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Budé LMI, Steensma BR, Zivkovic I, Raaijmakers AJE. The coax monopole antenna: A flexible end-fed antenna for ultrahigh field transmit/receive arrays. Magn Reson Med 2024; 92:361-373. [PMID: 38376359 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The coax monopole antenna is presented for body imaging at 7 T. The antenna is fed at one end, eliminating the possibility of cable-coil coupling and simplifying cable routing. Additionally, its flexibility improves loading to the subject. METHODS Like the coax dipole antenna, an interruption in the shield of the coaxial cable allows the current to extend to the outside of the shield, generating a B1 + field. Matching is achieved using a single inductor at the distal side, and a cable trap enforces the desired antenna length. Finite difference time domain simulations are employed to optimize the design parameters. Phantom measurements are conducted to determine the antenna's B1 + efficiency and to find the S-parameters in straight and bent positions. Eight-channel simulations and measurements are performed for prostate imaging. RESULTS The optimal configuration is a length of 360 mm with a gap position of 40 mm. Simulation data show higher B1 + levels for the coax monopole (20% in the prostate), albeit with a 5% lower specific absorbance rate efficiency, compared to the fractionated dipole antenna. The S11 of the coax monopole exhibits remarkable robustness to loading changes. In vivo prostate imaging demonstrates B1 + levels of 10-14 μT with an input power of 8 × 800 W, which is comparable to the fractionated dipole antenna. High-quality images and acceptable coupling levels were achieved. CONCLUSION The coax monopole is a novel, flexible antenna for body imaging at 7 T. Its simple design incorporates a single inductor at the distal side to achieve matching, and one-sided feeding greatly simplifies cable routing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyanne M I Budé
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bart R Steensma
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irena Zivkovic
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander J E Raaijmakers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Imaging and Oncology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Kim CY, Chung MS, Park JS. Visible Korean based on true color sectioned images for making realistic digital human, twenty years' record: a review. Surg Radiol Anat 2024; 46:935-947. [PMID: 38717503 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-024-03381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Visible Korean (VK) consists of two-dimensional (2D) images and three-dimensional (3D) models. The VK is used in various educational tools and research sources for anatomy. In this paper, we report on the records of the VK over 20 years. METHODS Research papers related to Visible Korean were reviewed. RESULTS Through this report of VK records, we highlighted the essential points for making true color and ultra-high-resolution sectioned images of human and animal bodies, for making various 2D and 3D applications from the sectioned images, and for good use of the sectioned images and their applications. CONCLUSION In this metaverse age that various virtual environments are required in medical education and research, the VK dataset meets the reality of virtual human models as fundamental data owing to the actual color and high resolution of the VK dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Yoh Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, 87 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Chung
- Department of Anatomy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seo Park
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University School of Medicine, 87 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju, 38066, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Egger N, Nagelstraßer S, Wildenberg S, Bitz A, Ruck L, Herrler J, Meixner CR, Kimmlingen R, Lanz T, Schmitter S, Uder M, Nagel AM. Accelerated B 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ mapping and robust parallel transmit pulse design for heart and prostate imaging at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2024. [PMID: 38888143 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.30185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of reduced k-space sampling onB 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ mapping and the resulting impact on phase shimming and dynamic/universal parallel transmit (pTx) RF pulse design. METHODS Channel-wise 3DB 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ maps were measured at 7 T in 35 and 23 healthy subjects for the heart and prostate region, respectively. With theseB 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ maps, universal phase shims optimizing homogeneity andB 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ efficiency were designed for heart and prostate imaging. In addition, universal 4kT-point pulses were designed for the heart. Subsequently, individual phase shims and individual 4kT-pulses were designed based onB 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ maps with different acceleration factors and tested on the original maps. The performance of the pulses was compared by evaluating their coefficients of variation (CoV),B 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ efficiencies and specific energy doses (SED). Furthermore, validation measurements were carried out for one heart and one prostate subject. RESULTS For both organs, the universal phase shims showed significantly higherB 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ efficiencies and lower CoVs compared to the vendor provided default shim, but could still be improved with individual phase shims based on acceleratedB 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ maps (acquisition time = 30 s). In the heart, the universal 4kT-pulse achieved significantly lower CoVs than tailored phase shims. Tailored 4kT-pulses based on acceleratedB 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ maps resulted in even further reduced CoVs or a 2.5-fold reduction in SED at the same CoVs as the universal 4kT-pulse. CONCLUSION AcceleratedB 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ maps can be used for the design of tailored pTx pulses for prostate and cardiac imaging at 7 T, which further improve homogeneity,B 1 + $$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ efficiency, or SED compared to universal pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Egger
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Nagelstraßer
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Saskia Wildenberg
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences - FH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bitz
- Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences - FH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laurent Ruck
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Schmitter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin Michael Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Wu D, Kang L, Li H, Ba R, Cao Z, Liu Q, Tan Y, Zhang Q, Li B, Yuan J. Developing an AI-empowered head-only ultra-high-performance gradient MRI system for high spatiotemporal neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2024; 290:120553. [PMID: 38403092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience requires high-resolution MRI to decipher the structural and functional details of the brain. Developing a high-performance gradient system is an ongoing effort in the field to facilitate high spatial and temporal encoding. Here, we proposed a head-only gradient system NeuroFrontier, dedicated for neuroimaging with an ultra-high gradient strength of 650 mT/m and 600 T/m/s. The proposed system features in 1) ultra-high power of 7MW achieved by running two gradient power amplifiers using a novel paralleling method; 2) a force/torque balanced gradient coil design with a two-step mechanical structure that allows high-efficiency and flexible optimization of the peripheral nerve stimulation; 3) a high-density integrated RF system that is miniaturized and customized for the head-only system; 4) an AI-empowered compressed sensing technique that enables ultra-fast acquisition of high-resolution images and AI-based acceleration in q-t space for diffusion MRI (dMRI); and 5) a prospective head motion correction technique that effectively corrects motion artifacts in real-time with 3D optical tracking. We demonstrated the potential advantages of the proposed system in imaging resolution, speed, and signal-to-noise ratio for 3D structural MRI (sMRI), functional MRI (fMRI) and dMRI in neuroscience applications of submillimeter layer-specific fMRI and dMRI. We also illustrated the unique strength of this system for dMRI-based microstructural mapping, e.g., enhanced lesion contrast at short diffusion-times or high b-values, and improved estimation accuracy for cellular microstructures using diffusion-time-dependent dMRI or for neurite microstructures using q-space approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Innovation Center for Smart Medical Technologies & Devices, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Liyi Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Innovation Center for Smart Medical Technologies & Devices, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruicheng Ba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuozhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchao Tan
- United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinwei Zhang
- Beijing United Imaging Research Institute of Intelligent Imaging, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- United Imaging Healthcare Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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5
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Kim I, Lee DM, Shin JW, Lee GJ, Kim ES, Kim NY. Radio frequency hyperthermia system for skin tightening effect by filled waveguide aperture antenna with compact metamaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1378084. [PMID: 38605987 PMCID: PMC11007180 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1378084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Radio frequency (RF) hyperthermia focuses on raising the target area temperature to a value exceeding 45°C. Collagen is stimulated when the temperature rises to 45°C at the dermal layer, resulting in skin tightening. However, most studies on RF hyperthermia have focused on tumor ablation or using electrodes to radiate an electromagnetic field, which is highly inefficient. This study proposed a non-invasive RF hyperthermia skin-tightening system with a compact metamaterial-filled waveguide aperture antenna. The proposed RF system increased the temperature by 11.6°C and 35.3°C with 20 and 80 W of 2.45 GHz RF power, respectively, within 60 s and exhibited a very focused effective area. Furthermore, a metamaterial was proposed to reduce the size of the waveguide aperture antenna and focus the electromagnetic field in the near-field region. The proposed metamaterial-filled waveguide aperture antenna was compact, measuring 10 mm × 17.4 mm, with a peak gain of 2.2 dB at 2.45 GHz. The measured hyperthermia performance indicated that the proposed RF system exhibited better power- and time-efficient hyperthermia performance than other RF hyperthermia systems in the cosmetic skin lifting commercial market. The proposed RF hyperthermia systems will be applied into a new generation of beauty cosmetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhwan Kim
- RFIC Bio Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Min Lee
- RFIC Bio Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Shin
- RFIC Bio Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- APR Device Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoun-Jung Lee
- RFIC Bio Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- APR Device Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seong Kim
- RFIC Bio Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- APR Device Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- RFIC Bio Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- APR Device Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yao A, Li Z, Ma M. Impact of MRI RF coil design on the RF-induced heating of medical implants: fixed B1+rmsexposure versus normal operating mode. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:055021. [PMID: 38324901 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A direct comparison of the impact of RF coil design under specific absorption rate andB1+rmslimitations are investigated and quantified using RF coils of different geometries and topologies at 64 MHz and 128 MHz. The RF-inducedin vivoelectric field and power deposition of a 50 cm long pacemaker and 55 cm long deep brain stimulator (DBS) are evaluated within two anatomical models exposed with these RF coils. The associated uncertainty is quantified and analyzed under a fixedB1+rmsincident and normal operating mode. For a fixedB1+rmsincident, thein vivoincident field shows a much higher uncertainty (>5.6 dB) to the RF coil diameter compared to other design parameters (e.g. <2.2 dB for coil length and topology), while the associated uncertainty reduced greatly (e.g. <1.5 dB) under normal operating mode exposure. Similar uncertainties are observed in the power deposition near the pacemaker and DBS electrode. Compared to the normal operating mode, applying a fixedB1+rmsfield to the untested implant will lead to a large variation in the induced incident and power deposition of the implant, as a result, a larger safe margin when different coil designs (e.g. coil diameter) are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Yao
- School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjuan Ma
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, People's Republic of China
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Goren T, Reboux S, Farcito S, Lloyd B, Kuster N. Influence of patient head definition on induced E-fields during MR examination. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:735-740. [PMID: 37848397 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiofrequency (RF) exposure during MR examination is limited by IEC 60601-2-33 to prevent thermal hazards to patients. These limits are also the basis to derive the maximum induced field for the demonstration of MR safety of implants per ISO/TS 10974 (2018). One limit is the head-averaged specific absorption rate (SAR), for which the head extent is defined differently by MR and implant vendors. The purpose of this technical note is to inform MR safety stakeholders on the sensitivity of safety evaluations due to different head extent definitions. METHODS RF distributions from the validated MRIxViP exposure libraries of 12 high-resolution human anatomical models were scaled to the normative SAR limits for different definitions of the head extent to compare the corresponding induced SAR and electric (E-)field levels. RESULTS The definitions of the head extent used by major implant vendors and defined in ISO/TS 10974 (2018) are larger than those introduced in IEC 60601-2-33 (2022), resulting in lower RF head exposure by up to 2.4 dB (factor 1.7). Other proposed definitions of the head result in intermediate values. CONCLUSION The different head extents result in different maximum RF exposures affecting the risk assessment by up to a factor of 1.7. The results of this study can be used to estimate the additional uncertainty in safety assessments. Future revisions of MR standards should eliminate this inconsistency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bryn Lloyd
- IT'IS Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
- ZMT Zurich MedTech AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels Kuster
- IT'IS Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Kuhar S, Seo JH, Pasricha PJ, Mittal R. In silico modelling of the effect of pyloric intervention procedures on gastric flow and emptying in a stomach with gastroparesis. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230567. [PMID: 38263890 PMCID: PMC10824103 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyloric interventions are surgical procedures employed to increase the gastric emptying rate in gastroparesis patients. In this study, we use an in silico model to investigate the consequences of pyloric intervention on gastric flow and emptying for two phenotypes of gastroparesis: antral hypomotility and decreased gastric tone. The transpyloric pressure gradient predicted by the in silico model, based on viscous fluid flow equations, is compared against in vivo measurements. Both phenotypes exhibit a similar pre-procedural emptying rate reduction, but after pyloric surgery, antral hypomotility case with preserved gastric tone shows significant improvements in emptying rates, up to 131%, accompanied by bile reflux from the duodenum into the stomach. Conversely, severely reduced gastric tone cases exhibited a post-procedural reduction in the net emptying rate due to the relatively larger bile reflux. In cases with a combination of antral hypomotility and reduced gastric tone, post-procedural improvements were observed only when both conditions were mild. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of the relative increase in pyloric orifice diameter in determining post-operative emptying rates. The study suggests a possible explanation for the selective response of patients toward these procedures and underscores the potential of in silico modelling to generate valuable insights to inform gastric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharun Kuhar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jung-Hee Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | | | - Rajat Mittal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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9
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Chang J, Zhang S, Qiu X, Huang H, Zhang Y, Li K. Numerical study on the effect of temperature rise of humeral bone nails in magnetic resonance imaging based on the finite-element method. Technol Health Care 2024; 32:1897-1907. [PMID: 37980581 DOI: 10.3233/thc-230995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humeral fracture is a common long bone fracture in orthopedic clinical diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE To investigate the local temperature increase owing to changes in the specific absorption ratio (SAR) of the human body caused by humeral bone nails during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS A refined geometric model of the upper body was constructed via data segmentation and post-processing using the digital human image dataset. Finally, the geometric model was imported into COMSOL, a 3-T magnetic resonance coil was built, and the operating frequency (128 MHz) was set to analyze the SAR of the bone-nail pair and temperature changes. RESULTS The analysis of the changes after bone-nail implantation under different tissue conditions revealed that the SAR and temperature after implantation and fixation were three times higher than those before, and the areas with abrupt changes in SAR and temperature were primarily concentrated in the bone-nail area. CONCLUSION In MRI, metal implants can cause local elevation of the SAR near the implant in the human body, resulting in a temperature increase around the implant. Consequently, long-term scanning can damage the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Zhongjiang County, Zhongjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Zhongjiang County, Zhongjiang, Sichuan, China
- Neijiang City Engineering Technology Research Center of Neurological Disease Information Interference, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - XuZhong Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Zhongjiang County, Zhongjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - HaiJun Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Zhongjiang County, Zhongjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Zhongjiang County, Zhongjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, People's Hospital of Zhongjiang County, Zhongjiang, Sichuan, China
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Noetscher GM, Serano PJ, Horner M, Prokop A, Hanson J, Fujimoto K, Brown J, Nazarian A, Ackerman J, Makaroff SN. An in silico testbed for fast and accurate MR labeling of orthopedic implants. eLife 2023; 12:RP90440. [PMID: 38096104 PMCID: PMC10721214 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One limitation on the ability to monitor health in older adults using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the presence of implants, where the prevalence of implantable devices (orthopedic, cardiac, neuromodulation) increases in the population, as does the pervasiveness of conditions requiring MRI studies for diagnosis (musculoskeletal diseases, infections, or cancer). The present study describes a novel multiphysics implant modeling testbed using the following approaches with two examples: (1) an in silico human model based on the widely available Visible Human Project (VHP) cryo-section dataset; (2) a finite element method (FEM) modeling software workbench from Ansys (Electronics Desktop/Mechanical) to model MR radio frequency (RF) coils and the temperature rise modeling in heterogeneous media. The in silico VHP-Female model (250 parts with an additional 40 components specifically characterizing embedded implants and resultant surrounding tissues) corresponds to a 60-year-old female with a body mass index of 36. The testbed includes the FEM-compatible in silico human model, an implant embedding procedure, a generic parameterizable MRI RF birdcage two-port coil model, a workflow for computing heat sources on the implant surface and in adjacent tissues, and a thermal FEM solver directly linked to the MR coil simulator to determine implant heating based on an MR imaging study protocol. The primary target is MR labeling of large orthopedic implants. The testbed has very recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a medical device development tool for 1.5 T orthopedic implant examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Noetscher
- Electrical & Computer Eng. Dept, Worcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James Brown
- Micro Systems Enigineering, Inc, an affiliate of BiotronikLake OswegoUnited States
| | - Ara Nazarian
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Jerome Ackerman
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomed. Imaging, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestownUnited States
| | - Sergey N Makaroff
- Electrical & Computer Eng. Dept, Worcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterUnited States
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomed. Imaging, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestownUnited States
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Gokyar S, Zhao C, Ma SJ, Wang DJJ. Deep learning-based local SAR prediction using B 1 maps and structural MRI of the head for parallel transmission at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2023; 90:2524-2538. [PMID: 37466040 PMCID: PMC10543469 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To predict subject-specific local specific absorption rate (SAR) distributions of the human head for parallel transmission (pTx) systems at 7 T. THEORY AND METHODS Electromagnetic energy deposition in tissues is nonuniform at 7 T, and interference patterns due to individual channels of pTx systems may result in increased local SAR values, which can only be estimated with very high safety margins. We proposed, designed, and demonstrated a multichannel 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to predict local SAR maps as well as peak-spatial SAR (ps-SAR) levels. We hypothesized that utilizing a three-channel 3D CNN, in which each channel is fed by aB 1 + $$ {B}_1^{+} $$ map, a phase-reversedB 1 + $$ {B}_1^{+} $$ map, and an MR image, would improve prediction accuracies and decrease uncertainties in the predictions. We generated 10 new head-neck body models, along with 389 3D pTx MRI data having different RF shim settings, with their B1 and local SAR maps to support efforts in this field. RESULTS The proposed three-channel 3D CNN predicted ps-SAR10g levels with an average overestimation error of 20%, which was better than the virtual observation points-based estimation error (i.e., 152% average overestimation). The proposed method decreased prediction uncertainties over 20% (i.e., 22.5%-17.7%) compared to other methods. A safety factor of 1.20 would be enough to avoid underestimations for the dataset generated in this work. CONCLUSION Multichannel 3D CNN networks can be promising in predicting local SAR values and perform predictions within a second, making them clinically useful as an alternative to virtual observation points-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayim Gokyar
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samantha J. Ma
- Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Danny JJ Wang
- Laboratory of FMRI Technology (LOFT), USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Jung K, Mandija S, Cui C, Kim J, Al‐masni MA, Meerbothe TG, Park M, van den Berg CAT, Kim D. Data-driven electrical conductivity brain imaging using 3 T MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:4986-5001. [PMID: 37466309 PMCID: PMC10502651 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MR-EPT) is a non-invasive measurement technique that derives the electrical properties (EPs, e.g., conductivity or permittivity) of tissues in the radiofrequency range (64 MHz for 1.5 T and 128 MHz for 3 T MR systems). Clinical studies have shown the potential of tissue conductivity as a biomarker. To date, model-based conductivity reconstructions rely on numerical assumptions and approximations, leading to inaccuracies in the reconstructed maps. To address such limitations, we propose an artificial neural network (ANN)-based non-linear conductivity estimator trained on simulated data for conductivity brain imaging. Network training was performed on 201 synthesized T2-weighted spin-echo (SE) data obtained from the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic (EM) simulation. The dataset was composed of an approximated T2-w SE magnitude and transceive phase information. The proposed method was tested three in-silico and in-vivo on two volunteers and three patients' data. For comparison purposes, various conventional phase-based EPT reconstruction methods were used that ignoreB 1 + magnitude information, such as Savitzky-Golay kernel combined with Gaussian filter (S-G Kernel), phase-based convection-reaction EPT (cr-EPT), magnitude-weighted polynomial-fitting phase-based EPT (Poly-Fit), and integral-based phase-based EPT (Integral-based). From the in-silico experiments, quantitative analysis showed that the proposed method provides more accurate and improved quality (e.g., high structural preservation) conductivity maps compared to conventional reconstruction methods. Representatively, in the healthy brain in-silico phantom experiment, the proposed method yielded mean conductivity values of 1.97 ± 0.20 S/m for CSF, 0.33 ± 0.04 S/m for WM, and 0.52 ± 0.08 S/m for GM, which were closer to the ground-truth conductivity (2.00, 0.30, 0.50 S/m) than the integral-based method (2.56 ± 2.31, 0.39 ± 0.12, 0.68 ± 0.33 S/m). In-vivo ANN-based conductivity reconstructions were also of improved quality compared to conventional reconstructions and demonstrated network generalizability and robustness to in-vivo data and pathologies. The reported in-vivo brain conductivity values were in agreement with literatures. In addition, the proposed method was observed for various SNR levels (SNR levels = 10, 20, 40, and 58) and repeatability conditions (the eight acquisitions with the number of signal averages = 1). The preliminary investigations on brain tumor patient datasets suggest that the network trained on simulated dataset can generalize to unforeseen in-vivo pathologies, thus demonstrating its potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu‐Jin Jung
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Stefano Mandija
- Computational Imaging Group for MR Therapy and DiagnosticsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of RadiotherapyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Chuanjiang Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jun‐Hyeong Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Mohammed A. Al‐masni
- Department of Artificial IntelligenceCollege of Software & Convergence Technology, Daeyang AI Center, Sejong UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Thierry G. Meerbothe
- Computational Imaging Group for MR Therapy and DiagnosticsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of RadiotherapyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Mina Park
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance HospitalYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Cornelis A. T. van den Berg
- Computational Imaging Group for MR Therapy and DiagnosticsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of RadiotherapyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Dong‐Hyun Kim
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Noetscher GM, Serano PJ, Horner M, Prokop A, Hanson J, Fujimoto K, Brown JE, Nazarian A, Ackerman J, Makaroff SN. An In-Silico Testbed for Fast and Accurate MR Labeling of Orthopaedic Implants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.16.549234. [PMID: 37649909 PMCID: PMC10465017 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.16.549234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
One limitation on the ability to monitor health in older adults using Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging is the presence of implants, where the prevalence of implantable devices (orthopedic, cardiac, neuromodulation) increases in the population, as does the pervasiveness of conditions requiring MRI studies for diagnosis (musculoskeletal diseases, infections, or cancer). The present study describes a novel multiphysics implant modeling testbed using the following approaches with two examples: - an in-silico human model based on the widely available Visible Human Project (VHP) cryo-section dataset; - a finite element method (FEM) modeling software workbench from Ansys (Electronics Desktop/Mechanical) to model MR radio frequency (RF) coils and the temperature rise modeling in heterogeneous media. The in-silico VHP Female model (250 parts with an additional 40 components specifically characterizing embedded implants and resultant surrounding tissues) corresponds to a 60-year-old female with a body mass index (BMI) of 36. The testbed includes the FEM-compatible in-silico human model, an implant embedding procedure, a generic parameterizable MRI RF birdcage two-port coil model, a workflow for computing heat sources on the implant surface and in adjacent tissues, and a thermal FEM solver directly linked to the MR coil simulator to determine implant heating based on an MR imaging study protocol. The primary target is MR labeling of large orthopaedic implants. The testbed has very recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a medical device development tool (MDDT) for 1.5 T orthopaedic implant examinations.
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Spronk T, Kraff O, Schaefers G, Quick HH. Numerical approach to investigate MR imaging artifacts from orthopedic implants at different field strengths according to ASTM F2119. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 36:725-735. [PMID: 36933090 PMCID: PMC10504103 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-023-01074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study presents an extended evaluation of a numerical approach to simulate artifacts of metallic implants in an MR environment. METHODS The numerical approach is validated by comparing the artifact shape of the simulations and measurements of two metallic orthopedic implants at three different field strengths (1.5 T, 3 T, and 7 T). Furthermore, this study presents three additional use cases of the numerical simulation. The first one shows how numerical simulations can improve the artifact size evaluation according to ASTM F2119. The second use case quantifies the influence of different imaging parameters (TE and bandwidth) on the artifact size. Finally, the third use case shows the potential of performing human model artifact simulations. RESULTS The numerical simulation approach shows a dice similarity coefficient of 0.74 between simulated and measured artifact sizes of metallic implants. The alternative artifact size calculation method presented in this study shows that the artifact size of the ASTM-based method is up to 50% smaller for complex shaped implants compared to the numerical-based approach. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the numerical approach could be used in the future to extend MR safety testing according to a revision of the ASTM F2119 standard and for design optimization during the development process of implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Spronk
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Kokereiallee 7, Building C84, 45141, Essen, Germany.
- High-Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- MRI-STaR Magnetic Resonance Institute for Safety GmbH, Technology and Research GmbH, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Kraff
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Kokereiallee 7, Building C84, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Gregor Schaefers
- MRI-STaR Magnetic Resonance Institute for Safety GmbH, Technology and Research GmbH, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
- MR:Comp GmbH, Testing Services for MR Safety and Compatibility, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Harald H Quick
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Kokereiallee 7, Building C84, 45141, Essen, Germany
- High-Field and Hybrid MR Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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15
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Van de Steene T, Tanghe E, Martens L, Garripoli C, Stanzione S, Joseph W. Optimal Frequency and Wireless Power Budget for Miniature Receivers in Obese People. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8084. [PMID: 37836914 PMCID: PMC10574982 DOI: 10.3390/s23198084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates wireless power transfer for deep in-body receivers, determining the optimal frequency, power budget, and design for the transmitter and receiver. In particular, the focus is on small, in-body receivers at large depths up to 20 cm for obese patients. This enables long-term monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract for all body types. Numerical simulations are used to investigate power transfer and losses as a function of frequency and to find the optimal design at the selected frequency for an obese body model. From all ISM-frequencies in the investigated range (1 kHz-10 GHz), the value of 13.56 MHz yields the best performance. This optimum corresponds to the transition from dominant copper losses in conductors to dominant losses in conductive tissue. At this frequency, a transmitting and receiving coil are designed consisting of 12 and 23 windings, respectively. With a power transfer efficiency of 2.70×10-5, 18 µW can be received for an input power of 0.68 W while still satisfying exposure guidelines. The power transfer is validated by measurements. For the first time, efficiency values and the power budget are reported for WPT through 20 cm of tissue to mm sized receivers. Compared to WPT at higher frequencies, as commonly used for small receivers, the proposed system is more suitable for WPT to large depths in-body and comes with the advantage that no focusing is required, which can accommodate multiple receivers and uncertainty about receiver location more easily. The received power allows long-term sensing in the gastrointestinal tract by, e.g., temperature, pressure, and pH sensors, motility sensing, or even gastric stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Van de Steene
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmeric Tanghe
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Martens
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Wout Joseph
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Farshkaran A, Fry A, Raterink A, Santorelli A, Porter E. Proof-of-Concept of Microwave-Based Bladder State Detection Using Realistic Pelvic Models. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 5:140-147. [PMID: 38445237 PMCID: PMC10914183 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2023.3305838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Goal: Urinary incontinence (UI) affects a significant proportion of the population and is associated with negative physical and psychological side-effects. Microwave-based technologies may have the potential to monitor bladder volume, providing a proactive, low-cost and non-invasive tool to support individuals with UI. Methods: Studies to date on microwave bladder monitoring have been limited to highly simplified computational and experimental scenarios. In this work, we study the most realistic models to date (both male and female), which incorporate dielectrically and anatomically representative tissues of the pelvic region. Results: We examine the ability of detecting bladder fullness through both reflection and transmission-based parameters and, for the first time, study the effect of urine permittivity. As a proof-of-concept of bladder state detection, we further investigate reconstructing differential radar images of the bladder with two different volumes of urine. Conclusions: The results indicate that there is strong potential for monitoring and detecting the bladder state using microwave measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Farshkaran
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Andrew Fry
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Alex Raterink
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- Rice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Adam Santorelli
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Emily Porter
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringMcGill UniversityQCH3A 2B4Canada
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17
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Jeong H, Andersson J, Hess A, Jezzard P. Effect of subject-specific head morphometry on specific absorption rate estimates in parallel-transmit MRI at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:2376-2390. [PMID: 36656151 PMCID: PMC10952207 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the accuracy of morphing an established reference electromagnetic head model to a subject-specific morphometry for the estimation of specific absorption rate (SAR) in 7T parallel-transmit (pTx) MRI. METHODS Synthetic T1 -weighted MR images were created from three high-resolution open-source electromagnetic head voxel models. The accuracy of morphing a "reference" (multimodal image-based detailed anatomical [MIDA]) electromagnetic model into a different subject's native space (Duke and Ella) was compared. Both linear and nonlinear registration methods were evaluated. Maximum 10-g averaged SAR was estimated for circularly polarized mode and for 5000 random RF shim sets in an eight-channel transmit head coil, and comparison made between the morphed MIDA electromagnetic models and the native Duke and Ella electromagnetic models, respectively. RESULTS The averaged error in maximum 10-g averaged SAR estimation across pTx MRI shim sets between the MIDA and the Duke target model was reduced from 17.5% with only rigid-body registration, to 11.8% when affine linear registration was used, and further reduced to 10.7% when nonlinear registration was used. The corresponding figures for the Ella model were 16.7%, 11.2%, and 10.1%. CONCLUSION We found that morphometry accounts for up to half of the subject-specific differences in pTx SAR. Both linear and nonlinear morphing of an electromagnetic model into a target subject improved SAR agreement by better matching head size, morphometry, and position. However, differences remained, likely arising from details in tissue composition estimation. Thus, the uncertainty of the head morphometry and tissue composition may need to be considered separately to achieve personalized SAR estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbae Jeong
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jesper Andersson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Aaron Hess
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research ExcellenceOxfordUK
| | - Peter Jezzard
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Benini M, Parazzini M, Bonato M, Gallucci S, Chiaramello E, Fiocchi S, Tognola G. Assessment of Children's Exposure to Intelligent Transport System 5.9 GHz Vehicular Connectivity Using Numerical Dosimetry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115170. [PMID: 37299897 DOI: 10.3390/s23115170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the radio-frequency electromagnetic field exposure (RF-EMF) levels in pedestrians generated by vehicular communication technology. We specifically investigated exposure levels in children of different ages and both genders. This study also compares the children's exposure levels generated by such technology with those of an adult investigated in our previous study. The exposure scenario consisted of a 3D-CAD model of a vehicle equipped with two vehicular antennas operating at 5.9 GHz, each fed with 1 W power. Four child models were analyzed near the front and back of the car. The RF-EMF exposure levels were expressed as the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) calculated over the whole body and 10 g mass (SAR10g) of the skin and 1 g mass (SAR1g) of the eyes. The maximum SAR10g value of 9 mW/kg was found in the skin of the head of the tallest child. The maximum whole-body SAR was 0.18 mW/kg and was found in the tallest child. As a general result, it was found that children's exposure levels are lower than those of adults. All the SAR values are well below the limits recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Benini
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Cnr-Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Cnr-Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Bonato
- Cnr-Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Gallucci
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Cnr-Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emma Chiaramello
- Cnr-Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Fiocchi
- Cnr-Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tognola
- Cnr-Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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19
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Zhang S, Qin Y, Wang J, Yu Y, Wu L, Zhang T. Noninvasive Electrical Stimulation Neuromodulation and Digital Brain Technology: A Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1513. [PMID: 37371609 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the research progress on noninvasive neural regulatory systems through system design and theoretical guidance. We provide an overview of the development history of noninvasive neuromodulation technology, focusing on system design. We also discuss typical cases of neuromodulation that use modern noninvasive electrical stimulation and the main limitations associated with this technology. In addition, we propose a closed-loop system design solution of the "time domain", "space domain", and "multi-electrode combination". For theoretical guidance, this paper provides an overview of the "digital brain" development process used for noninvasive electrical-stimulation-targeted modeling and the development of "digital human" programs in various countries. We also summarize the core problems of the existing "digital brain" used for noninvasive electrical-stimulation-targeted modeling according to the existing achievements and propose segmenting the tissue. For this, the tissue parameters of a multimodal image obtained from a fresh cadaver were considered as an index. The digital projection of the multimodal image of the brain of a living individual was implemented, following which the segmented tissues could be reconstructed to obtain a "digital twin brain" model with personalized tissue structure differences. The "closed-loop system" and "personalized digital twin brain" not only enable the noninvasive electrical stimulation of neuromodulation to achieve the visualization of the results and adaptive regulation of the stimulation parameters but also enable the system to have individual differences and more accurate stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- The School of Artificial Intelligence, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
- The School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- The NJNU-OMNISKY Smart Medical Engineering Applications Joint Laboratory, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641004, China
- The High Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Laboratory of Sichuan, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Yuping Qin
- The School of Artificial Intelligence, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
- The NJNU-OMNISKY Smart Medical Engineering Applications Joint Laboratory, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641004, China
| | - Jiujiang Wang
- The School of Artificial Intelligence, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
- The NJNU-OMNISKY Smart Medical Engineering Applications Joint Laboratory, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641004, China
| | - Yuanyu Yu
- The School of Artificial Intelligence, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
- The NJNU-OMNISKY Smart Medical Engineering Applications Joint Laboratory, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641004, China
| | - Lin Wu
- The School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- The High Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Laboratory of Sichuan, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- The School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
- The High Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Laboratory of Sichuan, Chengdu 610056, China
- The Sichuan Institute for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Chengdu 610056, China
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20
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Ha GB, Steinberg BA, Freedman R, Bayés-Genís A, Sanchez B. Safety evaluation of smart scales, smart watches, and smart rings with bioimpedance technology shows evidence of potential interference in cardiac implantable electronic devices. Heart Rhythm 2023; 20:561-571. [PMID: 36997272 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smart scales, smart watches, and smart rings with bioimpedance technology may create interference in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine interference at CIEDs with simulations and benchtop testing, and to compare the results with maximum values defined in the ISO 14117 electromagnetic interference standard for these devices. METHODS The interference at pacing electrodes was determined by simulations on a male and a female computable model. A benchtop evaluation of representative CIEDs from 3 different manufacturers as specified in the ISO 14117 standard also was performed. RESULTS Simulations showed evidence of interference with voltage values exceeding threshold values defined in the ISO 14117 standard. The level of interference varied with the frequency and amplitude of the bioimpedance signal, and between male and female models. The level of interference generated with smart scale and smart rings simulations was lower than with smart watches. Across device manufacturers, generators demonstrated susceptibility to oversensing and pacing inhibition at different signal amplitudes and frequencies. CONCLUSIONS This study evaluated the safety of smart scales, smart watches, and smart rings with bioimpedance technology via simulation and testing. Our results indicate that these consumer electronic devices could interfere in patients with CIEDs. The present findings do not recommend the use of these devices in this population due to potential interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia-Bao Ha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Benjamin A Steinberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Roger Freedman
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genís
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain; Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Sanchez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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Berangi M, Kuehne A, Waiczies H, Niendorf T. MRI of Implantation Sites Using Parallel Transmission of an Optimized Radiofrequency Excitation Vector. Tomography 2023; 9:603-620. [PMID: 36961008 PMCID: PMC10037644 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative care of orthopedic implants is aided by imaging to assess the healing process and the implant status. MRI of implantation sites might be compromised by radiofrequency (RF) heating and RF transmission field (B1+) inhomogeneities induced by electrically conducting implants. This study examines the applicability of safe and B1+-distortion-free MRI of implantation sites using optimized parallel RF field transmission (pTx) based on a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA). Electromagnetic field simulations were performed for eight eight-channel RF array configurations (f = 297.2 MHz), and the most efficient array was manufactured for phantom experiments at 7.0 T. Circular polarization (CP) and orthogonal projection (OP) algorithms were applied for benchmarking the GA-based shimming. B1+ mapping and MR thermometry and imaging were performed using phantoms mimicking muscle containing conductive implants. The local SAR10g of the entire phantom in GA was 12% and 43.8% less than the CP and OP, respectively. Experimental temperature mapping using the CP yielded ΔT = 2.5-3.0 K, whereas the GA induced no extra heating. GA-based shimming eliminated B1+ artefacts at implantation sites and enabled uniform gradient-echo MRI. To conclude, parallel RF transmission with GA-based excitation vectors provides a technical foundation en route to safe and B1+-distortion-free MRI of implantation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Berangi
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- MRI.TOOLS GmbH, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- MRI.TOOLS GmbH, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Bevacqua MT, Gaffoglio R, Bellizzi GG, Righero M, Giordanengo G, Crocco L, Vecchi G, Isernia T. Field and Temperature Shaping for Microwave Hyperthermia: Recent Treatment Planning Tools to Enhance SAR-Based Procedures. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051560. [PMID: 36900351 PMCID: PMC10000666 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the article is to provide a summary of the work carried out in the framework of a research project funded by the Italian Ministry of Research. The main goal of the activity was to introduce multiple tools for reliable, affordable, and high-performance microwave hyperthermia for cancer therapy. The proposed methodologies and approaches target microwave diagnostics, accurate in vivo electromagnetic parameters estimation, and improvement in treatment planning using a single device. This article provides an overview of the proposed and tested techniques and shows their complementarity and interconnection. To highlight the approach, we also present a novel combination of specific absorption rate optimization via convex programming with a temperature-based refinement method implemented to mitigate the effect of thermal boundary conditions on the final temperature map. To this purpose, numerical tests were carried out for both simple and anatomically detailed 3D scenarios for the head and neck region. These preliminary results show the potential of the combined technique and improvements in the temperature coverage of the tumor target with respect to the case wherein no refinement is adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina T. Bevacqua
- Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Via Graziella, 89124 Reggio di Calabria, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Viale G.P. Usberti, 181/A Pal.3, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Rossella Gaffoglio
- Advanced Computing, Photonics & Electromagnetics (CPE), Fondazione LINKS, 10138 Turin, Italy
| | - Gennaro G. Bellizzi
- Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Via Graziella, 89124 Reggio di Calabria, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.G.B.); (T.I.)
| | - Marco Righero
- Advanced Computing, Photonics & Electromagnetics (CPE), Fondazione LINKS, 10138 Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giordanengo
- Advanced Computing, Photonics & Electromagnetics (CPE), Fondazione LINKS, 10138 Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Crocco
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’ Ambiente, CNR-IREA, Via Diocleziano 308, 80100 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vecchi
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Tommaso Isernia
- Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Via Graziella, 89124 Reggio di Calabria, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT), Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni, Viale G.P. Usberti, 181/A Pal.3, 43124 Parma, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’ Ambiente, CNR-IREA, Via Diocleziano 308, 80100 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.G.B.); (T.I.)
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Bottauscio O, Arduino A, Chiampi M, Zilberti L. Simplified modeling of implanted medical devices with metallic filamentary closed loops exposed to low or medium frequency magnetic fields. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 229:107316. [PMID: 36566651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Electric currents are induced in implanted medical devices with metallic filamentary closed loops (e.g., fixation grids, stents) when exposed to time varying magnetic fields, as those generated during certain diagnostic and therapeutic biomedical treatments. A simplified methodology to efficiently compute these currents, to estimate the altered electromagnetic field distribution in the biological tissues and to assess the consequent biological effects is proposed for low or medium frequency fields. METHODS The proposed methodology is based on decoupling the handling of the filamentary wire and the anatomical body. To do this, a circuital solution is adopted to study the metallic filamentary implant and this solution is inserted in the electromagnetic field solution involving the biological tissues. The Joule losses computed in the implant are then used as a forcing term for the thermal problem defined by the bioheat Pennes' equation. The methodology is validated against a model problem, where a reference solution is available. RESULTS The proposed simplified methodology is proved to be in good agreement with solutions provided by alternative approaches. In particular, errors in the amplitude of the currents induced in the wires result to be always lower than 3%. After the validation, the methodology is applied to check the interactions between the magnetic field generated by different biomedical devices and a skull grid, which represents a complex filamentary wire implant. CONCLUSIONS The proposed simplified methodology, suitable to be applied to closed loop wires in the low to intermediate frequency range, is found to be sufficiently accurate and easy to apply in realistic exposure scenarios. This modeling tool allows analyzing different types of small implants, from coronary and biliary duct stents to orthopedic grids, under a variety of exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriano Bottauscio
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Arduino
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Chiampi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Zilberti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
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Xi J, Christ A, Kuster N. Coverage factors for efficient demonstration of compliance of low-frequency magnetic near-field exposures with basic restrictions. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 36595233 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Regulators require that wireless power transfer (WPT) systems and other strong magnetic field sources are compliant with the basic restrictions (BR) defined as the limits of the fields induced in the human body, i.e. the induced electric field/current density/specific absorption rate limits. This can be achieved by demonstrating compliance with the reference levels (RL) defined in air without the human body, i.e. the incident electric/magnetic field limits. Local sources, such as WPT transmitters, generate non-uniform fields that can locally exceed the RL while the induced fields are still well below the BR. In these cases, robust compliance with BR can be demonstrated, generally requiring a large number of simulations. In this study, we proposed an efficient evaluation using a homogeneous phantom and applying a coverage factor to account for the local field enhancements caused by the dielectric contrasts of the highly inhomogeneous human tissues.Approach. The generally applicable coverage factors were derived from a statistical analysis of the field enhancements observed on four magnetic near-field sources placed at different separation distances (2-80 mm) and locations on the back of 12 anatomical models. The field enhancements were characterized by the ratios between the peak induced fields in the anatomical models and those in the homogeneous half-space phantom (ϵr= 55,σ= 0.75 S m-1,ρ= 1,000 kg m-3) at the same distance.Main results. The resulting 99th percentile coverage factors range from 1 and 9 depending on the dosimetric quantity.Significance. The use of these coverage factors reduces the compliance testing effort from hundreds of simulations to only one, and makes experimental testing feasible without the support of simulations. The study also demonstrates that running only a few use-case simulations with anatomical models may underestimate the exposure by more than 10 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtian Xi
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Christ
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels Kuster
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fall AK, Guraliuc AR, Monfret N, Setzu R. MRI conditional safety of mixed systems: Study of the impact of active implant medical device impedance on the radiofrequency-induced lead heating. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:2332-2346. [PMID: 36655698 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this paper is to study the impact of pulse generator small impedance variations on the overall radiofrequency (RF)-induced heating of a cardiac rhythm management (CRM) lead in a 1.5 T MR system. METHODS An analysis was conducted on two CRM pacing leads with different structural designs. The leads were connected to three CRM devices belonging to different technological platforms: two pacemakers and a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D). All pulse generators had a small (< 5 % $$ 5\% $$ ) RF input impedance compared to the overall system (pulse generator and lead) impedance. In addition, two Dummy load devices with an input impedance that is not negligible compared to the lead impedance were also studied. The implantable systems were studied in terms of RF deposited power at the lead electrodes, which is proportional to the RF-induced heating. RESULTS Results show that both leads behave very similarly in terms of RF deposited power for the same in-vivo tangential E-field excitation when mounting any of the pulse generators; reported differences are well below the combined uncertainty ( k = 1 ) $$ \left(k=1\right) $$ . On the other hand, both Dummy load devices resulted in a RF deposited power which differs from the other pulse generators by values larger than the combined uncertainty. CONCLUSION The results of our experimental analysis show that different pulse generators would not change the RF-induced heating behavior of a given lead, provided that the pulse generator impedances are small (in our study less than 5%) compared to the overall system impedance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Romano Setzu
- MRI System Engineering Team, MICROPORT CRM, Clamart, France
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26
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Ntolkeras G, Jeong H, Zöllei L, Dmytriw AA, Purvaziri A, Lev MH, Grant PE, Bonmassar G. A high-resolution pediatric female whole-body numerical model with comparison to a male model. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:10.1088/1361-6560/aca950. [PMID: 36595234 PMCID: PMC10624254 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Numerical models are central in designing and testing novel medical devices and in studying how different anatomical changes may affect physiology. Despite the numerous adult models available, there are only a few whole-body pediatric numerical models with significant limitations. In addition, there is a limited representation of both male and female biological sexes in the available pediatric models despite the fact that sex significantly affects body development, especially in a highly dynamic population. As a result, we developed Athena, a realistic female whole-body pediatric numerical model with high-resolution and anatomical detail.Approach. We segmented different body tissues through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) images of a healthy 3.5 year-old female child using 3D Slicer. We validated the high anatomical accuracy segmentation through two experienced sub-specialty-certified neuro-radiologists and the inter and intra-operator variability of the segmentation results comparing sex differences in organ metrics with physiologic values. Finally, we compared Athena with Martin, a similar male model, showing differences in anatomy, organ metrics, and MRI dosimetric exposure.Main results. We segmented 267 tissue compartments, which included 50 brain tissue labels. The tissue metrics of Athena displayed no deviation from the literature value of healthy children. We show the variability of brain metrics in the male and female models. Finally, we offer an example of computing Specific Absorption Rate and Joule heating in a toddler/preschooler at 7 T MRI.Significance. This study introduces a female realistic high-resolution numerical model using MRI and CT scans of a 3.5 year-old female child, the use of which includes but is not limited to radiofrequency safety studies for medical devices (e.g. an implantable medical device safety in MRI), neurostimulation studies, and radiation dosimetry studies. This model will be open source and available on the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Ntolkeras
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, United States of America
| | - Hongbae Jeong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, United States of America
| | - Lilla Zöllei
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, United States of America
| | - Adam A Dmytriw
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Ali Purvaziri
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Michael H Lev
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Fetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Giorgio Bonmassar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, United States of America
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Bottauscio O, Rubia-Rodríguez I, Arduino A, Zilberti L, Chiampi M, Ortega D. Heating of metallic biliary stents during magnetic hyperthermia of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: an in silico study. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:1222-1232. [DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2022.2121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luca Zilberti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Chiampi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Turin, Italy
| | - Daniel Ortega
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences of Cádiz (INiBICA), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Gallucci S, Bonato M, Benini M, Chiaramello E, Fiocchi S, Tognola G, Parazzini M. Assessment of EMF Human Exposure Levels Due to Wearable Antennas at 5G Frequency Band. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:104. [PMID: 36616701 PMCID: PMC9823937 DOI: 10.3390/s23010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: This work aims to assess human exposure to EMF due to two different wearable antennas tuned to two 5G bands. (2) Methods: The first one was centered in the lower 5G band, around f = 3.5 GHz, whereas the second one was tuned to the upper 5G band, at 26.5 GHz. Both antennas were positioned on the trunk of four simulated human models. The exposure assessment was performed by electromagnetic numerical simulations. Exposure levels were assessed by quantifying the specific absorption rate averaged on 10 g of tissue (SAR10g) and the absorbed power density (Sab), depending on the frequency of the wearable antenna. (3) Results: the higher exposure values that resulted were always mainly concentrated in a superficial area just below the antenna itself. In addition, these resulting distributions were narrowed around their peak values and tended to flatten toward lower values in farther anatomical body regions. All the exposure levels complied with ICNIRP guidelines when considering realistic input power. (4) Conclusions: This work highlights the importance of performing an exposure assessment when the antenna is placed on the human wearer, considering the growth of wearable technology and its wide variety of application, particularly regarding future 5G networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gallucci
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunication (IEIIT), 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Bonato
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunication (IEIIT), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Benini
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunication (IEIIT), 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emma Chiaramello
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunication (IEIIT), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Fiocchi
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunication (IEIIT), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tognola
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunication (IEIIT), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Parazzini
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunication (IEIIT), 20133 Milano, Italy
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Arduino A, Baruffaldi F, Bottauscio O, Chiampi M, Martinez JA, Zanovello U, Zilberti L. Computational dosimetry in MRI in presence of hip, knee or shoulder implants: do we need accurate surgery models? Phys Med Biol 2022; 67. [PMID: 36541561 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca5e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To quantify the effects of different levels of realism in the description of the anatomy around hip, knee or shoulder implants when simulating, numerically, radiofrequency and gradient-induced heating in magnetic resonance imaging. This quantification is needed to define how precise the digital human model modified with the implant should be to get realistic dosimetric assessments.Approach. The analysis is based on a large number of numerical simulations where four 'levels of realism' have been adopted in modelling human bodies carrying orthopaedic implants.Main results. Results show that the quantification of the heating due to switched gradient fields does not strictly require a detailed local anatomical description when preparing the digital human model carrying an implant. In this case, a simple overlapping of the implant CAD with the body anatomy is sufficient to provide a quite good and conservative estimation of the heating. On the contrary, the evaluation of the electromagnetic field distribution and heating caused by the radiofrequency field requires an accurate description of the tissues around the prosthesis.Significance. The results of this paper provide hints for selecting the 'level of realism' in the definition of the anatomical models with embedded passive implants when performing simulations that should reproduce, as closely as possible, thein vivoscenarios of patients carrying orthopaedic implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Chiampi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Zilberti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Torino, Italy
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30
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Oh S, Hong SE, Choi HD. Proposed Safety Guidelines for Patient Assistants in an Open MRI Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15185. [PMID: 36429902 PMCID: PMC9690638 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The wide-open side of an open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system allows a patient to easily contact the patient assistant during MRI scans. A wide-open-shaped magnet is highly effective when interventional procedures are necessary. Patient assistants can provide comfort by holding a part of the patient's body. Because current regulations or guidelines are concerned with only patient radio frequency (RF) safety, investigations on the safety of patient assistants exposed to high-magnetic field MRI (up to 1.2 T) are required. In this study, five different poses of patient assistants were numerically simulated at a 1.2 T open MRI system to determine the impact of poses on the RF exposure level. The 10-g averaged specific absorption rate (SAR) levels were analyzed for the poses of each patient assistant wearing gloves. Compared with the patient, up to 29.8% of the patient SAR was observed in the patient assistant. When the patient assistant wore latex gloves, a 63.7% reduction in the 10-g averaged SAR level was observed, which could be a remedy to minimize possible RF hazards. To prevent possible RF hazards during MRI scans, certain clauses regarding the patient assistant's poses or wearing gloves must be added to the existing MRI screening forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhoon Oh
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Eui Hong
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
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Kuhar S, Lee JH, Seo JH, Pasricha PJ, Mittal R. Effect of stomach motility on food hydrolysis and gastric emptying: Insight from computational models. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2022; 34:111909. [PMID: 36407285 PMCID: PMC9667910 DOI: 10.1063/5.0120933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The peristaltic motion of stomach walls combines with the secretion of digestive enzymes to initiate the process that breaks down food. In this study, the mixing, breakdown, and emptying of a liquid meal containing protein is simulated in a model of a human stomach. In this model, pepsin, the gastric enzyme responsible for protein hydrolysis, is secreted from the proximal region of the stomach walls and allowed to react with the contents of the stomach. The velocities of the retropulsive jet induced by the peristaltic motion, the emptying rate, and the extent of hydrolysis are quantified for a control case as well as for three other cases with reduced motility of the stomach, which may result from conditions such as diabetes mellitus. This study quantifies the effect of stomach motility on the rate of food breakdown and its emptying into the duodenum and we correlate these observations with the mixing in the stomach induced by the wall motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharun Kuhar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | | | | | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Rajat Mittal
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Inda AJG, Huang SY, İmamoğlu N, Qin R, Yang T, Chen T, Yuan Z, Yu W. Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN) for Low Snr Magnetic Resonance Electrical Properties Tomography (MREPT). Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2627. [PMID: 36359471 PMCID: PMC9689361 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical properties (EPs) of tissues facilitate early detection of cancerous tissues. Magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MREPT) is a technique to non-invasively probe the EPs of tissues from MRI measurements. Most MREPT methods rely on numerical differentiation (ND) to solve partial differential Equations (PDEs) to reconstruct the EPs. However, they are not practical for clinical data because ND is noise sensitive and the MRI measurements for MREPT are noisy in nature. Recently, Physics informed neural networks (PINNs) have been introduced to solve PDEs by substituting ND with automatic differentiation (AD). To the best of our knowledge, it has not been applied to MREPT due to the challenges in using PINN on MREPT as (i) a PINN requires part of ground-truth EPs as collocation points to optimize the network's AD, (ii) the noisy input data disrupts the optimization of PINNs despite the noise-filtering nature of NNs and additional denoising processes. In this work, we propose a PINN-MREPT model based on a canonical analytic MREPT model. A reference padding layer with known EPs was added to surround the region of interest for providing additive collocation points. Moreover, an optimizable diffusion coefficient was embedded in the analytic MREPT model used in the PINN-MREPT. The noise robustness of the proposed PINN-MREPT for single-sample reconstruction was tested by using numerical phantoms of human brain with extra tumor-like tissues at different noise levels. The results of numerical experiments show that PINN-MREPT outperforms two typical numerical MREPT methods in terms of reconstruction accuracy, sensitivity to the extra tissues, and the correlations of line profiles in the regions of interest. The advantage of the PINN-MREPT is shown by the results of an experiment on phantom measurement, too. Moreover, it is found that the diffusion term plays an important role to achieve a noise-robust PINN-MREPT. This is an important step moving forward to a clinical application of MREPT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shao Ying Huang
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Engineering Product Development Department, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Nevrez İmamoğlu
- Digital Architecture Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Ruian Qin
- Department of Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tianyi Yang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Tiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zilong Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wenwei Yu
- Department of Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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Matković A, Kordić A, Jakovčević A, Šarolić A. Complex Permittivity of Ex-Vivo Human, Bovine and Porcine Brain Tissues in the Microwave Frequency Range. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2580. [PMID: 36359425 PMCID: PMC9689776 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate knowledge about the dielectric properties of biological tissues in the microwave frequency range may lead to advancement of biomedical applications based on microwave technology. However, the published data are very scarce, especially for human brain tissues. The aim of this work was to measure and report the complex permittivity of brain white matter, grey matter and cerebellum. Complex permittivity was measured on human, bovine and porcine brain tissues in the microwave frequency range from 0.5 to 18 GHz using an open-ended coaxial probe. The results present a valuable addition to the available data on the brain tissue complex permittivity. Some noticeable variations between the results lead to several conclusions. Complex permittivity variation within the same tissue type of the individual species was comparable to interspecies variation. The difference was prominent between human brains obtained from autopsies, while bovine brains obtained from healthy animals showed very similar complex permittivity. We hypothesize that the difference might have been caused by the basic pathologies of the patients, where the associated therapies could have affected the brain water content. We also examined the effect of excised tissue degradation on its complex permittivity over the course of three days, and the results suggest the gradual dehydration of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton Kordić
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonia Jakovčević
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Hardy BM, Banik R, Yan X, Anderson AW. Bench to bore ramifications of inter-subject head differences on RF shimming and specific absorption rates at 7T. Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 92:187-196. [PMID: 35842192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study shows how inter-subject variation over a dataset of 72 head models results in specific absorption rate (SAR) and B1+ field homogeneity differences using common shim scenarios. METHODS MR-CT datasets were used to segment 71 head models into 10 tissue compartments. These head models were affixed to the shoulders and neck of the virtual family Duke model and placed within an 8 channel transmit surface-loop array to simulate the electromagnetic fields of a 7T imaging experiment. Radio frequency (RF) shimming using the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm and Circularly Polarized shim weights over the entire brain and select slices of each model was simulated. Various SAR metrics and B1+ maps were calculated to demonstrate the contribution of head variation to transmit inhomogeneity and SAR variability. RESULTS With varying head geometries the loading for each transmit loop changes as evidenced by changes in S-parameters. The varying shim conditions and head geometries are shown to affect excitation uniformity, spatial distributions of local SAR, and SAR averaging over different pulse sequences. The Gerchberg-Saxton RF shimming algorithm outperforms circularly polarized shimming for all head models. Peak local SAR within the coil most often occurs nearest the coil on the periphery of the body. Shim conditions vary the spatial distribution of SAR. CONCLUSION The work gives further support to the need for fast and more subject specific SAR calculations to maintain safety. Local SAR10g is shown to vary spatially given shim conditions, subject geometry and composition, and position within the coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Hardy
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 6301 Stevenson Science Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Rana Banik
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| | - Xinqiang Yan
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Adam W Anderson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Center North, 1161 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Clément J, Tomi-Tricot R, Malik SJ, Webb A, Hajnal JV, Ipek Ö. Towards an integrated neonatal brain and cardiac examination capability at 7 T: electromagnetic field simulations and early phantom experiments using an 8-channel dipole array. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 35:765-778. [PMID: 34997396 PMCID: PMC9463228 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-021-00988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonatal brain and cardiac imaging would benefit from the increased signal-to-noise ratio levels at 7 T compared to lower field. Optimal performance might be achieved using purpose designed RF coil arrays. In this study, we introduce an 8-channel dipole array and investigate, using simulations, its RF performances for neonatal applications at 7 T. METHODS The 8-channel dipole array was designed and evaluated for neonatal brain/cardiac configurations in terms of SAR efficiency (ratio between transmit-field and maximum specific-absorption-rate level) using adjusted dielectric properties for neonate. A birdcage coil operating in circularly polarized mode was simulated for comparison. Validation of the simulation model was performed on phantom for the coil array. RESULTS The 8-channel dipole array demonstrated up to 46% higher SAR efficiency levels compared to the birdcage coil in neonatal configurations, as the specific-absorption-rate levels were alleviated. An averaged normalized root-mean-square-error of 6.7% was found between measured and simulated transmit field maps on phantom. CONCLUSION The 8-channel dipole array design integrated for neonatal brain and cardiac MR was successfully demonstrated, in simulation with coverage of the baby and increased SAR efficiency levels compared to the birdcage. We conclude that the 8Tx-dipole array promises safe operating procedures for MR imaging of neonatal brain and heart at 7 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Clément
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Shaihan J Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Webb
- Department of Radiology, C. J Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Özlem Ipek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Tuszynski JA, Costa F. Low-energy amplitude-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as a systemic treatment for cancer: Review and proposed mechanisms of action. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:869155. [PMID: 36157082 PMCID: PMC9498185 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.869155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to Low-Energy Amplitude-Modulated Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (LEAMRFEMF) represents a new treatment option for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (AHCC). We focus on two medical devices that modulate the amplitude of a 27.12 MHz carrier wave to generate envelope waves in the low Hz to kHz range. Each provides systemic exposure to LEAMRFEMF via an intrabuccal antenna. This technology differs from so-called Tumour Treating Fields because it uses different frequency ranges, uses electromagnetic rather than electric fields, and delivers energy systemically rather than locally. The AutemDev also deploys patient-specific frequencies. LEAMRFEMF devices use 100-fold less power than mobile phones and have no thermal effects on tissue. Tumour type-specific or patient-specific treatment frequencies can be derived by measuring haemodynamic changes induced by exposure to LEAMRFEMF. These specific frequencies inhibited growth of human cancer cell lines in vitro and in mouse xenograft models. In uncontrolled prospective clinical trials in patients with AHCC, minorities of patients experienced complete or partial tumour responses. Pooled comparisons showed enhanced overall survival in treated patients compared to historical controls. Mild transient somnolence was the only notable treatment-related adverse event. We hypothesize that intracellular oscillations of charged macromolecules and ion flows couple resonantly with LEAMRFEMF. This resonant coupling appears to disrupt cell division and subcellular trafficking of mitochondria. We provide an estimate of the contribution of the electromagnetic effects to the overall energy balance of an exposed cell by calculating the power delivered to the cell, and the energy dissipated through the cell due to EMF induction of ionic flows along microtubules. We then compare this with total cellular metabolic energy production and conclude that energy delivered by LEAMRFEMF may provide a beneficial shift in cancer cell metabolism away from aberrant glycolysis. Further clinical research may confirm that LEAMRFEMF has therapeutic value in AHCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Tuszynski
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Autem Therapeutics, Hanover, NH, United States
- Correspondence: Jack A. Tuszynski
| | - Frederico Costa
- Autem Therapeutics, Hanover, NH, United States
- Oncology Department, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
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Malik SJ, Hand JW, Carmichael DW, Hajnal JV. Evaluation of specific absorption rate and heating in children exposed to a 7T MRI head coil. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1434-1449. [PMID: 35666836 PMCID: PMC9328145 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distributions resulting from pediatric exposure to a 7T head coil. METHODS Exposure from a 297-MHz birdcage head transmit coil (CP mode single-channel transmission) was simulated in several child models (ages 3-14, mass 13.9-50.4 kg) and one adult, using time-domain electromagnetic and thermal solvers. Position variability, age-related changes in dielectric properties, and differences in thermoregulation were also considered. RESULTS Age-adjusted dielectric properties had little effect in this population. Head average SAR (hdSAR) was the limiting factor for all models centered in the coil. The value of hdSAR (normalized to net power) was found to decrease linearly with increasing mass (R2 = 0.86); no equivalent relationship for peak-spatial 10g averaged SAR (psSAR10g ) was identified. Relatively small (< 10%) variability was observed in hdSAR for position shifts of ±25 mm in each orthogonal direction when normalized to net power; accounting for B1+$$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ efficiency can lead to much larger variability. Position sensitivity of psSAR10g was greater, but in most cases hdSAR remained the limiting quantity. For thermal simulations, if blood temperature is fixed (i.e., asserting good thermoregulation), maximum temperatures are compliant with International Electrotechnical Commission limits during 60-min exposure at the SAR limit. Introducing variable blood temperature leads to core temperature changes proportional to whole-body averaged SAR, exceeding guideline limits for all child models. CONCLUSIONS Children experienced higher SAR than adults for the 297-MHz head transmit coil examined in this work. Thermal simulations suggest that core temperature changes could occur in smaller subjects, although experimental data are needed for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaihan J Malik
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Center for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Hand
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - David W Carmichael
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Center for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Bonato M, Tognola G, Benini M, Gallucci S, Chiaramello E, Fiocchi S, Parazzini M. Assessment of SAR in Road-Users from 5G-V2X Vehicular Connectivity Based on Computational Simulations. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176564. [PMID: 36081025 PMCID: PMC9460500 DOI: 10.3390/s22176564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) will soon operate using 5G New-Radio (NR) wireless communication, overcoming the limitations of the current V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) wireless communication technologies and increasing road-safety and driving efficiency. These innovations will also change the RF exposure levels of pedestrians and road-users in general. These people, in fact, will be exposed to additional RF sources coming from nearby cars and from the infrastructure. Therefore, an exposure assessment of people in the proximity of a connected car is necessary and urgent. (2) Methods: Two array antennas for 5G-V2X communication at 3.5 GHz were modelled and mounted on a realistic 3D car model for evaluating the exposure levels of a human model representing people on the road near the car. Computational simulations were conducted using the FDTD solver implemented in the Sim4Life platform; different positions and orientations between the car and the human model were assessed. The analyzed quantities were the Specific Absorption Rate on the whole body (SARwb), averaged over 10 g (SAR10g) in specific tissues, as indicated in the ICNIRP guidelines. (3) Results: the data showed that the highest exposure levels were obtained mostly in the head area of the human model, with the highest peak obtained in the configuration where the main beam of the 5G-V2X antennas was more direct towards the human model. Moreover, in all configurations, the dose absorbed by a pedestrian was well below the ICNIRP guidelines to avoid harmful effects. (4) Conclusions: This work is the first study on human exposure assessment in a 5G-V2X scenario, and it expands the knowledge about the exposure levels for the forthcoming use of 5G in connected vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bonato
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tognola
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Benini
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Gallucci
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emma Chiaramello
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Fiocchi
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Tzirini M, Roth Y, Harmelech T, Zibman S, Pell GS, Kimiskidis VK, Tendler A, Zangen A, Samaras T. Detailed measurements and simulations of electric field distribution of two TMS coils cleared for obsessive compulsive disorder in the brain and in specific regions associated with OCD. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263145. [PMID: 36040972 PMCID: PMC9426893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The FDA cleared deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (Deep TMS) with the H7 coil for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) treatment, following a double-blinded placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Two years later the FDA cleared TMS with the D-B80 coil on the basis of substantial equivalence. In order to investigate the induced electric field characteristics of the two coils, these were placed at the treatment position for OCD over the prefrontal cortex of a head phantom, and the field distribution was measured. Additionally, numerical simulations were performed in eight Population Head Model repository models with two sets of conductivity values and three Virtual Population anatomical head models and their homogeneous versions. The H7 was found to induce significantly higher maximal electric fields (p<0.0001, t = 11.08) and to stimulate two to five times larger volumes in the brain (p<0.0001, t = 6.71). The rate of decay of electric field with distance is significantly slower for the H7 coil (p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon matched-pairs test). The field at the scalp is 306% of the field at a 3 cm depth with the D-B80, and 155% with the H7 coil. The H7 induces significantly higher intensities in broader volumes within the brain and in specific brain regions known to be implicated in OCD (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)) compared to the D-B80. Significant field ≥ 80 V/m is induced by the H7 (D-B80) in 15% (1%) of the dACC, 78% (29%) of the pre-SMA, 50% (20%) of the dlPFC, 30% (12%) of the OFC and 15% (1%) of the IFG. Considering the substantial differences between the two coils, the clinical efficacy in OCD should be tested and verified separately for each coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Tzirini
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- THESS, Thessaloniki Software Solution S.A., Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Yiftach Roth
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- BrainsWay Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Gaby S. Pell
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- BrainsWay Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vasilios K. Kimiskidis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aron Tendler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- BrainsWay Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
- Advanced Mental Health Care Inc., United States of America
| | - Abraham Zangen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Theodoros Samaras
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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De Paepe S, De Borre E, Toribio Carvajal D, Bell D, Thielens A. Pilot study of a new methodology to study the development of the blue bottle fly ( Calliphora vomitoria) under exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields at 5.4 GHz. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:1439-1455. [PMID: 35976063 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure of insects to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) can have developmental effects. However, there is currently no clear understanding of the exposure level that can lead to such effects. Therefore, the goal of this study was to, for the first time, study the development of the Blue Bottle Fly (Calliphora vomitoria, CV) under exposure to RF-EMFs at 5.4 GHz, using both numerical RF-EMF dosimetry with anatomically accurate 3 D models of insects and an RF-EMF exposure experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS CV was chosen as a model organism in this study because CV's development can be influenced thermally and CV's pupal stage presents a window of several days in which immobile pupae can be exposed to RF-EMFs. The 5.4 GHz frequency was used because it allowed us the license-free operation of the exposure setup. Numerical, EM simulations with 3 D anatomically accurate models of CV, obtained using micro-CT scanning, were used in this study. These simulations enable the estimation of the absorbed power and the whole-body averaged specific absorption rate in CV during RF exposure experiments. An experiment with three exposure conditions was designed and executed in which 400 pupae were split into an exposed group that was placed inside the TEM cell for 48 h and concurrent control. Two exposure conditions used RF-EMF input power into the TEM cell at 5.4 GHz on two different levels. One exposure condition was sham exposure. Electric field strength measurements were used to validate the proper functioning of the exposure setups and to quantify the RF-EMF exposure of the control groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS All studied groups of pupae - exposed to RF-EMFs, sham, and control groups- showed similar (evolutions of) masses, lengths and diameters during their development. The total rate of pupal emergence was reduced in one of the studied RF-EMF exposures in comparison to its concurrent control, while the other RF-EMF exposure and the sham exposure did not alter the total rate of pupal emergence. The sham exposure and the lowest of the two studied RF-EMF exposure conditions (19.4 V/m) caused a median delay in pupal emergence of 4 and 8 hours, respectively, in comparison to concurrent control groups. The higher studied exposure of 55 V/m caused a median relative acceleration in the development of 8 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha De Paepe
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eline De Borre
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Duncan Bell
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Arno Thielens
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Lee JH, Kuhar S, Seo JH, Pasricha PJ, Mittal R. Computational modeling of drug dissolution in the human stomach: Effects of posture and gastroparesis on drug bioavailability. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2022; 34:081904. [PMID: 35971381 PMCID: PMC9372820 DOI: 10.1063/5.0096877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The oral route is the most common choice for drug administration because of several advantages, such as convenience, low cost, and high patient compliance, and the demand and investment in research and development for oral drugs continue to grow. The rate of dissolution and gastric emptying of the dissolved active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) into the duodenum is modulated by gastric motility, physical properties of the pill, and the contents of the stomach, but current in vitro procedures for assessing dissolution of oral drugs are limited in their ability to recapitulate this process. This is particularly relevant for disease conditions, such as gastroparesis, that alter the anatomy and/or physiology of the stomach. In silico models of gastric biomechanics offer the potential for overcoming these limitations of existing methods. In the current study, we employ a biomimetic in silico simulator based on the realistic anatomy and morphology of the stomach (referred to as "StomachSim") to investigate and quantify the effect of body posture and stomach motility on drug bioavailability. The simulations show that changes in posture can potentially have a significant (up to 83%) effect on the emptying rate of the API into the duodenum. Similarly, a reduction in antral contractility associated with gastroparesis can also be found to significantly reduce the dissolution of the pill as well as emptying of the API into the duodenum. The simulations show that for an equivalent motility index, the reduction in gastric emptying due to neuropathic gastroparesis is larger by a factor of about five compared to myopathic gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Kuhar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | | | - P. J. Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - R. Mittal
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Poni R, Neufeld E, Capstick M, Bodis S, Kuster N. Rapid SAR optimization for hyperthermic oncology: combining multi-goal optimization and time-multiplexed steering for hotspot suppression. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:758-771. [PMID: 35654473 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2022.2080284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Healthy tissue hotspots are a main limiting factor in administering deep hyperthermia cancer therapy. We propose an optimization scheme that uses time-multiplexed steering (TMPS) among minimally correlated (nearly) Pareto-optimal solutions to suppress hotspots without reducing tumor heating. Furthermore, tumor heating homogeneity is maximized, thus reducing toxicity and avoiding underexposed tumor regions, which in turn may reduce recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS The novel optimization scheme combines random generation of steering parameters with local optimization to efficiently identify the set of (Pareto-) optimal solutions of conflicting optimization goals. To achieve simultaneous suppression of hotspots, multiple steering parameter configurations with minimally correlated hotspots are selected near the Pareto front and combined in TMPS. The performance of the novel scheme was compared with that of a multi-goal Genetic Algorithm for a range of simulated treatment configurations involving a modular applicator heating a generic tumor situated in the bladder, cervix, or pelvic bone. SAR cumulative histograms in tumor and healthy tissue, as well as hotspot volumes are used as metrics. RESULTS Compared to the non-TMPS optimization, the proposed scheme was able to reduce the peak temperature in healthy tissue by 0.2 °C-1.0 °C (a thermal dose reduction by at least 26%) and, importantly, the hotspot volume above 42 °C in healthy tissue by 41%-86%. At the same time, tumor heating homogeneity was maintained or improved. CONCLUSIONS The extremely rapid optimization (5 s for TMPS part, on a standard PC) permits closed-loop treatment reoptimization during treatment administration, and empowers physicians with a selection of optimal treatment scenarios reflecting different weighting of conflicting treatment goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redi Poni
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Esra Neufeld
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myles Capstick
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Bodis
- Kantonsspital Aarau Radio-Onkologie, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Niels Kuster
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zurich, Switzerland
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González-Suárez A, Irastorza RM, Deane S, O'Brien B, O'Halloran M, Elahi A. Full torso and limited-domain computer models for epicardial pulsed electric field ablation. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 221:106886. [PMID: 35597202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) ablation has been proposed as a non-thermal energy to treat atrial fibrillation (AF) by ablation of ganglionated plexi using the epicardial approach. The electric field distribution at the target site (heart) and its surroundings has not yet been assessed previously, using epicardial ablation technique. Our objective was to develop computational models, incorporating the real anatomy of the heart and the patient's torso, to assess the electric field distribution when applying epicardial monopolar PEF. METHODS A novel 3D realistic full torso model was built with the multi-electrode ablation device placed on the epicardium and a dispersive pad on the patient's back to evaluate the electric field distribution. The 400 V/cm isoline was used to estimate the 'PEF-zone'. A 3D limited-domain model was also built including only the region of interest around the ablation device to assess its validity in comparison with the full torso model. RESULTS The electrical field is mainly limited to the target site (PEF-zone with lengths of 25.79 to 29.00 mm, depths of 5.98-7.02 mm and maximum widths of 8.75-10.57 mm) and is practically negligible in adjacent organs (<30 V/cm and <36 V/cm in oesophagus and lungs, respectively). The electrical currents ranged from 3.67 A to 7.44 A. The 3D limited-domain model provided a similar electric field distribution to those obtained from the 3D full torso models (differences < 0.5 mm in PEF-zone depth). CONCLUSIONS Computational results suggest that PEF-zone is very focused around the ablation catheter. Limited-domain models offer similar results in terms of PEF-zone size, reducing the complexity of the modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-Suárez
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Ramiro M Irastorza
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina; Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Stuart Deane
- AtriAN Medical Limited, Unit 204, NUIG Business Innovation Centre, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Barry O'Brien
- AtriAN Medical Limited, Unit 204, NUIG Business Innovation Centre, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martin O'Halloran
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Adnan Elahi
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Translational Medical Device Lab, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
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A Fetal Brain magnetic resonance Acquisition Numerical phantom (FaBiAN). Sci Rep 2022; 12:8682. [PMID: 35606398 PMCID: PMC9127105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate characterization of in utero human brain maturation is critical as it involves complex and interconnected structural and functional processes that may influence health later in life. Magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful tool to investigate equivocal neurological patterns during fetal development. However, the number of acquisitions of satisfactory quality available in this cohort of sensitive subjects remains scarce, thus hindering the validation of advanced image processing techniques. Numerical phantoms can mitigate these limitations by providing a controlled environment with a known ground truth. In this work, we present FaBiAN, an open-source Fetal Brain magnetic resonance Acquisition Numerical phantom that simulates clinical T2-weighted fast spin echo sequences of the fetal brain. This unique tool is based on a general, flexible and realistic setup that includes stochastic fetal movements, thus providing images of the fetal brain throughout maturation comparable to clinical acquisitions. We demonstrate its value to evaluate the robustness and optimize the accuracy of an algorithm for super-resolution fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging from simulated motion-corrupted 2D low-resolution series compared to a synthetic high-resolution reference volume. We also show that the images generated can complement clinical datasets to support data-intensive deep learning methods for fetal brain tissue segmentation.
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Garcia Inda AJ, Huang SY, Imamoglu N, Yu W. Physics-Coupled Neural Network Magnetic Resonance Electrical Property Tomography (MREPT) for Conductivity Reconstruction. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2022; 31:3463-3478. [PMID: 35533164 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2022.3172220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrical property (EP) of human tissues is a quantitative biomarker that facilitates early diagnosis of cancerous tissues. Magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MREPT) is an imaging modality that reconstructs EPs by the radio-frequency field in an MRI system. MREPT reconstructs EPs by solving analytic models numerically based on Maxwell's equations. Most MREPT methods suffer from artifacts caused by inaccuracy of the hypotheses behind the models, and/or numerical errors. These artifacts can be mitigated by adding coefficients to stabilize the models, however, the selection of such coefficient has been empirical, which limit its medical application. Alternatively, end-to-end Neural networks-based MREPT (NN-MREPT) learns to reconstruct the EPs from training samples, circumventing Maxwell's equations. However, due to its pattern-matching nature, it is difficult for NN-MREPT to produce accurate reconstructions for new samples. In this work, we proposed a physics-coupled NN for MREPT (PCNN-MREPT), in which an analytic model, cr-MREPT, works with diffusion and convection coefficients, learned by NNs from the difference between the reconstructed and ground-truth EPs to reduce artifacts. With two simulated datasets, three generalization experiments in which test samples deviate gradually from the training samples, and one noise-robustness experiment were conducted. The results show that the proposed PCNN-MREPT achieves higher accuracy than two representative analytic methods. Moreover, compared with an end-to-end NN-MREPT, the proposed method attained higher accuracy in two critical generalization tests. This is an important step to practical MREPT medical diagnoses.
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Lê TP, Gruetter R, Jorge J, Ipek Ö. Segmenting electroencephalography wires reduces radiofrequency shielding artifacts in simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1450-1464. [PMID: 35575944 PMCID: PMC9323442 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Simultaneous scalp electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) enable noninvasive assessment of brain function with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, at ultra‐high field, the data quality of both modalities is degraded by mutual interactions. Here, we thoroughly investigated the radiofrequency (RF) shielding artifact of a state‐of‐the‐art EEG‐fMRI setup, at 7 T, and design a practical solution to limit this issue. Methods Electromagnetic field simulations and MR measurements assessed the shielding effect of the EEG setup, more specifically the EEG wiring. The effectiveness of segmenting the wiring with resistors to reduce the transmit field disruption was evaluated on a wire‐only EEG model and a simulation model of the EEG cap. Results The EEG wiring was found to exert a dominant effect on the disruption of the transmit field, whose intensity varied periodically as a function of the wire length. Breaking the electrical continuity of the EEG wires into segments shorter than one quarter RF wavelength in air (25 cm at 7 T) reduced significantly the RF shielding artifacts. Simulations of the EEG cap with segmented wires indicated similar improvements for a moderate increase of the power deposition. Conclusion We demonstrated that segmenting the EEG wiring into shorter lengths using commercially available nonmagnetic resistors is effective at reducing RF shielding artifacts in simultaneous EEG‐fMRI. This prevents the formation of RF‐induced standing waves, without substantial specific absorption rate (SAR) penalties, and thereby enables benefiting from the functional sensitivity boosts achievable at ultra‐high field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Phong Lê
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - João Jorge
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,CSEM - Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Özlem Ipek
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging - Animal Imaging and Technology, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Human Exposure Assessment to Wearable Antennas: Effect of Position and Interindividual Anatomical Variability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105877. [PMID: 35627414 PMCID: PMC9140696 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: This work aims to assess the human exposure to the RF-EMFs emitted by a wearable antenna. (2) Methods: a wearable antenna tuned at f = 2.45 GHz was tested by placing it in six realistic configurations relative to a male and female human model. The exposure assessment was performed by means of computational methods to estimate the SAR10g distributions at 1W of input power. (3) Results: (i) for all the configurations the SAR10g distributions resulted always mainly concentrated on a superficial area immediately below the antenna itself; (ii) the obtained values have shown that the configuration with the highest exposure value was when the antenna was posed on the arm; (iii) the exposure tends to be higher for male model. (4) Discussion and Conclusions: This work highlights the importance of performing an exposure assessment when the antenna is placed on the human wearer considering the growth of the wearable technology and its wide variety of fields of application, e.g., medical and military.
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Calderón C, Castaño-Vinyals G, Maslanyj M, Wiart J, Lee AK, Taki M, Wake K, Abert A, Badia F, Hadjem A, Kromhout H, de Llobet P, Varsier N, Conil E, Choi HD, Sim MR, Cardis E. Estimation of RF and ELF dose by anatomical location in the brain from wireless phones in the MOBI-Kids study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107189. [PMID: 35447435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wireless phones (both mobile and cordless) emit not only radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) but also extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields, both of which should be considered in epidemiological studies of the possible adverse health effects of use of such devices. This paper describes a unique algorithm, developed for the multinational case-control MOBI-Kids study, that estimates the cumulative specific energy (CSE) and the cumulative induced current density (CICD) in the brain from RF and ELF fields, respectively, for each subject in the study (aged 10-24 years old). Factors such as age, tumour location, self-reported phone models and usage patterns (laterality, call frequency/duration and hands-free use) were considered, as was the prevalence of different communication systems over time. Median CSE and CICD were substantially higher in GSM than 3G systems and varied considerably with location in the brain. Agreement between RF CSE and mobile phone use variables was moderate to null, depending on the communication system. Agreement between mobile phone use variables and ELF CICD was higher overall but also strongly dependent on communication system. Despite ELF dose distribution across the brain being more diffuse than that of RF, high correlation was observed between RF and ELF dose. The algorithm was used to systematically estimate the localised RF and ELF doses in the brain from wireless phones, which were found to be strongly dependent on location and communication system. Analysis of cartographies showed high correlation across phone models and across ages, however diagonal agreement between these cartographies suggest these factors do affect dose distribution to some level. Overall, duration and number of calls may not be adequate proxies of dose, particularly as communication systems available for voice calls tend to become more complex with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Calderón
- UK Health Security Agency, Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myron Maslanyj
- UK Health Security Agency, Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Wiart
- WHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; LTCI, Telecom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ae-Kyoung Lee
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Masao Taki
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Kanako Wake
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, Electromagnetic Standards Research Center, Radio Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Alex Abert
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Badia
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; University Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abdelhamid Hadjem
- WHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia de Llobet
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadège Varsier
- WHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Conil
- WHIST Lab Common Lab of Orange Labs R&D and Institut Mines Telecom, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Agence Nationale des FRéquences (ANFR), Maisons-Alfort, France(1)
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Malcolm R Sim
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science. Monash University, Alfred Centre, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
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Electric Field Distribution Induced by TMS: Differences Due to Anatomical Variation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a well-established technique for the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. The numerical calculation of the induced electric field (EF) distribution in the brain increases the efficacy of stimulation and improves clinical outcomes. However, unique anatomical features, which distinguish each subject, suggest that personalized models should be preferentially used. The objective of the present study was to assess how anatomy affects the EF distribution and to determine to what extent personalized models are useful for clinical studies. The head models of nineteen healthy volunteers were automatically segmented. Two versions of each head model, a homogeneous and a five-tissue anatomical, were stimulated by the model of a Hesed coil (H-coil), employing magnetic quasi-static simulations. The H-coil was placed at two standard stimulating positions per model, over the frontal and central areas. The results show small, but indisputable, variations in the EFs for the homogeneous and anatomical models. The interquartile ranges in the anatomical versions were higher compared to the homogeneous ones, indicating that individual anatomical features may affect the prediction of stimulation volumes. It is concluded that personalized models provide complementary information and should be preferably employed in the context of diagnostic and therapeutic TMS studies.
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Arduino A, Bottauscio O, Chiampi M, Zanovello U, Zilberti L. A contribution to MRI safety testing related to gradient-induced heating of medical devices. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:930-944. [PMID: 35344605 PMCID: PMC9314691 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To theoretically investigate the feasibility of a novel procedure for testing the MRI gradient-induced heating of medical devices and translating the results into clinical practice. METHODS The concept of index of stress is introduced by decoupling the time waveform characteristics of the gradient field signals from the field spatial distribution within an MRI scanner. This index is also extended to consider the anisotropy of complex bulky metallic implants. Merits and drawbacks of the proposed index of stress are investigated through virtual experiments. In particular, the values of the index of stress evaluated for realistic orthopedic implants placed within an ASTM phantom are compared with accurate heating simulations performed with 2 anatomic body models (a man and a woman) implanted through a virtual surgery procedure. RESULTS The manipulation of the proposed index of stress allows to identify regions within the MRI bore where the implant could affect the safety of the examinations. Furthermore, the conducted analysis shows that the power dissipated into the implant by the induced eddy currents is a dosimetric quantity that estimates well the maximum temperature increase in the tissues surrounding the implant. CONCLUSION The results support the adoption of an anisotropic index of stress to regulate the gradient-induced heating of geometrically complex implants. They also pave the way for a laboratory characterization of the implants based on electrical measurements, rather than on thermal measurements. The next step will be to set up a standardized experimental procedure to evaluate the index of stress associated with an implant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Chiampi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Torino, Italy
| | | | - Luca Zilberti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Torino, Italy
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