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Baines CB, Shaw AK. Parasite prevalence is determined by infection state- and risk-dependent dispersal of the host. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230130. [PMID: 38913060 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of parasites and the emergence of disease are currently threatening global biodiversity and human welfare. To address this threat, we need to better understand those factors that determine parasite persistence and prevalence. It is known that dispersal is central to the spatial dynamics of host-parasite systems. Yet past studies have typically assumed that dispersal is a species-level constant, despite a growing body of empirical evidence that dispersal varies with ecological context, including the risk of infection and aspects of host state such as infection status (parasite-dependent dispersal; PDD). Here, we develop a metapopulation model to understand how different forms of PDD shape the prevalence of a directly transmitted parasite. We show that increasing host dispersal rate can increase, decrease or cause a non-monotonic change in regional parasite prevalence, depending on the type of PDD and characteristics of the host-parasite system (transmission rate, virulence, and dispersal mortality). This result contrasts with previous studies with parasite-independent dispersal which concluded that prevalence increases with host dispersal rate. We argue that accounting for host dispersal responses to parasites is necessary for a complete understanding of host-parasite dynamics and for predicting how parasite prevalence will respond to changes such as human alteration of landscape connectivity. This article is part of the theme issue 'Diversity-dependence of dispersal: interspecific interactions determine spatial dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina B Baines
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota , St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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2
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Shaw AK, Levet M, Binning SA. A unified evolutionary framework for understanding parasite infection and host migratory behaviour. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1987-2002. [PMID: 37706582 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Animal migration impacts organismal health and parasite transmission: migrants are simultaneously exposed to parasites and able to reduce infection for both individuals and populations. However, these dynamics are difficult to study; empirical studies reveal disparate results while existing theory makes assumptions that simplify natural complexity. Here, we systematically review empirical studies of migration and infection across taxa, highlighting key gaps in our understanding. Next, we develop a unified evolutionary framework incorporating different selective pressures of parasite-migration interactions while accounting for ecological complexity that goes beyond previous theory. Our framework generates diverse migration-infection patterns paralleling those seen in empirical systems, including partial and differential migration. Finally, we generate predictions about which mechanisms dominate which empirical systems to guide future studies. Our framework provides an overarching understanding of selective pressures shaping migration patterns in the context of animal health and disease, which is critical for predicting how environmental change may threaten migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marie Levet
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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3
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Shaw AK, Torstenson M, Craft ME, Binning SA. Gaps in modelling animal migration with evolutionary game theory: infection can favour the loss of migration. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210506. [PMID: 36934748 PMCID: PMC10024995 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing environmental changes alter how natural selection shapes animal migration. Understanding how these changes play out theoretically can be done using evolutionary game theoretic (EGT) approaches, such as looking for evolutionarily stable strategies. Here, we first describe historical patterns of how EGT models have explored different drivers of migration. We find that there are substantial gaps in both the taxa (mammals, amphibians, reptiles, insects) and mechanisms (mutualism, interspecific competition) included in past EGT models of migration. Although enemy interactions, including parasites, are increasingly considered in models of animal migration, they remain the least studied of factors for migration considered to date. Furthermore, few papers look at changes in migration in response to perturbations (e.g. climate change, new species interactions). To address this gap, we present a new EGT model to understand how infection with a novel parasite changes host migration. We find three possible outcomes when migrants encounter novel parasites: maintenance of migration (despite the added infection cost), loss of migration (evolutionary shift to residency) or population collapse, depending on the risk and cost of getting infected, and the cost currency. Our work demonstrates how emerging infection can alter animal behaviour such as migration. This article is part of the theme issue 'Half a century of evolutionary games: a synthesis of theory, application and future directions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Martha Torstenson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sandra A. Binning
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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4
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MacDonald H, Brisson D. Parasite-mediated selection on host phenology. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10107. [PMID: 37214617 PMCID: PMC10199498 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of seasonal activity, or phenology, is an adaptive trait that maximizes individual fitness by timing key life events to coincide with favorable abiotic factors and biotic interactions. Studies on the biotic interactions that determine optimal phenology have focused on temporal overlaps among positively-interacting species such as mutualisms. Less well understood is the extent that negative interactions such as parasitism impact the evolution of host phenology. Here, we present a mathematical model demonstrating the evolution of host phenological patterns in response to sterilizing parasites. Environments with parasites favor hosts with shortened activity periods or greater distributions in emergence timing, both of which reduce the temporal overlap between hosts and parasites and thus reduce infection risk. Although host populations with these altered phenological patterns are less likely to mature and reproduce, the fitness advantage of parasite avoidance can be greater than the cost of reduced reproduction. These results illustrate the impact of parasitism on the evolution of host phenology and suggest that shifts in host phenology could serve as a strategy to mitigate the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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5
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Rivera-Ruiz DA, Flores-Martínez JJ, Rosales C, Herrera Montalvo LG. Constitutive Innate Immunity of Migrant and Resident Long-Nosed Bats (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae) in the Drylands of Mexico. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to birds, the relationship between migration and immunity has been scarcely studied in bats. We examined how the expression of the humoral portion of the constitutive immunity varied in a bat with partial, sex-biased migration: the lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae (Phyllostomidae)). The lesser long-nosed bat is a nectarivorous species distributed in the arid and semi-arid regions of North and Central America. We evaluated the bacteria-killing abilities (BKAs) of the plasma of male and female lesser long-nosed bats on the Pacific coast in different periods of the year. Because adult males are resident, they were used to explore the effect of reproductive activity on BKA, and we predicted higher values in mating males (i.e., individuals presenting scrotal testicles and a fresh dorsal patch). In contrast to males, most females migrate to cactus deserts in northern Mexico during pregnancy and lactation, and then return to the dry forests of west-central Mexico to mate. We predicted that the combined effect of breeding and migration would have an adverse effect on BKA; therefore, migratory pregnant and lactating females were expected to exhibit a lower BKA than mating females in west-central Mexico. We compared the BKAs of females captured in October and December in central Mexico, and we predicted that migratory females that had recently arrived in October should exhibit a lower BKA than females captured two months later. In addition, we compared the BKAs between lactating females and young in northern Mexico and predicted lower values in recently born individuals. We found that the BKAs of males were higher in reproductive individuals than in non-reproductive individuals. We found a significant difference in the BKAs between females at the two extremes of their migratory range: the values of pregnant females in Sonora and females in December were higher than those of females captured in October. Finally, we found no difference in BKAs between lactating females and young individuals. Our findings indicate that the basal levels of the innate humoral component are heightened in mating males, that this response is reduced in females that recently returned to their mating grounds, and that the constitutive immunity of young individuals matures early, probably in anticipation of the potential to encounter pathogens during their migration to west-central Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rivera-Ruiz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 21, San Patricio 48989, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Juan Flores-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyacán 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Gerardo Herrera Montalvo
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 21, San Patricio 48989, Jalisco, Mexico
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Teitelbaum CS, Bachner NC, Hall RJ. Post‐migratory nonbreeding movements of birds: A review and case study. Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
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7
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Teitelbaum CS, Casazza ML, McDuie F, De La Cruz SEW, Overton CT, Hall LA, Matchett EL, Ackerman JT, Sullivan JD, Ramey AM, Prosser DJ. Waterfowl recently infected with low pathogenic avian influenza exhibit reduced local movement and delayed migration. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. Teitelbaum
- Akima Systems Engineering Herndon Virginia USA
- Contractor to U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Michael L. Casazza
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Fiona McDuie
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
- San Jose State University Research Foundation Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Moss Landing California USA
| | - Susan E. W. De La Cruz
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station Moffett Field California USA
| | - Cory T. Overton
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Laurie A. Hall
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station Moffett Field California USA
| | - Elliott L. Matchett
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Joshua T. Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station Dixon California USA
| | - Jeffery D. Sullivan
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
| | - Andrew M. Ramey
- U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center Anchorage Alaska USA
| | - Diann J. Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center Laurel Maryland USA
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8
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Host Migration and Size Do Not Influence the Prevalence of Most Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera and Ischnocera) on Shorebirds (Aves: Charadriiformes) across the World. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of prevalence in chewing lice (Phthiraptera) on wild birds are poorly known, as are the underlying factors that influence these patterns. Here, we analyze a data set consisting of published prevalence data of lice on shorebirds, as well as new prevalence data from shorebirds examined in Australia, Canada, China, Japan, and Sweden between 2007 and 2020. In total, prevalence data from 10 genera of lice from over 110 host species were included, including all major families of shorebirds. Using a generalized linear mixed model, we examine how the prevalence of lice of different genera varies between different sets of birds, focusing on two factors associated with migration (migration length and migration route). We found that host body size does not influence prevalence of lice in the Charadriiformes for any of the four most common and widely distributed louse genera (Actornithophilus, Austromenopon, Quadraceps, and Saemundssonia). Moreover, neither of the two migration variables showed any statistically significant correlations with prevalence, except for the genus Saemundssonia in which the prevalence of lice on short-distance migrants was significantly higher than on intermediate- and long-distance migrants. We also present 15 new records of chewing lice for China and 12 for Australia.
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9
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Dekelaita DJ, Epps CW, German DW, Powers JG, Gonzales BJ, Abella-Vu RK, Darby NW, Hughson DL, Stewart KM. Animal movement and associated infectious disease risk in a metapopulation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220390. [PMID: 36756067 PMCID: PMC9890124 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Animal movements among habitat patches or populations are important for maintaining long-term genetic and demographic viability, but connectivity may also facilitate disease spread and persistence. Understanding factors that influence animal movements is critical to understanding potential transmission risk and persistence of communicable disease in spatially structured systems. We evaluated effects of sex, age and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection status at capture on intermountain movements and seasonal movement rates observed in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) using global positioning system collar data from 135 individuals (27 males, 108 females) in 14 populations between 2013 and 2018, following a pneumonia outbreak linked to the pathogen M. ovipneumoniae in the Mojave Desert, California, USA. Based on logistic regression analysis, intermountain movements were influenced by sex, age and most notably, infection status at capture: males, older animals and uninfected individuals were most likely to make such movements. Based on multiple linear regression analysis, females that tested positive for M. ovipneumoniae at capture also had lower mean daily movement rates that were further influenced by season. Our study provides empirical evidence of a pathogenic infection decreasing an individual's future mobility, presumably limiting that pathogen's ability to spread, and ultimately influencing transmission risk within a spatially structured system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella J. Dekelaita
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Clinton W. Epps
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David W. German
- Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program, CaliforniaDepartment of Fish and Wildlife, Bishop, CA 93514, USA
| | - Jenny G. Powers
- Biological Resources Division, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
| | - Ben J. Gonzales
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Road, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670-4503, USA
| | - Regina K. Abella-Vu
- Wildlife Branch, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1812 Ninth Street, Sacramento, CA 95811, USA
| | - Neal W. Darby
- Mojave National Preserve, National Park Service, 2701 Barstow Road, Barstow, CA 92311, USA
| | - Debra L. Hughson
- Mojave National Preserve, National Park Service, 2701 Barstow Road, Barstow, CA 92311, USA
| | - Kelley M. Stewart
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0186, USA
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10
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Yan R, Lu M, Zhang L, Yao J, Li S, Jiang Y. Effect of sex on the gut microbiota characteristics of passerine migratory birds. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:917373. [PMID: 36118231 PMCID: PMC9478027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.917373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota, considered the “invisible organ” in the host animal, has been extensively studied recently. However, knowledge about the gut microbiota characteristics of passerine migratory birds during migration is limited. This study investigated the gut microbiota characteristics of three dominant migratory bird species (namely orange-flanked bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus, yellow-throated bunting Emberiza elegans, and black-faced bunting Emberiza spodocephala) in the same niche during spring migration and whether they were bird sex-specific. The compositions of gut microbiota species in these three migratory bird species and their male and female individuals were found to be similar. The main bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, and the main genera were Lactobacillus, Acinetobacter, Rickettsiella, and Mycobacterium; however, their relative abundance was different. Moreover, some potential pathogens and beneficial bacteria were found in all the three bird species. Alpha diversity analysis showed that in T. cyanurus, the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota were higher in male individuals than in female individuals, while the opposite was true for E. elegans and E. spodocephala. The alpha diversity analysis showed significant differences between male and female individuals of E. elegans (p < 0.05). The beta diversity analysis also revealed that the gut microbial community structure differed significantly between the male and female individuals of the three migratory bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfei Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Meixia Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiyuan Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunlei Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yunlei Jiang,
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11
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Peacock SJ, Kutz SJ, Hoar BM, Molnár PK. Behaviour is more important than thermal performance for an Arctic host-parasite system under climate change. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220060. [PMID: 36016913 PMCID: PMC9399711 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is affecting Arctic ecosystems, including parasites. Predicting outcomes for host-parasite systems is challenging due to the complexity of multi-species interactions and the numerous, interacting pathways by which climate change can alter dynamics. Increasing temperatures may lead to faster development of free-living parasite stages but also higher mortality. Interactions between behavioural plasticity of hosts and parasites will also influence transmission processes. We combined laboratory experiments and population modelling to understand the impacts of changing temperatures on barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and their common helminth (Ostertagia gruehneri). We experimentally determined the thermal performance curves for mortality and development of free-living parasite stages and applied them in a spatial host-parasite model that also included behaviour of the parasite (propensity for arrested development in the host) and host (long-distance migration). Sensitivity analyses showed that thermal responses had less of an impact on simulated parasite burdens than expected, and the effect differed depending on parasite behaviour. The propensity for arrested development and host migration led to distinct spatio-temporal patterns in infection. These results emphasize the importance of considering behaviour-and behavioural plasticity-when projecting climate-change impacts on host-parasite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Peacock
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB Canada, T2N 4Z6
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON Canada, M1C 1A4
| | - Susan J. Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Bryanne M. Hoar
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Péter K. Molnár
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON Canada, M1C 1A4
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON Canada, M5S 3B2
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12
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Should I stay, should I go, or something in between? The potential for parasite-mediated and age-related differential migration strategies. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSeasonal long-distance migratory behaviour of trillions of animals may in part have evolved to reduce parasite infection risk, and the fitness costs that may come with these infections. This may apply to a diversity of vertebrate migration strategies that can sometimes be observed within species and may often be age-dependent. Herein we review some common age-related variations in migration strategy, discussing why in some animal species juveniles preferentially forego or otherwise rearrange their migrations as compared to adults, potentially as an either immediate (proximate) or anticipatory (ultimate) response to infection risk and disease. We notably focus on the phenomenon of “oversummering”, where juveniles abstain from migration to the breeding grounds. This strategy is particularly prevalent amongst migratory shorebirds and has thus far received little attention as a strategy to reduce parasite infection rate, while comparative intra-specific research approaches have strong potential to elucidate the drivers of differential behavioural strategies.
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13
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Binning SA, Craft ME, Zuk M, Shaw AK. How to study parasites and host migration: a roadmap for empiricists. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1161-1178. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A. Binning
- Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal 1375 Ave. Thérèse‐Lavoie‐Roux Montréal QC H2V 0B3 Canada
| | - Meggan E. Craft
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Ave St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Ave St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Allison K. Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Ave St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
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14
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Normandeau J, Cassady St. Clair C, Kutz SJ, Hebblewhite M, Merrill EH. What makes elk tick: winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus) grooming behavior in wild elk (Cervus canadensis). J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ungulates groom to remove ectoparasites but grooming may interfere with foraging, vigilance, and rumination, and it is possible that these effects differ among migratory tactics due to differences in parasite infestations. We compared the effects of grooming for winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) on winter foraging behavior by migrating and resident elk (Cervus canadensis) in the partially migratory population at the Ya Ha Tinda, adjacent to Banff National Park, Canada. We used hair loss on the dorsal shoulder area (“withers”) measured from photographic images as an index of tick infestation of individual elk. We conducted 594 focal observations on 48 radio-collared and 18 uncollared individuals that were uniquely identifiable from ear-tags (N = 66) in 2019 to assess whether grooming for ticks in winter reduced time spent foraging, ruminating, or being vigilant. Because rubbing or hair loss from radio-collars may influence tick infestations and behavior, we controlled for whether elk were collared or uncollared in our analyses. Neck hair loss was 3−5% greater in collared elk than uncollared elk, but neither withers hair loss nor time spent grooming differed. Grooming occurred during 42% of the observations but grooming comprised only ~1% of observation time. Nevertheless, 40% of all grooming was observed during resting, and grooming interrupted vigilance behavior ~8 times more than foraging. We found no differences among elk following different migratory tactics in time spent grooming or in other behaviors, but one of the two groups of migrant elk had higher withers hair loss. Our results suggest winter ticks may have slight effects on elk relative to other ungulates, particularly moose (Alces alces), in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacalyn Normandeau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Colleen Cassady St. Clair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Susan J Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
| | - Evelyn H Merrill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
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15
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Variation in winter site fidelity within and among individuals influences movement behavior in a partially migratory ungulate. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258128. [PMID: 34591944 PMCID: PMC8483381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals migrate to take advantage of temporal and spatial variability in resources. These benefits are offset with costs like increased energetic expenditure and travel through unfamiliar areas. Differences in the cost-benefit ratio for individuals may lead to partial migration with one portion of a population migrating while another does not. We investigated migration dynamics and winter site fidelity for a long-distance partial migrant, barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) of the Teshekpuk Caribou Herd in northern Alaska. We used GPS telemetry for 76 female caribou over 164 annual movement trajectories to identify timing and location of migration and winter use, proportion of migrants, and fidelity to different herd wintering areas. We found within-individual variation in movement behavior and wintering area use by the Teshekpuk Caribou Herd, adding caribou to the growing list of ungulates that can exhibit migratory plasticity. Using a first passage time–net squared displacement approach, we classified 78.7% of annual movement paths as migration, 11.6% as residency, and 9.8% as another strategy. Timing and distance of migration varied by season and wintering area. Duration of migration was longer for fall migration than for spring, which may relate to the latter featuring more directed movement. Caribou utilized four wintering areas, with multiple areas used each year. This variation occurred not just among different individuals, but state sequence analyses indicated low fidelity of individuals to wintering areas among years. Variability in movement behavior can have fitness consequences. As caribou face the pressures of a rapidly warming Arctic and ongoing human development and activities, further research is needed to investigate what factors influence this diversity of behaviors in Alaska and across the circumpolar Arctic.
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16
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Zilio G, Nørgaard LS, Petrucci G, Zeballos N, Gougat-Barbera C, Fronhofer EA, Kaltz O. Parasitism and host dispersal plasticity in an aquatic model system. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1316-1325. [PMID: 34157176 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is a central determinant of spatial dynamics in communities and ecosystems, and various ecological factors can shape the evolution of constitutive and plastic dispersal behaviours. One important driver of dispersal plasticity is the biotic environment. Parasites, for example, influence the internal condition of infected hosts and define external patch quality. Thus, state-dependent dispersal may be determined by infection status and context-dependent dispersal by the abundance of infected hosts in the population. A prerequisite for such dispersal plasticity to evolve is a genetic basis on which natural selection can act. Using interconnected microcosms, we investigated dispersal in experimental populations of the freshwater protist Paramecium caudatum in response to the bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. For a collection of 20 natural host strains, we found substantial variation in constitutive dispersal and to a lesser degree in dispersal plasticity. First, infection tended to increase or decrease dispersal relative to uninfected controls, depending on strain identity, indicative of state-dependent dispersal plasticity. Infection additionally decreased host swimming speed compared to the uninfected counterparts. Second, for certain strains, there was a weak negative association between dispersal and infection prevalence, such that uninfected hosts dispersed less when infection was more frequent in the population, indicating context-dependent dispersal plasticity. Future experiments may test whether the observed differences in dispersal plasticity are sufficiently strong to be picked up by natural selection. The evolution of dispersal plasticity as a strategy to mitigate parasite effects spatially may have important implications for epidemiological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Zilio
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Louise S Nørgaard
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Giovanni Petrucci
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Zeballos
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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17
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Kim D, Shaw AK. Migration and tolerance shape host behaviour and response to parasite infection. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2315-2324. [PMID: 34014562 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous theoretical models have demonstrated that migration, a seasonal animal movement behaviour, can minimize the risks and costs of parasite infection. Past work on migration-infection interactions assumes migration is the only strategy available to organisms for dealing with the parasite infection, that is they migrate to a different environment to recover or escape from infection. Thus, migration is similar to the non-spatial strategy of resistance, where hosts prevent infection or kill parasites once infected. However, an alternative defence strategy is to tolerate the infection and experience a lower cost to the infection. To our knowledge, no studies have examined how migration can change based on combining two host strategies (migration and tolerance) for dealing with parasites. In this paper, we aim to understand how both parasite transmission and infection tolerance can influence the host's migratory behaviour. We constructed a model that incorporates two host strategies (migration and tolerance) to understand whether allowing for tolerance affects the proportion of the population that migrates at equilibrium in response to infection. We show that the benefits of tolerance can either decrease or increase the host's migration. Also, if the benefit of migration is great, then individuals are more likely to migrate regardless of the presence of tolerance. Finally, we find that the transmission rate of parasite infection can either decrease or increase the tolerant host's migration, depending on the cost of migration. These findings highlight that adopting two defence strategies is not always beneficial to the hosts. Instead, a single strategy is often better, depending on the costs and benefits of the strategies and infection pressures. Our work further suggests that multiple host-defence strategies as a potential explanation for the evolution of migration to minimize the parasite infection. Moreover, migration can also affect the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Kim
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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18
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Poulin R, de Angeli Dutra D. Animal migrations and parasitism: reciprocal effects within a unified framework. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1331-1348. [PMID: 33663012 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Migrations, i.e. the recurring, roundtrip movement of animals between distant and distinct habitats, occur among diverse metazoan taxa. Although traditionally linked to avoidance of food shortages, predators or harsh abiotic conditions, there is increasing evidence that parasites may have played a role in the evolution of migration. On the one hand, selective pressures from parasites can favour migratory strategies that allow either avoidance of infections or recovery from them. On the other hand, infected animals incur physiological costs that may limit their migratory abilities, affecting their speed, the timing of their departure or arrival, and/or their condition upon reaching their destination. During migration, reduced immunocompetence as well as exposure to different external conditions and parasite infective stages can influence infection dynamics. Here, we first explore whether parasites represent extra costs for their hosts during migration. We then review how infection dynamics and infection risk are affected by host migration, thereby considering parasites as both causes and consequences of migration. We also evaluate the comparative evidence testing the hypothesis that migratory species harbour a richer parasite fauna than their closest free-living relatives, finding general support for the hypothesis. Then we consider the implications of host migratory behaviour for parasite ecology and evolution, which have received much less attention. Parasites of migratory hosts may achieve much greater spatial dispersal than those of non-migratory hosts, expanding their geographical range, and providing more opportunities for host-switching. Exploiting migratory hosts also exerts pressures on the parasite to adapt its phenology and life-cycle duration, including the timing of major developmental, reproduction and transmission events. Natural selection may even favour parasites that manipulate their host's migratory strategy in ways that can enhance parasite transmission. Finally, we propose a simple integrated framework based on eco-evolutionary feedbacks to consider the reciprocal selection pressures acting on migratory hosts and their parasites. Host migratory strategies and parasite traits evolve in tandem, each acting on the other along two-way causal paths and feedback loops. Their likely adjustments to predicted climate change will be understood best from this coevolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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19
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Balstad LJ, Binning SA, Craft ME, Zuk M, Shaw AK. Parasite intensity and the evolution of migratory behavior. Ecology 2020; 102:e03229. [PMID: 33098657 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Migration can allow individuals to escape parasite infection, which can lead to a lower infection probability (prevalence) in a population and/or fewer parasites per individual (intensity). Because individuals with more parasites often have lower survival and/or fecundity, infection intensity shapes the life-history trade-offs determining when migration is favored as a strategy to escape infection. Yet, most theory relies on susceptible-infected (SI) modeling frameworks, defining individuals as either healthy or infected, ignoring details of infection intensity. Here, we develop a novel modeling approach that captures infection intensity as a spectrum, and ask under what conditions migration evolves as function of how infection intensity changes over time. We show that relative timescales of migration and infection accumulation determine when migration is favored. We also find that population-level heterogeneity in infection intensity can lead to partial migration, where less-infected individuals migrate while more infected individuals remain resident. Our model is one of the first to consider how infection intensity can lead to migration. Our results frame migratory escape in light of infection intensity rather than prevalence, thus demonstrating that decreased infection intensity should be considered a benefit of migration, alongside other typical drivers of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurinne J Balstad
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, 55057, USA
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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20
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Becker DJ, Ketterson ED, Hall RJ. Reactivation of latent infections with migration shapes population-level disease dynamics. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201829. [PMID: 32933442 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual migration is common across animal taxa and can dramatically shape the spatial and temporal patterns of infectious disease. Although migration can decrease infection prevalence in some contexts, these energetically costly long-distance movements can also have immunosuppressive effects that may interact with transmission processes in complex ways. Here, we develop a mechanistic model for the reactivation of latent infections driven by physiological changes or energetic costs associated with migration (i.e. 'migratory relapse') and its effects on disease dynamics. We determine conditions under which migratory relapse can amplify or reduce infection prevalence across pathogen and host traits (e.g. infectious periods, virulence, overwinter survival, timing of relapse) and transmission phenologies. We show that relapse at either the start or end of migration can dramatically increase prevalence across the annual cycle and may be crucial for maintaining pathogens with low transmissibility and short infectious periods in migratory populations. Conversely, relapse at the start of migration can reduce the prevalence of highly virulent pathogens by amplifying culling of infected hosts during costly migration, especially for highly transmissible pathogens and those transmitted during migration or the breeding season. Our study provides a mechanistic foundation for understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of relapsing infections in migratory hosts, with implications for zoonotic surveillance and understanding how infection patterns will respond to shifts in migratory propensity associated with environmental change. Further, our work suggests incorporating within-host processes into population-level models of pathogen transmission may be crucial for reconciling the range of migration-infection relationships observed across migratory species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ellen D Ketterson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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21
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Naven Narayanan, Binning SA, Shaw AK. Infection state can affect host migratory decisions. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naven Narayanan
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Ecology Building, Univ. of Minnesota Twin Cities‐ E 1987 Upper Buford Cir Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | | | - Allison K. Shaw
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Ecology Building, Univ. of Minnesota Twin Cities‐ E 1987 Upper Buford Cir Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
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22
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A unifying framework for the transient parasite dynamics of migratory hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10897-10903. [PMID: 32358200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908777117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrations allow animals to track seasonal changes in resources, find mates, and avoid harsh climates, but these regular, long-distance movements also have implications for parasite dynamics and animal health. Migratory animals have been dubbed "superspreaders" of infection, but migration can also reduce parasite burdens within host populations via migratory escape from contaminated habitats and transmission hotspots, migratory recovery due to parasite mortality, and migratory culling of infected individuals. Here, we show that a single migratory host-macroparasite model can give rise to these different phenomena under different parametrizations, providing a unifying framework for a mechanistic understanding of the parasite dynamics of migratory animals. Importantly, our model includes the impact of parasite burden on host movement capability during migration, which can lead to "parasite-induced migratory stalling" due to a positive feedback between increasing parasite burdens and reduced movement. Our results provide general insight into the conditions leading to different health outcomes in migratory wildlife. Our approach lays the foundation for tactical models that can help understand, predict, and mitigate future changes of disease risk in migratory wildlife that may arise from shifting migratory patterns, loss of migratory behavior, or climate effects on parasite development, mortality, and transmission.
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23
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Shaw AK, Binning SA. Recovery from infection is more likely to favour the evolution of migration than social escape from infection. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1448-1457. [PMID: 32115700 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen and parasite infections are increasingly recognized as powerful drivers of animal movement, including migration. Yet, infection-related migration benefits can result from a combination of environmental and/or social conditions, which can be difficult to disentangle. Here, we focus on two infection-related mechanisms that can favour migration: moving to escape versus recover from infection. By directly comparing the evolution of migration in response to each mechanism, we can evaluate the likely importance of changing abiotic conditions (linked to migratory recovery) with changing social conditions (linked to migratory escape) in terms of infection-driven migration. We built a mathematical model and analysed it using numerically simulated adaptive dynamics to determine when migration should evolve for each migratory recovery and social migratory escape. We found that a higher fraction of the population migrated under migratory recovery than under social migratory escape. We also found that two distinct migratory strategies (e.g. some individuals always migrate and others only occasionally migrate) sometimes coexisted within populations with social migratory escape, but never with migratory recovery. Our results suggest that migratory recovery is more likely to promote the evolution of migratory behaviour, rather than escape from infected conspecifics (social migratory escape).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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24
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Fernandes PG, Fallon NG. Fish distributions reveal discrepancies between zonal attachment and quota allocations. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niall G. Fallon
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
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25
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Berg JE, Hebblewhite M, St. Clair CC, Merrill EH. Prevalence and Mechanisms of Partial Migration in Ungulates. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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26
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Shaw AK, Craft ME, Zuk M, Binning SA. Host migration strategy is shaped by forms of parasite transmission and infection cost. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1601-1612. [PMID: 31220346 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on the evolution of migration focus on food, mates and/or climate as factors influencing these movements, whereas negative species interactions such as predators, parasites and pathogens are often ignored. Although infection and its associated costs clearly have the potential to influence migration, thoroughly studying these interactions is challenging without a solid theoretical framework from which to develop testable predictions in natural systems. Here, we aim to understand when parasites favour the evolution of migration. We develop a general model which enables us to explore a broad range of biological conditions and to capture population and infection dynamics over both ecological and evolutionary time-scales. We show that when migration evolves depends on whether the costs of migration and infection are paid in reduced fecundity or survival. Also important are the parasite transmission mode and spatiotemporal dynamics of infection and recovery (if it occurs). Finally, we find that partial migration (where only a fraction of the population migrates) can evolve but only when parasite transmission is density-dependent. Our results highlight the critical, if overlooked, role of parasites in shaping long-distance movement patterns, and suggest that infection should be considered alongside more traditional drivers of migration in both empirical and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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27
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Teitelbaum CS, Huang S, Hall RJ, Altizer S. Migratory behaviour predicts greater parasite diversity in ungulates. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0089. [PMID: 29563269 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-distance animal movements can increase exposure to diverse parasites, but can also reduce infection risk through escape from contaminated habitats or culling of infected individuals. These mechanisms have been demonstrated within and between populations in single-host/single-parasite interactions, but how long-distance movement behaviours shape parasite diversity and prevalence across host taxa is largely unknown. Using a comparative approach, we analyse the parasite communities of 93 migratory, nomadic and resident ungulate species. We find that migrants have higher parasite species richness than residents or nomads, even after considering other factors known to influence parasite diversity, such as body size and host geographical range area. Further analyses support a novel 'environmental tracking' hypothesis, whereby migration allows parasites to experience environments favourable to transmission year-round. In addition, the social aggregation and large group sizes that facilitate migration might increase infection risk for migrants. By contrast, we find little support for previously proposed hypotheses, including migratory escape and culling, in explaining the relationship between host movement and parasitism in mammals at this cross-species scale. Our findings, which support mechanistic links between long-distance movement and increased parasite richness at the species level, could help predict the effects of future environmental change on parasitism in migratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire S Teitelbaum
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA .,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA
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28
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Bush SE, Clayton DH. Anti-parasite behaviour of birds. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0196. [PMID: 29866911 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds have many kinds of internal and external parasites, including viruses, bacteria and fungi, as well as protozoa, helminths and arthropods. Because parasites have negative effects on host fitness, selection favours the evolution of anti-parasite defences, many of which involve behaviour. We provide a brief review of anti-parasite behaviours in birds, divided into five major categories: (i) body maintenance, (ii) nest maintenance, (iii) avoidance of parasitized prey, (iv) migration and (v) tolerance. We evaluate the adaptive significance of the different behaviours and note cases in which additional research is particularly needed. We briefly consider the interaction of different behaviours, such as sunning and preening, and how behavioural defences may interact with other forms of defence, such as immune responses. We conclude by suggesting some general questions that need to be addressed concerning the nature of anti-parasite behaviour in birds.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Bush
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dale H Clayton
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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29
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Yang T, Haas HL, Patel S, Smolowitz R, James MC, Williard AS. Blood biochemistry and haematology of migrating loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta) in the Northwest Atlantic: reference intervals and intra-population comparisons. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coy079. [PMID: 30746149 PMCID: PMC6366141 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We documented blood biochemistry and haematology of healthy loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Northwest (NW) Atlantic in order to establish clinical reference intervals (RIs) for this threatened population. Blood samples were analysed from migratory loggerheads captured off the Mid-Atlantic coast of the USA in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2016 as part of a long-term research program. Blood variables were determined using a point-of-care analyser, and a veterinary diagnostic laboratory service. We calculated 95% RIs with associated 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for each blood variable. We compared results obtained from our study of migratory loggerheads with published data for similarly sized loggerheads resident at a seasonal temperate latitude foraging area. Significant differences in several blood variables between migratory and resident turtles provided insight on energetic and health status during different behavioural states. Temperature was significantly correlated with several blood variables: lactate, pCO2, sodium, haemoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase. Our assessment of blood chemistry in healthy loggerhead turtles in the NW Atlantic provides a baseline for clinical comparisons with turtles impacted by anthropogenic and environmental threats, and highlights the importance of identifying unique aspects of biochemical and haematological profiles for sea turtles at the intra-population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yang
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Heather L Haas
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Samir Patel
- Coonamessett Farm Foundation, East Falmouth, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael C James
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Population Ecology Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Amanda S Williard
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
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30
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Satterfield DA, Marra PP, Sillett TS, Altizer S. Responses of migratory species and their pathogens to supplemental feeding. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019. [PMID: 29531149 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory animals undergo seasonal and often spectacular movements and perform crucial ecosystem services. In response to anthropogenic changes, including food subsidies, some migratory animals are now migrating shorter distances or halting migration altogether and forming resident populations. Recent studies suggest that shifts in migratory behaviour can alter the risk of infection for wildlife. Although migration is commonly assumed to enhance pathogen spread, for many species, migration has the opposite effect of lowering infection risk, if animals escape from habitats where pathogen stages have accumulated or if strenuous journeys cull infected hosts. Here, we summarize responses of migratory species to supplemental feeding and review modelling and empirical work that provides support for mechanisms through which resource-induced changes in migration can alter pathogen transmission. In particular, we focus on the well-studied example of monarch butterflies and their protozoan parasites in North America. We also identify areas for future research, including combining new technologies for tracking animal movements with pathogen surveillance and exploring potential evolutionary responses of hosts and pathogens to changing movement patterns. Given that many migratory animals harbour pathogens of conservation concern and zoonotic potential, studies that document ongoing shifts in migratory behaviour and infection risk are vitally needed.This article is part of the theme issue 'Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host-parasite dynamics in wildlife'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara A Satterfield
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter P Marra
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - T Scott Sillett
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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31
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Shaw AK, Sherman J, Barker FK, Zuk M. Metrics matter: the effect of parasite richness, intensity and prevalence on the evolution of host migration. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.2147. [PMID: 30429312 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites have long been thought to influence the evolution of migration, but precisely determining the conditions under which this occurs by quantifying costs of infection remains a challenge. Here we developed a model that demonstrates how the metric used to describe infection (richness/diversity, prevalence or intensity) shapes the prediction of whether migration will evolve. The model shows that predictions based on minimizing richness yield opposite results compared to those based on minimizing prevalence, with migration only selected for when minimizing prevalence. Consistent with these findings, empirical studies that measure parasite diversity typically find that migrants are worse off than residents, while those measuring prevalence or intensity find the opposite. Our own empirical analysis of fish parasite data finds that migrants (of all types) have higher parasite richness than residents, but with no significant difference in either prevalence or intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Julie Sherman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - F Keith Barker
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.,Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Daversa DR, Fenton A, Dell AI, Garner TWJ, Manica A. Infections on the move: how transient phases of host movement influence disease spread. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1807. [PMID: 29263283 PMCID: PMC5745403 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal movement impacts the spread of human and wildlife diseases, and there is significant interest in understanding the role of migrations, biological invasions and other wildlife movements in spatial infection dynamics. However, the influence of processes acting on infections during transient phases of host movement is poorly understood. We propose a conceptual framework that explicitly considers infection dynamics during transient phases of host movement to better predict infection spread through spatial host networks. Accounting for host transient movement captures key processes that occur while hosts move between locations, which together determine the rate at which hosts spread infections through networks. We review theoretical and empirical studies of host movement and infection spread, highlighting the multiple factors that impact the infection status of hosts. We then outline characteristics of hosts, parasites and the environment that influence these dynamics. Recent technological advances provide disease ecologists unprecedented ability to track the fine-scale movement of organisms. These, in conjunction with experimental testing of the factors driving infection dynamics during host movement, can inform models of infection spread based on constituent biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Daversa
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK .,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - A Fenton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - A I Dell
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Centre (NGRREC), East Alton, IL 62024, USA.,Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, 1 Brookings Dr, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - T W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - A Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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Daversa DR, Monsalve-Carcaño C, Carrascal LM, Bosch J. Seasonal migrations, body temperature fluctuations, and infection dynamics in adult amphibians. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4698. [PMID: 29761041 PMCID: PMC5947160 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Risks of parasitism vary over time, with infection prevalence often fluctuating with seasonal changes in the annual cycle. Identifying the biological mechanisms underlying seasonality in infection can enable better prediction and prevention of future infection peaks. Obtaining longitudinal data on individual infections and traits across seasons throughout the annual cycle is perhaps the most effective means of achieving this aim, yet few studies have obtained such information for wildlife. Here, we tracked spiny common toads (Bufo spinosus) within and across annual cycles to assess seasonal variation in movement, body temperatures and infection from the fungal parasite, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Across annual cycles, toads did not consistently sustain infections but instead gained and lost infections from year to year. Radio-tracking showed that infected toads lose infections during post-breeding migrations, and no toads contracted infection following migration, which may be one explanation for the inter-annual variability in Bd infections. We also found pronounced seasonal variation in toad body temperatures. Body temperatures approached 0 °C during winter hibernation but remained largely within the thermal tolerance range of Bd. These findings provide direct documentation of migratory recovery (i.e., loss of infection during migration) and escape in a wild population. The body temperature reductions that we observed during hibernation warrant further consideration into the role that this period plays in seasonal Bd dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Daversa
- Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Camino Monsalve-Carcaño
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Carrascal
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama, Rascafría, Madrid, Spain
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Brown LM, Hall RJ. Consequences of resource supplementation for disease risk in a partially migratory population. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170095. [PMID: 29531150 PMCID: PMC5883001 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic landscape features such as urban parks and gardens, landfills and farmlands can provide novel, seasonally reliable food sources that impact wildlife ecology and distributions. In historically migratory species, food subsidies can cause individuals to forgo migration and form partially migratory or entirely sedentary populations, eroding a crucial benefit of migration: pathogen avoidance through seasonal abandonment of transmission sites and mortality of infected individuals during migration. Since many migratory taxa are declining, and wildlife populations in urban areas can harbour zoonotic pathogens, understanding the mechanisms by which anthropogenic resource subsidies influence infection dynamics and the persistence of migration is important for wildlife conservation and public health. We developed a mathematical model for a partially migratory population and a vector-borne pathogen transmitted at a shared breeding ground, where food subsidies increase the nonbreeding survival of residents. We found that higher resident nonbreeding survival increased infection prevalence in residents and migrants, and lowered the fraction of the population that migrated. The persistence of migration may be especially threatened if residency permits emergence of more virulent pathogens, if resource subsidies reduce costs of infection for residents, and if infection reduces individual migratory propensity.This article is part of the theme issue 'Anthropogenic resource subsidies and host-parasite dynamics in wildlife'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leone M Brown
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Reid JM, Travis JMJ, Daunt F, Burthe SJ, Wanless S, Dytham C. Population and evolutionary dynamics in spatially structured seasonally varying environments. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1578-1603. [PMID: 29575449 PMCID: PMC6849584 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly imperative objectives in ecology are to understand and forecast population dynamic and evolutionary responses to seasonal environmental variation and change. Such population and evolutionary dynamics result from immediate and lagged responses of all key life‐history traits, and resulting demographic rates that affect population growth rate, to seasonal environmental conditions and population density. However, existing population dynamic and eco‐evolutionary theory and models have not yet fully encompassed within‐individual and among‐individual variation, covariation, structure and heterogeneity, and ongoing evolution, in a critical life‐history trait that allows individuals to respond to seasonal environmental conditions: seasonal migration. Meanwhile, empirical studies aided by new animal‐tracking technologies are increasingly demonstrating substantial within‐population variation in the occurrence and form of migration versus year‐round residence, generating diverse forms of ‘partial migration’ spanning diverse species, habitats and spatial scales. Such partially migratory systems form a continuum between the extreme scenarios of full migration and full year‐round residence, and are commonplace in nature. Here, we first review basic scenarios of partial migration and associated models designed to identify conditions that facilitate the maintenance of migratory polymorphism. We highlight that such models have been fundamental to the development of partial migration theory, but are spatially and demographically simplistic compared to the rich bodies of population dynamic theory and models that consider spatially structured populations with dispersal but no migration, or consider populations experiencing strong seasonality and full obligate migration. Second, to provide an overarching conceptual framework for spatio‐temporal population dynamics, we define a ‘partially migratory meta‐population’ system as a spatially structured set of locations that can be occupied by different sets of resident and migrant individuals in different seasons, and where locations that can support reproduction can also be linked by dispersal. We outline key forms of within‐individual and among‐individual variation and structure in migration that could arise within such systems and interact with variation in individual survival, reproduction and dispersal to create complex population dynamics and evolutionary responses across locations, seasons, years and generations. Third, we review approaches by which population dynamic and eco‐evolutionary models could be developed to test hypotheses regarding the dynamics and persistence of partially migratory meta‐populations given diverse forms of seasonal environmental variation and change, and to forecast system‐specific dynamics. To demonstrate one such approach, we use an evolutionary individual‐based model to illustrate that multiple forms of partial migration can readily co‐exist in a simple spatially structured landscape. Finally, we summarise recent empirical studies that demonstrate key components of demographic structure in partial migration, and demonstrate diverse associations with reproduction and survival. We thereby identify key theoretical and empirical knowledge gaps that remain, and consider multiple complementary approaches by which these gaps can be filled in order to elucidate population dynamic and eco‐evolutionary responses to spatio‐temporal seasonal environmental variation and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - Justin M J Travis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - Francis Daunt
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, U.K
| | - Sarah J Burthe
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, U.K
| | - Sarah Wanless
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, U.K
| | - Calvin Dytham
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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Corrigendum. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:526. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Daversa DR, Manica A, Bosch J, Jolles JW, Garner TWJ. Routine habitat switching alters the likelihood and persistence of infection with a pathogenic parasite. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Daversa
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of London London UK
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias NaturalesCSIC Madrid Spain
- Centro de InvestigaciónSeguimiento y EvaluaciónParque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama Rascafría Spain
| | - Jolle W. Jolles
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Department of Collective BehaviourMax Planck Institute for Ornithology Konstanz Germany
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Risely A, Klaassen M, Hoye BJ. Migratory animals feel the cost of getting sick: A meta-analysis across species. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:301-314. [PMID: 28994103 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Migratory animals are widely assumed to play an important role in the long-distance dispersal of parasites, and are frequently implicated in the global spread of zoonotic pathogens such as avian influenzas in birds and Ebola viruses in bats. However, infection imposes physiological and behavioural constraints on hosts that may act to curtail parasite dispersal via changes to migratory timing ("migratory separation") and survival ("migratory culling"). There remains little consensus regarding the frequency and extent to which migratory separation and migratory culling may operate, despite a growing recognition of the importance of these mechanisms in regulating transmission dynamics in migratory animals. We quantitatively reviewed 85 observations extracted from 41 studies to examine how both infection status and infection intensity are related to changes in body stores, refuelling rates, movement capacity, phenology and survival in migratory hosts across taxa. Overall, host infection status was weakly associated with reduced body stores, delayed migration and lower survival, and more strongly associated with reduced movement. Infection intensity was not associated with changes to host body stores, but was associated with moderate negative effects on movement, phenology and survival. In conclusion, we found evidence for negative effects of infection on host phenology and survival, but the effects were relatively small. This may have implications for the extent to which migratory separation and migratory culling act to limit parasite dispersal in migratory systems. We propose a number of recommendations for future research that will further advance our understanding of how migratory separation and migratory culling may shape host-parasite dynamics along migratory routes globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Risely
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Bethany J Hoye
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Fritzsche McKay A, Hoye BJ. Are Migratory Animals Superspreaders of Infection? Integr Comp Biol 2017; 56:260-7. [PMID: 27462034 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory animals are simultaneously challenged by the physiological demands of long-distance movements and the need to avoid natural enemies including parasites and pathogens. The potential for animal migrations to disperse pathogens across large geographic areas has prompted a growing body of research investigating the interactions between migration and infection. However, the phenomenon of animal migration is yet to be incorporated into broader theories in disease ecology. Because migrations may expose animals to a greater number and diversity of pathogens, increase contact rates between hosts, and render them more susceptible to infection via changes to immune function, migration has the potential to generate both "superspreader species" and infection "hotspots". However, migration has also been shown to reduce transmission in some species, by facilitating parasite avoidance ("migratory escape") and weeding out infected individuals ("migratory culling"). This symposium was convened in an effort to characterize more broadly the role that animal migrations play in the dynamics of infectious disease, by integrating a range of approaches and scales across host taxa. We began with questions related to within-host processes, focusing on the consequences of nutritional constraints and strenuous movement for individual immune capability, and of parasite infection for movement capacity. We then scaled-up to between-host processes to identify what types, distances, or patterns of host movements are associated with the spread of infectious agents. Finally, we discussed landscape-scale relationships between migration and infectious disease, and how these may be altered as a result of anthropogenic changes to climate and land use. We are just beginning to scratch the surface of the interactions between infection and animal migrations; yet, with so many migrations now under threat, there is an urgent need to develop a holistic understanding of the potential for migrations to both increase and reduce infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany J Hoye
- †School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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Binning SA, Shaw AK, Roche DG. Parasites and Host Performance: Incorporating Infection into Our Understanding of Animal Movement. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:267-280. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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