and (3) sexual dimorphism in stress physiology. To address these questions, we explored variation in stress reactivity (ventilation frequency) in a post-Pleistocene radiation of live-bearing fish, where Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) inhabit isolated blue holes that differ in predation risk. Individuals of populations coexisting with predators exhibited similar, relatively low stress reactivity as compared to low-predation populations. We suggest that this dampened stress reactivity has evolved to reduce energy expenditure in environments with frequent and intense stressors, such as piscivorous fish. Importantly, the magnitude of stress responses exhibited by fish from high-predation sites in the wild changed very little after two generations of laboratory rearing in the absence of predators. By comparison, low-predation populations exhibited greater among-population variation and larger changes subsequent to laboratory rearing. These low-predation populations appear to have evolved more dampened stress responses in blue holes with lower food availability. Moreover, females showed a lower ventilation frequency, and this sexual dimorphism was stronger in high-predation populations. This may reflect a greater premium placed on energy efficiency in live-bearing females, especially under high-predation risk where females show higher fecundities. Altogether, by demonstrating parallel adaptive divergence in stress reactivity, we highlight how energetic trade-offs may mould the evolution of the vertebrate stress response under varying predation risk and resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerker Vinterstare
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gustaf M O Ekelund Ugge
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Kaj Hulthén
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexander Hegg
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Brönmark
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Anders Nilsson
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ursula Ronja Zellmer
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Lee
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Varpu Pärssinen
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yongcui Sha
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Björnerås
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Raphael Gollnisch
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Simon D Herzog
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Škerlep
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nan Hu
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Johansson
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Ecology Building, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Randall Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences, W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Benatti HR, Luz HR, Lima DM, Gonçalves VD, Costa FB, Ramos VN, Aguiar DM, Pacheco RC, Piovezan U, Szabó MPJ, Ferraz KMPMB, Labruna MB. Morphometric Patterns and Blood Biochemistry of Capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from Human-Modified Landscapes and Natural Landscapes in Brazil. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080165. [PMID: 34437487 PMCID: PMC8402786 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, is the largest extant rodent of the world. To better understand the correlation between size and body mass, and biochemical parameters of capybaras from areas with different degrees of anthropization (i.e., different food supplies), we sampled free-ranging capybaras from areas of natural landscapes (NLs) and human-modified landscapes (HMLs) in Brazil. Analyses of biometrical and biochemical parameters of capybaras showed that animals from HMLs were heavier (higher body mass) than those from NL, a condition possibly related to fat deposit rather than body length, as indicated by Body Condition Index (BCI) analyses. Biochemical parameters indicated higher serum levels of albumin, creatine kinase, cholesterol, fructosamine and total protein among capybaras from HMLs than from NLs; however, when all adult capybaras were analyzed together only cholesterol and triglycerides were positively correlated with body mass. We propose that the biochemical profile differences between HMLs and NLs are related to the obesity condition of capybaras among HMLs. Considering that heavier animals might live longer and reproduce more often, our results could have important implications in the population dynamics of capybaras among HMLs, where this rodent species is frequently represented by overgrowth populations that generate several levels of conflicts with human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector R. Benatti
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (H.R.B.); (H.R.L.); (D.M.L.); (V.D.G.); (F.B.C.); (V.N.R.)
| | - Hermes R. Luz
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (H.R.B.); (H.R.L.); (D.M.L.); (V.D.G.); (F.B.C.); (V.N.R.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia do Renorbio, Ponto Focal Maranhão, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil
| | - Daniel M. Lima
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (H.R.B.); (H.R.L.); (D.M.L.); (V.D.G.); (F.B.C.); (V.N.R.)
| | - Vinicius D. Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (H.R.B.); (H.R.L.); (D.M.L.); (V.D.G.); (F.B.C.); (V.N.R.)
| | - Francisco B. Costa
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (H.R.B.); (H.R.L.); (D.M.L.); (V.D.G.); (F.B.C.); (V.N.R.)
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís 65055-970, MA, Brazil
| | - Vanessa N. Ramos
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (H.R.B.); (H.R.L.); (D.M.L.); (V.D.G.); (F.B.C.); (V.N.R.)
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil;
| | - Daniel M. Aguiar
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, MT, Brazil; (D.M.A.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Richard C. Pacheco
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, MT, Brazil; (D.M.A.); (R.C.P.)
| | | | - Matias P. J. Szabó
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil;
| | - Katia Maria P. M. B. Ferraz
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo B. Labruna
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (H.R.B.); (H.R.L.); (D.M.L.); (V.D.G.); (F.B.C.); (V.N.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-1394
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Inouye BD, Brosi BJ, Le Sage EH, Lerdau MT. Trade-offs Among Resilience, Robustness, Stability, and Performance and How We Might Study Them. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:2180-2189. [PMID: 34355756 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological systems are likely to be constrained by trade-offs among robustness, resilience, and performance. A better understanding of these trade-offs is important for basic biology, as well as applications where biological systems can be designed for different goals. We focus on redundancy and plasticity as mechanisms governing some types of trade-offs, but mention others as well. Whether trade-offs are due to resource constraints or "design" constraints (i.e., structure of nodes and links within a network) will also affect the types of trade-offs that are important. Identifying common themes across scales of biological organization will require that researchers use similar approaches to quantifying robustness, resilience, and performance, using units that can be compared across systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Inouye
- Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32306
| | - Berry J Brosi
- Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Emily H Le Sage
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Manuel T Lerdau
- Environmental Sciences and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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Manríquez PH, Jara ME, González CP, Seguel ME, Domenici P, Watson SA, Anguita C, Duarte C, Brokordt K. The combined effects of climate change stressors and predatory cues on a mussel species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145916. [PMID: 33639464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to make adequate projections on the consequences of climate change stressors on marine organisms, it is important to know how impacts of these stressors are affected by the presence of other species. Here we assessed the direct effects of ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) along with non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of a predatory crab and/or a predatory snail on the habitat-forming mussel Perumytilus purpuratus. Mussels were exposed for 10-14 weeks to contrasting pCO2 (500 and 1400 μatm) and temperature (15 and 20 °C) levels, in the presence/absence of cues from one or two predator species. We compared mussel traits at sub-organismal (nutritional status, metabolic capacity-ATP production-, cell stress condition via HSP70 expression) and organismal (survival, oxygen consumption, growth, byssus biogenesis, clearance rates, aggregation) levels. OA increased the mussels' oxygen consumption; and OA combined with OW increased ATP demand and the use of carbohydrate reserves. Mussels at present-day pCO2 levels had the highest protein content. Under OW the predatory snail cues induced the highest cell stress condition on the mussels. Temperature, predator cues and the interaction between them affected mussel growth. Mussels grew larger at the control temperature (15 °C) when crab and snail cues were present. Mussel wet mass and calcification were affected by predator cues; with highest values recorded in crab cue presence (isolated or combined with snail cues). In the absence of predator cues in the trails, byssus biogenesis was affected by OA, OW and the OA × OW and OA × predator cues interactions. At present-day pCO2 levels, more byssus was recorded with snail than with crab cues. Clearance rates were affected by temperature, pCO2 and the interaction between them. The investigated stressors had no effects on mussel aggregation. We conclude that OA, OW and the NCEs may lead to neutral, positive or negative consequences for mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - María Elisa Jara
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Claudio P González
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Mylene E Seguel
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IBF Istituto di Biofisica, Pisa, Area di Ricerca San Cataldo, Via G. Moruzzi N° 1 - 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sue-Ann Watson
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Cristóbal Anguita
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Vida Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
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Ospina‐Bautista F, Srivastava DS, González AL, Sparks JP, Realpe E. Predators override rainfall effects on tropical food webs. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Ospina‐Bautista
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá Colombia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Caldas Manizales Colombia
| | - Diane S. Srivastava
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Angélica L. González
- Department of Biology & Center for Computational and Integrative Biology Rutgers The State University of NJ Camden NJ USA
| | - Jed P. Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Emilio Realpe
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Los Andes Bogotá Colombia
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Sweeney MR, Thompson CM, Popescu VD. Sublethal, Behavioral, and Developmental Effects of the Neonicotinoid Pesticide Imidacloprid on Larval Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1840-1849. [PMID: 33760293 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid pesticide, is used to prevent the spread of the hemlock woolly adelgid, currently affecting Eastern Hemlock trees across North America. When the pesticide is sprayed directly onto soil around infested trees (soil drenching), it can run off into aquatic systems, with potential negative effects on biota. Simultaneously, climate change may lead to faster pool drying, which acts as an additional stressor for sensitive species such as amphibians. We evaluated the sublethal effects of imidacloprid (10 ppb), and interaction with shorter hydroperiods on the larval behavior, growth, and survival of a model organism, the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). We performed 3 behavioral experiments evaluating swimming speed, time spent swimming, and distance the larvae swam. We found that larvae raised in 10 ppb imidacloprid or shorter hydroperiod did not differ in their swimming time, distance, and speed from nonexposed larvae. Naïve larvae exposed for 20 min to 10- to 500-ppb concentrations also showed similar performance to nonexposed larvae. However, when we applied a stimulus halfway through each experiment, we found that larvae exposed to 10 ppb imidacloprid (short and long term) swam shorter distances and spent less time swimming, suggesting that imidacloprid exposure may slow reaction time, potentially increasing the risk of predation. To minimize impacts on pool-breeding amphibians, imidacloprid application to combat the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid should use trunk injection and avoid soil drenching. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1840-1849. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Sweeney
- Department of Biological Sciences and Sustainability Studies Theme, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Cassandra M Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Sustainability Studies Theme, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Viorel D Popescu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Sustainability Studies Theme, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental Research, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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43
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Anthropogenic water conditions amplify predatory impact of the non-native Oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Wasserman MD, Wing B, Bickford N, Hobbs K, Dijkstra P, Carr J. Stress responses across the scales of life: Towards a universal theory of biological stress. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:2109-2118. [PMID: 34057460 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although biological systems are more complex and can actively respond to their environment, an effective entry point to the development of a universal theory of biological stress are the physical concepts of stress and strain. If you apply stress to the end of a beam of steel, strain will accumulate within that steel beam. If the stress is weak, that strain will disappear when the force is removed and the beam will return to its original state of form and functionality. If the stress is more severe, the strain becomes permanent and the beam will be deformed, potentially losing some degree of functionality. In extremely stressful situations, the beam will break and lose most or all of its original functional capabilities. Although this stress-strain theory applies to the abiotic, stress and strain are also rules of life and directly relate to the form and function of living organisms. The main difference is that life can react and adjust to stress and strain to maintain homeostasis within a range of limits. Here, we summarize the rules of stress and strain in living systems ranging from microbes to multicellular organisms to ecosystems with the goal of identifying common features that may underlie a universal biological theory of stress. We then propose to establish a range of experimental, observational, and analytical approaches to study stress across scales, including synthetic microbial communities that mimic many of the essential characteristics of living systems, thereby enabling a universal theory of biological stress to be experimentally validated without the constraints of timescales, ethics, or cost found when studying other species or scales of life. Although the range of terminology, theory, and methodology used to study stress and strain across the scales of life presents a formidable challenge to creating a universal theory of biological stress, working towards such a theory that informs our understanding of the simultaneous and interconnected unicellular, multicellular, organismal, and ecosystem stress responses is critical as it will improve our ability to predict how living systems respond to change, thus informing solutions to current and future environmental and human health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boswell Wing
- University of Colorado Boulder, Geological Sciences
| | | | - Kimberly Hobbs
- Alabama A&M University, Biological and Environmental Sciences
| | | | - Jim Carr
- Texas Tech University, Biological Sciences
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45
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Roux O, Renault D, Mouline K, Diabaté A, Simard F. Living with predators at the larval stage has differential long-lasting effects on adult life history and physiological traits in two anopheline mosquito species. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104234. [PMID: 33831434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Roux
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Institut de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - David Renault
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes biodiversitéévolution) - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Karine Mouline
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Institut de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Zaguri M, Kandel S, Rinehart SA, Torsekar VR, Hawlena D. Protein quantification in ecological studies: A literature review and empirical comparisons of standard methodologies. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Zaguri
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Shani Kandel
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Shelby A. Rinehart
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Viraj R. Torsekar
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Dror Hawlena
- Risk‐Management Ecology Lab Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
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47
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Gervais CR, Brown C. Impact of conspecific necromones on the oxygen uptake rates of a benthic elasmobranch. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Scrosati RA. Nonconsumptive Predator Effects on Prey Demography: Recent Advances Using Intertidal Invertebrates. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.626869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators influence prey demography through consumption, but the mere presence of predators may trigger behavioural changes in prey that, if persistent or intense, may also influence prey demography. A tractable system to study such nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) of predators involves intertidal invertebrates. This mini review summarises recent research using barnacles and mussels as prey and dogwhelks as predators. The field manipulation of dogwhelk density revealed that pelagic barnacle larvae avoid benthic settlement near dogwhelks, which limits barnacle recruitment, a relevant outcome because recruitment is the only source of population replenishment for barnacles, as they are sessile. This avoidance behaviour is likely triggered by waterborne dogwhelk cues and may have evolved to limit future predation risk. Increasing densities of barnacle recruits and adults can prevent such NCEs from occurring, seemingly because benthic barnacles attract conspecific larvae through chemical cues. Barnacle recruit density increased with the abundance of coastal phytoplankton (food for barnacle larvae and recruits), so barnacle food supply seems to indirectly limit dogwhelk NCEs. By inhibiting barnacle feeding, dogwhelk cues also limited barnacle growth and reproductive output. Wave action weakens dogwhelk NCEs likely through hydrodynamic influences. Dogwhelk cues also limit mussel recruitment, as mussel larvae also exhibit predator avoidance behaviour. The NCEs on recruitment are weaker for mussels than for barnacles, possibly because mussel larvae can detach themselves after initial settlement, an ability that barnacle larvae lack. Overall, these field experiments provide evidence of predator NCEs on prey demography for coastal marine systems.
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Fraker ME, Ludsin SA, Luttbeg B, Denver RJ. Stress hormone-mediated antipredator morphology improves escape performance in amphibian tadpoles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4427. [PMID: 33627747 PMCID: PMC7904905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete functional descriptions of the induction sequences of phenotypically plastic traits (perception to physiological regulation to response to outcome) should help us to clarify how plastic responses develop and operate. Ranid tadpoles express several plastic antipredator traits mediated by the stress hormone corticosterone, but how they influence outcomes remains uncertain. We investigated how predator-induced changes in the tail morphology of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles influenced their escape performance over a sequence of time points when attacked by larval dragonflies (Anax junius). Tadpoles were raised with no predator exposure, chemical cues of dragonflies added once per day, or constant exposure to caged dragonflies crossed with no exogenous hormone added (vehicle control only), exogenous corticosterone, or metyrapone (a corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor). During predation trials, we detected no differences after four days, but after eight days, tadpoles exposed to larval dragonflies and exogenous corticosterone had developed deeper tail muscles and exhibited improved escape performance compared to controls. Treatment with metyrapone blocked the development of a deeper tail muscle and resulted in no difference in escape success. Our findings further link the predator-induced physiological stress response of ranid tadpoles to the development of an antipredator tail morphology that confers performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Fraker
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212 USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Present Address: Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School for the Environment and Sustainability, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Stuart A. Ludsin
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212 USA
| | - Barney Luttbeg
- grid.65519.3e0000 0001 0721 7331Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Robert J. Denver
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Ouyang MY, Liu JH, Wen B, Huang JN, Feng XS, Gao JZ, Chen ZZ. Ecological stoichiometric and stable isotopic responses to microplastics are modified by food conditions in koi carp. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124121. [PMID: 33011633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) can be easily taken up by a wide range of aquatic animals and cause blockage of the digestive tract leading to starvation. Meanwhile, aquatic organisms are facing threats posed by food restriction in both wild and cultured environment. Little knowledge, however, exists on how MPs interact with food conditions to affect aquatic animals. Here, koi carp were exposed to polystyrene MPs (0, 100 or 1000 μg/L) under controlled feeding (satiated or starved) for 30 or 60 days. MPs reduced and interacted synergistically with food conditions on growth after 30 days but antagonistically after 60 days. MPs reduced crude lipid and carbohydrate but increased and antagonistically interacted with feeding conditions on crude protein. Food conditions interacted with MPs on C, N and P but stoichiometric responses were decoupled with macromolecules changes. Food conditions antagonistically interacted with MPs on δ13C after 60 days. Linear discriminant analysis revealed that C:P and N:P were the two most important measured parameters accounting for the response of koi towards MPs and food restriction, presenting an antagonistic interaction of MPs and food status with the prolonged exposure duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yan Ouyang
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jun-Heng Liu
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bin Wen
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jun-Nan Huang
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiao-Sa Feng
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Gao
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zai-Zhong Chen
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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