Copper oxide nanoparticles as contrast agents for MRI and ultrasound dual-modality imaging

Present and future of metal nanoparticles in tumor ablation therapy

Cancer is an important factor affecting the quality of human life as well as causing death. Tumor ablation therapy is a minimally invasive local treatment modality with unique advantages in treating tumors that are difficult to remove surgically. However, due to its physical and chemical characteristics and the limitation of equipment technology, ablation therapy cannot completely kill all tumor tissues and cells at one time; moreover, it inevitably damages some normal tissues in the surrounding area during the ablation process. Therefore, this technology cannot be the first-line treatment for tumors at present. Metal nanoparticles themselves have good thermal and electrical conductivity and unique optical and magnetic properties. The combination of metal nanoparticles with tumor ablation technology, on the one hand, can enhance the killing and inhibiting effect of ablation technology on tumors by expanding the ablation range; on the other hand, the ablation technology changes the physicochemical microenvironment such as temperature, electric field, optics, oxygen content and pH in tumor tissues. It helps to stimulate the degree of local drug release of nanoparticles and increase the local content of anti-tumor drugs, thus forming a synergistic therapeutic effect with tumor ablation. Recent studies have found that some specific ablation methods will stimulate the body's immune response while physically killing tumor tissues, generating a large number of immune cells to cause secondary killing of tumor tissues and cells, and with the assistance of metal nanoparticles loaded with immune drugs, the effect of this anti-tumor immunotherapy can be further enhanced. Therefore, the combination of metal nanoparticles and ablative therapy has broad research potential. This review covers common metallic nanoparticles used for ablative therapy and discusses in detail their characteristics, mechanisms of action, potential challenges, and prospects in the field of ablation.

Radiopaque Iodosilane-Coated Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticle Contrast Agent for Dual-Modality Ultrasound and X-ray Bioimaging

Here, we report the synthesis of robust hybrid iodinated silica-lipid nanoemulsions (HSLNEs) for use as a contrast agent for ultrasound and X-ray applications. We engineered iodinated silica nanoparticles (SNPs), lipid nanoemulsions, and a series of HSLNEs by a low-energy spontaneous nanoemulsification process. The formation of a silica shell requires sonication to hydrolyze and polymerize/condensate the iodomethyltrimethoxysilane at the oil/water interface of the nanoemulsion droplets. The resulting nanoemulsions (NEs) exhibited a homogeneous spherical morphology under transmission electron microscopy. The particles had diameters ranging from 20 to 120 nm with both negative and positive surface charges in the absence and presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), respectively. Unlike CTAB-coated nanoformulations, the CTAB-free NEs showed excellent biocompatibility in murine RAW macrophages and human U87-MG cell lines in vitro. The maximum tolerated dose assessment was evaluated to verify their safety profiles in vivo. In vitro X-ray and ultrasound imaging and in vivo computed tomography were used to monitor both iodinated SNPs and HSLNEs, validating their significant contrast-enhancing properties and suggesting their potential as dual-modality clinical agents in the future.

Novel Magnetic Elastic Phase-Change Nanodroplets as Dual Mode Contrast Agent for Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Recently, dual-mode imaging systems merging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US) have been developed. Designing a dual-mode contrast agent is complex due to different mechanisms of enhancement. Herein, we describe novel phase change nanodroplets (PCNDs) with perfluoropentane encapsulated in a pre-polyglycerol sebacate (pre-PGS) shell loaded with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as having a dual-mode contrast agent effect. Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared via the chemical co-precipitation method and PCNDs were prepared via the solvent displacement technique. PCNDs showed excellent enhancement in the in vitro US much more than Sonovue^® microbubbles. Furthermore, they caused a susceptibility effect resulting in a reduction of signal intensity on MRI. An increase in the concentration of nanoparticles caused an increase in the MR contrast effect but a reduction in US intensity. The concentration of nanoparticles in a shell of PCNDs was optimized to obtain a dual-mode contrast effect. Biocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and immunogenicity assays showed that PCNDs were safe and non-immunogenic. Another finding was the dual-mode potential of unloaded PCNDs as T1 MR and US contrast agents. Results suggest the excellent potential of these PCNDs for use as dual-mode contrast agents for both MRI and US.

Recent development of contrast agents for magnetic resonance and multimodal imaging of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) as the most common primary malignant brain tumor exhibits a high incidence and degree of malignancy as well as poor prognosis. Due to the existence of formidable blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the aggressive growth and infiltrating nature of GBM, timely diagnosis and treatment of GBM is still very challenging. Among different imaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with merits including high soft tissue resolution, non-invasiveness and non-limited penetration depth has become the preferred tool for GBM diagnosis. Furthermore, multimodal imaging with combination of MRI and other imaging modalities would not only synergistically integrate the pros, but also overcome the certain limitation in each imaging modality, offering more accurate morphological and pathophysiological information of brain tumors. Since contrast agents contribute to amplify imaging signal output for unambiguous pin-pointing of tumors, tremendous efforts have been devoted to advances of contrast agents for MRI and multimodal imaging. Herein, we put special focus on summary of the most recent advances of not only MRI contrast agents including iron oxide-, manganese (Mn)-, gadolinium (Gd)-, ¹⁹F- and copper (Cu)-incorporated nanoplatforms for GBM imaging, but also dual-modal or triple-modal nanoprobes. Furthermore, potential obstacles and perspectives for future research and clinical translation of these contrast agents are discussed. We hope this review provides insights for scientists and students with interest in this area.

Recent advances in engineering iron oxide nanoparticles for effective magnetic resonance imaging

Iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) with unique magnetic property and high biocompatibility have been widely used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (CA) for long time. However, a review which comprehensively summarizes the recent development of IONP as traditional T₂ CA and its new application for different modality of MRI, such as T₁ imaging, simultaneous T₂/T₁ or MRI/other imaging modality, and as environment responsive CA is rare. This review starts with an investigation of direction on the development of high-performance MRI CA in both T₂ and T₁ modal based on quantum mechanical outer sphere and Solomon–Bloembergen–Morgan (SBM) theory. Recent rational attempts to increase the MRI contrast of IONP by adjusting the key parameters, including magnetization, size, effective radius, inhomogeneity of surrounding generated magnetic field, crystal phase, coordination number of water, electronic relaxation time, and surface modification are summarized. Besides the strategies to improve r₂ or r₁ values, strategies to increase the in vivo contrast efficiency of IONP have been reviewed from three different aspects, those are introducing second imaging modality to increase the imaging accuracy, endowing IONP with environment response capacity to elevate the signal difference between lesion and normal tissue, and optimizing the interface structure to improve the accumulation amount of IONP in lesion. This detailed review provides a deep understanding of recent researches on the development of high-performance IONP based MRI CAs. It is hoped to trigger deep thinking for design of next generation MRI CAs for early and accurate diagnosis.

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T₂ contrast capacity of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) could be improved based on quantum mechanical outer sphere theory.

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IONPs could be expand to be used as effective T₁ CAs by improving q value, extending τ_s, and optimizing interface structure.

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Environment responsive MRI CAs have been developed to improve the diagnosis accuracy.

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Introducing other imaging contrast moiety into IONPs could increase the contrast efficiency.

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Optimizing in vivo behavior of IONPs have been proved to enlarge the signal difference between normal tissue and lesion.

SERS/TERS Characterization of New Potential Therapeutics: The Influence of Positional Isomerism, Interface Type, Oxidation State of Copper, and Incubation Time on Adsorption on the Surface of Copper(I) and (II) Oxide Nanoparticles

The aim of this study was to investigate how the oxidation state of copper (Cu(I) vs Cu(II)), the nature of the interface (solid/aqueous vs solid/air), positional isomerism, and incubation time affect the functionalization of the surface of copper oxide nanostructures by [(butylamino)(pyridine)methyl]phenylphosphinic acid (PyPA). For this purpose, 2-, 3-, and 4-isomers of PyPA and the nanostructures were synthesized. The nanostructure were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which proved the formation of spherical Cu₂O nanoparticles (Cu₂ONPs; 1500–600 nm) and leaf-like CuO nanostructures (CuONSs; 80–180/400–700 nm, width/length). PyPA isomers were deposited on the surface of NSs, and adsorption was investigated by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS). The changes of adsorption on the surface of copper oxide NSs caused by the above-mentioned factors were described and the enhancement factor on this substrate was calculated.

Development and application of ultrasound contrast agents in biomedicine

With the rapid development of molecular imaging, ultrasound (US) medicine has evolved from traditional imaging diagnosis to integrated diagnosis and treatment at the molecular level. Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) play a crucial role in the integration of US diagnosis and treatment. As the micro-bubbles (MBs) in UCAs can enhance the cavitation effect and promote the biological effect of US, UCAs have also been studied in the fields of US thrombolysis, mediated gene transfer, drug delivery, and high intensity focused US. The application range of UCAs is expanding, and the value of their applications is improving. This paper reviews the development and application of UCAs in biomedicine in recent years, and the existing problems and prospects are pointed out.

Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: Nanotoxicology

Nanoparticles are of great importance in development and research because of their application in industries and biomedicine. The development of nanoparticles requires proper knowledge of their fabrication, interaction, release, distribution, target, compatibility, and functions. This review presents a comprehensive update on nanoparticles' toxic effects, the factors underlying their toxicity, and the mechanisms by which toxicity is induced. Recent studies have found that nanoparticles may cause serious health effects when exposed to the body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact without caution. The extent to which toxicity is induced depends on some properties, including the nature and size of the nanoparticle, the surface area, shape, aspect ratio, surface coating, crystallinity, dissolution, and agglomeration. In all, the general mechanisms by which it causes toxicity lie on its capability to initiate the formation of reactive species, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, among others.

Laser-induced thermal response and controlled release of copper oxide nanoparticles from multifunctional polymeric nanocarriers

Multifunctional nanocarriers have attracted considerable interest in improving cancer treatment outcomes. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanospheres encapsulating copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are characterized by antitumor activity and exhibit dual-modal contrast-enhancing capabilities. An in vitro evaluation demonstrates that this delivery system allows controlled and sustained release of CuO-NPs. To achieve localized release on demand, an external stimulation by laser irradiation is suggested. Furthermore, to enable simultaneous complementary photothermal therapy, polydopamine (PDA) coating for augmented laser absorption is proposed. To this aim, two formulations of CuO-NPs loaded nanospheres are prepared from PLGA polymers RG-504 H (H-PLGA) and RG-502 H (L-PLGA) as scaffolds for surface modification through in situ polymerization of dopamine and then PEGylation. The obtained CuO-NPs-based multifunctional nanocarriers are characterized, and photothermal effects are examined as a function of wavelength and time. The results show that 808 nm laser irradiation of the coated nanospheres yields maximal temperature elevation (T = 41°C) and stimulates copper release at a much faster rate compared to non-irradiated formulations. Laser-triggered CuO-NP release is mainly depended on the PLGA core, resulting in faster release with L-PLGA, which also yielded potent anti-tumor efficacy in head and neck cancer cell line (Cal-33). In conclusion, the suggested multifunctional nanoplatform offers the integrated benefits of diagnostic imaging and laser-induced drug release combined with thermal therapy.

The Revolutionary Roads to Study Cell-Cell Interactions in 3D In Vitro Pancreatic Cancer Models

Pancreatic cancer, the fourth most common cancer worldwide, shows a highly unsuccessful therapeutic response. In the last 10 years, neither important advancements nor new therapeutic strategies have significantly impacted patient survival, highlighting the need to pursue new avenues for drug development discovery and design. Advanced cellular models, resembling as much as possible the original in vivo tumor environment, may be more successful in predicting the efficacy of future anti-cancer candidates in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss novel bioengineered platforms for anticancer drug discovery in pancreatic cancer, from traditional two-dimensional models to innovative three-dimensional ones.

Ultrasound-induced and MRI-monitored CuO nanoparticles release from micelle encapsulation

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Moreover, they have a contrast enhancing effect in both MRI and ultrasound. Nonetheless, encapsulation is needed to control their toxic side effects and a mechanism for release on demand is required. A methodology is introduced herein for encapsulating and releasing CuO NPs from micelles by ultrasound induced hyperthermia and monitoring the process by MRI. For this aim, CuO NPs loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) micelles were prepared. Then, the profile of copper release with application of ultrasound was examined as a function of time and temperature using a colorimetric method. Finally, T1 weighted MRI images of suspensions and ex vivo poultry liver samples containing the CuO NPs loaded micelles were acquired before and after ultrasound application. The results confirmed that: (i) encapsulated NPs are detectible by MRI T1 mapping, depicting substantial T1 shortening from 1872 ± 62 ms to 683 ± 20 ms. (ii) Ultrasonic hyperthermia stimulated the NPs release with an about threefold increase compared to non-treated samples. (iii) Releasing effect was clearly visible by T1-weighted imaging (mean signal increase ratio of 2.29). These findings can potentially lead to the development of a new noninvasive methodology for CuO NPs based theranostic process.

Recent Progresses in Organic-Inorganic Nano Technological Platforms for Cancer Therapeutics

Nanotechnology offers promising tools in interdisciplinary research areas and getting an upsurge of interest in cancer therapeutics. Organic nanomaterials and inorganic nanomaterials bring revolutionary advancement in cancer eradication process. Oncology is achieving new heights under nano technological platform by expediting chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photo thermodynamic therapy, bio imaging and gene therapy. Various nanovectors have been developed for targeted therapy which acts as "Nano-bullets" for tumor cells selectively. Recently combinational therapies are catching more attention due to their enhanced effect leading towards the use of combined organicinorganic nano platforms. The current review covers organic, inorganic and their hybrid nanomaterials for various therapeutic action. The technological aspect of this review emphasizes on the use of inorganic-organic hybrids and combinational therapies for better results and also explores the future opportunities in this field.

Speed of Sound and Attenuation Temperature Dependence of Bovine Brain: Ex Vivo Study

OBJECTIVES

Brain treatments using focused ultrasound (FUS) offer a new range of noninvasive transcranial therapies. The acoustic energy deposition during these procedures may induce a temperature elevation in the tissue; therefore, noninvasive thermal monitoring is essential. Magnetic resonance imaging is the current adopted monitoring modality, but its high operational costs and limited availability may hinder the accessibility to FUS treatments. Aiming at the development of a thermometric ultrasound (US) method for the brain, the specific objective of this investigation was to study the acoustic thermal response of the speed of sound (SOS) and attenuation coefficient (AC) of different brain tissues: namely white matter (WM) and cortical matter.

METHODS

Sixteen ex vivo bovine brain samples were investigated. These included 7 WM and 9 cortical matter samples. The samples were gradually heated to about 45°C and then repeatedly scanned while cooling using a computerized US system in the through-transmission mode. The temperature was simultaneously registered with thermocouples. From the scans, the normalized SOS and AC for both tissues were calculated.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated a characteristic cooldown temporal behavior for the normalized AC and SOS curves, which were related to the temperature. The SOS curves enabled clear differentiation between the tissue types but depicted more scattered trajectories for the WM tissue. As for the AC curves, the WM depicted a linear behavior in relation to the temperature. However, both tissue types had rather similar temperature patterns.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings may contribute to the development of a US temperature-monitoring method during FUS procedures.

Copper oxide nanoparticles inhibit pancreatic tumor growth primarily by targeting tumor initiating cells

Cancer stem cells, also termed tumor initiating cells (TICs), are a rare population of cells within the tumor mass which initiate tumor growth and metastasis. In pancreatic cancer, TICs significantly contribute to tumor re-growth after therapy, due to their intrinsic resistance. Here we demonstrate that copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are cytotoxic against TIC-enriched PANC1 human pancreatic cancer cell cultures. Specifically, treatment with CuO-NPs decreases cell viability and increases apoptosis in TIC-enriched PANC1 cultures to a greater extent than in standard PANC1 cultures. These effects are associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CuO-NPs inhibit tumor growth in a pancreatic tumor model in mice. Tumors from mice treated with CuO-NPs contain a significantly higher number of apoptotic TICs in comparison to tumors from untreated mice, confirming that CuO-NPs target TICs in vivo. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of using CuO-NPs as a new therapeutic modality for pancreatic cancer.

Surface PEGylation suppresses pulmonary effects of CuO in allergen-induced lung inflammation

BACKGROUND

Copper oxide (CuO) nanomaterials are used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. These materials can be hazardous, especially if they are inhaled. As a result, the pulmonary effects of CuO nanomaterials have been studied in healthy subjects but limited knowledge exists today about their effects on lungs with allergic airway inflammation (AAI). The objective of this study was to investigate how pristine CuO modulates allergic lung inflammation and whether surface modifications can influence its reactivity. CuO and its carboxylated (CuO COOH), methylaminated (CuO NH₃) and PEGylated (CuO PEG) derivatives were administered here on four consecutive days via oropharyngeal aspiration in a mouse model of AAI. Standard genome-wide gene expression profiling as well as conventional histopathological and immunological methods were used to investigate the modulatory effects of the nanomaterials on both healthy and compromised immune system.

RESULTS

Our data demonstrates that although CuO materials did not considerably influence hallmarks of allergic airway inflammation, the materials exacerbated the existing lung inflammation by eliciting dramatic pulmonary neutrophilia. Transcriptomic analysis showed that CuO, CuO COOH and CuO NH₃ commonly enriched neutrophil-related biological processes, especially in healthy mice. In sharp contrast, CuO PEG had a significantly lower potential in triggering changes in lungs of healthy and allergic mice revealing that surface PEGylation suppresses the effects triggered by the pristine material.

CONCLUSIONS

CuO as well as its functionalized forms worsen allergic airway inflammation by causing neutrophilia in the lungs, however, our results also show that surface PEGylation can be a promising approach for inhibiting the effects of pristine CuO. Our study provides information for health and safety assessment of modified CuO materials, and it can be useful in the development of nanomedical applications.

Oncogenic MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 Feedback Loop: A Novel Therapeutic Target of Photothermal Therapy in Glioblastoma Multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been considered the most aggressive glioma type. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the main first-line chemotherapeutic agent for GBM. Decreased mutS homolog 6 (MSH6) expression is clinically recognized as one of the principal reasons for GBM resistance to TMZ. However, the specific functions of MSH6 in GBM, in addition to its role in mismatch repair, remain unknown.

Methods: Bioinformatics were employed to analyze MSH6 mRNA and protein levels in GBM clinical samples and to predict the potential cancer-promoting functions and mechanisms of MSH6. MSH6 levels were silenced or overexpressed in GBM cells to assess its functional effects in vitro and in vivo. Western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assays were used to explore the relevant molecular mechanisms. Cu₂(OH)PO₄@PAA nanoparticles were fabricated through a hydrothermal method. Their MRI and photothermal effects as well as their effect on restraining the MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop were investigated in vitro and in vivo.

Results: We demonstrated that MSH6 is an overexpressed oncogene in human GBM tissues. MSH6, CXCR4 and TGFB1 formed a triangular MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop that accelerated gliomagenesis, proliferation (G1 phase), migration and invasion (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; EMT), stemness, angiogenesis and antiapoptotic effects by regulating the p-STAT3/Slug and p-Smad2/3/ZEB2 signaling pathways in GBM. In addition, the MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop was a vital marker of GBM, making it a promising therapeutic target. Notably, photothermal therapy (PTT) mediated by Cu₂(OH)PO₄@PAA + near infrared (NIR) irradiation showed outstanding therapeutic effects, which might be associated with a repressed MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop and its downstream factors in GBM. Simultaneously, the prominent MR imaging (T1WI) ability of Cu₂(OH)PO₄@PAA could provide visual guidance for PTT.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the oncogenic MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 feedback loop is a novel therapeutic target for GBM and that PTT is associated with the inhibition of the MSH6-CXCR4-TGFB1 loop.

Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer-Coordinated Copper(II) Complexes as a Theranostic Nanoplatform for the Radiotherapy-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Chemotherapy of Tumors and Tumor Metastasis

The development of a powerful nanoplatform to realize the simultaneous therapy and diagnosis of cancer using a similar element for theranostics remains a critical challenge. Herein, we report such a theranostic nanoplatform based on pyridine (Pyr)-functionalized generation 5 (G5) poly(amidoamine) dendrimers complexed with copper(II) (Cu(II)) for radiotherapy-enhanced T₁-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and the synergistic radio-chemotherapy of both tumors and tumor metastasis. In this study, amine-terminated G5 dendrimers were covalently linked with 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, acetylated to neutralize their remaining terminal amines, and complexed with Cu(II) through both the internal tertiary amines and the surface Pyr groups to form the G5.NHAc-Pyr/Cu(II) complexes. We show that the complexes are able to inhibit the proliferation of different cancer cell lines with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 4 to 10 μM and induce significant cancer cell apoptosis. Due to the presence of Cu(II), the G5.NHAc-Pyr/Cu(II) complexes display an r₁ relaxivity of 0.7024 mM^-1 s^-1, enabling effective in vivo MR imaging of tumor xenografts and lung metastatic nodules. Further, under radiotherapy (RT) conditions, the tumor MR imaging sensitivity can be significantly enhanced, and the G5.NHAc-Pyr/Cu(II) complexes enable the enhanced chemotherapy of both a xenografted tumor model and a blood-vessel metastasis model. With the demonstrated theranostic potential of the dendrimer-Cu(II) nanocomplexes without additional agents or elements for RT-enhanced MR imaging and chemotherapy of tumor and tumor metastasis, this novel Cu(II)-based nanohybrids may hold great promise for the theranostics of different cancer types and metastases.

Paramagnetic CuS hollow nanoflowers for T2-FLAIR magnetic resonance imaging-guided thermochemotherapy of cancer

Green synthesized 3D CuS hollow nanoflowers are for the first time proved to be a T₁ positive MRI contrast agent for imaging-guided thermochemotherapy.

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Cause a Dose-Dependent Toxicity via Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species in Drosophila

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have attracted considerable attention, because of their biocide potential and capability for optical imaging, however CuONPs were shown to be highly toxic in various experimental model systems. In this study, mechanism underlying CuONP-induced toxicity was investigated using Drosophila as an in vivo model. Upon oral route of administration, CuONPs accumulated in the body, and caused a dose-dependent decrease in egg-to-adult survivorship and a delay in development. In particular, transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed CuONPs were detected inside the intestinal epithelial cells and lumen. A drastic increase in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species was also observed in the gut exposed to CuONPs. Importantly, we found that inhibition of the transcription factor Nrf2 further enhances the toxicity caused by CuONPs. These observations suggest that CuONPs disrupt the gut homeostasis and that oxidative stress serves as one of the primary causes of CuONP-induced toxicity in Drosophila.

Plant-based metallic nanoparticles as potential theranostics agents: bioinspired tool for imaging and treatment

Theranostic approach provides us a platform where diagnosis and treatment can be carried out simultaneously. Biosynthesis of theranostic-capable nanoparticles (NPs) can be carried out by phytoconstituents present inside the plants that can act as capping as well as stabilising agents by offering several advantages over chemical and physical methods. This article highlights the theranostic role of NPs with emphasis on potential of plants to produce these NPs through ecofriendly approach that is called 'Green synthesis'. Biosynthesis, advantages, and disadvantages of plant-based theronostics have been discussed for better understanding. Moreover, this article has highlighted the approaches required to optimise the plant-mediated synthesis of NPs and to avoid the toxicity of these agents. Anticipating all of the challenges, the authors expect biogenic NPs can appear as potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents in near future.

Binding of Cu+ and Cu2+ with peptides: Peptides = oxytocin, Arg8 -vasopressin, bradykinin, angiotensin-I, substance-P, somatostatin, and neurotensin

The intrinsic binding ability of 7 natural peptides (oxytocin, arg⁸ -vasopressin, bradykinin, angiotensin-I, substance-P, somatostatin, and neurotensin) with copper in 2 different oxidation states (Cu^I/II ) derived from different Cu^+/2+ precursor sources have been investigated for their charge-dependent binding characteristics. The peptide-Cu^I/II complexes, [M - (n-1)H + nCu^I ] and [M - (2n-1)H + nCu^II ], are prepared/generated by the reaction of peptides with CuI solution/Cu-target and CuSO₄ solution and are analyzed by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The MALDI mass spectra of both [M - (n-1)H + nCu^I ] and [M - (2n-1)H + nCu^II ] complexes show no mass shift due to the loss of ─H atoms in the main chain ─NH of these peptides by Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ deprotonation. The measured m/z value indicates the reduction of Cu^I/II oxidation state into Cu⁰ during MALDI processes. The number and relative abundance of Cu⁺ bound to the peptides are greater compared with the Cu²⁺ bound peptides. Oxytocin, arg⁸ -vasopressin, bradykinin, substance-P, and somatostatin show the binding of 5Cu⁺ , and angiotensin-I and neurotensin show the binding of 7Cu⁺ from both CuI and Cu targets, while bradykinin shows the binding of 2Cu²⁺ , oxytocin, arg⁸ -vasopressin, angiotensin-I, and substance-P; somatostatin shows the binding of 3Cu²⁺ ; and neurotensin shows 4Cu²⁺ binding. The binding of more Cu⁺ with these small peptides signifies that the bonding characteristics of both Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ are different. The amino acid residues responsible for the binding of both Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ in these peptides have been identified based on the density functional theory computed binding energy values of Cu⁺ and the fragment transformation method predicted binding preference of Cu²⁺ for individual amino acids.

Morphological Effects of CuO Nanostructures on Fibrillation of Human Serum Albumin

The influence of different morphologies of nanostructures on amyloid fibrillation has been investigated by monitoring the fibrillation of human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of rod-, sphere-, flower-, and star-shaped copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures. The different morphologies of CuO have been synthesized from an aqueous solution-based precipitation method using various organic acids, viz., acetic acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid. The fibrillation process of HSA has been examined using various biophysical techniques, e.g., Thioflavin T fluorescence, Congo red binding studies through UV spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The monolayer protein coverage on the CuO nanostructures has been established through DLS studies, and the well-fitted Langmuir isotherm model has been used to interpret the differential adsorption behavior of HSA molecules on the CuO nanostructures. The nanostar-shaped CuO, by virtue of their higher specific surface area (94.45 m² g^-1), presence of high indexed facets {211} and high positive surface charge potential (+16.2 mV at pH 7.0) was found to show the highest adsorption of the HSA monomers and thus was more competent to inhibit the formation of HSA fibrils compared to the other nanostructures of CuO.

Transition Metal Doping Reveals Link between Electron T1 Reduction and 13C Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Efficiency

Optimal efficiency of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is essential to provide the required high sensitivity enhancements for in vitro and in vivo hyperpolarized 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging (MRI). At the nexus of the DNP process are the free electrons, which provide the high spin alignment that is transferred to the nuclear spins. Without changing DNP instrumental conditions, one way to improve 13C DNP efficiency is by adding trace amounts of paramagnetic additives such as lanthanide (e.g., Gd3+, Ho3+, Dy3+, Tb3+) complexes to the DNP sample, which has been observed to increase solid-state 13C DNP signals by 100-250%. Herein, we have investigated the effects of paramagnetic transition metal complex R-NOTA (R = Mn2+, Cu2+, Co2+) doping on the efficiency of 13C DNP using trityl OX063 as the polarizing agent. Our DNP results at 3.35 T and 1.2 K show that doping the 13C sample with 3 mM Mn2+-NOTA led to a substantial improvement of the solid-state 13C DNP signal by a factor of nearly 3. However, the other transition metal complexes Cu2+-NOTA and Co2+-NOTA complexes, despite their paramagnetic nature, had essentially no impact on solid-state 13C DNP enhancement. W-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements reveal that the trityl OX063 electron T1 was significantly reduced in Mn2+-doped samples but not in Cu2+- and Co2+-doped DNP samples. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that not all paramagnetic additives are beneficial to DNP. In particular, our work provides a direct evidence that electron T1 reduction of the polarizing agent by a paramagnetic additive is an essential requirement for the improvement seen in solid-state 13C DNP signal.

Multiplexed imaging for diagnosis and therapy

Complex molecular and metabolic phenotypes depict cancers as a constellation of different diseases with common themes. Precision imaging of such phenotypes requires flexible and tunable modalities capable of identifying phenotypic fingerprints by using a restricted number of parameters while ensuring sensitivity to dynamic biological regulation. Common phenotypes can be detected by in vivo imaging technologies, and effectively define the emerging standards for disease classification and patient stratification in radiology. However, for the imaging data to accurately represent a complex fingerprint, the individual imaging parameters need to be measured and analysed in relation to their wider spatial and molecular context. In this respect, targeted palettes of molecular imaging probes facilitate the detection of heterogeneity in oncogene-driven alterations and their response to treatment, and lead to the expansion of rational-design elements for the combination of imaging experiments. In this Review, we evaluate criteria for conducting multiplexed imaging, and discuss its opportunities for improving patient diagnosis and the monitoring of therapy.

Towards quality assessed characterization of nanomaterial: Transfer of validated protocols for size measurement by dynamic light scattering and evaluation of zeta potential by electrophoretic light scattering

Quality control analysis of nanomaterials has been identified as a major issue to pursue their development in different industrial fields including nanomedicine. One difficulty is the lack of standardized and validated protocols suitable to achieve their characterization. In a previous work, we have developed standardized protocols for the evaluation of the size and zeta potential of nanomaterials based on methods described in the ISO standard and have performed validation of each one. The present work was aimed to transfer these protocols in three independent receiving laboratories. No official guideline was described in the literature to achieve such a transfer. A comparative study for receiving laboratories equipped with the same instrument as the sending laboratory was designed based on the Code of Federal Regulation edited by the Food and Drug Administration. For the receiving laboratory equipped with an instrument working at a different wavelength, a new validation was designed and applied. Corresponding statistical methods were used for the analysis of the results. A successful transfer of the protocols in all receiving laboratories was achieved. All laboratories recorded consistent results applying in blind the protocol of size measurements on two samples of nanomaterials from which included one reference.

Interventional Nanotheranostics of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for over 90% of all pancreatic cancer. Nanoparticles (NPs) offer new opportunities for image-guided therapy owing to the unique physicochemical properties of the nanoscale effect and the multifunctional capabilities of NPs. However, major obstacles exist for NP-mediated cancer theranostics, especially in PDAC. The hypovascular nature of PDAC may impede the deposition of NPs into the tumor after systemic administration, and most NPs localize predominantly in the mononuclear phagocytic system, leading to a relatively poor tumor-to-surrounding-organ uptake ratio. Image guidance combined with minimally invasive interventional procedures may help circumvent these barriers to poor drug delivery of NPs in PDAC. Interventional treatments allow regional drug delivery, targeted vascular embolization, direct tumor ablation, and the possibility of disrupting the stromal barrier of PDAC. Interventional treatments also have potentially fewer complications, faster recovery, and lower cost compared with conventional therapies. This work is an overview of current image-guided interventional cancer nanotheranostics with specific attention given to their applications for the management of PDAC.

Copper-Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Imaging and Therapy

Copper based nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increased attention for biomedical applications. Copper chalcogenide NPs exhibit strong absorption in near-infrared region, demonstrate highly efficient light-to-heat transformation under near-infrared laser irradiation, and cause selective thermal destruction to the tumor. Smaller copper NPs display fluorescence signal and capability for optical imaging. Copper based NPs also serve as a versatile vehicle for drug delivery and image-guided therapy. This review covers recent advances related to the biomedical application of copper based NPs, with a focus on cancer imaging and therapy. We also discuss challenges to their successful clinical translation.

Size-dependent cytotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in lung epithelial cells

The increasing use of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) in medicine and industry demands an understanding of their potential toxicities. In this study, we compared the in vitro cytotoxicity of CuO NPs of two distinct sizes (4 and 24 nm) using the A549 human lung cell line. Despite possessing similar surface and core oxide compositions, 24 nm CuO NPs were significantly more cytotoxic than 4 nm CuO NPs. The difference in size may have affected the rate of entry of NPs into the cell, potentially influencing the amount of intracellular dissolution of Cu²⁺ and causing a differential impact on cytotoxicity.

Multimodal Dispersion of Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Size Distribution with 9 Size Measurement Methods

PURPOSE

Evaluation of particle size distribution (PSD) of multimodal dispersion of nanoparticles is a difficult task due to inherent limitations of size measurement methods. The present work reports the evaluation of PSD of a dispersion of poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles decorated with dextran known as multimodal and developed as nanomedecine.

METHODS

The nine methods used were classified as batch particle i.e. Static Light Scattering (SLS) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), single particle i.e. Electron Microscopy (EM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and separative particle i.e. Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation coupled with DLS (AsFlFFF) size measurement methods.

RESULTS

The multimodal dispersion was identified using AFM, TRPS and NTA and results were consistent with those provided with the method based on a separation step prior to on-line size measurements. None of the light scattering batch methods could reveal the complexity of the PSD of the dispersion.

CONCLUSIONS

Difference between PSD obtained from all size measurement methods tested suggested that study of the PSD of multimodal dispersion required to analyze samples by at least one of the single size particle measurement method or a method that uses a separation step prior PSD measurement.