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Guyon L, Guez J, Toupance B, Heyer E, Chaix R. Patrilineal segmentary systems provide a peaceful explanation for the post-Neolithic Y-chromosome bottleneck. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3243. [PMID: 38658560 PMCID: PMC11043392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have found a pronounced decline in male effective population sizes worldwide around 3000-5000 years ago. This bottleneck was not observed for female effective population sizes, which continued to increase over time. Until now, this remarkable genetic pattern was interpreted as the result of an ancient structuring of human populations into patrilineal groups (gathering closely related males) violently competing with each other. In this scenario, violence is responsible for the repeated extinctions of patrilineal groups, leading to a significant reduction in male effective population size. Here, we propose an alternative hypothesis by modelling a segmentary patrilineal system based on anthropological literature. We show that variance in reproductive success between patrilineal groups, combined with lineal fission (i.e., the splitting of a group into two new groups of patrilineally related individuals), can lead to a substantial reduction in the male effective population size without resorting to the violence hypothesis. Thus, a peaceful explanation involving ancient changes in social structures, linked to global changes in subsistence systems, may be sufficient to explain the reported decline in Y-chromosome diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Guyon
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France.
| | - Jérémy Guez
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRIA, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Bruno Toupance
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France
- Université Paris Cité, Eco-anthropologie, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France
| | - Raphaëlle Chaix
- Eco-Anthropologie (UMR 7206), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75116, France.
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2
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Chen X, Lü H, Liu X, Frachetti MD. Geospatial modelling of farmer-herder interactions maps cultural geography of Bronze and Iron Age Tibet, 3600-2200 BP. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2010. [PMID: 38307897 PMCID: PMC10837149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tibetan cultures reflect deeply rooted, regional interactions and diverse subsistence practices across varied high-altitude environments of the Tibetan Plateau. Yet, it remains unclear how these cultural relationships and social interactions took shape through time and how they were influenced by ecologically oriented behavioral strategies (e.g. mobility) emerging in prehistory. Recent applications of network analysis provide novel tools to quantitatively measure shared forms of material culture, but there have been fewer attempts to couple social network analysis with fine-grained geospatial modelling of prehistoric human mobility in Tibet. In this study, we developed an integrated high-resolution geospatial model and network analysis that simulates and correlates subsistence-based mobility and ceramic-based cultural material connectivity across the Tibetan Plateau. Our analysis suggests that (1) ecologically driven patterns of subsistence-based mobility correspond geographically with Bronze and Iron Ages settlement patterns across the Tibetan Plateau; (2) diverse material interaction networks among communities within western and central Tibet and trans-Himalayan connectivity across the broader Inner Asian Mountain Corridor can be linked to modeled differences in regional networks of subsistence mobility. This research provides ecological and archaeological insights into how subsistence-oriented mobility and interaction may have shaped documented patterns of social and material connectivity among regional Bronze and Iron Age communities of the Tibetan Plateau, prompting a reconsideration of Tibet's long-term cultural geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Chen
- Center for Archaeological Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- SAIE Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Hongliang Lü
- Center for Archaeological Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- SAIE Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Frachetti
- SAIE Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
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3
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Frachetti M, Di Cosmo N, Esper J, Khalidi L, Mauelshagen F, Oppenheimer C, Rohland E, Büntgen U. The dahliagram: An interdisciplinary tool for investigation, visualization, and communication of past human-environmental interaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj3142. [PMID: 37992177 PMCID: PMC10664986 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into the nexus of human-environmental behavior has seen increasing collaboration of archaeologists, historians, and paleo-scientists. However, many studies still lack interdisciplinarity and overlook incompatibilities in spatiotemporal scaling of environmental and societal data and their uncertainties. Here, we argue for a strengthened commitment to collaborative work and introduce the "dahliagram" as a tool to analyze and visualize quantitative and qualitative knowledge from diverse disciplinary sources and epistemological backgrounds. On the basis of regional cases of past human mobility in eastern Africa, Inner Eurasia, and the North Atlantic, we develop three dahliagrams that illustrate pull and push factors underlying key phases of population movement across different geographical scales and over contrasting periods of time since the end of the last Ice Age. Agnostic to analytical units, dahliagrams offer an effective tool for interdisciplinary investigation, visualization, and communication of complex human-environmental interactions at a diversity of spatiotemporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frachetti
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, CB 1114, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Nicola Di Cosmo
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Becherweg 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Global Change Research Institute (CzechGlobe), Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lamya Khalidi
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CEPAM, 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Franz Mauelshagen
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Clive Oppenheimer
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Eleonora Rohland
- Department of History, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Global Change Research Institute (CzechGlobe), Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Wang Y, Monteith F, Xi T, Ren M, Li D, Hu S, Wang J, Festa M, Ma J. New evidence for regional pastoral practice and social complexity in the Eastern Tianshan Mountains in the first millennium BCE. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4338. [PMID: 36927890 PMCID: PMC10020425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile pastoralism was a key lifeway in the Late Bronze and Iron Age of Northwest China and played a crucial role in the regional socio-cultural development, as well as the formation of transregional networks. In this paper we analyse the complete faunal assemblage from House F2 in Shirenzigou, on the Eastern Tianshan Mountains, in combination with radiocarbon dating and spatial analysis, to explore local animal resources exploitation strategies and related socio-economic implications. Our results show an intensive multipurpose caprine management, while the exploitation of other domestic taxa, cattle, horses and dogs, was limited. This pastoral economy was supplemented with some hunting. The differentiated use of space in F2 indicates that basic domestic tasks were carried out in the structure, however its position within the landscape and the predominance of bone tools related to warfare and socialization activities, suggests that it was not an ordinary dwelling, it may also have served as a watch post for the summer encampment within the gully. Our findings constitute an important contribution on the discussion on animal resources exploitation strategies and their relationship with evolving socio-economic complexity in the Eastern Tianshan region in the late first millennium BCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wang
- China-Central Asia "the Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, School of Culture Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Francesca Monteith
- China-Central Asia "the Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, School of Culture Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tongyuan Xi
- China-Central Asia "the Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, School of Culture Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Ren
- China-Central Asia "the Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, School of Culture Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daren Li
- China-Central Asia "the Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, School of Culture Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Songmei Hu
- Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- China-Central Asia "the Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, School of Culture Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Marcella Festa
- China-Central Asia "the Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research, Northwest University, Xi'an, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, School of Culture Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jian Ma
- China-Central Asia "the Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research, Northwest University, Xi'an, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation, School of Culture Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
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5
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He L, Cao H, Wang Y, Liu R, Qiu M, Wei W, Dong G. Human migration in the eastern Tianshan Mountains between the 7th and 12th centuries. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 181:107-117. [PMID: 36919668 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mid- to late-Holocene large-scale population migration profoundly impacted the interaction of ethnic groups and cultures across Eurasia, notably in Central Asia. However, due to a lack of thorough historical documents, distinctive burial items, and human remains, the process of population migration during this historical era in the area is still unclear. Using an interdisciplinary approach at the Lafuqueke (LFQK) cemetery, this study investigates the spatiotemporal processes and explores the factors that influenced human migration in the eastern Tianshan Mountains between the 7th and 12th centuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, tooth enamel from 56 human remains found in the LFQK cemetery in Hami Basin, eastern Tianshan Mountains, is examined for strontium and lead isotopes. RESULTS The early, middle, and late phases of migration might potentially be represented by a three-phase migration model, according to the isotopic study. The highest proportion of the early phase (ca. 7th-mid 7th century) comprised non-locals (54.55%), although this percentage decreased in the middle phase (mid 7th-mid 8th centuries, 30.77%). After the 10th century, the proportion of non-locals again fell (16.13%). CONCLUSION In this study, the interdisciplinary approach was employed to propose a new model for the diachronic changes that accompanied human migration and cultural interaction in the eastern Tianshan Mountains and identified geopolitics as a significant factor influencing the migratory behavior of LFQK population in this region between the 7th and 12th centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian He
- Department of Archaeology and Museology, School of History and Culture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huihui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruiliang Liu
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Menghan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Department of Archaeology and Museology, School of History and Culture, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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6
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Doumani Dupuy PN, Tabaldiev K, Matuzeviciute GM. A Wooly Way? Fiber technologies and cultures 3,000-years-ago along the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1070775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wool-focused economies yielded a pastoralist materiality that visibly shaped the lived experiences of Central Asian populations today. In this paper, we investigate the earlier application of fibers through a key mountain corridor for social interactions during Prehistory. We focus on the site of Chap 1 located in the highlands of the Tien Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan where researchers have found a complex agropastoral subsistence culture was established from at least ca. 3,000 BCE. The perishable materials that would have accompanied the early spread of cultural and technological traditions related to fiber-based crafts throughout this area are under-documented due to poor organic preservation. Hence, there has been little consideration of the role that textiles played in highland occupation and how woven fabrics might have facilitated settlement in the extreme climates of Central Asia. We address this ongoing problem through a multi-application survey of Chap’s unpublished textile evidence preserved as impressions in coarseware ceramics of its Final Bronze Age. We consider evidence that sheep wool formed a key cultural adaptation for surviving the extreme winters of Central Asia’s highland regions.
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7
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Powell W, Frachetti M, Pulak C, Bankoff HA, Barjamovic G, Johnson M, Mathur R, Pigott VC, Price M, Yener KA. Tin from Uluburun shipwreck shows small-scale commodity exchange fueled continental tin supply across Late Bronze Age Eurasia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3766. [PMID: 36449619 PMCID: PMC9710885 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides the first comprehensive sourcing analysis of the tin ingots carried by the well-known Late Bronze Age shipwreck found off the Turkish coast at Uluburun (ca. 1320 BCE). Using lead isotope, trace element, and tin isotope analyses, this study demonstrates that ores from Central Asia (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) were used to produce one-third of the Uluburun tin ingots. The remaining two-thirds were derived from the Taurus Mountains of Turkey, namely, from stream tin and residual low-grade mineralization remaining after extensive exploitation in the Early Bronze Age. The results of our metallurgical analysis, along with archaeological and textual data, illustrate that a culturally diverse, multiregional, and multivector system underpinned Eurasian tin exchange during the Late Bronze Age. The demonstrable scale of this connectivity reveals a vast and disparate network that relied as much on the participation of small regional communities as on supposedly hegemonic institutions of large, centralized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Powell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Program, The Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Frachetti
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Cemal Pulak
- Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - H. Arthur Bankoff
- Department of Anthropology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Gojko Barjamovic
- Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA
| | | | - Ryan Mathur
- Geology Department, Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA 16652, USA
| | - Vincent C. Pigott
- Asian Section, University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Price
- Michael Price, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, MN 87506, USA
| | - K. Aslihan Yener
- Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University (ISAW), New York, NY 10028, USA
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8
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Murakami N, Onggaruly A, Rakhimzhanova S, Standall EA, Talbot HM, Lucquin A, Suzuki M, Karimagambetov A, Nuskabay A, Nam SW, Craig OE, Shoda S. Lipid residues in ancient pastoralist pottery from Kazakhstan reveal regional differences in cooking practices. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1032637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bronze Age—Iron Age transition in Central Asia (ca. 800 BCE) was a period of significant cultural change that was heavily influenced by greater population interaction and mobility. Indeed, scholars have increasingly emphasized the role that “food globalization in prehistory” has played in defining this period. In the mountain foothills of Kazakhstan, culinary traditions from across Eurasia were combined through the use of Southwest Asian wheat, barley, and livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) with East Asian foxtail and broomcorn millets. The development of food cultures during this period has been investigated by archaeobotanical and isotopic analysis, yet lipid residues from pottery, which directly represent culinary practices, have not been adequately examined. In this study, lipid residue analysis was conducted on 72 pottery sherds, excavated from three burial mounds and one non-burial, ritual site located in Kazakhstan, dating to ca. 700–200 BCE. A particularly informative observation was the frequency of miliacin, a biomarker of broomcorn millet, detected in residues that corresponded well with previously published regional differences observed in carbon isotope ratios of human remains that indicate the consumption of C4 plants. This study also demonstrates continuity of Bronze Age dairying traditions into the Iron Age. Finally, this study sheds new light on the diversity of food cultures and mortuary practices in this region, which were not uniform across either space or time.
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9
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The arrival of millets to the Atlantic coast of northern Iberia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18589. [PMID: 36329241 PMCID: PMC9633756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the most important crops in the recent prehistory of Eurasia, the arrival and exploitation of millets in the westernmost part of Europe are still largely underexplored. Here and for the first time, we report multipronged biomolecular evidence of millet consumption along the Atlantic façade of northern Iberia through a combination of radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes, and dental calculus analyses on the human individuals found in the burial site of El Espinoso cave (Asturias, Spain). The high-resolution chronological framework established for individuals placed the burials between 1235 and 1099 cal. BC. The discovery of high δ13C values on their bone collagen and the identification of polyhedral starch grains within their dental plaque underline the relevance of C4 plants in their diet and highlights the timing of the systematic consumption of millets in the Late Bronze Age. Our data support previous regional archaeobotanical evidence and establish a more precise chronology of the dispersal of millets into northern Iberia during the Bronze Age, becoming an essential crop until the arrival of maize from America after AD 1492. This study emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary methods to ascertain the origin and development of agricultural practices during recent prehistory.
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10
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Smith ML. The Fundamentals of the State. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-041320-013018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although ubiquitous today, the “state” did not always exist. Archaeological and historical assessments of state beginnings—and research on the characteristics of the state form in both past and present—help address how the state as a social, economic, and territorial construct became dominant. Utilizing the categories of politics, violence, literacy, and borders, this article examines how individuals and households are mutually implicated in negotiations of power and expressions of everyday life that have been present from before the inception of the state through to the modern day. The state is constituted and expressed through nested exploitative engagements predicated on actual and perceived benefits; the outcomes of the existence of the state range from collaborative platforms for integration to the realities of inequality, environmental degradation through future discounting, and institutionalized power dynamics. As a container for human interactions, the state may be situationally unwanted but also seems inescapable once initialized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Tian D, Sun Y, Ritchey MM, Xi T, Ren M, Ma J, Wang J, Zhao Z, Ling X, Liu X. Varying cultivation strategies in eastern Tianshan corresponded to growing pastoral lifeways between 1300 BCE and 300 CE. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.966366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study combines plant stable isotope and archaeobotanical analyses to explore how ancient pastoral communities in varying landscapes of eastern Tianshan managed their barley fields. The question is less archaeologically investigated, as recent discussions have focused on pastoral and nomadic activities. Results show that diversified cultivation strategies were employed in barley cultivation at different locations in eastern Tianshan. We also observed a diachronic transition toward less labour-intensive crop management corresponding to a growing pastoral lifeway from the late Bronze Age (1300–800 BCE) to historical periods (400 BCE–300 CE). These results inform us about the mechanism by which southwest Asian originated domesticates were adapted to the Inner Asian environments in the context of the early food globalisation.
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12
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Billings TN, Cerasetti B, Forni L, Arciero R, Dal Martello R, Carra M, Rouse LM, Boivin N, Spengler RN. Agriculture in the Karakum: An archaeobotanical analysis from Togolok 1, southern Turkmenistan (ca. 2300–1700 B.C.). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.995490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern Central Asia witnessed widespread expansion in urbanism and exchange, between roughly 2200 and 1500 B.C., fostering a new cultural florescence, sometimes referred to as the Greater Khorasan Civilization. Decades of detailed archeological investigation have focused on the development of urban settlements, political systems, and inter-regional exchange within and across the broader region, but little is known about the agricultural systems that supported these cultural changes. In this paper, we present the archaeobotanical results of material recovered from Togolok 1, a proto-urban settlement along the Murghab River alluvial fan located in southeastern Turkmenistan. This macrobotanical assemblage dates to the late 3rd - early 2nd millennia B.C., a time associated with important cultural transformations in southern Central Asia. We demonstrate that people at the site were cultivating and consuming a diverse range of crops including, barley, wheat, legumes, grapes, and possibly plums and apples or pears. This, together with the associated material culture and zooarchaeological evidence, suggest a regionally adapted mixed agropastoral economy. The findings at Togolok 1 contribute to the ongoing discussion of dietary choices, human/landscape interactions, and the adaptation of crops to diverse ecosystems in prehistoric Central Asia.
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13
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Dai SS, Sulaiman X, Isakova J, Xu WF, Abdulloevich NT, Afanasevna ME, Ibrohimovich KB, Chen X, Yang WK, Wang MS, Shen QK, Yang XY, Yao YG, Aldashev AA, Saidov A, Chen W, Cheng LF, Peng MS, Zhang YP. The genetic echo of the Tarim mummies in modern Central Asians. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6675590. [PMID: 36006373 PMCID: PMC9469894 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of Central Asians has been shaped by multiple migrations and cultural diffusion. Although ancient DNA studies have revealed the demographic changes of the Central Asian since the Bronze Age, the contribution of the ancient populations to the modern Central Asian remains opaque. Herein, we performed high-coverage sequencing of 131 whole genomes of Indo-European-speaking Tajik and Turkic-speaking Kyrgyz populations to explore their genomic diversity and admixture history. By integrating the ancient DNA data, we revealed more details of the origins and admixture history of Central Asians. We found that the major ancestry of present-day Tajik populations can be traced back to the admixture of the Bronze Age Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex and Andronovo-related populations. Highland Tajik populations further received additional gene flow from the Tarim mummies, an isolated ancient North Eurasian–related population. The West Eurasian ancestry of Kyrgyz is mainly derived from Historical Era populations in Xinjiang of China. Furthermore, the recent admixture signals detected in both Tajik and Kyrgyz are ascribed to the expansions of Eastern Steppe nomadic pastoralists during the Historical Era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Shan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Xierzhatijiang Sulaiman
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jainagul Isakova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Wei Fang Xu
- Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518034, China
| | - Najmudinov Tojiddin Abdulloevich
- E.N. Pavlovsky Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan
| | - Manilova Elena Afanasevna
- E.N. Pavlovsky Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan
| | - Khudoidodov Behruz Ibrohimovich
- E.N. Pavlovsky Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan
| | - Xi Chen
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.,State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Wei Kang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ming Shan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Quan Kuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Xing Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resource, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China.,School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yong Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Almaz A Aldashev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Abdusattor Saidov
- E.N. Pavlovsky Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734025, Tajikistan
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650224, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Lu Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Min Sheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | - Ya Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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14
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Ng C, Wei W, Yu C, Zheng J. Herding pattern among Bronze Age steppe communities: An ethnographic approach to mapping pasture in the Southeastern Ural Mountains, Russia. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.984725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent ethnographic data can assist with the examination of Bronze Age pastoralist herding patterns, however, there are still missing links between the archeological record and available ethnographic data from the Southeastern Ural Mountains regions. One way to explore the answer to this question is to use archaeobotanical data to understand the herding pattern in prehistory, which in many ways act as a bridge between pastoralist subsistence economy and plant exploitation strategy in the microenvironment. Compared with previous research, this ethnographic study was undertaken through field research based on the analysis results of the archaeobotanical record recovered from the Bronze Age Stepnoye settlement. The archaeobotanical sampling associated with the excavation of the Stepnoye settlement indicated a significant pattern of local wild resource exploitation for humans and livestock. Therefore, regional ethnographic study and pasture mapping in local catchment zone provide essential comparative data to interpret the herding-related plant remains and further discussion of herding patterns among Bronze Age pastoralist communities in this area.
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15
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Spate M, Leipe C, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute G. Reviewing the Palaeoenvironmental Record to Better Understand Long-Term Human-Environment Interaction in Inner Asia During the Late Holocene. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.939374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle to Late Holocene spread of agropastoralism throughout Eurasia not only subjected domesticated taxa to stressors associated with novel environments but also induced changes in these environments following the introduction of these social-ecological systems. The mountainous region of Inner Asia comprises various steppe, meadow, and forest landscapes where zooarchaeological evidence suggests occupation by herding populations as early as 7,000 years Before Present (BP). Recent archaeobotanical findings indicate the introduction of cropping and the development of agropastoralism around 4,500 BP. Here, we review and synthesize palaeoenvironmental studies and data to examine anthropogenic impacts and modifications of these landscapes. From around 4,000 BP, we find significant changes in palynomorph, charcoal, sediment, and other proxy data, related to the introduction of agriculture to the region, with later intensifications in land use indicators at around 2,000 and 1,000 BP. We note that these impacts are not uniform or continuous through and across the records and may be evidence of shifting phases of occupation and landscape management. This temporal and spatial variability may also be a response to shifts in moisture availability due to long-term Holocene changes in the intensity of the summer monsoon and Westerly circulation systems. Changes in arboreal pollen indicate the development of intensified use of forest resources in the region, which we identify as a topic for future investigation. Based on these data, we stress the long-term human paleoecology in the study area and argue that traditional agropastoralist systems should be considered in future programs of landscape conservation in the region. This study also emphasizes the importance of future local scale multiproxy studies into past anthropogenic changes within the Inner Asian landscape.
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16
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Ancient Agricultural and Pastoral Landscapes on the South Side of Lake Issyk-Kul: Long-Term Diachronic Analysis of Changing Patterns of Land Use, Climate Change, and Ritual Use in the Juuku and Kizil Suu Valleys. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to present results of preliminary archaeological research on the south side of Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan. We test the hypothesis that agropastoral land use changed over four millennia from the Bronze Age through the Kirghiz period due to economic, socio-political, and religious shifts in the prehistoric and historic societies of this region. Our research objectives are to: (1) describe and analyze survey results from the Lower Kizil Suu Valley; (2) discuss the results of radiometric and archaeobotanical samples taken from three stratigraphic profiles at three settlements from the Juuku Valley, including the chronological periods of the Wusun (140 to 437 CE), the Qarakhanid (942 to 1228 CE), and the historic Kirghiz (1700 to present CE); and (3) conduct preliminary GIS spatial analyses on the Iron Age mortuary remains (Saka and Wusun periods). This research emerges out of the first archaeological surveys conducted in 2019–2021 and includes the Lower Kizil Suu alluvial fan; it is an initial step toward developing a model for agropastoral land use for upland valleys of the Inner Tian Shan Mountains.
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17
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Kanne K. Riding, Ruling, and Resistance: Equestrianism and Political Authority in the Hungarian Bronze Age. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1086/720271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Scott A, Reinhold S, Hermes T, Kalmykov AA, Belinskiy A, Buzhilova A, Berezina N, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Guliyev F, Lyonnet B, Gasimov P, Jalilov B, Eminli J, Iskandarov E, Hammer E, Nugent SE, Hagan R, Majander K, Onkamo P, Nordqvist K, Shishlina N, Kaverzneva E, Korolev AI, Khokhlov AA, Smolyaninov RV, Sharapova SV, Krause R, Karapetian M, Stolarczyk E, Krause J, Hansen S, Haak W, Warinner C. Emergence and intensification of dairying in the Caucasus and Eurasian steppes. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:813-822. [PMID: 35393601 PMCID: PMC9177415 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Archaeological and archaeogenetic evidence points to the Pontic–Caspian steppe zone between the Caucasus and the Black Sea as the crucible from which the earliest steppe pastoralist societies arose and spread, ultimately influencing populations from Europe to Inner Asia. However, little is known about their economic foundations and the factors that may have contributed to their extensive mobility. Here, we investigate dietary proteins within the dental calculus proteomes of 45 individuals spanning the Neolithic to Greco-Roman periods in the Pontic–Caspian Steppe and neighbouring South Caucasus, Oka–Volga–Don and East Urals regions. We find that sheep dairying accompanies the earliest forms of Eneolithic pastoralism in the North Caucasus. During the fourth millennium bc, Maykop and early Yamnaya populations also focused dairying exclusively on sheep while reserving cattle for traction and other purposes. We observe a breakdown in livestock specialization and an economic diversification of dairy herds coinciding with aridification during the subsequent late Yamnaya and North Caucasus Culture phases, followed by severe climate deterioration during the Catacomb and Lola periods. The need for additional pastures to support these herds may have driven the heightened mobility of the Middle and Late Bronze Age periods. Following a hiatus of more than 500 years, the North Caucasian steppe was repopulated by Early Iron Age societies with a broad mobile dairy economy, including a new focus on horse milking. Milk proteins from the North Caucasus and Eurasian steppe support the initial development of sheep dairying during the Eneolithic, followed by subsequent intensification and husbandry of different dairy animals during the Middle Bronze Age and later periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Scott
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Reinhold
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Taylor Hermes
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Alexandra Buzhilova
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Berezina
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoliy R Kantorovich
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Farhad Guliyev
- Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Bertille Lyonnet
- PROCLAC/UMR 7192 Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Paris, France
| | - Parviz Gasimov
- Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Bakhtiyar Jalilov
- Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Jeyhun Eminli
- Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Emil Iskandarov
- Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Emily Hammer
- Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and Price Lab for the Digital Humanities, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Selin E Nugent
- Faculty of Technology, Design & Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Hagan
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Kerttu Majander
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Päivi Onkamo
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kerkko Nordqvist
- Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Shishlina
- State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia.,Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera), Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Arkadiy I Korolev
- Department of History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Khokhlov
- Department of History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana V Sharapova
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Rüdiger Krause
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marina Karapetian
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eliza Stolarczyk
- Department of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Svend Hansen
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Mechanical properties of lithic raw materials from Kazakhstan: Comparing chert, shale, and porphyry. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265640. [PMID: 35452464 PMCID: PMC9033281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of lithic raw material quality has become one of the major interpretive tools to investigate the raw material selection behaviour and its influence to the knapping technology. In order to make objective assessments of raw material quality, we need to measure their mechanical properties (e.g., fracture resistance, hardness, modulus of elasticity). However, such comprehensive investigations are lacking for the Palaeolithic of Kazakhstan. In this work, we investigate geological and archaeological lithic raw material samples of chert, porphyry, and shale collected from the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (henceforth IAMC). Selected samples of aforementioned rocks were tested by means of Vickers and Knoop indentation methods to determine the main aspect of their mechanical properties: their indentation fracture resistance (a value closely related to fracture toughness). These tests were complemented by traditional petrographic studies to characterise the mineralogical composition and evaluate the level of impurities that could have potentially affected the mechanical properties. The results show that materials, such as porphyry possess fracture toughness values that can be compared to those of chert. Previously, porphyry was thought to be of lower quality due to the anisotropic composition and coarse feldspar and quartz phenocrysts embedded in a silica rich matrix. However, our analysis suggests that different raw materials are not different in terms of indentation fracture resistance. This work also offers first insight into the quality of archaeological porphyry that was utilised as a primary raw material at various Upper Palaeolithic sites in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor from 47–21 ka cal BP.
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20
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Stone Age Yersinia pestis genomes shed light on the early evolution, diversity, and ecology of plague. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116722119. [PMID: 35412864 PMCID: PMC9169917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116722119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Yersinia pestis has caused numerous historically documented outbreaks of plague and research using ancient DNA could demonstrate that it already affected human populations during the Neolithic. However, the pathogen’s genetic diversity, geographic spread, and transmission dynamics during this early period of Y. pestis evolution are largely unexplored. Here, we describe a set of ancient plague genomes up to 5,000 y old from across Eurasia. Our data demonstrate that two genetically distinct forms of Y. pestis evolved in parallel and were both distributed across vast geographic distances, potentially occupying different ecological niches. Interpreted within the archeological context, our results suggest that the spread of plague during this period was linked to increased human mobility and intensification of animal husbandry. The bacterial pathogen Yersinia pestis gave rise to devastating outbreaks throughout human history, and ancient DNA evidence has shown it afflicted human populations as far back as the Neolithic. Y. pestis genomes recovered from the Eurasian Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age (LNBA) period have uncovered key evolutionary steps that led to its emergence from a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-like progenitor; however, the number of reconstructed LNBA genomes are too few to explore its diversity during this critical period of development. Here, we present 17 Y. pestis genomes dating to 5,000 to 2,500 y BP from a wide geographic expanse across Eurasia. This increased dataset enabled us to explore correlations between temporal, geographical, and genetic distance. Our results suggest a nonflea-adapted and potentially extinct single lineage that persisted over millennia without significant parallel diversification, accompanied by rapid dispersal across continents throughout this period, a trend not observed in other pathogens for which ancient genomes are available. A stepwise pattern of gene loss provides further clues on its early evolution and potential adaptation. We also discover the presence of the flea-adapted form of Y. pestis in Bronze Age Iberia, previously only identified in in the Caucasus and the Volga regions, suggesting a much wider geographic spread of this form of Y. pestis. Together, these data reveal the dynamic nature of plague’s formative years in terms of its early evolution and ecology.
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21
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Landscape and Settlement over 4 Millennia on the South Side of Lake Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan: Preliminary Results of Survey Research in 2019–2021. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the preliminary results of archaeological surveys conducted in the Juuku Region of north-central Kyrgyzstan on the south side of Lake Issyk-Kul. Our goal was to document ancient and contemporary agropastoral systems over a four-millennia period. During the surveys, about 350 loci were identified as settlements, burial mounds, graves, single artifact finds, and artifact scatters (ceramic). The areas of Juuku Valley surveyed included two discrete polygons: Polygon 1, Lower Juuku at 1750 to 1950 m asl in elevation and Polygon 2, Chak Juuku or Upper Eastern Branch Juuku Valley at 2060 to 2100 m asl in elevation. Three radiometric dates and preliminary archaeobotanical studies were conducted at three exposed profile cuts. The methods included here are: (1) pedestrian surveys; (2) use of digital maps (Google Earth, Nakarte); (3) placing archaeological loci within known chronological time periods; (4) AMS dating of charcoal samples collected from profile deposits; and (5) preliminary identification of plant remains found from archaeobotanical samples. The results of our research represent the first step toward inventorying and interpreting archaeological data in the Juuku Valley derived from field studies.
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22
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Palaeoenvironmental proxies indicate long-term development of agro-pastoralist landscapes in Inner Asian mountains. Sci Rep 2022; 12:554. [PMID: 35017595 PMCID: PMC8752612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of archaeological research on agro-pastoralist populations of the Inner Asian mountains indicates that these groups adapted various systems of mobile herding and cultivation to ecotopes across the region from as early as 5000 BP. It has been argued that these adaptations allowed the development of flexible social-ecological systems well suited to the long-term management of these mountain landscapes. At present, less attention has been paid to examining the long-term ecological legacy of these adaptations within the sedimentary or palaeoenvironmental record. Here we present sediment, palynomorph and charcoal data that we interpret as indicating agro-pastoralist environmental perturbations, taken from three cores at middle and high altitudes in the Kashmir Valley at the southern end of the Inner Asian mountains. Our data indicate spatially and temporally discontinuous patterns of agro-pastoralist land use beginning close to 4000 BP. Periods of intensification of upland herding are often coincident with phases of regional social or environmental change, in particular we find the strongest signals for agro-pastoralism in the environmental record contemporary with regionally arid conditions. These patterns support previous arguments that specialised agro-pastoralist ecologies across the region are well placed to respond to past and future climate deteriorations. Our data indicating long-term co-evolution of humans and landscape in the study area also have implications for the ongoing management of environments generally perceived as “pristine” or “wilderness”.
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23
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Laugier EJ, Casana J, Cabanes D. Phytolith evidence for the pastoral origins of multi-cropping in Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq). Sci Rep 2022; 12:60. [PMID: 35013508 PMCID: PMC8748697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-cropping was vital for provisioning large population centers across ancient Eurasia. In Southwest Asia, multi-cropping, in which grain, fodder, or forage could be reliably cultivated during dry summer months, only became possible with the translocation of summer grains, like millet, from Africa and East Asia. Despite some textual sources suggesting millet cultivation as early as the third millennium BCE, the absence of robust archaeobotanical evidence for millet in semi-arid Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) has led most archaeologists to conclude that millet was only grown in the region after the mid-first millennium BCE introduction of massive, state-sponsored irrigation systems. Here, we present the earliest micro-botanical evidence of the summer grain broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) in Mesopotamia, identified using phytoliths in dung-rich sediments from Khani Masi, a mid-second millennium BCE site located in northern Iraq. Taphonomic factors associated with the region's agro-pastoral systems have likely made millet challenging to recognize using conventional macrobotanical analyses, and millet may therefore have been more widespread and cultivated much earlier in Mesopotamia than is currently recognized. The evidence for pastoral-related multi-cropping in Bronze Age Mesopotamia provides an antecedent to first millennium BCE agricultural intensification and ties Mesopotamia into our rapidly evolving understanding of early Eurasian food globalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Jakoby Laugier
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution, Environment, and Society (EEES), Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Center for Human Evolutionary Studies (CHES), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Jesse Casana
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Dan Cabanes
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Center for Human Evolutionary Studies (CHES), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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24
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Zhang F, Ning C, Scott A, Fu Q, Bjørn R, Li W, Wei D, Wang W, Fan L, Abuduresule I, Hu X, Ruan Q, Niyazi A, Dong G, Cao P, Liu F, Dai Q, Feng X, Yang R, Tang Z, Ma P, Li C, Gao S, Xu Y, Wu S, Wen S, Zhu H, Zhou H, Robbeets M, Kumar V, Krause J, Warinner C, Jeong C, Cui Y. The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies. Nature 2021; 599:256-261. [PMID: 34707286 PMCID: PMC8580821 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the earliest inhabitants of Xinjiang, in the heart of Inner Asia, and the languages that they spoke have long been debated and remain contentious1. Here we present genomic data from 5 individuals dating to around 3000-2800 BC from the Dzungarian Basin and 13 individuals dating to around 2100-1700 BC from the Tarim Basin, representing the earliest yet discovered human remains from North and South Xinjiang, respectively. We find that the Early Bronze Age Dzungarian individuals exhibit a predominantly Afanasievo ancestry with an additional local contribution, and the Early-Middle Bronze Age Tarim individuals contain only a local ancestry. The Tarim individuals from the site of Xiaohe further exhibit strong evidence of milk proteins in their dental calculus, indicating a reliance on dairy pastoralism at the site since its founding. Our results do not support previous hypotheses for the origin of the Tarim mummies, who were argued to be Proto-Tocharian-speaking pastoralists descended from the Afanasievo1,2 or to have originated among the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex3 or Inner Asian Mountain Corridor cultures4. Instead, although Tocharian may have been plausibly introduced to the Dzungarian Basin by Afanasievo migrants during the Early Bronze Age, we find that the earliest Tarim Basin cultures appear to have arisen from a genetically isolated local population that adopted neighbouring pastoralist and agriculturalist practices, which allowed them to settle and thrive along the shifting riverine oases of the Taklamakan Desert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Ning
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ashley Scott
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Qiaomei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rasmus Bjørn
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Li
- Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Ürümqi, China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linyuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Xingjun Hu
- Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Ürümqi, China
| | - Qiurong Ruan
- Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Ürümqi, China
| | - Alipujiang Niyazi
- Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Ürümqi, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shizhu Gao
- College of Pharmacia Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sihao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaoqing Wen
- Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Martine Robbeets
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christina Warinner
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Choongwon Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yinqiu Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China. .,Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China. .,Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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25
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Doumani Dupuy PN. The unexpected ancestry of Inner Asian mummies. Nature 2021; 599:204-206. [PMID: 34707262 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-02872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Tarlykov P, Atavliyeva S, Auganova D, Akhmetollayev I, Loshakova T, Varfolomeev V, Ramankulov Y. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient sheep from Kazakhstan: evidence for early sheep introduction. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08011. [PMID: 34585018 PMCID: PMC8453193 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kazakhstan covers a vast territory, and it has always been a land of nomadic pastoralism, where domesticated horses and sheep were moved by nomadic people across the steppe. Previous reports suggest that sheep breeds from Kazakhstan have an intermediate genetic composition between Asian and European breeds; however, this data appears to be limited. Therefore, we studied the genetic diversity of ancient domestic sheep from two Late Bronze Age settlements, Toksanbai and Kent, located in the Pre-Caspian region of Kazakhstan and central Kazakhstan, respectively. We have applied ZooMS analysis for taxonomic identification of small ruminant remains to select ancient specimens of domestic sheep (Ovis aries). To assign sheep mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the control region were analyzed by real-time PCR and direct sequencing. Identical distribution of mtDNA haplogroups A (8/14; 57%), B (5/14; 36%), and C (1/14; 7%) was observed in the specimens from Toksanbai (n = 14) and Kent (n = 14). Ovine haplogroup A was predominant in both settlements. Both archeological sites had similar patterns of haplogroup distribution, indicating early sheep introduction into the region. These results are important to gain a better understanding of sheep migrations in the Eurasian steppe and highlight the importance of genomic analysis of earlier local lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Tarlykov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Dana Auganova
- National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Tatyana Loshakova
- Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh. Margulan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Victor Varfolomeev
- Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda University named after E.A. Buketov, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Ramankulov
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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27
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Viljugrein H, Hopp P, Benestad SL, Våge J, Mysterud A. Risk-based surveillance of chronic wasting disease in semi-domestic reindeer. Prev Vet Med 2021; 196:105497. [PMID: 34564054 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Reindeer pastoralism is a widespread practise across Fennoscandia and Russia. An outbreak of chronic wasting disease (CWD) among wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) poses a severe threat to the semi-domestic reindeer herding culture. Establishing surveillance is therefore key, but current models for surveillance of CWD are designed for wild cervids and rely on samples obtained from recreational hunters. Targeting animal groups with a higher infection probability is often used for more efficient disease surveillance. CWD has a long incubation period of 2-3 years, and the animals show clinical signs in the later stages of the infection i.e. 1-4 months prior to death. The semi-domestic reindeer are free-ranging most of the year, but during slaughtering in late fall, herders stress the animals in penned areas. This allows removal of animals with deviant behaviour or physical appearance, and such removals are likely to include animals in the clinical stages of CWD if the population is infected. In Norway, the semi-domestic reindeer in Filefjell is adjacent to a previously CWD infected wild population. We developed a risk-based surveillance method for this semi-domestic setting to establish the probability of freedom from infection over time, or enable early disease detection and mitigation. The surveillance scheme with a scenario tree using three risk categories (sample category, demographic group, and deviations in behaviour or physical appearance) was more effective and less invasive as compared to the surveillance method developed for wild reindeer. We also simulated how variation in susceptibility, incubation period and time for onset of clinical signs (linked to variation in the prion protein gene, PRNP) would potentially affect surveillance. Surveillance for CWD was mandatory within EU-member states with reindeer (2018-2020). The diversity of management systems and epidemiological settings will require the development of a set of surveillance systems suitable for each different context. Our surveillance model is designed for a population with a high risk of CWD introduction requiring massive sampling, while at the same time aiming to limit adverse effects to the populations in areas of surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegunn Viljugrein
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431, Ås, Norway; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Petter Hopp
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Jørn Våge
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, NO-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), P. O. Box 5685, Sluppen, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Wu X, Ning C, Key FM, Andrades Valtueña A, Lankapalli AK, Gao S, Yang X, Zhang F, Liu L, Nie Z, Ma J, Krause J, Herbig A, Cui Y. A 3,000-year-old, basal S. enterica lineage from Bronze Age Xinjiang suggests spread along the Proto-Silk Road. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009886. [PMID: 34547027 PMCID: PMC8486138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) has infected humans for a long time, but its evolutionary history and geographic spread across Eurasia is still poorly understood. Here, we screened for pathogen DNA in 14 ancient individuals from the Bronze Age Quanergou cemetery (XBQ), Xinjiang, China. In 6 individuals we detected S. enterica. We reconstructed S. enterica genomes from those individuals, which form a previously undetected phylogenetic branch basal to Paratyphi C, Typhisuis and Choleraesuis-the so-called Para C lineage. Based on pseudogene frequency, our analysis suggests that the ancient S. enterica strains were not host adapted. One genome, however, harbors the Salmonella pathogenicity island 7 (SPI-7), which is thought to be involved in (para)typhoid disease in humans. This offers first evidence that SPI-7 was acquired prior to the emergence of human-adapted Paratyphi C around 1,000 years ago. Altogether, our results show that Salmonella enterica infected humans in Eastern Eurasia at least 3,000 years ago, and provide the first ancient DNA evidence for the spread of a pathogen along the Proto-Silk Road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- School of History and Culture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chao Ning
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix M. Key
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aida Andrades Valtueña
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Shizhu Gao
- College of Pharmacia Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongzhi Nie
- Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Ma
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yinqiu Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
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29
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Evidence for early dispersal of domestic sheep into Central Asia. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:1169-1179. [PMID: 33833423 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The development and dispersal of agropastoralism transformed the cultural and ecological landscapes of the Old World, but little is known about when or how this process first impacted Central Asia. Here, we present archaeological and biomolecular evidence from Obishir V in southern Kyrgyzstan, establishing the presence of domesticated sheep by ca. 6,000 BCE. Zooarchaeological and collagen peptide mass fingerprinting show exploitation of Ovis and Capra, while cementum analysis of intact teeth implicates possible pastoral slaughter during the fall season. Most significantly, ancient DNA reveals these directly dated specimens as the domestic O. aries, within the genetic diversity of domesticated sheep lineages. Together, these results provide the earliest evidence for the use of livestock in the mountains of the Ferghana Valley, predating previous evidence by 3,000 years and suggesting that domestic animal economies reached the mountains of interior Central Asia far earlier than previously recognized.
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30
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Localized management of non-indigenous animal domesticates in Northwestern China during the Bronze Age. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15764. [PMID: 34344976 PMCID: PMC8333310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The movements of ancient crop and animal domesticates across prehistoric Eurasia are well-documented in the archaeological record. What is less well understood are the precise mechanisms that farmers and herders employed to incorporate newly introduced domesticates into their long-standing husbandry and culinary traditions. This paper presents stable isotope values (δ13C, δ15N) of humans, animals, and a small number of plants from the Hexi Corridor, a key region that facilitated the movement of ancient crops between Central and East Asia. The data show that the role of animal products in human diets was more significant than previously thought. In addition, the diets of domestic herbivores (sheep/goat, and cattle) suggest that these two groups of domesticates were managed in distinct ways in the two main ecozones of the Hexi Corridor: the drier Northwestern region and the wetter Southeastern region. Whereas sheep and goat diets are consistent with consumption of naturally available vegetation, cattle exhibit a higher input of C4 plants in places where these plants contributed little to the natural vegetation. This suggests that cattle consumed diets that were more influenced by human provisioning, and may therefore have been reared closer to the human settlements, than sheep and goats.
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31
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Kumar V, Bennett EA, Zhao D, Liang Y, Tang Y, Ren M, Dai Q, Feng X, Cao P, Yang R, Liu F, Ping W, Zhang M, Ding M, Yang MA, Amridin B, Muttaliu H, Wang J, Fu Q. Genetic continuity of Bronze Age ancestry with increased Steppe-related ancestry in Late Iron Age Uzbekistan. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4908-4917. [PMID: 34320653 PMCID: PMC8557446 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Uzbekistan and Central Asia are known for the well-studied Bronze Age civilization of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), the lesser-known Iron Age was also a dynamic period that resulted in increased interaction and admixture among different cultures from this region. To broaden our understanding of events that impacted the demography and population structure of this region, we generated 27 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism capture data sets of Late Iron Age individuals around the Historical Kushan time period (∼2100–1500 BP) from three sites in South Uzbekistan. Overall, Bronze Age ancestry persists into the Iron Age in Uzbekistan, with no major replacements of populations with Steppe-related ancestry. However, these individuals suggest diverse ancestries related to Iranian farmers, Anatolian farmers, and Steppe herders, with a small amount of West European Hunter Gatherer, East Asian, and South Asian Hunter Gatherer ancestry as well. Genetic affinity toward the Late Bronze Age Steppe herders and a higher Steppe-related ancestry than that found in BMAC populations suggest an increased mobility and interaction of individuals from the Northern Steppe in a Southward direction. In addition, a decrease of Iranian and an increase of Anatolian farmer-like ancestry in Uzbekistan Iron Age individuals were observed compared with the BMAC populations from Uzbekistan. Thus, despite continuity from the Bronze Age, increased admixture played a major role in the shift from the Bronze to the Iron Age in southern Uzbekistan. This mixed ancestry is also observed in other parts of the Steppe and Central Asia, suggesting more widespread admixture among local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - E Andrew Bennett
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Dongyue Zhao
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yun Liang
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yunpeng Tang
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Meng Ren
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qinyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ruowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wanjing Ping
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Manyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Melinda A Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, 23173, USA
| | - Berdimurodov Amridin
- Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Hasanov Muttaliu
- Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Jianxin Wang
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qiaomei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.,Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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32
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Tian D, Festa M, Cong D, Zhao Z, Jia PW, Betts A. New evidence for supplementary crop production, foddering and fuel use by Bronze Age transhumant pastoralists in the Tianshan Mountains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13718. [PMID: 34215794 PMCID: PMC8253771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of economies and the movement of agricultural crops across Eurasia in the Bronze Age have been the subject of significant research interest in recent years. This study presents and discusses new results of flotation, radiocarbon and carbon stable isotope analyses from the seed assemblage at the Adunqiaolu site (northwestern Xinjiang), in combination with archaeological evidence. Archaeobotanical evidence, including carbonized foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and naked barley, documents the diversity of local cereal consumption during the mid-second millennium BC. Our results suggest that crops were not grown locally, however, but in the lower Boertala Valley, supporting the argument that Adunqiaolu was a winter camp. These new sets of data constitute an important contribution to the discussion on cereal dispersal across the Tianshan Mountains in the Bronze Age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Tian
- Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Marcella Festa
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Cong
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100010, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Weiming Jia
- Department of Archaeology and China Studies Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of History and Culture, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, People's Republic of China
| | - Alison Betts
- Department of Archaeology and China Studies Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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33
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The place of millet in food globalization during Late Prehistory as evidenced by new bioarchaeological data from the Caucasus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13124. [PMID: 34162920 PMCID: PMC8222238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two millets, Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica, were domesticated in northern China, around 6000 BC. Although its oldest evidence is in Asia, possible independent domestication of these species in the Caucasus has often been proposed. To verify this hypothesis, a multiproxy research program (Orimil) was designed to detect the first evidence of millet in this region. It included a critical review of the occurrence of archaeological millet in the Caucasus, up to Antiquity; isotopic analyses of human and animal bones and charred grains; and radiocarbon dating of millet grains from archaeological contexts dated from the Early Bronze Age (3500–2500 BC) to the 1st Century BC. The results show that these two cereals were cultivated during the Middle Bronze Age (MBA), around 2000–1800 BC, especially Setaria italica which is the most ancient millet found in Georgia. Isotopic analyses also show a significant enrichment in 13C in human and animal tissues, indicating an increasing C4 plants consumption at the same period. More broadly, our results assert that millet was not present in the Caucasus in the Neolithic period. Its arrival in the region, based on existing data in Eurasia, was from the south, without excluding a possible local domestication of Setaria italica.
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34
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Spengler RN, Miller AV, Schmaus T, Matuzevičiūtė GM, Miller BK, Wilkin S, Taylor WTT, Li Y, Roberts P, Boivin N. An Imagined Past? CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1086/714245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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35
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Tan L, Dong G, An Z, Lawrence Edwards R, Li H, Li D, Spengler R, Cai Y, Cheng H, Lan J, Orozbaev R, Liu R, Chen J, Xu H, Chen F. Megadrought and cultural exchange along the proto-silk road. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:603-611. [PMID: 36654430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Arid Central Asia (ACA), with its diverse landscapes of high mountains, oases, and deserts, hosted the central routes of the Silk Roads that linked trade centers from East Asia to the eastern Mediterranean. Ecological pockets and ecoclines in ACA are largely determined by local precipitation. However, little research has gone into the effects of hydroclimatic changes on trans-Eurasian cultural exchange. Here, we reconstruct precipitation changes in ACA, covering the mid-late Holocene with a U-Th dated, ~3 a resolution, multi-proxy time series of replicated stalagmites from the southeastern Fergana Valley, Kyrgyzstan. Our data reveal a 640-a megadrought between 5820 and 5180 a BP, which likely impacted cultural development in ACA and impeded the expansion of cultural traits along oasis routes. Instead, it may have diverted the earliest transcontinental exchange along the Eurasian steppe during the 5th millennium BP. With gradually increasing precipitation after the megadrought, settlement of peoples in the oases and river valleys may have facilitated the opening of the oasis routes, "prehistoric Silk Roads", of trans-Eurasian exchange. By the 4th millennium BP, this process may have reshaped cultures across the two continents, laying the foundation for the organized Silk Roads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - R Lawrence Edwards
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Haiming Li
- Institution of Chinese Agricultural Civilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dong Li
- Library of Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China
| | - Robert Spengler
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Yanjun Cai
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Hai Cheng
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianghu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Rustam Orozbaev
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia (Bishkek), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan; Institute of Geology, National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ruiliang Liu
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13TG, UK
| | - Jianhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hai Xu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Fahu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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36
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Wang W, Ding M, Gardner JD, Wang Y, Miao B, Guo W, Wu X, Ruan Q, Yu J, Hu X, Wang B, Wu X, Tang Z, Niyazi A, Zhang J, Chang X, Tang Y, Ren M, Cao P, Liu F, Dai Q, Feng X, Yang R, Zhang M, Wang T, Ping W, Hou W, Li W, Ma J, Kumar V, Fu Q. Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/14/eabd6690. [PMID: 33789892 PMCID: PMC8011967 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xinjiang is a key region in northwestern China, connecting East and West Eurasian populations and cultures for thousands of years. To understand the genetic history of Xinjiang, we sequenced 237 complete ancient human mitochondrial genomes from the Bronze Age through Historical Era (41 archaeological sites). Overall, the Bronze Age Xinjiang populations show high diversity and regional genetic affinities with Steppe and northeastern Asian populations along with a deep ancient Siberian connection for the Tarim Basin Xiaohe individuals. In the Iron Age, in general, Steppe-related and northeastern Asian admixture intensified, with North and East Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with northeastern Asians and South Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with Central Asians. The genetic structure observed in the Historical Era of Xinjiang is similar to that in the Iron Age, demonstrating genetic continuity since the Iron Age with some additional genetic admixture with populations surrounding the Xinjiang region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Manyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jacob D Gardner
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Bo Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wu Guo
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China
| | - Xinhua Wu
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China
| | - Qiurong Ruan
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xingjun Hu
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zihua Tang
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Alipujiang Niyazi
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xien Chang
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yunpeng Tang
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Meng Ren
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qingyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ruowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wanjing Ping
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Weihong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jian Ma
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qiaomei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Kerven C, Robinson S, Behnke R. Pastoralism at Scale on the Kazakh Rangelands: From Clans to Workers to Ranchers. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.590401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasia contains the world's largest contiguous rangelands, grazed for millennia by mobile pastoralists' livestock. This paper reviews evidence from one Eurasian country, Kazakhstan, on how nomadic pastoralism developed from some 5,000 years ago to the present. We consider a timespan covering pre-industrial, socialist and capitalist periods, during which pastoral social formations were organized in terms of kinship, collective state farms, and private farms and ranches. The aim is to understand how events over the last 100 years have led to the sequential dissolution and re-formation of the social units necessary to manage livestock across a wide expanse of spatially heterogenous and seasonally variable rangeland ecosystems. It is argued that the social scale of extensive livestock management must be tailored to the geographical scale of biotic and abiotic conditions. The paper starts by pointing out the long duration of mobile pastoralism in the Kazakh rangelands and provides an overview of how events from the late 17th C onwards unraveled the relationships between Kazakh nomads' socio-economic units of livestock management and the rangeland environment. At present, mobile animal husbandry is not feasible for the majority of Kazakh livestock owners, who operate solely within small family units without state support. These reformulated post-Soviet livestock grazing patterns are still undergoing rapid change, influencing the composition of rangeland vegetation, wildlife biodiversity, and rates of carbon sequestration. By concentrating capital and landed resources, a minority of large-scale pastoralists have been able to re-extensify by combining mobility with selective intensification, including an increased reliance on cultivated feed. Current state and international efforts are leaving out the majority of small-scale livestock owners and their livestock who are unable to either intensify or extensify at sufficient scale, increasing environmental damage, and social inequality.
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Cuthbertson P, Ullmann T, Büdel C, Varis A, Namen A, Seltmann R, Reed D, Taimagambetov Z, Iovita R. Finding karstic caves and rockshelters in the Inner Asian mountain corridor using predictive modelling and field survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245170. [PMID: 33471843 PMCID: PMC7816991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The area of the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (IAMC) follows the foothills and piedmont zones around the northern limits of Asia's interior mountains, connecting two important areas for human evolution: the Fergana valley and the Siberian Altai. Prior research has suggested the IAMC may have provided an area of connected refugia from harsh climates during the Pleistocene. To date, this region contains very few secure, dateable Pleistocene sites, but its widely available carbonate units present an opportunity for discovering cave sites, which generally preserve longer sequences and organic remains. Here we present two models for predicting karstic cave and rockshelter features in the Kazakh portion of the IAMC. The 2018 model used a combination of lithological data and unsupervised landform classification, while the 2019 model used feature locations from the results of our 2017-2018 field surveys in a supervised classification using a minimum-distance classifier and morphometric features derived from the ASTER digital elevation model (DEM). We present the results of two seasons of survey using two iterations of the karstic cave models (2018 and 2019), and evaluate their performance during survey. In total, we identified 105 cave and rockshelter features from 2017-2019. We conclude that this model-led approach significantly reduces the target area for foot survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cuthbertson
- Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (PC); (RI)
| | - Tobias Ullmann
- Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Büdel
- Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aristeidis Varis
- Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences (INA), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Abay Namen
- Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of History, Archaeology, and Ethnology, Department of Archaeology, Ethnology, and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Reimar Seltmann
- Department of Earth Sciences, Centre for Russian and Central EurAsian Mineral Studies, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denné Reed
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, United States of America
| | | | - Radu Iovita
- Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (RI)
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Abstract
During the Early Bronze Age, populations of the western Eurasian steppe expanded across an immense area of northern Eurasia. Combined archaeological and genetic evidence supports widespread Early Bronze Age population movements out of the Pontic-Caspian steppe that resulted in gene flow across vast distances, linking populations of Yamnaya pastoralists in Scandinavia with pastoral populations (known as the Afanasievo) far to the east in the Altai Mountains1,2 and Mongolia3. Although some models hold that this expansion was the outcome of a newly mobile pastoral economy characterized by horse traction, bulk wagon transport4-6 and regular dietary dependence on meat and milk5, hard evidence for these economic features has not been found. Here we draw on proteomic analysis of dental calculus from individuals from the western Eurasian steppe to demonstrate a major transition in dairying at the start of the Bronze Age. The rapid onset of ubiquitous dairying at a point in time when steppe populations are known to have begun dispersing offers critical insight into a key catalyst of steppe mobility. The identification of horse milk proteins also indicates horse domestication by the Early Bronze Age, which provides support for its role in steppe dispersals. Our results point to a potential epicentre for horse domestication in the Pontic-Caspian steppe by the third millennium BC, and offer strong support for the notion that the novel exploitation of secondary animal products was a key driver of the expansions of Eurasian steppe pastoralists by the Early Bronze Age.
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Zhang W, Zhang Q, McSweeney K, Han T, Man X, Yang S, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhang Q, Wang Q. Violence in the first millennium BCE Eurasian steppe: Cranial trauma in three Turpan Basin populations from Xinjiang, China. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 175:81-94. [PMID: 33305836 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Violence affected daily life in prehistoric societies, especially at conflict zones where different peoples fought over resources and for other reasons. In this study, cranial trauma was analyzed to discuss the pattern of violence experienced by three Bronze to early Iron Age populations (1,000-100 BCE) that belonged to the Subeixi culture. These populations lived in the Turpan Basin, a conflict zone in the middle of the Eurasian Steppe. METHODS The injuries on 129 complete crania unearthed from the Subeixi cemeteries were examined for crude prevalence rate (CPR), trauma type, time of occurrence, possible weapon, and direction of the blow. Thirty-three injuries identified from poorly preserved crania were also included in the analyses except for the CPR. Data was also compared between the samples and with four other populations that had violence-related backgrounds. RESULTS Overall, 16.3% (21/129) of the individuals showed violence-induced traumatic lesions. Results also indicated that most of the injuries were perimortem (81.6%), and that women and children were more involved in conflict than the other comparative populations. Wounds from weapons accounted for 42.1% of the identified cranial injuries. Distribution analysis suggested no dominant handedness of the attackers, and that blows came from all directions including the top (17.1%). Wounds caused by arrowheads and a special type of battle-ax popular in middle and eastern Eurasian Steppe were also recognized. DISCUSSION A comprehensive analysis of the skeletal evidence, historical records, and archeological background would suggest that the raiding to be the most possible conflict pattern reflected by the samples. The attackers were likely to have been nomadic invaders from the steppe (such as the Xiongnu from historical records), who attacked the residents in the basin more likely for their resources rather than territory or labor force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,School of History, Classics and Archaeology, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Qun Zhang
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kathleen McSweeney
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tao Han
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Centre for the Study of Ancient Civilization, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Xingyu Man
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiyu Yang
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Long Wang
- Academy of Turfanology, Turpan, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quanchao Zhang
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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41
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Jeong C, Wang K, Wilkin S, Taylor WTT, Miller BK, Bemmann JH, Stahl R, Chiovelli C, Knolle F, Ulziibayar S, Khatanbaatar D, Erdenebaatar D, Erdenebat U, Ochir A, Ankhsanaa G, Vanchigdash C, Ochir B, Munkhbayar C, Tumen D, Kovalev A, Kradin N, Bazarov BA, Miyagashev DA, Konovalov PB, Zhambaltarova E, Miller AV, Haak W, Schiffels S, Krause J, Boivin N, Erdene M, Hendy J, Warinner C. A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe. Cell 2020; 183:890-904.e29. [PMID: 33157037 PMCID: PMC7664836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region’s population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe. Genome-wide analysis of 214 ancient individuals from Mongolia and the Baikal region Three genetically distinct dairy pastoralist groups in Late Bronze Age Mongolia Xiongnu nomadic empire formed through mixing of distinct local and distant groups No selection on the lactase persistence alleles despite 5,000 years of dairy culture
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Affiliation(s)
- Choongwon Jeong
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Shevan Wilkin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - William Timothy Treal Taylor
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bryan K Miller
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jan H Bemmann
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany
| | - Raphaela Stahl
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Chelsea Chiovelli
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Florian Knolle
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Sodnom Ulziibayar
- Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | | | - Diimaajav Erdenebaatar
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Bayanzurkh district, Ulaanbaatar 13343, Mongolia
| | - Ulambayar Erdenebat
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Ayudai Ochir
- International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | - Ganbold Ankhsanaa
- National Centre for Cultural Heritage of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | | | - Battuga Ochir
- Institute of History and Ethnology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
| | | | - Dashzeveg Tumen
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Alexey Kovalev
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay Kradin
- Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690001, Russia; Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
| | - Bilikto A Bazarov
- Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
| | - Denis A Miyagashev
- Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
| | - Prokopiy B Konovalov
- Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
| | - Elena Zhambaltarova
- Department of Museology and Heritage, Faculty of Social and Cultural Activities, Heritage, and Tourism, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, East Siberian State Institute of Culture, Ulan-Ude 670031, Russia
| | - Alicia Ventresca Miller
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 02134, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Myagmar Erdene
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Jessica Hendy
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 02134, Germany; Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Knipper C, Reinhold S, Gresky J, Berezina N, Gerling C, Pichler SL, Buzhilova AP, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Petrenko VG, Lyakhov SV, Kalmykov AA, Belinskiy AB, Hansen S, Alt KW. Diet and subsistence in Bronze Age pastoral communities from the southern Russian steppes and the North Caucasus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239861. [PMID: 33052915 PMCID: PMC7556513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The flanks of the Caucasus Mountains and the steppe landscape to their north offered highly productive grasslands for Bronze Age herders and their flocks of sheep, goat, and cattle. While the archaeological evidence points to a largely pastoral lifestyle, knowledge regarding the general composition of human diets and their variation across landscapes and during the different phases of the Bronze Age is still restricted. Human and animal skeletal remains from the burial mounds that dominate the archaeological landscape and their stable isotope compositions are major sources of dietary information. Here, we present stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data of bone collagen of 105 human and 50 animal individuals from the 5th millennium BC to the Sarmatian period, with a strong focus on the Bronze Age and its cultural units including Maykop, Yamnaya, Novotitorovskaya, North Caucasian, Catacomb, post-Catacomb and late Bronze Age groups. The samples comprise all inhumations with sufficient bone preservation from five burial mound sites and a flat grave cemetery as well as subsamples from three further sites. They represent the Caucasus Mountains in the south, the piedmont zone and Kuban steppe with humid steppe and forest vegetation to its north, and more arid regions in the Caspian steppe. The stable isotope compositions of the bone collagen of humans and animals varied across the study area and reflect regional diversity in environmental conditions and diets. The data agree with meat, milk, and/or dairy products from domesticated herbivores, especially from sheep and goats having contributed substantially to human diets, as it is common for a largely pastoral economy. This observation is also in correspondence with the faunal remains observed in the graves and offerings of animals in the mound shells. In addition, foodstuffs with elevated carbon and nitrogen isotope values, such as meat of unweaned animals, fish, or plants, also contributed to human diets, especially among communities living in the more arid landscapes. The regional distinction of the animal and human data with few outliers points to mobility radii that were largely concentrated within the environmental zones in which the respective sites are located. In general, dietary variation among the cultural entities as well as regarding age, sex and archaeologically indicated social status is only weakly reflected. There is, however, some indication for a dietary shift during the Early Bronze Age Maykop period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Knipper
- Curt Engelhorn Center Archaeometry, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sabine Reinhold
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Gresky
- Department of Natural Sciences, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nataliya Berezina
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Claudia Gerling
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science IPAS, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra L. Pichler
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science IPAS, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra P. Buzhilova
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly R. Kantorovich
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E. Maslov
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Sergey V. Lyakhov
- Heritage Organization Ltd, ‘Nasledie’, Stavropol, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Svend Hansen
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt W. Alt
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science IPAS, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
- Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Danube Private University (DPU), Krems-Stein, Austria
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Dan‐Cohen
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63130 USA
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44
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Yang Q, Zhou X, Spengler RN, Zhao K, Liu J, Bao Y, Jia PW, Li X. Prehistoric agriculture and social structure in the southwestern Tarim Basin: multiproxy analyses at Wupaer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14235. [PMID: 32859982 PMCID: PMC7455698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The oasis villages of the Tarim Basin served as hubs along the ancient Silk Road, and they played an important role in facilitating communication between the imperial centers of Asia. These villages were supported by an irrigated form of cereal farming that was specifically adapted to these early oasis settlements. In this manuscript, we present the results from new archaeobotanical analyses, radiocarbon dating, and organic carbon isotopic studies directly from carbonized seeds at the Wupaer site (1500–400 BC) in the Kashgar Oasis of the western Tarim Basin. Our results showed that early farming in the oasis relied on a mixed wheat and barley system, but after 1200 BC was intensified through more elaborate irrigation, the introduction of more water-demanding legumes, and possibly a greater reliance on free-threshing wheat. These crops and the knowledge of irrigated farming likely dispersed into the Tarim Basin through the mountains from southern Central Asia. Improved agricultural productivity in the Tarim Basin may also have led to demographic and socio-political shifts and fed into the increased exchange that is colloquially referred to as the Silk Road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | | | - Keliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junchi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yige Bao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Peter Weiming Jia
- Department of Archaeology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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45
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Filipović D, Meadows J, Corso MD, Kirleis W, Alsleben A, Akeret Ö, Bittmann F, Bosi G, Ciută B, Dreslerová D, Effenberger H, Gyulai F, Heiss AG, Hellmund M, Jahns S, Jakobitsch T, Kapcia M, Klooß S, Kohler-Schneider M, Kroll H, Makarowicz P, Marinova E, Märkle T, Medović A, Mercuri AM, Mueller-Bieniek A, Nisbet R, Pashkevich G, Perego R, Pokorný P, Pospieszny Ł, Przybyła M, Reed K, Rennwanz J, Stika HP, Stobbe A, Tolar T, Wasylikowa K, Wiethold J, Zerl T. New AMS 14C dates track the arrival and spread of broomcorn millet cultivation and agricultural change in prehistoric Europe. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13698. [PMID: 32792561 PMCID: PMC7426858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is not one of the founder crops domesticated in Southwest Asia in the early Holocene, but was domesticated in northeast China by 6000 BC. In Europe, millet was reported in Early Neolithic contexts formed by 6000 BC, but recent radiocarbon dating of a dozen 'early' grains cast doubt on these claims. Archaeobotanical evidence reveals that millet was common in Europe from the 2nd millennium BC, when major societal and economic transformations took place in the Bronze Age. We conducted an extensive programme of AMS-dating of charred broomcorn millet grains from 75 prehistoric sites in Europe. Our Bayesian model reveals that millet cultivation began in Europe at the earliest during the sixteenth century BC, and spread rapidly during the fifteenth/fourteenth centuries BC. Broomcorn millet succeeds in exceptionally wide range of growing conditions and completes its lifecycle in less than three summer months. Offering an additional harvest and thus surplus food/fodder, it likely was a transformative innovation in European prehistoric agriculture previously based mainly on (winter) cropping of wheat and barley. We provide a new, high-resolution chronological framework for this key agricultural development that likely contributed to far-reaching changes in lifestyle in late 2nd millennium BC Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Filipović
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Str. 2-6, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - John Meadows
- Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA), Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Foundation, Schloss Gottorf, 24837, Schleswig, Germany.
- Leibniz-Laboratory for AMS Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 11-13, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Marta Dal Corso
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Str. 2-6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke Kirleis
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Str. 2-6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Almuth Alsleben
- Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Geschwister-Scholl-Straße 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Örni Akeret
- Integrative Prähistorische und Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie IPNA, Basel University, Spalenring 145, 4055, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Bittmann
- Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research, Viktoriastraße 26/28, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Giovanna Bosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ciută
- Facultatea de Istorie şi Filologie, Universitatea "1 Decembrie 1918" Alba Iulia, Strada Unirii 15-17, 510009, Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Dagmar Dreslerová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, 118 01, Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ferenc Gyulai
- Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő, 2103, Hungary
| | - Andreas G Heiss
- Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Franz Klein-Gasse 1, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Hellmund
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt-Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Richard-Wagner-Str. 9, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susanne Jahns
- Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum Ortsteil Wünsdorf, Wünsdorfer Platz 4-5, 15806, Zossen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Jakobitsch
- Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Franz Klein-Gasse 1, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magda Kapcia
- Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefanie Klooß
- Archäologisches Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein, Brockdorff-Rantzau-Straße 70, 24837, Schleswig, Germany
| | - Marianne Kohler-Schneider
- Department für Integrative Biologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Kroll
- Independent Researcher, Projensdorfer Str. 195, 24106, Kiel, Germany
| | - Przemysław Makarowicz
- Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 7, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Elena Marinova
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege am Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Fischersteig 9, 78343, Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen, Germany
| | - Tanja Märkle
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege am Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Fischersteig 9, 78343, Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen, Germany
| | | | - Anna Maria Mercuri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Aldona Mueller-Bieniek
- Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renato Nisbet
- Dipartimento di Studi sull'Asia e sull'Africa Mediterranea, Università Ca' Foscari, Dorsoduro 3462, 30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Galina Pashkevich
- National Museum of Natural Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences in Ukraine, Bul. Bohdan Khmelnitsky 15, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Renata Perego
- Laboratory of Palynology and Palaeoecology CNR IGAG, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Petr Pokorný
- Centre for Theoretical Study, Charles University Prague and Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 110 00, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Łukasz Pospieszny
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UU, UK
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rubież 46, 61-612, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Przybyła
- Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gołębia 11, 31-007, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kelly Reed
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford, OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Joanna Rennwanz
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rubież 46, 61-612, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hans-Peter Stika
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Astrid Stobbe
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Norbert-Wollheim-Platz 1, 60629, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tjaša Tolar
- ZRC SAZU, Institute of Archaeology, Novi trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krystyna Wasylikowa
- Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland
| | - Julian Wiethold
- Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), Direction régionale Grand Est, 12, rue de Méric, CS 80005, 57063, Metz cedex 2, France
- UMR 6298, ArTeHiS Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Tanja Zerl
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistory, University of Köln, Weyertal 125, 50923, Köln, Germany
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Hermes TR, Frachetti MD, Voyakin D, Yerlomaeva AS, Beisenov AZ, Doumani Dupuy PN, Papin DV, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute G, Bayarsaikhan J, Houle JL, Tishkin AA, Nebel A, Krause-Kyora B, Makarewicz CA. High mitochondrial diversity of domesticated goats persisted among Bronze and Iron Age pastoralists in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233333. [PMID: 32437372 PMCID: PMC7241827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats were initially managed in the Near East approximately 10,000 years ago and spread across Eurasia as economically productive and environmentally resilient herd animals. While the geographic origins of domesticated goats (Capra hircus) in the Near East have been long-established in the zooarchaeological record and, more recently, further revealed in ancient genomes, the precise pathways by which goats spread across Asia during the early Bronze Age (ca. 3000 to 2500 cal BC) and later remain unclear. We analyzed sequences of hypervariable region 1 and cytochrome b gene in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of goats from archaeological sites along two proposed transmission pathways as well as geographically intermediary sites. Unexpectedly high genetic diversity was present in the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor (IAMC), indicated by mtDNA haplotypes representing common A lineages and rarer C and D lineages. High mtDNA diversity was also present in central Kazakhstan, while only mtDNA haplotypes of lineage A were observed from sites in the Northern Eurasian Steppe (NES). These findings suggest that herding communities living in montane ecosystems were drawing from genetically diverse goat populations, likely sourced from communities in the Iranian Plateau, that were sustained by repeated interaction and exchange. Notably, the mitochondrial genetic diversity associated with goats of the IAMC also extended into the semi-arid region of central Kazakhstan, while NES communities had goats reflecting an isolated founder population, possibly sourced via eastern Europe or the Caucasus region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R. Hermes
- Graduate School “Human Development in Landscapes”, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail: (TRH); (CAM)
| | - Michael D. Frachetti
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dmitriy Voyakin
- Archaeological Expertise, LLC, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- International Institute for Central Asian Studies, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | | | - Dmitry V. Papin
- The Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies in Archaeology of Western Siberia and Altai, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Houle
- Department of Folk Studies and Anthropology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Alexey A. Tishkin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Almut Nebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ben Krause-Kyora
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Cheryl A. Makarewicz
- Graduate School “Human Development in Landscapes”, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail: (TRH); (CAM)
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47
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Motuzaite Matuzeviciute G, Hermes TR, Mir-Makhamad B, Tabaldiev K. Southwest Asian cereal crops facilitated high-elevation agriculture in the central Tien Shan during the mid-third millennium BCE. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229372. [PMID: 32433686 PMCID: PMC7239473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the earliest and the most abundant archaeobotanical assemblage of southwest Asian grain crops from Early Bronze Age Central Asia, recovered from the Chap II site in Kyrgyzstan. The archaeobotanical remains consist of thousands of cultivated grains dating to the mid-late third millennium BCE. The recovery of cereal chaff and weeds suggest local cultivation at 2000 m.a.s.l., as crops first spread to the mountains of Central Asia. The site’s inhabitants possibly cultivated two types of free-threshing wheats, glume wheats, and hulled and naked barleys. Highly compact caryopses of wheat and barley grains represent distinct morphotypes of cereals adapted to highland environments. While additional macrobotanical evidence is needed to confirm the presence of glume wheats at Chap II, the possible identification of glume wheats at Chap II may represent their most eastern distribution in Central Asia. Based on the presence of weed species, we argue that the past environment of Chap II was characterized by an open mountain landscape, where animal grazing likely took place, which may have been further modified by people irrigating agricultural fields. This research suggests that early farmers in the mountains of Central Asia cultivated compact morphotypes of southwest Asian crops during the initial eastward dispersal of agricultural technologies, which likely played a critical role in shaping montane adaptations and dynamic interaction networks between farming societies across highland and lowland cultivation zones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylor R. Hermes
- Department of Archaeology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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48
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Zhou X, Yu J, Spengler RN, Shen H, Zhao K, Ge J, Bao Y, Liu J, Yang Q, Chen G, Weiming Jia P, Li X. 5,200-year-old cereal grains from the eastern Altai Mountains redate the trans-Eurasian crop exchange. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:78-87. [PMID: 32055044 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wheat and barley evolved from large-seeded annual grasses in the arid, low latitudes of Asia; their spread into higher elevations and northern latitudes involved corresponding evolutionary adaptations in these plants, including traits for frost tolerance and shifts in photoperiod sensitivity. The adaptation of farming populations to these northern latitudes was also a complex and poorly understood process that included changes in cultivation practices and the varieties of crops grown. In this article, we push back the earliest dates for the spread of wheat and barley into northern regions of Asia as well as providing earlier cultural links between East and West Asia. The archaeobotanical, palynological and anthracological data we present come from the Tongtian Cave site in the Altai Mountains, with a punctuated occupation dating between 5,200 and 3,200 calibrated years BP, coinciding with global cooling of the middle-late Holocene transition. These early low-investment agropastoral populations in the north steppe area played a major role in the prehistoric trans-Eurasian exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Xinjiang Autonomous Regional Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Urumchi, China
| | | | - Hui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yige Bao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junchi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Weiming Jia
- Department of Archaeology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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49
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Taylor WTT, Clark J, Bayarsaikhan J, Tuvshinjargal T, Jobe JT, Fitzhugh W, Kortum R, Spengler RN, Shnaider S, Seersholm FV, Hart I, Case N, Wilkin S, Hendy J, Thuering U, Miller B, Miller ARV, Picin A, Vanwezer N, Irmer F, Brown S, Abdykanova A, Shultz DR, Pham V, Bunce M, Douka K, Jones EL, Boivin N. Early Pastoral Economies and Herding Transitions in Eastern Eurasia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1001. [PMID: 31969593 PMCID: PMC6976682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While classic models for the emergence of pastoral groups in Inner Asia describe mounted, horse-borne herders sweeping across the Eurasian Steppes during the Early or Middle Bronze Age (ca. 3000–1500 BCE), the actual economic basis of many early pastoral societies in the region is poorly characterized. In this paper, we use collagen mass fingerprinting and ancient DNA analysis of some of the first stratified and directly dated archaeofaunal assemblages from Mongolia’s early pastoral cultures to undertake species identifications of this rare and highly fragmented material. Our results provide evidence for livestock-based, herding subsistence in Mongolia during the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BCE. We observe no evidence for dietary exploitation of horses prior to the late Bronze Age, ca. 1200 BCE – at which point horses come to dominate ritual assemblages, play a key role in pastoral diets, and greatly influence pastoral mobility. In combination with the broader archaeofaunal record of Inner Asia, our analysis supports models for widespread changes in herding ecology linked to the innovation of horseback riding in Central Asia in the final 2nd millennium BCE. Such a framework can explain key broad-scale patterns in the movement of people, ideas, and material culture in Eurasian prehistory.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Timothy Treal Taylor
- CU Museum of Natural History/Department of Anthropology, CU 218, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA. .,Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany.
| | - Julia Clark
- Flinders University, Australia, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | | | - Tumurbaatar Tuvshinjargal
- Graduate School of Human Development in Landscapes, University of Kiel, Johanna-Mestorf Str 2-6, R.156, D - 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jessica Thompson Jobe
- Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - William Fitzhugh
- Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., 20560, USA
| | - Richard Kortum
- Department of Philosophy and Humanities, East Tennessee State University, 276 Gilbreath Dr, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Robert N Spengler
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Svetlana Shnaider
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Science, 17 Lavrentieva Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 1, Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Frederik Valeur Seersholm
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Isaac Hart
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, 260 Central campus Drive Room 4625, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Nicholas Case
- Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center, Department of Geography, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Shevan Wilkin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Jessica Hendy
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ulrike Thuering
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Bryan Miller
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany.,Faculty of History, University of Oxford, George Street, OX1 2RL, Oxford, UK
| | - Alicia R Ventresca Miller
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrea Picin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Nils Vanwezer
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Franziska Irmer
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Samantha Brown
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Aida Abdykanova
- Anthropology Program, American University of Central Asia, Aaly Tokombaev st. 7/6, 720060, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Daniel R Shultz
- Departments of Anthropology and History, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2T7
| | - Victoria Pham
- University of Sydney, Australia, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Katerina Douka
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Emily Lena Jones
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, MSC01-1040, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 10 Kahlaische Str., Jena, 07745, Germany
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Narasimhan VM, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Rohland N, Bernardos R, Mallick S, Lazaridis I, Nakatsuka N, Olalde I, Lipson M, Kim AM, Olivieri LM, Coppa A, Vidale M, Mallory J, Moiseyev V, Kitov E, Monge J, Adamski N, Alex N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Candilio F, Callan K, Cheronet O, Culleton BJ, Ferry M, Fernandes D, Freilich S, Gamarra B, Gaudio D, Hajdinjak M, Harney É, Harper TK, Keating D, Lawson AM, Mah M, Mandl K, Michel M, Novak M, Oppenheimer J, Rai N, Sirak K, Slon V, Stewardson K, Zalzala F, Zhang Z, Akhatov G, Bagashev AN, Bagnera A, Baitanayev B, Bendezu-Sarmiento J, Bissembaev AA, Bonora GL, Chargynov TT, Chikisheva T, Dashkovskiy PK, Derevianko A, Dobeš M, Douka K, Dubova N, Duisengali MN, Enshin D, Epimakhov A, Fribus AV, Fuller D, Goryachev A, Gromov A, Grushin SP, Hanks B, Judd M, Kazizov E, Khokhlov A, Krygin AP, Kupriyanova E, Kuznetsov P, Luiselli D, Maksudov F, Mamedov AM, Mamirov TB, Meiklejohn C, Merrett DC, Micheli R, Mochalov O, Mustafokulov S, Nayak A, Pettener D, Potts R, Razhev D, Rykun M, Sarno S, Savenkova TM, Sikhymbaeva K, Slepchenko SM, Soltobaev OA, Stepanova N, Svyatko S, Tabaldiev K, Teschler-Nicola M, Tishkin AA, Tkachev VV, Vasilyev S, Velemínský P, Voyakin D, Yermolayeva A, Zahir M, Zubkov VS, Zubova A, Shinde VS, Lalueza-Fox C, Meyer M, Anthony D, Boivin N, Thangaraj K, Kennett DJ, Frachetti M, Pinhasi R, Reich D. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science 2019; 365:365/6457/eaat7487. [PMID: 31488661 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization's decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Patterson
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. .,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Priya Moorjani
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rebecca Bernardos
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathan Nakatsuka
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark Lipson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander M Kim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Luca M Olivieri
- ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Massimo Vidale
- ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan.,Department of Cultural Heritage: Archaeology and History of Art, Cinema and Music, University of Padua, Padua 35139, Italy
| | - James Mallory
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Egor Kitov
- Center of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.,A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.,Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Janet Monge
- University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicole Adamski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neel Alex
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Francesca Candilio
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Cagliari e le Province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna, Cagliari 09124, Italy
| | - Kimberly Callan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brendan J Culleton
- Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Ferry
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Suzanne Freilich
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatriz Gamarra
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES), Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Daniel Gaudio
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mateja Hajdinjak
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Éadaoin Harney
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Thomas K Harper
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Denise Keating
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ann Marie Lawson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kirsten Mandl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mario Novak
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Niraj Rai
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.,Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Kendra Sirak
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Viviane Slon
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fatma Zalzala
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaziz Akhatov
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Anatoly N Bagashev
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Alessandra Bagnera
- ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan
| | | | - Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento
- CNRS-EXT500, Directeur de la Delegation Archaologique Francaise en Afghanistan (DAFA), Embassy of France in Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Arman A Bissembaev
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.,Aktobe Regional Historical Museum, Aktobe 030006, Kazakhstan
| | - Gian Luca Bonora
- Archaeology of Asia Department, ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Rome RM00186, Italy
| | | | - Tatiana Chikisheva
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Petr K Dashkovskiy
- Department of Political History, National and State-Confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
| | - Anatoly Derevianko
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Miroslav Dobeš
- Institute of Archaeology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 118 01, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Douka
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.,Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Nadezhda Dubova
- Center of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry Enshin
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Andrey Epimakhov
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch RAS, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia.,South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Alexey V Fribus
- Department of Archaeology, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo 650043, Russia
| | - Dorian Fuller
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, UK.,School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Shanxi, 710069, China
| | - Alexander Goryachev
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Andrey Gromov
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Sergey P Grushin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
| | - Bryan Hanks
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Margaret Judd
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Erlan Kazizov
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Aleksander Khokhlov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia
| | - Aleksander P Krygin
- West Kazakhstan Regional Center for History and Archaeology, Uralsk 090000, Kazakhstan
| | - Elena Kupriyanova
- Scientific and Educational Center of Study on the Problem of Nature and Man, Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk 454021, Russia
| | - Pavel Kuznetsov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Farhod Maksudov
- Institute for Archaeological Research, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Samarkand 140151, Uzbekistan
| | - Aslan M Mamedov
- Center for Research, Restoration and Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage of Aktobe Region, Aktobe 030007, Kazakhstan
| | - Talgat B Mamirov
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Deborah C Merrett
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Roberto Micheli
- ISMEO - International Association of Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan, 19200 Saidu Sharif (Swat), Pakistan.,MiBAC - Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali - Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio del Friuli Venezia Giulia, 34135 Trieste, Italy
| | - Oleg Mochalov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara 443099, Russia
| | - Samariddin Mustafokulov
- Institute for Archaeological Research, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Samarkand 140151, Uzbekistan.,Afrosiab Museum, Samarkand 140151, Uzbekistan
| | - Ayushi Nayak
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Davide Pettener
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Richard Potts
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Dmitry Razhev
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Marina Rykun
- National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Tatyana M Savenkova
- F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia
| | - Kulyan Sikhymbaeva
- Central State Museum Republic of Kazakhstan, Samal-1 Microdistrict, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergey M Slepchenko
- Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | | | - Nadezhda Stepanova
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Svetlana Svyatko
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.,CHRONO Centre for Climate, the Environment, and Chronology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexey A Tishkin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, The Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies in Archaeology of Western Siberia and Altai, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Center of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.,Center for Egyptological Studies RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Prague 115 79, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitriy Voyakin
- A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.,Archaeological Expertise LLP, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Muhammad Zahir
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.,Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Valery S Zubkov
- N.F. Katanov Khakassia State University, Abakan 655017, Russia
| | - Alisa Zubova
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Vasant S Shinde
- Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune 411006, India
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - David Anthony
- Anthropology Department, Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | | | - Douglas J Kennett
- Institutes of Energy and the Environment, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael Frachetti
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63112, USA. .,Spatial Analysis, Interpretation, and Exploration Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63112, USA
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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