1
|
Banousse G, Normandeau E, Semeniuk C, Bernatchez L, Audet C. Parental thermal environment controls the offspring phenotype in Brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis): insights from a transcriptomic study. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae051. [PMID: 38478598 PMCID: PMC11075542 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Brook charr is a cold-water species which is highly sensitive to increased water temperatures, such as those associated with climate change. Environmental variation can potentially induce phenotypic changes that are inherited across generations, for instance, via epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we tested whether parental thermal regimes (intergenerational plasticity) and offspring-rearing temperatures (within-generational plasticity) modify the brain transcriptome of Brook charr progeny (fry stage). Parents were exposed to either cold or warm temperatures during final gonad maturation and their progeny were reared at 5 or 8 °C during the first stages of development. Illumina Novaseq6000 was used to sequence the brain transcriptome at the yolk sac resorption stage. The number of differentially expressed genes was very low when comparing fry reared at different temperatures (79 differentially expressed genes). In contrast, 9,050 differentially expressed genes were significantly differentially expressed between fry issued from parents exposed to either cold or warm temperatures. There was a significant downregulation of processes related to neural and synaptic activity in fry originating from the warm parental group vs fry from the cold parental one. We also observed significant upregulation of DNA methylation genes and of the most salient processes associated with compensation to warming, such as metabolism, cellular response to stress, and adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Banousse
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 2Z9
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Plateforme de bio-informatique de l’IBIS (Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Christina Semeniuk
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER), University of Windsor, Windsor, Ont, Canada N9C 1A2
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 2Z9
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nelson JA, Thorarensen HT. Thermal tolerance of cultured and wild Icelandic arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) at self-selected flow rates. J Therm Biol 2024; 121:103863. [PMID: 38723312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to change not only the temperature of many freshwater systems but also flow dynamics. Understanding how fishes will fare in the future requires knowing how they will respond to both extended variations of temperature and flow. Arctic charr have had their thermal tolerance measured, but never with respect to flow. Additionally, this circumpolar species has multiple populations exhibiting dramatic phenotypic plasticity which may mean that regional differences in thermal tolerance are unaccounted for. In Iceland, Arctic charr populations have experienced highly variable flow and temperature conditions over the past 10,000 years. The Icelandic climate, topography and geothermal activity have created a mosaic of freshwater habitats inhabited by charr that vary substantially in both temperature and flow. Our purpose was to test whether populations from these varied environments had altered thermal tolerance and whether phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance in charr depends on flow. We raised cultured Icelandic charr from hatch under a 2 X 2 matrix of flow and temperature and compared them to wild charr captured from matching flow and temperature environments. Wild fish were more thermally tolerant than cultured fish at both acclimation temperatures and were more thermally plastic. Icelandic Arctic charr were more thermally tolerant than comparison charr populations across Europe and North America, but only when acclimated to 13 °C; fish acclimated to 5 °C compared equably with comparison charr populations. Icelandic Arctic charr were also more thermally plastic than all but one other salmonine species. Neither flow of rearing or the flow selected during a thermal tolerance (CTmax) test factored into thermal tolerance. Thermal tolerance was also independent of body size, condition factor, heart and gill size. In summary, wild Icelandic Arctic charr have greater thermal tolerance and plasticity than predicted from the literature and their latitude, but artificial selection for properties like growth rate or fecundity may be breeding that increased tolerance out of cultured fish. As the world moves toward a warmer climate and increased dependence on cultured fish, this is a noteworthy result and merits further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Nelson
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, 551, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland.
| | - Helgi Thor Thorarensen
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, 551, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lechner ER, Stewart EMC, Wilson CC, Raby GD. CT max in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos shows an acclimation response to developmental temperatures but is more variable than in later life stages. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:901-905. [PMID: 37984381 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Critical thermal maximum (CTmax ) is widely used to measure upper thermal tolerance in fish but is rarely examined in embryos. Upper thermal limits generally depend on an individual's thermal history, which molds plasticity. We examined how thermal acclimation affects thermal tolerance of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos using a novel method to assess CTmax in embryos incubated under three thermal regimes. Warm acclimation was associated with an increase in embryonic upper thermal tolerance. However, CTmax variability was markedly higher than is typical for juvenile or adult salmonids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Lechner
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin M C Stewart
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris C Wilson
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zillig KW, FitzGerald AM, Lusardi RA, Cocherell DE, Fangue NA. Intraspecific variation among Chinook Salmon populations indicates physiological adaptation to local environmental conditions. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad044. [PMID: 37346267 PMCID: PMC10281501 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding interpopulation variation is important to predicting species responses to climate change. Recent research has revealed interpopulation variation among several species of Pacific salmonids; however, the environmental drivers of population differences remain elusive. We tested for local adaptation and countergradient variation by assessing interpopulation variation among six populations of fall-run Chinook Salmon from the western United States. Juvenile fish were reared at three temperatures (11, 16 and 20°C), and five physiological metrics were measured (routine and maximum metabolic rate, aerobic scope, growth rate and critical thermal maximum). We then tested associations between these physiological metrics and 15 environmental characteristics (e.g. rearing temperature, latitude, migration distance, etc.). Statistical associations between the five physiological metrics and 15 environmental characteristics supported our hypotheses of local adaptation. Notably, latitude was a poor predictor of population physiology. Instead, our results demonstrate that populations from warmer habitats exhibit higher thermal tolerance (i.e. critical thermal maxima), faster growth when warm acclimated and greater aerobic capacity at high temperatures. Additionally, populations with longer migrations exhibit higher metabolic capacity. However, overall metabolic capacity declined with warm acclimation, indicating that future climate change may reduce metabolic capacity, negatively affecting long-migrating populations. Linking physiological traits to environmental characteristics enables flexible, population-specific management of disparate populations in response to local conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Zillig
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alyssa M FitzGerald
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Robert A Lusardi
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dennis E Cocherell
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Corresponding author: One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Tel: +1 (530) 752-4997.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
White SL, Rash JM, Kazyak DC. Is now the time? Review of genetic rescue as a conservation tool for brook trout. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10142. [PMID: 37250443 PMCID: PMC10213484 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Brook trout populations have been declining throughout their native range in the east coast of the United States. Many populations are now distributed in small, isolated habitat patches where low genetic diversity and high rates of inbreeding reduce contemporary viability and long-term adaptive potential. Although human-assisted gene flow could theoretically improve conservation outcomes through genetic rescue, there is widespread hesitancy to use this tool to support brook trout conservation. Here, we review the major uncertainties that have limited genetic rescue from being considered as a viable conservation tool for isolated brook trout populations and compare the risks of genetic rescue with other management alternatives. Drawing on theoretical and empirical studies, we discuss methods for implementing genetic rescue in brook trout that could yield long-term evolutionary benefits while avoiding negative fitness effects associated with outbreeding depression and the spread of maladapted alleles. We also highlight the potential for future collaborative efforts to accelerate our understanding of genetic rescue as a viable tool for conservation. Ultimately, while we acknowledge that genetic rescue is not without risk, we emphasize the merits that this tool offers for protecting and propagating adaptive potential and improving species' resilience to rapid environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. White
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science CenterKearneysvilleWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Jacob M. Rash
- North Carolina Wildlife Resources CommissionMarionNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - David C. Kazyak
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science CenterKearneysvilleWest VirginiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Houle C, Gossieaux P, Bernatchez L, Audet C, Garant D. Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in Brook charr ( Salvelinus fontinalis). Evol Appl 2023; 16:1061-1070. [PMID: 37216032 PMCID: PMC10197224 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher temperatures are now observed in several ecosystems and act as new selective agents that shape traits and fitness of individuals. Transgenerational effects may be important in modulating adaptation of future generations and buffering negative impacts of temperature changes. The potential for these effects may be important in freshwater fish species, as temperature is a key abiotic component of their environment. Yet, still, relatively few studies have assessed the presence and importance of transgenerational effects under natural conditions. The purpose of this study was to test how parental thermal conditions influenced offspring growth and survival following stocking in Brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis). To do so, part of the breeders were exposed to a "cold" treatment while others were exposed to a "warm" treatment during the final steps of gonad maturation (constant 2°C difference between treatments along the seasonal temperature decrease). The impact on offspring of a selection treatment targeting production traits of interest (absence of sexual maturation at 1+, combined with increased growth) in breeders was also evaluated. After 7-8 months of growth in captivity, offspring were stocked in natural lakes. Their growth and survival were assessed about a year later. Offspring from "cold" breeders showed lower survival than those from "warm" breeders and the selection treatment had no effect on survival. However, the selection treatment was linked to lower Fulton's condition index, which, in turn, was positively correlated to survival in lakes. This study highlights the importance of working in ecological/industrial context to fully assess the different impacts of transgenerational effects on traits and survival. Our results also have important implications for stocking practices used to support the sport fishing industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Houle
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| | | | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS)Université LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER)Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)RimouskiQuébecCanada
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de BiologieUniversité de SherbrookeSherbrookeQuébecCanada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anderson RO, Goulet CT, Chapple DG. Acclimation of thermal physiology to new basking regimes in a widespread Australian skink. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103530. [PMID: 37055133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Changes in thermal environments are a challenge for many ectotherms, as they would have to acclimate their physiology to new thermal environments to maintain high-levels of performance. Time spent basking is key for many ectothermic animals to keep their body temperature within optimal thermal ranges. However, little is known about the impact of changes in basking time on the thermal physiology of ectothermic animals. We investigated how different basking regimes (low intensity vs high intensity) affected key thermal physiological traits of a widespread Australian skink (Lampropholis delicata). We quantified thermal performance curves and thermal preferences of skinks subjected to low and high intensity basking regimes over a 12-week period. We found that skinks acclimated their thermal performance breadth in both basking regimes, with the skinks from the low-intensity basking regime showing narrower performance breadths. Although maximum velocity and optimum temperatures increased after the acclimation period, these traits did not differ between basking regimes. Similarly, no variation was detected for thermal preference. These results provide insight into mechanisms that allow these skinks to successfully overcome environmental constraints in the field. Acclimation of thermal performance curves seems to be key for widespread species to colonise new environments, and can buffer ectothermic animals in novel climatic scenarios.
Collapse
|
8
|
Horne LM, DeVries DR, Wright R, Irwin E, Staton BA, Abdelrahman HA, Stoeckel JA. Thermal performance of the electron transport system Complex III in seven Alabama fishes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:153-162. [PMID: 36285344 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Management of fish populations for conservation in thermally variable systems requires an understanding of the fish's underlying physiology and responses to thermal stress. Physiological research at the organismal level provides information on the overall effects of stressors such as extreme temperature fluctuations. While experiments with whole organisms provide information as to the overall effects of temperature fluctuations, biochemical assays of thermal stress provide direct results of exposure that are both sensitive and specific. Electron transport system (ETS; Complex III) assays quantify a rate-limiting step of respiratory enzymes. Parameters that can be estimated via this approach include optimum thermal temperature (Topt ) and optimal breadth of thermal performance (Tbreadth ), which can both be related to organismal-level temperature thresholds. We exposed enzymes of seven fish species (native fish chosen to represent a typical community in Alabama streams) to temperatures in the range 11-44°C. The resultant enzymatic thermal performance curves showed that Topt , the lower temperature for enzyme optimal thermal performance (Tlow ), the upper temperature for enzyme optimal thermal performance (Tup ), and Tbreadth differed among species. Relationships between enzymatic activity and temperature for all fish followed a pattern of steadily increasing enzyme activity to Topt before gradually decreasing with increasing temperature. A comparison of our enzyme optimum and upper-temperature limit results versus published critical thermal maxima values supports that ETS Complex III assays may be useful for assessing organismal-level thermal tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Horne
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Department of Biology, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Tennessee, Harrogate, USA
| | - Dennis R DeVries
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Russell Wright
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Elise Irwin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Hisham A Abdelrahman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.,Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - James A Stoeckel
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dash P, Siva C, Tandel RS, Bhat RAH, Gargotra P, Chadha NK, Pandey PK. Temperature alters the oxidative and metabolic biomarkers and expression of environmental stress-related genes in chocolate mahseer (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:43203-43214. [PMID: 36650370 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-term acclimation temperature effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress, metabolic stress, expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps), and warm-temperature acclimation related 65-kDa protein (Wap65) were evaluated in the threatened chocolate mahseer (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis). Fifteen-day-old larvae were acclimated to different water temperatures (15, 19, 23-control group, 27, and 31 °C) for 60 days prior to the sampling for quantification of mRNA, enzyme, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Acclimation to 31 °C increased the basal mRNA level of glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 (GSTa1), and activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and GST enzymes and but downregulated the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in the whole-body homogenate. Other antioxidant genes, i.e., CAT and GPx1a, were unaffected at 31 °C, and nitric oxide (NO) concentration was significantly lower. In contrast, fish acclimated to 15 °C showed an upregulated transcript level of all the antioxidant genes and no significant difference in the CAT, GR, and GST enzymes. Activities of the metabolic enzymes, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), were significantly lower at 15 °C. The expression of Hsp47 was upregulated at both 15 and 31 °C groups, whereas Hsp70 was elevated at 27 and 31 °C groups. Wap65-1 transcription did not show significant variation in treatment groups compared to control. Fish in the high (31 °C) and low-temperature (15 °C) acclimation groups were capable of maintaining oxidative stress by modulating their antioxidant transcripts, enzymes, and Hsps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Dash
- ICAR-DCFR, Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India.
| | - C Siva
- ICAR-DCFR, Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Ritesh Shantilal Tandel
- ICAR-DCFR, Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Raja Aadil Hussain Bhat
- ICAR-DCFR, Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Pankaj Gargotra
- ICAR-DCFR, Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Narinder Kumar Chadha
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Versova, Andheri West, Maharastra, 400061, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pandey
- ICAR-DCFR, Indian Council of Agricultural Research- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dixon TAM, Rhyno ELM, El N, McGaw SP, Otley NA, Parker KS, Buldo EC, Pabody CM, Savoie M, Cockshutt A, Morash AJ, Lamarre SG, MacCormack TJ. Taurine depletion impairs cardiac function and affects tolerance to hypoxia and high temperatures in brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis). J Exp Biol 2023; 226:286891. [PMID: 36728502 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and environmental stressors can cause osmotic stress in fish hearts, leading to a reduction in intracellular taurine concentration. Taurine is a β-amino acid known to regulate cardiac function in other animal models but its role in fish has not been well characterized. We generated a model of cardiac taurine deficiency (TD) by feeding brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis) a diet enriched in β-alanine, which inhibits cardiomyocyte taurine uptake. Cardiac taurine levels were reduced by 21% and stress-induced changes in normal taurine handling were observed in TD brook char. Responses to exhaustive exercise and acute thermal and hypoxia tolerance were then assessed using a combination of in vivo, in vitro and biochemical approaches. Critical thermal maximum was higher in TD brook char despite significant reductions in maximum heart rate. In vivo, TD brook char exhibited a lower resting heart rate, blunted hypoxic bradycardia and a severe reduction in time to loss of equilibrium under hypoxia. In vitro function was similar between control and TD hearts under oxygenated conditions, but stroke volume and cardiac output were severely compromised in TD hearts under severe hypoxia. Aspects of mitochondrial structure and function were also impacted in TD permeabilized cardiomyocytes, but overall effects were modest. High levels of intracellular taurine are required to achieve maximum cardiac function in brook char and cardiac taurine efflux may be necessary to support heart function under stress. Taurine appears to play a vital, previously unrecognized role in supporting cardiovascular function and stress tolerance in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Anne M Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Emma-Lee M Rhyno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Nir El
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Samuel P McGaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Nathan A Otley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Katya S Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Elena C Buldo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Claire M Pabody
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Mireille Savoie
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Amanda Cockshutt
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada, B2G 2W5
| | - Andrea J Morash
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| | - Simon G Lamarre
- Departement de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada, E1A 3E9
| | - Tyson J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada, E4L 1E4
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thermal acclimation in brook trout myotomal muscle varies with fiber type and age. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 276:111354. [PMID: 36464087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
As climate change alters the thermal environment of the planet, interest has grown in how animals may mitigate the impact of a changing environment on physiological function. Thermal acclimation to a warm environment may, for instance, blunt the impact of a warming environment on metabolism by allowing a fish to shift to slower isoforms of functionally significant proteins such as myosin heavy chain. The thermal acclimation of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was examined by comparing swimming performance, myotomal muscle contraction kinetics and muscle histology in groups of fish acclimated to 4, 10 and 20 °C. Brook trout show a significant acclimation response in their maximum aerobic swimming performance (Ucrit), with acclimation to warm water leading to lower Ucrit values. Maximum muscle shortening velocity (Vmax) decreased significantly with warm acclimation for both red or slow-twitch and white or fast-twitch muscle. Immunohistochemical analysis of myotomal muscle suggests changes in myosin expression underly the thermal acclimation of swimming performance and contraction kinetics. Physiological and histological data suggest a robust acclimation response to a warming environment, one that would reduce the added metabolic costs incurred by an ectotherm when environmental temperature rises for sustained periods of time.
Collapse
|
12
|
Stewart EMC, Frasca VR, Wilson CC, Raby GD. Short-term acclimation dynamics in a coldwater fish. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103482. [PMID: 36796924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Critical thermal maximum (CTmax) is widely used for measuring thermal tolerance but the strong effect of acclimation on CTmax is a likely source of variation within and among studies/species that makes comparisons more difficult. There have been surprisingly few studies focused on quantifying how quickly acclimation occurs or that combine temperature and duration effects. We studied the effects of absolute temperature difference and duration of acclimation on CTmax of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), a well-studied species in the thermal biology literature, under laboratory conditions to determine how each of the two factors and their combined effects influence critical thermal maximum. Using an ecologically-relevant range of temperatures and testing CTmax multiple times between one and 30 days, we found that both temperature and duration of acclimation had strong effects on CTmax. As predicted, fish that were exposed to warmer temperatures longer had increased CTmax, but full acclimation (i.e., a plateau in CTmax) did not occur by day 30. Therefore, our study provides useful context for thermal biologists by demonstrating that the CTmax of fish can continue to acclimate to a new temperature for at least 30 days. We recommend that this be considered in future studies measuring thermal tolerance that intend to have their organisms fully acclimated to a given temperature. Our results also support using detailed thermal acclimation information to reduce uncertainty caused by local or seasonal acclimation effects and to improve the use of CTmax data for fundamental research and conservation planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M C Stewart
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 5G7, Canada.
| | - Vince R Frasca
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Codrington Fisheries Research Facility, Codrington, ON, K0K 1R0, Canada
| | - Chris C Wilson
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 1Z8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walker NS, Nestor V, Golbuu Y, Palumbi SR. Coral bleaching resistance variation is linked to differential mortality and skeletal growth during recovery. Evol Appl 2023; 16:504-517. [PMID: 36793702 PMCID: PMC9923480 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of global coral bleaching has focused much attention on the possibility of interventions to increase heat resistance. However, if high heat resistance is linked to fitness tradeoffs that may disadvantage corals in other areas, then a more holistic view of heat resilience may be beneficial. In particular, overall resilience of a species to heat stress is likely to be the product of both resistance to heat and recovery from heat stress. Here, we investigate heat resistance and recovery among individual Acropora hyacinthus colonies in Palau. We divided corals into low, moderate, and high heat resistance categories based on the number of days (4-9) needed to reach significant pigmentation loss due to experimental heat stress. Afterward, we deployed corals back onto a reef in a common garden 6-month recovery experiment that monitored chlorophyll a, mortality, and skeletal growth. Heat resistance was negatively correlated with mortality during early recovery (0-1 month) but not late recovery (4-6 months), and chlorophyll a concentration recovered in heat-stressed corals by 1-month postbleaching. However, moderate-resistance corals had significantly greater skeletal growth than high-resistance corals by 4 months of recovery. High- and low-resistance corals on average did not exhibit skeletal growth within the observed recovery period. These data suggest complex tradeoffs may exist between coral heat resistance and recovery and highlight the importance of incorporating multiple aspects of resilience into future reef management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nia S. Walker
- Department of BiologyHopkins Marine Station of Stanford UniversityPacific GroveCaliforniaUSA
- Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine BiologyUniversity of Hawai‘i at MānoaKāneʻoheHawaiiUSA
| | | | | | - Stephen R. Palumbi
- Department of BiologyHopkins Marine Station of Stanford UniversityPacific GroveCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Van Wert JC, Hendriks B, Ekström A, Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Eliason EJ. Population variability in thermal performance of pre-spawning adult Chinook salmon. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad022. [PMID: 37152448 PMCID: PMC10157787 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is causing large declines in many Pacific salmon populations. In particular, warm rivers are associated with high levels of premature mortality in migrating adults. The Fraser River watershed in British Columbia, Canada, supports some of the largest Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs in the world. However, the Fraser River is warming at a rate that threatens these populations at critical freshwater life stages. A growing body of literature suggests salmonids are locally adapted to their thermal migratory experience, and thus, population-specific thermal performance information can aid in management decisions. We compared the thermal performance of pre-spawning adult Chinook salmon from two populations, a coastal fall-run from the Chilliwack River (125 km cooler migration) and an interior summer-run from the Shuswap River (565 km warmer migration). We acutely exposed fish to temperatures reflecting current (12°C, 18°C) and future projected temperatures (21°C, 24°C) in the Fraser River and assessed survival, aerobic capacity (resting and maximum metabolic rates, absolute aerobic scope (AAS), muscle and ventricle citrate synthase), anaerobic capacity (muscle and ventricle lactate dehydrogenase) and recovery capacity (post-exercise metabolism, blood physiology, tissue lactate). Chilliwack Chinook salmon performed worse at high temperatures, indicated by elevated mortality, reduced breadth in AAS, enhanced plasma lactate and potassium levels and elevated tissue lactate concentrations compared with Shuswap Chinook salmon. At water temperatures exceeding the upper pejus temperatures (Tpejus, defined here as 80% of maximum AAS) of Chilliwack (18.7°C) and Shuswap (20.2°C) Chinook salmon populations, physiological performance will decline and affect migration and survival to spawn. Our results reveal population differences in pre-spawning Chinook salmon performance across scales of biological organization at ecologically relevant temperatures. Given the rapid warming of rivers, we show that it is critical to consider the intra-specific variation in thermal physiology to assist in the conservation and management of Pacific salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacey C Van Wert
- Corresponding author: Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA.
| | - Brian Hendriks
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andreas Ekström
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Amat‐Trigo F, Andreou D, Gillingham PK, Britton JR. Behavioural thermoregulation in cold-water freshwater fish: Innate resilience to climate warming? FISH AND FISHERIES (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2023; 24:187-195. [PMID: 37063475 PMCID: PMC10100141 DOI: 10.1111/faf.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural thermoregulation enables ectotherms to access habitats providing conditions within their temperature optima, especially in periods of extreme thermal conditions, through adjustments to their behaviours that provide a "whole-body" response to temperature changes. Although freshwater fish have been detected as moving in response to temperature changes to access habitats that provide their thermal optima, there is a lack of integrative studies synthesising the extent to which this is driven by behaviour across different species and spatial scales. A quantitative global synthesis of behavioural thermoregulation in freshwater fish revealed that across 77 studies, behavioural thermoregulatory movements by fish were detected both vertically and horizontally, and from warm to cool waters and, occasionally, the converse. When fish moved from warm to cooler habitats, the extent of the temperature difference between these habitats decreased with increasing latitude, with juvenile and non-migratory fishes tolerating greater temperature differences than adult and anadromous individuals. With most studies focused on assessing movements of cold-water salmonids during summer periods, there remains an outstanding need for work on climatically vulnerable, non-salmonid fishes to understand how these innate thermoregulatory behaviours could facilitate population persistence in warming conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amat‐Trigo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - Phillipa K. Gillingham
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | - J. Robert Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rainville V, Dupuch A, Pépino M, Magnan P. Intraspecific competition and temperature drive habitat-based resource polymorphism in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
17
|
Cooke SJ, Bergman JN, Twardek WM, Piczak ML, Casselberry GA, Lutek K, Dahlmo LS, Birnie-Gauvin K, Griffin LP, Brownscombe JW, Raby GD, Standen EM, Horodysky AZ, Johnsen S, Danylchuk AJ, Furey NB, Gallagher AJ, Lédée EJI, Midwood JD, Gutowsky LFG, Jacoby DMP, Matley JK, Lennox RJ. The movement ecology of fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:756-779. [PMID: 35788929 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival. Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological and environmental factors occurring across all spatial and temporal scales. The intrinsic capacity of movement to impact fish individually (e.g., foraging) with potential knock-on effects throughout the ecosystem (e.g., food web dynamics) has garnered considerable interest in the field of movement ecology. The advancement of technology in recent decades, in combination with ever-growing threats to freshwater and marine systems, has further spurred empirical research and theoretical considerations. Given the rapid expansion within the field of movement ecology and its significant role in informing management and conservation efforts, a contemporary and multidisciplinary review about the various components influencing movement is outstanding. Using an established conceptual framework for movement ecology as a guide (i.e., Nathan et al., 2008: 19052), we synthesized the environmental and individual factors that affect the movement of fishes. Specifically, internal (e.g., energy acquisition, endocrinology, and homeostasis) and external (biotic and abiotic) environmental elements are discussed, as well as the different processes that influence individual-level (or population) decisions, such as navigation cues, motion capacity, propagation characteristics and group behaviours. In addition to environmental drivers and individual movement factors, we also explored how associated strategies help survival by optimizing physiological and other biological states. Next, we identified how movement ecology is increasingly being incorporated into management and conservation by highlighting the inherent benefits that spatio-temporal fish behaviour imbues into policy, regulatory, and remediation planning. Finally, we considered the future of movement ecology by evaluating ongoing technological innovations and both the challenges and opportunities that these advancements create for scientists and managers. As aquatic ecosystems continue to face alarming climate (and other human-driven) issues that impact animal movements, the comprehensive and multidisciplinary assessment of movement ecology will be instrumental in developing plans to guide research and promote sustainability measures for aquatic resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordanna N Bergman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - William M Twardek
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan L Piczak
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace A Casselberry
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keegan Lutek
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lotte S Dahlmo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kim Birnie-Gauvin
- Section for Freshwater Fisheries and Ecology, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lucas P Griffin
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily M Standen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrij Z Horodysky
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Sönke Johnsen
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Caroline, USA
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan B Furey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Elodie J I Lédée
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jon D Midwood
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee F G Gutowsky
- Environmental & Life Sciences Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M P Jacoby
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jordan K Matley
- Program in Aquatic Resources, St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert J Lennox
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Colby BR, Niles JM, Persons MH, Wilson MJ. Shifting thermal regimes influence competitive feeding and aggression dynamics of brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) and creek chub ( Semotilus atromaculatus). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9056. [PMID: 35813903 PMCID: PMC9251879 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural distributions of freshwater fish species are limited by their thermal tolerances via physiological constraints and increased interspecific competition as temperatures shift toward the thermal optima of other syntopic species. Species may mediate stress from temperature change physiologically, behaviorally, or both; but these changes may compromise competitive advantages through effects on feeding and social behavior. In the Appalachian Mountains of North America, creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) are found in warm-water and cold-water streams and overlap in range with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) across lower thermal maxima, where they compete for food and space. As stream temperatures continue to increase due to climate change, brook trout are under increasing thermal stress which may negatively affect their ability to compete with creek chub. To examine the influences of temperature on competitive interactions between these species, we observed feeding behavior, aggression, and habitat use differences at three temperatures approaching brook trout thermal maxima (18°C, 20°C, and 22°C) among dyad pairs for all combinations of species in experimental flow-through tanks. We also examined feeding and habitat use of both species under solitary conditions. We found as temperature increased, feeding and aggression of brook trout were significantly reduced in the presence of creek chub. Creek chub pairs were more likely to occupy benthic areas and refugia while brook trout pairs used surface water more. Space use patterns significantly changed by pairing treatment. Aggression and space use shifts allowed increased exploitative and interference competition from creek chub when paired with brook trout that was not present in conspecific pairs. The decreased dominance of a top predator may lead to diverse impacts on stream community dynamics with implications for the future range restriction of brook trout and demonstrate possible mechanisms to facilitate competitive advantages of warm water generalist species under thermal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R. Colby
- Ecology Program, Freshwater Research InstituteSusquehanna UniversitySelinsgrovePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jon M. Niles
- Ecology Program, Freshwater Research InstituteSusquehanna UniversitySelinsgrovePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Matthew H. Persons
- Ecology Program, Freshwater Research InstituteSusquehanna UniversitySelinsgrovePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Matthew J. Wilson
- Ecology Program, Freshwater Research InstituteSusquehanna UniversitySelinsgrovePennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Penney CM, Tabh JK, Wilson CC, Burness G. Within- and transgenerational plasticity of a temperate salmonid in response to thermal acclimation and acute temperature stress. Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:484-499. [DOI: 10.1086/721478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
20
|
Anlauf-Dunn K, Kraskura K, Eliason EJ. Intraspecific variability in thermal tolerance: a case study with coastal cutthroat trout. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac029. [PMID: 35693034 PMCID: PMC9178963 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fish physiological performance is directly regulated by their thermal environment. Intraspecific comparisons are essential to ascertain the vulnerability of fish populations to climate change and to identify which populations may be more susceptible to extirpation and which may be more resilient to continued warming. In this study, we sought to evaluate how thermal performance varies in coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) across four distinct watersheds in OR, USA. Specifically, we measured oxygen consumption rates in trout from the four watersheds with variable hydrologic and thermal regimes, comparing three ecologically relevant temperature treatments (ambient, annual maximum and novel warm). Coastal cutthroat trout displayed considerable intraspecific variability in physiological performance and thermal tolerance across the four watersheds. Thermal tolerance matched the historical experience: the coastal watersheds experiencing warmer ambient temperatures had higher critical thermal tolerance compared with the interior, cooler Willamette watersheds. Physiological performance varied across all four watersheds and there was evidence of a trade-off between high aerobic performance and broad thermal tolerance. Given the evidence of climate regime shifts across the globe, the uncertainty in both the rate and extent of warming and species responses in the near and long term, a more nuanced approach to the management and conservation of native fish species must be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara Anlauf-Dunn
- Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 28655
Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Krista Kraskura
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology,
University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology,
University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Venney CJ, Wellband KW, Normandeau E, Houle C, Garant D, Audet C, Bernatchez L. Thermal regime during parental sexual maturation, but not during offspring rearing, modulates DNA methylation in brook charr ( Salvelinus fontinalis). Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220670. [PMID: 35506232 PMCID: PMC9065957 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inheritance can result in plastic responses to changing environments being faithfully transmitted to offspring. However, it remains unclear how epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation can contribute to multigenerational acclimation and adaptation to environmental stressors. Brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis), an economically important salmonid, is highly sensitive to thermal stress and is of conservation concern in the context of climate change. We studied the effects of temperature during parental sexual maturation and offspring rearing on whole-genome DNA methylation in brook charr juveniles (fry). Parents were split between warm and cold temperatures during sexual maturation, mated in controlled breeding designs, then offspring from each family were split between warm (8°C) and cold (5°C) rearing environments. Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we found 188 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) due to parental maturation temperature after controlling for family structure. By contrast, offspring rearing temperature had a negligible effect on offspring methylation. Stable intergenerational inheritance of DNA methylation and minimal plasticity in progeny could result in the transmission of acclimatory epigenetic states to offspring, priming them for a warming environment. Our findings have implications pertaining to the role of intergenerational epigenetic inheritance in response to ongoing climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare J. Venney
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Kyle W. Wellband
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Eric Normandeau
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Carolyne Houle
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1 K 2R1
| | - Dany Garant
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1 K 2R1
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Rimouski, QC, Canada G5 L 2Z9
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
FitzGerald AM, Martin BT. Quantification of thermal impacts across freshwater life stages to improve temperature management for anadromous salmonids. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac013. [PMID: 35492417 PMCID: PMC9041423 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Water temperature is the major controlling factor that shapes the physiology, behaviour and, ultimately, survival of aquatic ectotherms. Here we examine temperature effects on the survival of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a species of high economic and conservation importance. We implement a framework to assess how incremental changes in temperature impact survival across populations that is based on thermal performance models for three freshwater life stages of Chinook salmon. These temperature-dependent models were combined with local spatial distribution and phenology data to translate spatial-temporal stream temperature data into maps of life stage-specific physiological performance in space and time. Specifically, we converted temperature-dependent performance (i.e. energy used by pre-spawned adults, mortality of incubating embryos and juvenile growth rate) into a common currency that measures survival in order to compare thermal effects across life stages. Based on temperature data from two abnormally warm and dry years for three managed rivers in the Central Valley, California, temperature-dependent mortality during pre-spawning holding was higher than embryonic mortality or juvenile mortality prior to smolting. However, we found that local phenology and spatial distribution helped to mitigate negative thermal impacts. In a theoretical application, we showed that high temperatures may inhibit successful reintroduction of threatened Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon to two rivers where they have been extirpated. To increase Chinook salmon population sizes, especially for the threatened and declining spring-run, our results indicate that adults may need more cold-water holding habitat than currently available in order to reduce pre-spawning mortality stemming from high temperatures. To conclude, our framework is an effective way to calculate thermal impacts on multiple salmonid populations and life stages within a river over time, providing local managers the information to minimize negative thermal impacts on salmonid populations, particularly important during years when cold-water resources are scarce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin T Martin
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Ecology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Manzon LA, Zak MA, Agee M, Boreham DR, Wilson JY, Somers CM, Manzon RG. Thermal acclimation alters both basal heat shock protein gene expression and the heat shock response in juvenile lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). J Therm Biol 2022; 104:103185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
24
|
Cao Q, Blondeau-Bidet E, Lorin-Nebel C. Intestinal osmoregulatory mechanisms differ in Mediterranean and Atlantic European sea bass: A focus on hypersalinity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150208. [PMID: 34798741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) migrate towards habitats where salinity can reach levels over 60‰, notably in Mediterranean lagoons. D. labrax are genetically subdivided in Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages and have evolved in slightly different salinities. We compared Atlantic and West-Mediterranean populations regarding their capacity to tolerate hypersalinity with a focus on the involvement of the intestine in solute-driven water reabsorption. Fish were analyzed following a two-week transfer from seawater (SW, 36‰) to either SW or hypersaline water (HW, 55‰). Differences among lineages were observed in posterior intestines of fish maintained in SW regarding NKA activities and mRNA expressions of nkaα1a, aqp8b, aqp1a and aqp1b with systematic higher levels in Mediterranean sea bass. High salinity transfer triggered similar responses in both lineages but at different magnitudes which may indicate slight different physiological strategies between lineages. High salinity transfer did not significantly affect the phenotypic traits measured in the anterior intestine. In the posterior intestine however, the size of enterocytes and NKA activity were higher in HW compared to SW. In this tissue, nka-α1a, nkcc2, aqp8ab and aqp8aa mRNA levels were higher in HW compared to SW as well as relative protein expression of AQP8ab. For aqp1a, 1b, 8aa and 8b, an opposite trend was observed. The sub-apical localization of AQP8ab in enterocytes suggests its role in transepithelial water reabsorption. Strong apical NKCC2/NCC staining indicates an increased Na+ and Cl- reuptake by enterocytes which could contribute to solute-coupled water reuptake in cells where AQP8ab is expressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanquan Cao
- Univ Montpellier, MARBEC (CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, UM), 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Blondeau-Bidet
- Univ Montpellier, MARBEC (CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, UM), 34095 Montpellier, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Strowbridge N, Northrup SL, Earhart ML, Blanchard TS, Schulte PM. Acute measures of upper thermal and hypoxia tolerance are not reliable predictors of mortality following environmental challenges in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab095. [PMID: 34987825 PMCID: PMC8710852 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change threatens freshwater biodiversity and poses a challenge for fisheries management, as fish will increasingly be exposed to episodes of high temperature and low oxygen (hypoxia). Here, we examine the extent of variation in tolerance of acute exposure to these stressors within and among five strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) currently being used or under consideration for use in stocking programmes in British Columbia, Canada. We used incipient lethal oxygen saturation (ILOS) as an index of acute hypoxia tolerance, critical thermal maximum (CTmax) as an index of acute upper thermal tolerance and mortality following these two acute exposure trials to assess the relative resilience of individuals and strains to climate change-relevant stressors. We measured tolerance across two brood years and two life stages (fry and yearling), using a highly replicated design with hundreds of individuals per strain and life stage. There was substantial within-strain variation in CTmax and ILOS, but differences among strains, although statistically significant, were small. In contrast, there were large differences in post-trial mortality among strains, ranging from less than 2% mortality in the most resilient strain to 55% mortality in the least resilient. There was a statistically significant, but weak, correlation between CTmax and ILOS at both life stages for some strains, with thermally tolerant individuals tending to be hypoxia tolerant. These data indicate that alternative metrics of tolerance may result in different conclusions regarding resilience to climate change stressors, which has important implications for stocking and management decisions for fish conservation in a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Strowbridge
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Sara L Northrup
- Freshwater Fisheries Society of British Columbia, Abbotsford, BC V9A 7S2, Canada
| | - Madison L Earhart
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Tessa S Blanchard
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| | - Patricia M Schulte
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1 Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Thermal tolerance of cyprinids along an urban-rural gradient: Plasticity, repeatability and effects of swimming and temperature shock. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103047. [PMID: 34503794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Urbanization changes the thermal profile of streams in much the same way that climate change is predicted to with higher temperatures, more varied flow and rapid temperature pulses with precipitation events. Whether exceptional tolerance to these altered thermal conditions is a pre-requisite for a fish species to inhabit urban streams or if urbanization has changed the thermal physiology of those fish species that persist in urban streams is unknown, but could help predict the outcome of future climate disruption. To test whether residence in urban streams is associated with altered thermal tolerance, we compared thermal tolerance (CTMax) and phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance (ΔCTMax/Δ acclimation temperature) in five populations of an urban-tolerant cyprinid, the blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), from multiple watersheds along an urban/rural gradient. Thermal tolerance of these stream fish was tested while swimming at 10 cm*s-1 but also in static water and after thermal shocks of 4°-6 °C simulating precipitation events. To test whether blacknose dace as a species has unusual thermal tolerance or thermal plasticity, we also compared two blacknose dace populations with two co-resident, co-familiars (creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) and rosyside dace (Clinostomus funduloides), that don't persist in urban streams at three different acclimation temperatures. Thermal tolerance of blacknose dace, as measured by a critical thermal maximum test (CTMax), was independent of size and activity level, i.e. individuals had identical thermal tolerance whether swimming or resting and CTMax was significantly repeatable across two levels of activity. Although there was some variance among populations, blacknose dace from streams of varied urbanization generally exhibited comparable thermal tolerances, ability to acclimate to different temperatures and were unaffected by thermal shocks. Rosyside dace had significantly lower thermal tolerance than the other two species but plasticity of thermal tolerance was uniform across the three cyprinid species. Our conclusions are that exceptional thermal tolerance or ability to thermally acclimate are not pre-requisite characters for a given cyprinid species to survive in urban streams, nor has thermal tolerance undergone directional selection in this urban environment.
Collapse
|
27
|
Li X, Tan Y, Sun Y, Wang J, Dong Y. Microhabitat temperature variation combines with physiological variation to enhance thermal resilience of the intertidal mussel
Mytilisepta virgata. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science College of Ocean and Earth Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education Fisheries College Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Yue Tan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education Fisheries College Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Yong‐xu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science College of Ocean and Earth Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education Fisheries College Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yun‐wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ministry of Education Fisheries College Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mackey TE, Hasler CT, Durhack T, Jeffrey JD, Macnaughton CJ, Ta K, Enders EC, Jeffries KM. Molecular and physiological responses predict acclimation limits in juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271813. [PMID: 34382658 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.241885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the resilience of ectotherms to high temperatures is essential because of the influence of climate change on aquatic ecosystems. The ability of species to acclimate to high temperatures may determine whether populations can persist in their native ranges. We examined physiological and molecular responses of juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to six acclimation temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 23 and 25°C) that span the thermal distribution of the species to predict acclimation limits. Brook trout exhibited an upregulation of stress-related mRNA transcripts (heat shock protein 90-beta, heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein, glutathione peroxidase 1) and downregulation of transcription factors and osmoregulation-related transcripts (nuclear protein 1, Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter-1-a) at temperatures ≥20°C. We then examined the effects of acclimation temperature on metabolic rate (MR) and physiological parameters in fish exposed to an acute exhaustive exercise and air exposure stress. Fish acclimated to temperatures ≥20°C exhibited elevated plasma cortisol and glucose, and muscle lactate after exposure to the acute stress. Fish exhibited longer MR recovery times at 15 and 20°C compared with the 5 and 10°C groups; however, cortisol levels remained elevated at temperatures ≥20°C after 24 h. Oxygen consumption in fish acclimated to 23°C recovered quickest after exposure to acute stress. Standard MR was highest and factorial aerobic scope was lowest for fish held at temperatures ≥20°C. Our findings demonstrate how molecular and physiological responses predict acclimation limits in a freshwater fish as the brook trout in the present study had a limited ability to acclimate to temperatures beyond 20°C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Mackey
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 2E9
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3B 2E9
| | - Travis Durhack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2.,Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N6
| | - Jennifer D Jeffrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | | | - Kimberly Ta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
| | - Eva C Enders
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N6
| | - Ken M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Topal A, Özdemir S, Arslan H, Çomaklı S. How does elevated water temperature affect fish brain? (A neurophysiological and experimental study: Assessment of brain derived neurotrophic factor, cFOS, apoptotic genes, heat shock genes, ER-stress genes and oxidative stress genes). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:198-204. [PMID: 33965523 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the growth and survival of fish. Increased water temperature became a global problem and it is estimated that there will be an increase in water temperature due to global climate change. The physiological mechanism for the effects of high water temperature on the fish brain is not fully known. In the present study, fish were exposed to different temperatures (10 °C/15 °C/20 °C/25°) and brain tissues were sampled 2 h-4h-6h-8h per hour respectively and then we investigated transcriptional changes of BDNF, cFOS, apoptotic genes (caspase 3, Bax, Bcl2), heat shock genes (Hsp70 and Hsp 90) ER-Stress genes (grp78, atf6, and ire1) and oxidative stress genes (CAT, SOD, and GPx) and also immunoflourescence changes of BDNF and cFOSin rainbow trout brain. The results indicated that high temperature stress lead to physiological changes in the fish brain by causing a decrease in mRNA expression levels of CAT, SOD, GPx and Bcl2 and by causing an increase in mRNA expression of BDNF, cFOS, apoptotic genes (caspase 3, Bax), heat shock genes (Hsp70 and Hsp 90) ER-Stress genes (grp78, atf6, and ire1). This study will provide important information to elucidate the physiological mechanisms related to the effects of high water temperature on the fish brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Topal
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Selçuk Özdemir
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Harun Arslan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selim Çomaklı
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nguyen BV, O’Donnell B, Villamagna AM. The environmental context of inducible HSP70 expression in Eastern Brook Trout. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab022. [PMID: 33996100 PMCID: PMC8111384 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Much research has focused on the population-level effects of climate change on Eastern Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). While some studies have considered here sub-lethal stress caused by warming waters, the role of multiple, interacting stressors remains largely unexplored. We used inducible heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) as a molecular biomarker to assess in situ response of Eastern Brook Trout in headwater streams to multiple potential stressors, including temperature. Over 7 sampling events during 2018 and 2019, we sampled 141 fish and found that HSP70 expression and 3-day mean water temperature exhibited a quadratic relationship (R 2-adj = 0.68). Further analyses showed that HSP70 expression was explained by temperature, relative water level and their interaction (R 2-adj = 0.75), while fish size and capture location were not factors. We observed a significant increase in HSP70 expression during periods of low relative water level with warm temperatures (~18°C) and also during high relative water level with cold temperatures (~8°C). Our results suggest that temperatures at the edges of the preferred range coupled with relative water level might act together to trigger the cellular stress response in Eastern Brook Trout and that there is greater variation in response at colder temperatures. These findings reinforce the need to consider complex, interactive stressors in influencing the health and persistence of Eastern Brook Trout populations into the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao V Nguyen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy M Villamagna
- Environmental Science & Policy, Plymouth State University, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Crawford RD, O'Keefe JM. Avoiding a conservation pitfall: Considering the risks of unsuitably hot bat boxes. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reed D. Crawford
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Illinois USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Illinois USA
| | - Joy M. O'Keefe
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Illinois USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Illinois USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
FitzGerald AM, John SN, Apgar TM, Mantua NJ, Martin BT. Quantifying thermal exposure for migratory riverine species: Phenology of Chinook salmon populations predicts thermal stress. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:536-549. [PMID: 33216441 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Migratory species are particularly vulnerable to climate change because habitat throughout their entire migration cycle must be suitable for the species to persist. For migratory species in rivers, predicting climate change impacts is especially difficult because there is a lack of spatially continuous and seasonally varying stream temperature data, habitat conditions can vary for an individual throughout its life cycle, and vulnerability can vary by life stage and season. To predict thermal impacts on migratory riverine populations, we first expanded a spatial stream network model to predict mean monthly temperature for 465,775 river km in the western U.S., and then applied simple yet plausible future stream temperature change scenarios. We then joined stream temperature predictions to 44,396 spatial observations and life-stage-specific phenology (timing) for 26 ecotypes (i.e., geographically distinct population groups expressing one of the four distinct seasonal migration patterns) of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a phenotypically diverse anadromous salmonid that is ecologically and economically important but declining throughout its range. Thermal stress, assessed for each life stage and ecotype based on federal criteria, was influenced by migration timing rather than latitude, elevation, or migration distance such that sympatric ecotypes often showed differential thermal exposure. Early-migration phenotypes were especially vulnerable due to prolonged residency in inland streams during the summer. We evaluated the thermal suitability of 31,699 stream km which are currently blocked by dams to explore reintroduction above dams as an option to mitigate the negative effects of our warmer stream temperature scenarios. Our results showed that negative impacts of stream temperature warming can be offset for almost all ecotypes if formerly occupied habitat above dams is made available. Our approach of combining spatial distribution and phenology data with spatially explicit and temporally explicit temperature predictions enables researchers to examine thermal exposure of migrating populations that use seasonally varying habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M FitzGerald
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Sara N John
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Travis M Apgar
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Nathan J Mantua
- Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin T Martin
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Ecology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hittle KA, Kwon ES, Coughlin DJ. Climate change and anadromous fish: How does thermal acclimation affect the mechanics of the myotomal muscle of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:311-318. [PMID: 33465296 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In response to accelerated temperature shifts due to climate change, the survival of many species will require forms of thermal acclimation to their changing environment. We were interested in how climate change will impact a commercially and recreationally important species of fish, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). As climate change alters the thermal environment of their natal streams, we asked how their muscle function will be altered by extended exposure to both warm and cold temperatures. We performed a thermal acclimation study of S. salar muscle mechanics of both fast-twitch, or white, and slow-twitch, or red, myotomal muscle bundles to investigate how temperature acclimated Atlantic salmon would respond across a range of different temperatures. Isometric contraction properties, maximum shortening velocity, and oscillatory power output were measured and compared amongst three groups of salmon-warm acclimated (20°C), cold-acclimated (2°C), and those at their rearing temperature (12°C). The Atlantic salmon showed limited thermal acclimation in their contraction kinetics, and some of the shifts in contractile properties that were observed would not be predicted to mitigate the impact of a warming environment. For instance, the maximum shortening velocity at a common test temperature was higher in the warm acclimated group and lower in the cold-acclimated group. In addition, critical swimming speed did not vary with temperature of acclimation when tested at a common temperature (12°C). Our results suggest that Atlantic salmon populations will continue to struggle in response to a warming environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Hittle
- Department of Biology, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Kwon
- Department of Biology, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David J Coughlin
- Department of Biology, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Critical Thermal Capacities of Hyla chrysoscelis in Relation to Season. J HERPETOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1670/19-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
35
|
Caldwell TJ, Chandra S, Feher K, Simmons JB, Hogan Z. Ecosystem response to earlier ice break-up date: Climate-driven changes to water temperature, lake-habitat-specific production, and trout habitat and resource use. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5475-5491. [PMID: 32602183 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming has yielded earlier ice break-up dates in recent decades for lakes leading to water temperature increases, altered habitat, and both increases and decreases to ecosystem productivity. Within lakes, the effect of climate warming on secondary production in littoral and pelagic habitats remains unclear. The intersection of changing habitat productivity and warming water temperatures on salmonids is important for understanding how climate warming will impact mountain ecosystems. We develop and test a conceptual model that expresses how earlier ice break-up dates influence within lake habitat production, water temperatures and the habitat utilized by, resources obtained and behavior of salmonids in a mountain lake. We measured zoobenthic and zooplankton production from the littoral and pelagic habitats, thermal conditions, and the habitat use, resource use, and fitness of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). We show that earlier ice break-up conditions created a "resource-rich" littoral-benthic habitat with increases in zoobenthic production compared to the pelagic habitat which decreased in zooplankton production. Despite the increases in littoral-benthic food resources, trout did not utilize littoral habitat or zoobenthic resources due to longer durations of warm water temperatures in the littoral zone. In addition, 87% of their resources were supported by the pelagic habitat during periods with earlier ice break-up when pelagic resources were least abundant. The decreased reliance on littoral-benthic resources during earlier ice break-up caused reduced fitness (mean reduction of 12 g) to trout. Our data show that changes to ice break-up drive multi-directional results for resource production within lake habitats and increase the duration of warmer water temperatures in food-rich littoral habitats. The increased duration of warmer littoral water temperatures reduces the use of energetically efficient habitats culminating in decreased trout fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Caldwell
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sudeep Chandra
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Global Water Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Karly Feher
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - James B Simmons
- Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Zeb Hogan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Global Water Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Little AG, Loughland I, Seebacher F. What do warming waters mean for fish physiology and fisheries? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:328-340. [PMID: 32441327 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental signals act primarily on physiological systems, which then influence higher-level functions such as movement patterns and population dynamics. Increases in average temperature and temperature variability associated with global climate change are likely to have strong effects on fish physiology and thereby on populations and fisheries. Here we review the principal mechanisms that transduce temperature signals and the physiological responses to those signals in fish. Temperature has a direct, thermodynamic effect on biochemical reaction rates. Nonetheless, plastic responses to longer-term thermal signals mean that fishes can modulate their acute thermal responses to compensate at least partially for thermodynamic effects. Energetics are particularly relevant for growth and movement, and therefore for fisheries, and temperature can have pronounced effects on energy metabolism. All energy (ATP) production is ultimately linked to mitochondria, and temperature has pronounced effects on mitochondrial efficiency and maximal capacities. Mitochondria are dependent on oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor so that cardiovascular function and oxygen delivery link environmental inputs with energy metabolism. Growth efficiency, that is the conversion of food into tissue, changes with temperature, and there are indications that warmer water leads to decreased conversion efficiencies. Moreover, movement and migration of fish relies on muscle function, which is partially dependent on ATP production but also on intracellular calcium cycling within the myocyte. Neuroendocrine processes link environmental signals to regulated responses at the level of different tissues, including muscle. These physiological processes within individuals can scale up to population responses to climate change. A mechanistic understanding of thermal responses is essential to predict the vulnerability of species and populations to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Loughland
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nyboer EA, Chrétien E, Chapman LJ. Divergence in aerobic scope and thermal tolerance is related to local thermal regime in two populations of introduced Nile perch (Lates niloticus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:231-245. [PMID: 32333608 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We tested whether thermal tolerance and aerobic performance differed between two populations of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) originating from the same source population six decades after their introduction into two lakes in the Lake Victoria basin in East Africa. We used short-term acclimation of juvenile fish to a range of temperatures from ambient to +6°C, and performed critical thermal maximum (CTmax ) and respirometry tests to measure upper thermal tolerance, resting and maximum metabolic rates, and aerobic scope (AS). Across acclimation temperatures, Nile perch from the cooler lake (Lake Nabugabo, Uganda) tended to have lower thermal tolerance (i.e., CTmax ) and lower aerobic performance (i.e., AS) than Nile perch from the warmer waters of Lake Victoria (Bugonga region, Uganda). Effects of temperature acclimation were more pronounced in the Lake Victoria population, with the Lake Nabugabo fish showing less thermal plasticity in most metabolic traits. Our results suggest phenotypic divergence in thermal tolerance between these two introduced populations in a direction consistent with an adaptive response to local thermal regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Nyboer
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton Univeristy, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Chrétien
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Effect of acclimated temperature on thermal tolerance, immune response and expression of HSP genes in Labeo rohita, Catla catla and their intergeneric hybrids. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102570. [PMID: 32364999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a species and population to respond to a decrease or an increase in temperature depends on their adaptive potential. Here, the critical thermal tolerance (CTmax and CTmin) of four populations: Labeo rohita, Catla catla, and their reciprocal hybrids L. rohita♀× C. catla♂ (RC) and C. catla♀ × L. rohita♂ (CR) being acclimatized at four acclimation temperatures (22, 26, 30 and 34 °C) were determined. All populations indicated substantial variations (P < 0.05) in CTmax and CTmin values. L. rohita displayed, comparatively the highest CTmax with largest total and intrinsic polygon zones as well as the upper and lower acquired thermal tolerance zones followed by RC and CR hybrids, while C. catla showed significantly the highest CTmin value and the smallest intrinsic and acquired thermal tolerance zones. Both hybrids illustrated low parent heterosis (≤11%). Additionally, the highest expression of Hsp70 and Hsp90 (heat shock proteins) genes, serum lysozyme level, respiratory burst activity and lowest lipid peroxidation level under lower and higher temperature shock further illustrated strong physiological mechanism of L. rohita in contrast to C. catla, to deal with acute temperature, while hybrids, especially F1 RC hybrid appeared as a good option to replace C. catla in relatively higher and lower temperature areas.
Collapse
|
39
|
Thermal acclimation of rainbow trout myotomal muscle, can trout acclimate to a warming environment? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 245:110702. [PMID: 32278083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is a looming threat to the planet. Cold-water aquatic species will face significant physiological challenges due to elevated summer temperatures. Salmonids, such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) maintain fidelity to native streams, limiting their ability to mitigate the impact of climate change through migration. We examined how rainbow trout swimming performance and muscle function were shaped by the thermal environment. We hypothesized that trout would show slower muscle contractile properties and slower swimming performance with long-term exposure to warmer water. For fish held at either 10 °C or 20 °C, maximum steady swimming speed (Ucrit) was determined, and contractile properties of both fast-twitch (white) and slow-twitch (red) myotomal muscle were examined. In addition, immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR were used to assess changes in myosin content of the myotomal muscle in response to holding temperature. Rainbow trout exposed to warm water for six weeks displayed relatively limited thermal acclimation response. When tested at a common temperature (10 °C), 20 °C acclimated fish had modestly slower muscle performance compared to 10 °C acclimated fish. Significant differences in swimming performance and muscle contractile properties were primarily at colder test temperatures (e.g. 2 °C for muscle mechanics). Shifts in myosin heavy chain protein composition and myosin heavy chain gene expression in the swimming muscle were observed in white but not red muscle. Our results suggest that rainbow trout will have a limited ability to mitigate elevated environmental temperature through thermal acclimation of their myotomal or swimming muscle.
Collapse
|
40
|
O'Donnell MJ, Regish AM, McCormick SD, Letcher BH. How repeatable is CT max within individual brook trout over short- and long-time intervals? J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102559. [PMID: 32364992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As stream temperatures increase due to factors such as heated runoff from impervious surfaces, deforestation, and climate change, fish species adapted to cold water streams are forced to move to more suitable habitat, acclimate or adapt to increased thermal regimes, or die. To estimate the potential for adaptation, a (within individual) repeatable metric of thermal tolerance is imperative. Critical thermal maximum (CTmax) is a dynamic test that is widely used to measure thermal tolerance across many taxa and has been used in fishes for decades, but its repeatability in most species is unknown. CTmax tests increase water temperature steadily over time until loss of equilibrium (LOE) is achieved. To determine if CTmax is a consistent metric within individual fish, we measured CTmax on the same lab-held individually-marked adult brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis at three different times (August & September 2016, September 2017). We found that CTmax is a repeatable trait (Repeatability ± S.E.: 0.48 ± 0.14). CTmax of individuals males was consistent over time, but the CTmax of females increased slightly over time. This result indicates that CTmax is a robust, repeatable estimate of thermal tolerance in a cold-water adapted fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J O'Donnell
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, USA.
| | - A M Regish
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, USA
| | - S D McCormick
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, USA
| | - B H Letcher
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA, 01376, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Beer SD, Cornett S, Austerman P, Trometer B, Hoffman T, Bartron ML. Genetic diversity, admixture, and hatchery influence in Brook Trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) throughout western New York State. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7455-7479. [PMID: 31346416 PMCID: PMC6635958 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Brook Trout are distributed across most of eastern North America, population numbers have declined in many regions due to habitat loss, climate change, and competition with non-native species. In New York State, Brook Trout habitat has been substantially reduced, with many areas showing complete extirpation of Brook Trout populations, predominantly in the western portion of the state. Small, fragmented populations are at risk of genetic diversity loss, inbreeding depression, and reduced fitness, leading to a greater potential for local extirpation. Genetic monitoring is a practical tool that can facilitate further conservation-decision making regarding small populations. In this study, we used 12 microsatellite loci to examine 3,436 sampled Brook Trout, representing 75 sites from the Allegheny, Erie/Niagara, Genesee, Oswego, Lake Ontario, and Susquehanna drainage basins throughout western New York State. Three Brook Trout hatchery strains were also genetically characterized to evaluate the degree of hatchery introgression between wild populations and hatchery strains stocked in the region. Overall, estimates of genetic diversity varied widely: Allelic richness ranged from 2.23 to 7.485, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.402 to 0.766. As observed for Brook Trout in other regions, we found a high degree of genetic differentiation among populations, with all comparisons except one showing significant F ST values. Hatchery introgression was found to be minimal, with estimates ranging from 1.96% to 3.10% of wild individuals exhibiting membership proportions to a hatchery strain cluster exceeding 10% (q ≥ 0.10). Results from this investigation can be used to prioritize management efforts for Brook Trout in western New York State and act as a baseline to monitor future population trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Cornett
- New York State Department of Environmental ConservationAlleganyNew York
| | - Peter Austerman
- New York State Department of Environmental ConservationAvonNew York
| | - Betsy Trometer
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceLower Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Conservation OfficeBasomNew York
| | - Thomas Hoffman
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceLower Great Lakes Fish and Wildlife Conservation OfficeBasomNew York
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Morgan R, Sundin J, Finnøen MH, Dresler G, Vendrell MM, Dey A, Sarkar K, Jutfelt F. Are model organisms representative for climate change research? Testing thermal tolerance in wild and laboratory zebrafish populations. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz036. [PMID: 31249690 PMCID: PMC6589993 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Model organisms can be useful for studying climate change impacts, but it is unclear whether domestication to laboratory conditions has altered their thermal tolerance and therefore how representative of wild populations they are. Zebrafish in the wild live in fluctuating thermal environments that potentially reach harmful temperatures. In the laboratory, zebrafish have gone through four decades of domestication and adaptation to stable optimal temperatures with few thermal extremes. If maintaining thermal tolerance is costly or if genetic traits promoting laboratory fitness at optimal temperature differ from genetic traits for high thermal tolerance, the thermal tolerance of laboratory zebrafish could be hypothesized to be lower than that of wild zebrafish. Furthermore, very little is known about the thermal environment of wild zebrafish and how close to their thermal limits they live. Here, we compared the acute upper thermal tolerance (critical thermal maxima; CTmax) of wild zebrafish measured on-site in West Bengal, India, to zebrafish at three laboratory acclimation/domestication levels: wild-caught, F1 generation wild-caught and domesticated laboratory AB-WT line. We found that in the wild, CTmax increased with increasing site temperature. Yet at the warmest site, zebrafish lived very close to their thermal limit, suggesting that they may currently encounter lethal temperatures. In the laboratory, acclimation temperature appeared to have a stronger effect on CTmax than it did in the wild. The fish in the wild also had a 0.85-1.01°C lower CTmax compared to all laboratory populations. This difference between laboratory-held and wild populations shows that environmental conditions can affect zebrafish's thermal tolerance. However, there was no difference in CTmax between the laboratory-held populations regardless of the domestication duration. This suggests that thermal tolerance is maintained during domestication and highlights that experiments using domesticated laboratory-reared model species can be appropriate for addressing certain questions on thermal tolerance and global warming impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Morgan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Josefin Sundin
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mette H Finnøen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnar Dresler
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marc Martínez Vendrell
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arpita Dey
- Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Kripan Sarkar
- Rainbow Ornamental Fish Farm, Baxipara, Raninagar, Mohitnagar, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Shi KP, Dong SL, Zhou YG, Li Y, Gao QF, Sun DJ. RNA-seq reveals temporal differences in the transcriptome response to acute heat stress in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 30:169-178. [PMID: 30861459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute heat stress is common in aquaculture and can affect diverse physiological processes in fish; however, different species of fish have various mechanisms for heat stress adaptation. In this study, we profiled the transcriptome responses of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to heat stress at 23 °C for 6 or 24 h, compared with that of fish at a normal temperature of 13 °C. The liver was selected as the target tissue for this analysis. A total of 243 and 88 genes were differentially expressed after 6 and 24 h of heat stress, respectively. Of these, only 22 were common to both time points, and most of these common genes were molecular chaperones such as heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein and heat shock protein 90-alpha. Genes such as activating transcription factor 6, calreticulin, protein disulfide isomerase A3, and protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-eukaryotic initiation factor 2-alpha were only up-regulated after 6 h of heat stress; most of these genes are involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Indeed, endoplasmic reticulum stress was identified at 6 h but not at 24 h, suggesting that stress response plays an important role in the adaptation of Atlantic salmon to acute heat stress. Other up-regulated genes at 6 h were related to the insulin and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling pathways, which directly eliminate misfolded proteins and sustain sugar and lipid homeostasis. At 24 h, heat stress influenced the expression of steroid and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, which may influence the sexual development and differentiation of Atlantic salmon. Overall, our results elucidate the transcriptome mechanisms that contribute to short-term heat tolerance in the liver of Atlantic salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Peng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yan-Gen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qin-Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Da-Jiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Acclimation capacity of the cardiac HSP70 and HSP90 response to thermal stress in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), a stenothermal ice-age relict. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
45
|
Cook CJ, Wilson CC, Burness G. Impacts of environmental matching on the routine metabolic rate and mass of native and mixed-ancestry brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) fry. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy023. [PMID: 30364295 PMCID: PMC6194207 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment an organism experiences during early development can impact its physiology and survival later in life. The objective of this study was to determine if temperatures experienced at embryonic life stages of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) affected mass and routine metabolic rate (RMR) of a subsequent life stage (free-swimming fry). As part of this, we assessed the contributions and importance of hierarchical levels of biological organization [ancestral type (native vs. hatchery-introgressed), population, and family] to variability in mass and RMR of fry. As embryos and alevin, individuals were reared at either natural environmental (5°C) or elevated (9°C) temperatures and then acclimated to either matched or mismatched temperature treatments once yolk sacs were resorbed. Mass differences among fry were strongly influenced by population of origin as well as initial rearing and final acclimation temperatures. Variation in mass-adjusted RMR of fry was also strongly accounted for by source population, acclimation temperature, and individual mass. A significant interaction between population RMR and final acclimation temperature indicated that not all brook trout populations responded the same way to temperature changes. In contrast to expectations, the highest ancestry category (native vs. introgressed) did not significantly influence mass or mass-adjusted RMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharine J Cook
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Chris C Wilson
- Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada K9L 0G2
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cook CJ, Burness G, Wilson CC. Metabolic rates of embryos and alevin from a cold-adapted salmonid differ with temperature, population and family of origin: implications for coping with climate change. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:cox076. [PMID: 30613399 PMCID: PMC5757644 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cox076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Early developmental stages of cold-adapted ectotherms such as brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are at higher risk of mortality with increasing water temperatures. To determine the amount of variation present in early life, which may allow for potential adaptation to increasing temperature, we examined the routine metabolic rates (RMR) of wild-origin brook trout embryos and alevins reared at normal (5°C) and elevated (9°C) temperatures. The experiment was structured to examine variation in RMR within and among several levels of biological organization (family, population and ancestral type (native vs. mixed ancestry)). As expected, family and temperature variables were most important for predicting RMR and body mass, although population-level differences also existed when family was excluded for more detailed analysis. Additionally, body mass strongly influenced RMR at all life stages except for eyed embryos. When family identity was removed from the analysis, population became the most significant variable. Variation in RMR and mass within and among populations may indicate existing adaptive potential within and among brook trout populations to respond to predicted warming under climate change scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharine J Cook
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9L 0G2
| | - Chris C Wilson
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, CanadaK9L 0G2
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shaughnessy CA, McCormick SD. Reduced thermal tolerance during salinity acclimation in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) can be rescued by prior treatment with cortisol. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.169557. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.169557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess whether thermal tolerance of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is affected during seawater (SW) acclimation and to investigate the role of cortisol in osmoregulation and thermal tolerance during SW acclimation. Freshwater (FW)-acclimated brook trout at 18 °C (Tacc) were exposed to SW for 16 d, whilst maintaining a FW control. Fish were examined for critical thermal maximum (CTmax) 0 (before), 2, 5, and 16 d after SW exposure, and sampled at Tacc and CTmax for analysis of plasma cortisol, glucose, and Cl−, gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) abundance, and white muscle water content. At 2 d in SW, CTmax was significantly reduced (from 31 to 26 °C), then recovered by 16 d. This transient decrease in thermal tolerance coincided with a transient increase in plasma Cl− and decrease in muscle moisture content. Salinity itself had no effect on gill HSP70 abundance compared to the large and immediate effects of high temperature exposure during CTmax testing. To examine the role of cortisol in osmoregulation, brook trout were administered a cortisol implant (5 and 25 µg/g CORT) prior to SW exposure. Both CORT doses significantly increased their capacity to maintain plasma Cl− during SW acclimation. Treatment with the 25 µg/g CORT dose was shown to significantly improve CTmax after 2 d in SW, and CTmax was associated with plasma Cl−. These findings indicate that brook trout are sensitive to temperature during SW acclimation and that thermal tolerance is associated with ion and water balance during SW acclimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran A. Shaughnessy
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen D. McCormick
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chadwick JG, McCormick SD. Upper thermal limits of growth in brook trout and their relationship to stress physiology. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:3976-3987. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Despite the threat of climate change, the physiological mechanisms responsible for reduced performance at high temperatures remain unclear for most species. Elevated but sublethal temperatures may act via endocrine and cellular stress responses to limit performance in important life-history traits such as growth. Here, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) subjected to chronically elevated or daily oscillating temperatures were monitored for growth and physiological stress responses. Growth rate decreased at temperatures above 16°C and was negative at 24°C, with an estimated upper limit for positive growth of 23.4°C. Plasma cortisol increased with temperature and was 12- and 18-fold higher at 22 and 24°C, respectively, than at 16°C, whereas plasma glucose was unaffected by temperature. Abundance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the gill increased with temperature and was 11- and 56-fold higher at 22°C and 24°C, respectively, than at 16°C. There was no relationship between temperature and plasma Cl−, but there was a 53% and 80% decrease in gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and abundance at 24°C in comparison with 16°C. Daily temperature oscillations of 4°C or 8°C (19–23°C or 17–25°C) were compared with 21°C controls. Growth rate decreased with temperature and was 43% and 35% lower by length and mass, respectively, in the 8°C daily oscillation treatment than in the controls. There was no effect of temperature oscillation on plasma cortisol or glucose levels. In contrast, gill HSP70 abundance increased with increasing daily oscillation and was 40- and 700-fold greater at 4°C and 8°C daily oscillation, respectively, than in the constant temperature controls. In individuals exposed to 17–25°C diel oscillations for 4 days and then allowed to recover at 21°C, gill HSP70 abundance was still elevated after 4 days recovery, but not after 10 days. Our results demonstrate that elevated temperatures induce cellular and endocrine stress responses and provide a possible mechanism by which growth is limited at elevated temperatures. Temperature limitations on growth may play a role in driving brook trout distributions in the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Chadwick
- Graduate Program in Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Stephen D. McCormick
- Graduate Program in Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, One Migratory Way, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bruce SA, Hare MP, Mitchell MW, Wright JJ. Confirmation of a unique and genetically diverse ‘heritage’ strain of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a remote Adirondack watershed. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-1019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
50
|
Liu Y, Ma D, Zhao C, Xiao Z, Xu S, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Li J. The expression pattern of hsp70 plays a critical role in thermal tolerance of marine demersal fish: Multilevel responses of Paralichthys olivaceus and its hybrids (P. olivaceus ♀ × P. dentatus ♂) to chronic and acute heat stress. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 129:386-395. [PMID: 28689860 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming has multifaceted impacts on marine organisms. This study investigated the different responses of Paralichthys olivaceus and the hybrids (P. olivaceus ♀ × P. dentatus ♂) to chronic and acute heat stress. By comparing their survival, behavioural and histological changes, we found that the hybrids possess a better thermal tolerance with a higher cumulative survival rate (CSR), relatively fewer behavioural changes and less gill damage. Moreover, we analysed the relationship between thermal tolerance and the hsp70 expression pattern and found that thermal tolerant species (the hybrids) exhibited higher threshold induction temperature, shorter durations, stronger magnitudes and a delay in hsp70 expression. We speculated that the expression mode of hsp70, rather than itself, plays a critical role in thermal tolerance. These findings would improve the understanding of hsp70 in future marine climate research and help clarify the profound effects of rising temperature on marine demersal fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Daoyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhizhong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shihong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yongshuang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| |
Collapse
|