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Krivoshik SR, Dzielak L, Masters AR, Hall J, Johnson AJ. Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay for the Assessment of Adeno-Associated Virus Peptides to Examine Immune Safety. Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:506-516. [PMID: 38264994 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies have shown promise as novel treatments for rare genetic disorders such as hemophilia A and spinal muscular atrophy. However, cellular immune responses mediated by cytotoxic (CD8+) and helper (CD4+) T cells may target vector-transduced cells as well as healthy immune cells, impacting safety and efficacy. In this study, we describe the optimization and reproducibility of interferon-γ (IFNγ)-based and interleukin-2 (IL-2)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays for measuring T cell responses against AAV peptide antigens. For method optimization, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy human donors and stimulated with commercially available major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II-specific peptides as positive controls. Peptide pools were designed from published AAV8 and AAV9 capsid protein sequences and then used to assess the presence of AAV-specific T cell responses. Our results demonstrate a measurable increase in IFNγ and IL-2-producing cells after AAV peptide presentation. Furthermore, there was an observed difference in the magnitude and specificity of response to peptide pools based on AAV serotype and donor. Finally, using individual peptides, we identified a region of the AAV9 capsid protein that can elicit an immunogenic response. This work shows the applicability of ELISpot in assessing anti-AAV immune responses and provides insight into how novel recombinant AAV vectors could be designed to reduce immunogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rose Krivoshik
- Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lindsey Dzielak
- Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - April R Masters
- Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer Hall
- Non-Clinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alison J Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Hu Z, Anandappa AJ, Sun J, Kim J, Leet DE, Bozym DJ, Chen C, Williams L, Shukla SA, Zhang W, Tabbaa D, Steelman S, Olive O, Livak KJ, Kishi H, Muraguchi A, Guleria I, Stevens J, Lane WJ, Burkhardt UE, Fritsch EF, Neuberg D, Ott PA, Keskin DB, Hacohen N, Wu CJ. A cloning and expression system to probe T-cell receptor specificity and assess functional avidity to neoantigens. Blood 2018; 132:1911-1921. [PMID: 30150207 PMCID: PMC6213317 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-04-843763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the promise of targeting tumor neoantigens to generate potent antitumor immune responses and provide strong motivation for improving our understanding of antigen-T-cell receptor (TCR) interactions. Advances in single-cell sequencing technologies have opened the door for detailed investigation of the TCR repertoire, providing paired information from TCRα and TCRβ, which together determine specificity. However, a need remains for efficient methods to assess the specificity of discovered TCRs. We developed a streamlined approach for matching TCR sequences with cognate antigen through on-demand cloning and expression of TCRs and screening against candidate antigens. Here, we first demonstrate the system's capacity to identify viral-antigen-specific TCRs and compare the functional avidity of TCRs specific for a given antigen target. We then apply this system to identify neoantigen-specific TCR sequences from patients with melanoma treated with personalized neoantigen vaccines and characterize functional avidity of neoantigen-specific TCRs. Furthermore, we use a neoantigen-prediction pipeline to show that an insertion-deletion mutation in a putative chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) driver gives rise to an immunogenic neoantigen mut-MGA, and use this approach to identify the mut-MGA-specific TCR sequence. This approach provides a means to identify and express TCRs, and then rapidly assess antigen specificity and functional avidity of a reconstructed TCR, which can be applied for monitoring antigen-specific T-cell responses, and potentially for guiding the design of effective T-cell-based immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuting Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Annabelle J Anandappa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jintaek Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Donna E Leet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David J Bozym
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christina Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | - Sachet A Shukla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Translational Immunogenomics Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Wandi Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Diana Tabbaa
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Oriol Olive
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth J Livak
- Translational Immunogenomics Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Indira Guleria
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan Stevens
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - William J Lane
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ute E Burkhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Edward F Fritsch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | - Derin B Keskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; and
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3
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Comte D, Karampetsou MP, Yoshida N, Kis-Toth K, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 7 Engagement Restores Defective Effector CD8+ T Cell Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1035-1044. [PMID: 28076903 DOI: 10.1002/art.40038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effector CD8+ T cell function is impaired in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is associated with a compromised ability to fight infections. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 7 (SLAMF7) engagement has been shown to enhance natural killer cell degranulation. This study was undertaken to characterize the expression and function of SLAMF7 on CD8+ T cell subsets isolated from the peripheral blood of SLE patients and healthy subjects. METHODS CD8+ T cell subset distribution, SLAMF7 expression, and expression of cytolytic enzymes (perforin, granzyme A [GzmA], and GzmB) on cells isolated from SLE patients and healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry. CD107a expression and interferon-γ (IFNγ) production in response to viral antigenic stimulation in the presence or absence of an anti-SLAMF7 antibody were assessed by flow cytometry. Antiviral cytotoxic activity in response to SLAMF7 engagement was determined using a flow cytometry-based assay. RESULTS The distribution of CD8+ T cell subsets was altered in the peripheral blood of SLE patients, with a decreased effector cell subpopulation. Memory CD8+ T cells from SLE patients displayed decreased amounts of SLAMF7, a surface receptor that characterizes effector CD8+ T cells. Ligation of SLAMF7 increased CD8+ T cell degranulation capacity and the percentage of IFNγ-producing cells in response to antigen challenge in SLE patients and healthy controls. Moreover, SLAMF7 engagement promoted cytotoxic lysis of target cells in response to stimulation with viral antigens. CONCLUSION CD8+ T cell activation in response to viral antigens is defective in SLE patients. Activation of SLAMF7 through a specific monoclonal antibody restores CD8+ T cell antiviral effector function to normal levels and thus represents a potential therapeutic option in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Comte
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria P Karampetsou
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nobuya Yoshida
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katalin Kis-Toth
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George C Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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4
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Hepatitis C virus infection inhibits a Src-kinase regulatory phosphatase and reduces T cell activation in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006232. [PMID: 28235043 PMCID: PMC5342304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human RNA viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is unusual in that it causes persistent infection in the majority of infected people. To establish persistence, HCV evades host innate and adaptive immune responses by multiple mechanisms. Recent studies identified virus genome-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs) in HCV-infected cells; however, their biological significance during human HCV infection is unknown. One such vsRNA arising from the hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 coding region impairs T cell receptor (TCR) signaling by reducing expression of a Src-kinase regulatory phosphatase (PTPRE) in vitro. Since TCR signaling is a critical first step in T cell activation, differentiation, and effector function, its inhibition may contribute towards HCV persistence in vivo. The effect of HCV infection on PTPRE expression in vivo has not been examined. Here, we found that PTPRE levels were significantly reduced in liver tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from HCV-infected humans compared to uninfected controls. Loss of PTPRE expression impaired antigen-specific TCR signaling, and curative HCV therapy restored PTPRE expression in PBMCs; restoring antigen-specific TCR signaling defects. The extent of PTPRE expression correlated with the amount of sequence complementarity between the HCV E2 vsRNA and the PTPRE 3' UTR target sites. Transfection of a hepatocyte cell line with full-length HCV RNA or with synthetic HCV vsRNA duplexes inhibited PTPRE expression, recapitulating the in vivo observation. Together, these data demonstrate that HCV infection reduces PTPRE expression in the liver and PBMCs of infected humans, and suggest that the HCV E2 vsRNA is a novel viral factor that may contribute towards viral persistence.
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5
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Ström P, Støer N, Borthwick N, Dong T, Hanke T, Reilly M. A statistical approach to determining responses to individual peptides from pooled-peptide ELISpot data. J Immunol Methods 2016; 435:43-9. [PMID: 27196788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate in detail the effect of infection or vaccination on the human immune system, ELISpot assays are used to simultaneously test the immune response to a large number of peptides of interest. Scientists commonly use "peptide pools", where, instead of an individual peptide, a test well contains a group of peptides. Since the response from a well may be due to any or many of the peptides in the pool, pooled assays usually need to be followed by confirmatory assays of a number of individual peptides. We present a statistical method that enables estimation of individual peptide responses from pool responses using the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for "incomplete data". We demonstrate the accuracy and precision of these estimates in simulation studies of ELISpot plates with 90 pools of 6 or 7 peptides arranged in three dimensions and three Mock wells for the estimation of background. In analysis of real pooled data from 6 subjects in a HIV-1 vaccine trial, where 199 peptides were arranged in 80 pools if size 9 or 10, our estimates were in very good agreement with the results from individual-peptide confirmatory assays. Compared to the classical approach, we could identify almost all the same peptides with high or moderate response, with less than half the number of confirmatory tests. Our method facilitates efficient use of the information available in pooled ELISpot data to avoid or reduce the need for confirmatory testing. We provide an easy-to-use free online application for implementing the method, where on uploading two spreadsheets with the pool design and pool responses, the user obtains the estimates of the individual peptide responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Støer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | | | - Tao Dong
- Weatherall institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, UK; Weatherall institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Marie Reilly
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
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6
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Fiore-Gartland A, Manso BA, Friedrich DP, Gabriel EE, Finak G, Moodie Z, Hertz T, De Rosa SC, Frahm N, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ. Pooled-Peptide Epitope Mapping Strategies Are Efficient and Highly Sensitive: An Evaluation of Methods for Identifying Human T Cell Epitope Specificities in Large-Scale HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147812. [PMID: 26863315 PMCID: PMC4749288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon gamma, enzyme-linked immunospot (IFN-γ ELISpot) assay is widely used to identify viral antigen-specific T cells is frequently employed to quantify T cell responses in HIV vaccine studies. It can be used to define T cell epitope specificities using panels of peptide antigens, but with sample and cost constraints there is a critical need to improve the efficiency of epitope mapping for large and variable pathogens. We evaluated two epitope mapping strategies, based on group testing, for their ability to identify vaccine-induced T-cells from participants in the Step HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial, and compared the findings to an approach of assaying each peptide individually. The group testing strategies reduced the number of assays required by >7-fold without significantly altering the accuracy of T-cell breadth estimates. Assays of small pools containing 7–30 peptides were highly sensitive and effective at detecting single positive peptides as well as summating responses to multiple peptides. Also, assays with a single 15-mer peptide, containing an identified epitope, did not always elicit a response providing validation that 15-mer peptides are not optimal antigens for detecting CD8+ T cells. Our findings further validate pooling-based epitope mapping strategies, which are critical for characterizing vaccine-induced T-cell responses and more broadly for informing iterative vaccine design. We also show ways to improve their application with computational peptide:MHC binding predictors that can accurately identify the optimal epitope within a 15-mer peptide and within a pool of 15-mer peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bryce A. Manso
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - David P. Friedrich
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Erin E. Gabriel
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, Maryland, 20852, United States of America
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben Gurion Institute of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
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7
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Gourdain P, Boucau J, Kourjian G, Lai NY, Duong E, Le Gall S. A real-time killing assay to follow viral epitope presentation to CD8 T cells. J Immunol Methods 2013; 398-399:60-7. [PMID: 24060536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to clear virus-infected cells requires the presentation of viral peptides intracellularly processed and displayed by major histocompatibility complex class I. Assays to measure CTL-mediated killing often use peptides exogenously added onto target cells--which does not account for epitope processing--or follow killing of infected cells at a single time point. In this study we established a real-time fluorogenic cytotoxic assay that measures the release of the Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase by dying target cells every 5 min after addition of CTL. It has comparable sensitivity to (51)chromium-based killing assay with the additional advantage of incorporating the kinetics of epitope presentation. We showed that HIV infection of immortalized or primary CD4 T cells leads to asynchronous killing by two CTL clones specific for epitopes located in different proteins. Real-time monitoring of killing of virus-infected cells will enable identification of immune responses efficiently preventing virus dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gourdain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Alexander N, Fox A, Lien VTK, Dong T, Lee LYH, Hang NLK, Mai LQ, Horby P. Defining ELISpot cut-offs from unreplicated test and control wells. J Immunol Methods 2013; 392:57-62. [PMID: 23500146 PMCID: PMC3657161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of replication of wells, empirical criteria for enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) positivity use fixed differences or ratios between spot forming units (SFU) counts between test and control. We propose an alternative approach which first identifies the optimally variance-stabilizing transformation of the SFU counts, based on the Bland-Altman plot of the test and control wells. The second step is to derive a positivity threshold from the difference in between-plate distribution functions of the transformed test and control SFU counts. This method is illustrated using 1309 assay results from a cohort study of influenza in Vietnam in which some, but not all, of the peptide pools have clear tendencies for SFU counts to be higher in test than control wells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Alexander
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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9
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Breast milk cellular HIV-specific interferon γ responses are associated with protection from peripartum HIV transmission. AIDS 2012; 26:2007-16. [PMID: 22948269 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328359b7e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast milk is a major route of infant HIV infection, yet the majority of breast-fed, HIV-exposed infants escape infection by unknown mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the role of HIV-specific breast milk cells in preventing infant HIV infection. DESIGN A prospective study was designed to measure associations between maternal breast milk HIV-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses and infant HIV-1 detection at 1 month of age. METHODS In a Kenyan cohort of HIV-infected mothers, blood and breast milk HIV-gag IFN-γ ELISpot responses were measured. Logistic regression was used to measure associations between breast milk IFN-γ responses and infant HIV infection at 1 month of age. RESULTS IFN-γ responses were detected in breast milk from 117 of 170 (69%) women. IFN-γ responses were associated with breast milk viral load, levels of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α, MIP-1β, regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted and stromal-cell derived factor 1 and subclinical mastitis. Univariate factors associated with infant HIV infection at 1 month postpartum included both detection and breadth of breast milk IFN-γ response (P = 0.08, P = 0.04, respectively), breast milk MIP-1β detection (P = 0.05), and plasma (P = 0.004) and breast milk (P = 0.004) viral load. In multivariate analyses adjusting for breast milk viral load and MIP-1β, breast milk IFN-γ responses were associated with an approximately 70% reduction in infant HIV infection [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.092-0.91], and each additional peptide pool targeted was associated with an approximately 35% reduction in infant HIV (aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44-0.97). CONCLUSION These data show breast milk HIV-gag-specific IFN-γ cellular immune responses are prevalent and may contribute to protection from early HIV transmission. More broadly, these data suggest breast milk cellular responses are potentially influential in decreasing mother-to-child transmission of viruses.
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10
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de Pagter APJ, Boelens JJ, Scherrenburg J, Vroom-de Blank T, Tesselaar K, Nanlohy N, Sanders EAM, Schuurman R, van Baarle D. First analysis of human herpesvirus 6T-cell responses: specific boosting after HHV6 reactivation in stem cell transplantation recipients. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:179-89. [PMID: 22820131 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Early human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is associated with poor survival. We characterized HHV6 immuneresponses in HSCT patients during lymphopenia. Prospectively, HHV6 DNA-load was measured weekly by realtime-PCR. Numbers of IFNγ-producing HHV6-T-cells were retrospectively determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay 2 months after HSCT. HHV6-specific T-cell proliferative capacity was analyzed with a newly developed assay using antigen-presenting autologous HHV6-infected PBMC. Fifty-six patients were included (median age 4.6 years; range 0.2-21.2 years). HHV6-reactivation occurred in 29/56 (52%) patients with a median time of 14 (range 1-41) days after HSCT. The median number of IFN-γ producing HHV6-specific T-cells at 2 months and the HHV6-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferative capacity at 6 months after HSCT was increased after HHV6-reactivation compared to non-reactivating patients (P=0.006 and p=0.019). In conclusion, HHV6-specific immuneresponses can be initiated during lymphopenia early after HSCT, which implicates a potential window for development of HHV6-specific (immuno)therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P J de Pagter
- Dept. of Immunology, Hematology and SCT, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Im EJ, Hong JP, Roshorm Y, Bridgeman A, Létourneau S, Liljeström P, Potash MJ, Volsky DJ, McMichael AJ, Hanke T. Protective efficacy of serially up-ranked subdominant CD8+ T cell epitopes against virus challenges. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002041. [PMID: 21625575 PMCID: PMC3098219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodominance in T cell responses to complex antigens like viruses is still incompletely understood. Some data indicate that the dominant responses to viruses are not necessarily the most protective, while other data imply that dominant responses are the most important. The issue is of considerable importance to the rational design of vaccines, particularly against variable escaping viruses like human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus. Here, we showed that sequential inactivation of dominant epitopes up-ranks the remaining subdominant determinants. Importantly, we demonstrated that subdominant epitopes can induce robust responses and protect against whole viruses if they are allowed at least once in the vaccination regimen to locally or temporally dominate T cell induction. Therefore, refocusing T cell immune responses away from highly variable determinants recognized during natural virus infection towards subdominant, but conserved regions is possible and merits evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Jun Im
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessie P. Hong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yaowaluck Roshorm
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Létourneau
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Liljeström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary Jane Potash
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Volsky
- Molecular Virology Division, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. McMichael
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Matijevic M, Hedley ML, Urban RG, Chicz RM, Lajoie C, Luby TM. Immunization with a poly (lactide co-glycolide) encapsulated plasmid DNA expressing antigenic regions of HPV 16 and 18 results in an increase in the precursor frequency of T cells that respond to epitopes from HPV 16, 18, 6 and 11. Cell Immunol 2011; 270:62-9. [PMID: 21550027 PMCID: PMC7094646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A phase II trial was conducted in subjects with human papillomavirus (HPV) associated high-grade cervical dysplasia testing the safety and efficacy of a microparticle encapsulated pDNA vaccine. Amolimogene expresses T cell epitopes from E6 and E7 proteins of HPV types 16 and 18. An analysis was performed on a subset of HLA-A2+ subjects to test whether CD8+ T cells specific to HPV 16, 18, 6 and 11 were increased in response to amolimogene immunization. Of the 21 subjects receiving amolimogene, 11 had elevated CD8+ T cell responses to HPV 16 and/or 18 peptides and seven of these also had increases to corresponding HPV 6 and/or 11 peptides. In addition, T cells primed and expanded in vitro with an HPV 18 peptide demonstrated cross-reactivity to the corresponding HPV 11 peptide. These data demonstrate that treatment with amolimogene elicits T cell responses to HPV 16, 18, 6 and 11.
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Hulot SL, Cale EM, Korber BT, Letvin NL. Vaccine-Induced CD8+T Lymphocytes of Rhesus Monkeys Recognize Variant Forms of an HIV Epitope but Do Not Mediate Optimal Functional Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5663-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jaoko W, Karita E, Kayitenkore K, Omosa-Manyonyi G, Allen S, Than S, Adams EM, Graham BS, Koup RA, Bailer RT, Smith C, Dally L, Farah B, Anzala O, Muvunyi CM, Bizimana J, Tarragona-Fiol T, Bergin PJ, Hayes P, Ho M, Loughran K, Komaroff W, Stevens G, Thomson H, Boaz MJ, Cox JH, Schmidt C, Gilmour J, Nabel GJ, Fast P, Bwayo J. Safety and immunogenicity study of Multiclade HIV-1 adenoviral vector vaccine alone or as boost following a multiclade HIV-1 DNA vaccine in Africa. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12873. [PMID: 20877623 PMCID: PMC2943475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase I study of a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) vector expressing HIV-1 Gag and Pol from subtype B and Env from subtypes A, B and C, given alone or as boost following a DNA plasmid vaccine expressing the same HIV-1 proteins plus Nef, in 114 healthy HIV-uninfected African adults. Methodology/Principal Findings Volunteers were randomized to 4 groups receiving the rAd5 vaccine intramuscularly at dosage levels of 1×1010 or 1×1011 particle units (PU) either alone or as boost following 3 injections of the DNA vaccine given at 4 mg/dose intramuscularly by needle-free injection using Biojector® 2000. Safety and immunogenicity were evaluated for 12 months. Both vaccines were well-tolerated. Overall, 62% and 86% of vaccine recipients in the rAd5 alone and DNA prime - rAd5 boost groups, respectively, responded to the HIV-1 proteins by an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISPOT. The frequency of immune responses was independent of rAd5 dosage levels. The highest frequency of responses after rAd5 alone was detected at 6 weeks; after DNA prime - rAd5 boost, at 6 months (end of study). At baseline, neutralizing antibodies against Ad5 were present in 81% of volunteers; the distribution was similar across the 4 groups. Pre-existing immunity to Ad5 did not appear to have a significant impact on reactogenicity or immune response rates to HIV antigens by IFN-γ ELISPOT. Binding antibodies against Env were detected in up to 100% recipients of DNA prime - rAd5 boost. One volunteer acquired HIV infection after the study ended, two years after receipt of rAd5 alone. Conclusions/Significance The HIV-1 rAd5 vaccine, either alone or as a boost following HIV-1 DNA vaccine, was well-tolerated and immunogenic in African adults. DNA priming increased the frequency and magnitude of cellular and humoral immune responses, but there was no effect of rAd5 dosage on immunogenicity endpoints. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00124007
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Double-Blind Method
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
- Genetic Vectors/adverse effects
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/classification
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Young Adult
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/adverse effects
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/adverse effects
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Jaoko
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Etienne Karita
- Projet San Francisco (PSF), Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Project, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | - Susan Allen
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Soe Than
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Adams
- Vaccine Clinical Research Branch (VCRB), Vaccine Research Program (VRP)/Division of AIDS (DAIDS)/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC)/NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC)/NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC)/NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carol Smith
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Len Dally
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bashir Farah
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Claude M. Muvunyi
- Projet San Francisco (PSF), Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Project, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jean Bizimana
- Projet San Francisco (PSF), Rwanda-Zambia HIV Research Project, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Philip J. Bergin
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Ho
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelley Loughran
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wendy Komaroff
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gwynneth Stevens
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Helen Thomson
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Boaz
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Josephine H. Cox
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary J. Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC)/NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Job Bwayo
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative (KAVI), Nairobi, Kenya
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Rosario M, Hopkins R, Fulkerson J, Borthwick N, Quigley MF, Joseph J, Douek DC, Greenaway HY, Venturi V, Gostick E, Price DA, Both GW, Sadoff JC, Hanke T. Novel recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG, ovine atadenovirus, and modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccines combine to induce robust human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2010; 84:5898-908. [PMID: 20375158 PMCID: PMC2876636 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02607-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which elicits a degree of protective immunity against tuberculosis, is the most widely used vaccine in the world. Due to its persistence and immunogenicity, BCG has been proposed as a vector for vaccines against other infections, including HIV-1. BCG has a very good safety record, although it can cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we constructed a recombinant BCG vector expressing HIV-1 clade A-derived immunogen HIVA using the recently described safer and more immunogenic BCG strain AERAS-401 as the parental mycobacterium. Using routine ex vivo T-cell assays, BCG.HIVA(401) as a stand-alone vaccine induced undetectable and weak CD8 T-cell responses in BALB/c mice and rhesus macaques, respectively. However, when BCG.HIVA(401) was used as a priming component in heterologous vaccination regimens together with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored MVA.HIVA and ovine atadenovirus-vectored OAdV.HIVA vaccines, robust HIV-1-specific T-cell responses were elicited. These high-frequency T-cell responses were broadly directed and capable of proliferation in response to recall antigen. Furthermore, multiple antigen-specific T-cell clonotypes were efficiently recruited into the memory pool. These desirable features are thought to be associated with good control of HIV-1 infection. In addition, strong and persistent T-cell responses specific for the BCG-derived purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen were induced. This work is the first demonstration of immunogenicity for two novel vaccine vectors and the corresponding candidate HIV-1 vaccines BCG.HIVA(401) and OAdV.HIVA in nonhuman primates. These results strongly support their further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximillian Rosario
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Richard Hopkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - John Fulkerson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Nicola Borthwick
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Máire F. Quigley
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Joan Joseph
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Hui Yee Greenaway
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Emma Gostick
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - David A. Price
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Gerald W. Both
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Jerald C. Sadoff
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom, Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, 1405 Research Blvd., Rockville, Maryland 20850, Vaccine Research Centre, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, Catalan HIV Vaccine Research and Development Center, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 170 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Computational Biology Unit, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom, Biotech Equity Partners Pty., Ltd., Riverside Life Sciences Building, 11 Julius Ave., North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
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Safety and immunogenicity of novel recombinant BCG and modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccines in neonate rhesus macaques. J Virol 2010; 84:7815-21. [PMID: 20484495 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00726-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although major inroads into making antiretroviral therapy available in resource-poor countries have been made, there is an urgent need for an effective vaccine administered shortly after birth, which would protect infants from acquiring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through breast-feeding. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is given to most infants at birth, and its recombinant form could be used to prime HIV-1-specific responses for a later boost by heterologous vectors delivering the same HIV-1-derived immunogen. Here, two groups of neonate Indian rhesus macaques were immunized with either novel candidate vaccine BCG.HIVA(401) or its parental strain AERAS-401, followed by two doses of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara MVA.HIVA. The HIVA immunogen is derived from African clade A HIV-1. All vaccines were safe, giving local reactions consistent with the expected response at the injection site. No systemic adverse events or gross abnormality was seen at necropsy. Both AERAS-401 and BCG.HIVA(401) induced high frequencies of BCG-specific IFN-gamma-secreting lymphocytes that declined over 23 weeks, but the latter failed to induce detectable HIV-1-specific IFN-gamma responses. MVA.HIVA elicited HIV-1-specific IFN-gamma responses in all eight animals, but, except for one animal, these responses were weak. The HIV-1-specific responses induced in infants were lower compared to historic data generated by the two HIVA vaccines in adult animals but similar to other recombinant poxviruses tested in this model. This is the first time these vaccines were tested in newborn monkeys. These results inform further infant vaccine development and provide comparative data for two human infant vaccine trials of MVA.HIVA.
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Multiple T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are enhanced by dendritic cells. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1504-16. [PMID: 19692626 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00104-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific T-cell reactivity has been related to protection from disease progression. Optimal T-cell reactivity to HIV-1 presumably requires antigen processing and presentation by professional antigen-presenting cells, particularly dendritic cells (DC). Here we examined whether multiple HIV-1-specific T-cell functions are enhanced by stimulation with HIV-1 peptide-loaded DC derived from HIV-1-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy. We first found that mature DC increased the number of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-producing T cells detected by enzyme-linked immunospot assay to overlapping 15-mer peptides of HIV-1 Gag and Nef, compared to stimulation with peptide-loaded, immature DC or to peptides without DC. IFN-gamma production was lower in response to large pools of the Gag and Nef peptides, regardless of presentation by DC. We further observed that HIV-1 peptide-loaded, mature DC stimulated greater CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell proliferation than did the peptides without DC and that T-cell proliferation was lower in response to larger pools of the peptides. The lower T-cell IFN-gamma and proliferation responses to the larger peptide pools were related to lower T-cell viability. Finally, the number of polyfunctional CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells stimulated by HIV-1 peptide-loaded, mature DC, defined as positive by intracellular staining for more than one immune mediator (IFN-gamma, interleukin 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein 1beta, or CD107a), was greater than that stimulated by the peptides alone. These results indicate that DC can enhance multiple types of HIV-1-specific T-cell functions.
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18
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Zinckgraf JW, Sposato M, Zielinski V, Powell D, Treanor JJ, von Hofe E. Identification of HLA class II H5N1 hemagglutinin epitopes following subvirion influenza A (H5N1) vaccination. Vaccine 2009; 27:5393-401. [PMID: 19596415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic immunization against influenza infection requires CD4+ T-helper cell activity for optimal humoral and cellular immunity. Currently there is one FDA approved H5N1 subvirion vaccine available, although stockpiles of this vaccine are insufficient for broad population coverage and the vaccine has only demonstrated modest immunogenicity. Specific activation of CD4+ T-helper cells using class II H5N1 HA peptide vaccines may be a useful component in immunization strategy and design. Identification of HLA class II HA epitopes was undertaken in this report by obtaining PBMCs from volunteers previously immunized with an H5N1 inactivated subvirion vaccine, followed by direct ex vivo stimulation of CD4+ T cells against different sources of potential HA class II epitopes. In the 1st round of analysis, 35 donors were tested via IFN-gamma ELISPOT using pools of overlapping HA peptides derived from the H5N1 A/Thailand/4(SP-528)/2004 virus, recombinant H5N1 (rHA) and inactivated H5N1 subvirion vaccine. In addition, a series of algorithm-predicted epitopes coupled with the Ii-Key moiety of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain for enhanced MHC class II charging were also included. Specific responses were observed for all 20 peptide pools, with 6-26% of vaccinated individuals responding to any given pool (donor response frequency) and a magnitude of response ranging from 3- to >10-fold above background levels. Responses were similarly observed with the majority of algorithm-predicted epitopes, with a donor response frequency of up to 29% and a magnitude of response ranging from 3-10-fold (11/24 peptides) to >10-fold above background (7/24 peptides). PBMCs from vaccine recipients that had detectable responses to H5N1 rHA following 1st round analysis were used in a 2nd round of testing to confirm the identity of specific peptides based on the results of the 1st screening. Sixteen individual HA peptides identified from the library elicited CD4+ T cell responses between 3- and >10-fold above background, with two peptides being recognized in 21% of recipients tested. Eight of the putative MHC class II epitopes recognized were found in regions showing partial to significant sequence homology with New Caledonia H1N1 influenza HA, while eight were unique to H5N1 HA. This is the first study to identify H5N1 HA epitope-specific T cells in vaccine recipients and offers hope for the design of a synthetic peptide vaccine to prime CD4+ T-helper cells. Such a vaccine could be used to provide at least some minimal level of H5N1 protection on its own and/or prime for a subsequent dose of a more traditional but supply-limited vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Zinckgraf
- Antigen Express, Inc, One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
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19
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Winstone N, Guimarães-Walker A, Roberts J, Brown D, Loach V, Goonetilleke N, Hanke T, McMichael AJ. Increased detection of proliferating, polyfunctional, HIV-1-specific T cells in DNA-modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vaccinated human volunteers by cultured IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:975-85. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200839167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Since the initial description and characterization of the agent that causes AIDS, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), numerous research groups have characterized immune responses to this virus. Much effort has been directed towards identifying potential correlates of protection that may be useful for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies. In addition, several investigations have focused on comparing patients with rapid vs. slow disease progression profiles in an attempt to identify the characteristics of a "successful" immune response. Although many gaps remain in our understanding of the host-pathogen relationship, great progress has been made during the past 20 years in elucidating the adaptive, cell-mediated response to HIV-1. These investigations have benefited in recent years from the development of new approaches to the analysis of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell function, notably the ELISPOT assay and cytokine flow cytometry. This chapter provides simple protocols for these two methods.
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Concordant proficiency in measurement of T-cell immunity in human immunodeficiency virus vaccine clinical trials by peripheral blood mononuclear cell and enzyme-linked immunospot assays in laboratories from three continents. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 16:147-55. [PMID: 19091991 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00326-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay is used routinely to evaluate the potency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine candidates and other vaccine candidates. In order to compare candidates and pool data from multiple trial laboratories, validated standardized methods must be applied across laboratories. Proficiency panels are a key part of a comprehensive quality assurance program to monitor inter- and intralaboratory performance, as well as assay performance, over time. Seven International AIDS Vaccine Initiative-sponsored trial sites participated in the proficiency panels described in this study. At each laboratory, two operators independently processed identical sample sets consisting of frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from different donors by using four blind stimuli. PBMC recovery and viability after overnight resting and the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay performance were assessed. All sites demonstrated good performance in PBMC thawing and resting, with a median recovery of 78% and median viability of 95%. The laboratories were able to detect similar antigen-specific T-cell responses, ranging from 50 to >3,000 spot-forming cells per million PBMC. An approximate range of a half log in results from operators within or across sites was seen in comparisons of antigen-specific responses. Consistently low background responses were seen in all laboratories. The results of these proficiency panels demonstrate the ability of seven laboratories, located across three continents, to process PBMC samples and to rank volunteers with differential magnitudes of IFN-gamma ELISPOT responses. These findings also illustrate the ability to standardize the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay across multiple laboratories when common training methods, reagents such as fetal calf serum, and standard operating procedures are adopted. These results are encouraging for laboratories that are using cell-based immunology assays to test HIV vaccines and other vaccines.
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van Baalen CA, Gruters RA, Berkhoff EGM, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF. FATT-CTL assay for detection of antigen-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cytometry A 2008; 73:1058-65. [PMID: 18636472 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a flowcytometric assay that measures the defining function of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), i.e., killing viral protein expressing cells. The fluorescent antigen-transfected target cell (FATT)-CTL assay requires no viruses, recombinant viral vectors, or radioactive isotopes to generate CTL target cells that present naturally processed epitopes. It facilitates developing standardized applications in clinical trial settings. Plasmid vectors encoding antigen-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins were used directly to nucleofect immortalized B cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Elimination of antigen-GFP expressing cells by cloned CTL, in vitro sensitized PBMC, or ex vivo PBMC was quantified following a 4-18-h coculture period by flowcytometry. This technology successfully detected cell-mediated cytotoxicity in studies involving human PBMC and various viral antigens, including structural proteins of influenza A virus, and structural and nonstructural HIV proteins. Standardized protocols are currently being developed in the framework of a clinical immunotherapy trial in HIV-infected individuals. The FATT-CTL assay principles facilitate standardized flowcytometric detection of antigenic protein-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity in many different basic research and clinical trial settings. By measuring their defining function, the FATT-CTL assay contributes to a more complete assessment of antigen-specific CTL responses to infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel A van Baalen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center and Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Preliminary study on a potential panel for quality assurance of ELISPOT. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-008-2933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Janetzki S, Panageas KS, Ben-Porat L, Boyer J, Britten CM, Clay TM, Kalos M, Maecker HT, Romero P, Yuan J, Kast WM, Hoos A. Results and harmonization guidelines from two large-scale international Elispot proficiency panels conducted by the Cancer Vaccine Consortium (CVC/SVI). Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:303-15. [PMID: 17721781 PMCID: PMC2150634 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Cancer Vaccine Consortium of the Sabin Vaccine Institute (CVC/SVI) is conducting an ongoing large-scale immune monitoring harmonization program through its members and affiliated associations. This effort was brought to life as an external validation program by conducting an international Elispot proficiency panel with 36 laboratories in 2005, and was followed by a second panel with 29 participating laboratories in 2006 allowing for application of learnings from the first panel. Critical protocol choices, as well as standardization and validation practices among laboratories were assessed through detailed surveys. Although panel participants had to follow general guidelines in order to allow comparison of results, each laboratory was able to use its own protocols, materials and reagents. The second panel recorded an overall significantly improved performance, as measured by the ability to detect all predefined responses correctly. Protocol choices and laboratory practices, which can have a dramatic effect on the overall assay outcome, were identified and lead to the following recommendations: (A) Establish a laboratory SOP for Elispot testing procedures including (A1) a counting method for apoptotic cells for determining adequate cell dilution for plating, and (A2) overnight rest of cells prior to plating and incubation, (B) Use only pre-tested serum optimized for low background: high signal ratio, (C) Establish a laboratory SOP for plate reading including (C1) human auditing during the reading process and (C2) adequate adjustments for technical artifacts, and (D) Only allow trained personnel, which is certified per laboratory SOPs to conduct assays. Recommendations described under (A) were found to make a statistically significant difference in assay performance, while the remaining recommendations are based on practical experiences confirmed by the panel results, which could not be statistically tested. These results provide initial harmonization guidelines to optimize Elispot assay performance to the immunotherapy community. Further optimization is in process with ongoing panels.
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Park JW, Melisko ME, Esserman LJ, Jones LA, Wollan JB, Sims R. Treatment with autologous antigen-presenting cells activated with the HER-2 based antigen Lapuleucel-T: results of a phase I study in immunologic and clinical activity in HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:3680-7. [PMID: 17704416 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.10.5718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lapuleucel-T (APC8024), an autologous active cellular immunotherapy, was prepared from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, including antigen-presenting cells, that were activated in vitro with recombinant fusion protein BA7072. This antigen construct consisted of sequences from intracellular and extracellular domains of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) linked to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. We conducted a phase I study to evaluate the safety and immunologic activity of lapuleucel-T in patients with HER-2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Metastatic breast cancer patients whose tumors overexpressed or amplified HER-2 were eligible. Patients underwent leukapheresis and subsequent lapuleucel-T infusion 2 days later at weeks 0, 2, and 4. Patients who achieved a partial response (PR) or had stable disease (SD) lasting through week 48 were eligible for re-treatment using the same protocol and dose as their initial treatment. End points included safety, immunologic activity, and antitumor activity. RESULTS Nineteen patients were enrolled; 18 patients received treatment. Therapy was well tolerated, with no grade 3 or 4 adverse events associated with the treatment. Significant cellular immune responses specific for the immunizing antigen and HER-2 sequences were induced after treatment, as measured by lymphocyte proliferation and interferon gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay. One patient experienced a PR lasting 6 months. Three additional patients had SD lasting more than 1 year. CONCLUSION Autologous active cellular immunotherapy with lapuleucel-T was feasible, safe, and well tolerated. The treatment stimulated significant immune responses, which were enhanced after boost infusions. Lapuleucel-T therapy was associated with tumor response or extended disease stabilization in some patients and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Park
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115-1710, USA.
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26
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Dubey S, Clair J, Fu TM, Guan L, Long R, Mogg R, Anderson K, Collins KB, Gaunt C, Fernandez VR, Zhu L, Kierstead L, Thaler S, Gupta SB, Straus W, Mehrotra D, Tobery TW, Casimiro DR, Shiver JW. Detection of HIV vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity in HIV-seronegative clinical trial participants using an optimized and validated enzyme-linked immunospot assay. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:20-7. [PMID: 17310936 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3180377b5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An effective vaccine for HIV is likely to require induction of T-cell-mediated immune responses, and the interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay has become the most commonly used assay for measuring these responses in vaccine trials. We optimized and validated the HIV ELISPOT assay using an empirical method to establish positivity criteria that results in a < or =1% false-positive rate. Using this assay, we detected a broad range of HIV-specific ELISPOT responses to peptide pools of overlapping 20mers, 15mers, or 9mers in study volunteers receiving DNA- or adenovirus vector-based HIV vaccines and in HIV-seropositive donors. We found that 15mers generally had higher response magnitudes than 20mers and lower false-positive rates than 9mers. These studies show that our validated ELISPOT assay using 15mer peptide pools and the positivity criteria of > or =55 spots per 10(6) cells and > or =4-fold over mock (negative control) is a sensitive and specific assay for the detection of HIV vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri Dubey
- Department of Vaccine and Biologics Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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27
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Hanke T, McMichael AJ, Dorrell L. Clinical experience with plasmid DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade A vaccine focusing on T-cell induction. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1-12. [PMID: 17170430 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines focusing on T-cell induction, constructed as pTHr.HIVA DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA).HIVA, were delivered in a heterologous prime-boost regimen. The vaccines were tested in several hundred healthy or HIV-1-infected volunteers in Europe and Africa. Whilst larger trials of hundreds of volunteers suggested induction of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in <15 % of healthy vaccinees, a series of small, rapid trials in 12-24 volunteers at a time with a more in-depth analysis of vaccine-elicited T-cell responses proved to be highly informative and provided more encouraging results. These trials demonstrated that the pTHr.HIVA vaccine alone primed consistently weak and mainly CD4(+), but also CD8(+) T-cell responses, and the MVA.HIVA vaccine delivered a consistent boost to both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which was particularly strong in HIV-1-infected patients. Thus, whilst the search is on for ways to enhance T-cell priming, MVA is a useful boosting vector for human subunit genetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hanke
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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28
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Arrode G, Hegde R, Mani A, Jin Y, Chebloune Y, Narayan O. Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Immune CD8+ T Cell Responses Induced by a Single Injection of a HIV DNA Vaccine in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2318-27. [PMID: 17277137 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV DNA vaccines are potent inducers of cell-mediated immune (CMI) response in mice but elicit poor HIV-specific IFN-gamma-producing T cells in monkeys and humans. In this study, we performed kinetic analyses on splenocytes of BALB/c mice that were immunized by a single injection with a unique DNA vaccine. Using IFN-gamma-ELISPOT and multiparametric FACS analysis, we characterized the induced CMI response. We found that the response was detectable for at least 63 wk. ELISPOT detection of IFN-gamma-producing T cells showed a profile with two waves separated by a long period of minimal response. Multiparametric FACS analysis showed two populations of CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells that were specific for all HIV Ags. These cells had similar robust proliferation abilities and contained granzyme B. However, only a few produced IFN-gamma. Both IFN-gamma-producing and non-IFN-gamma-producing HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells were detected in the early stage (week (W)1 and W2 postimmunization (PI)), in the prolonged intermediate period of minimal response (W4-W26 PI), and in the final late phase of increased response (W30-W63 PI). Our longitudinal characterization showed that both subsets of cells underwent expansion, contraction, and memory generation/maintenance phases throughout the lifespan of the animal. Altogether, these findings bring insight to the heterogeneity of the immune T cell response induced by a single immunization with this DNA and strengthen the concept that used of the IFN-gamma-ELISPOT assay alone may be insufficient to detect critical T cell responses to candidate HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Arrode
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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29
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Boulet S, Ndongala ML, Peretz Y, Boisvert MP, Boulassel MR, Tremblay C, Routy JP, Sekaly RP, Bernard NF. A dual color ELISPOT method for the simultaneous detection of IL-2 and IFN-gamma HIV-specific immune responses. J Immunol Methods 2006; 320:18-29. [PMID: 17222422 PMCID: PMC3627477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The single color IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay has become a standard for assessing HIV-specific immune responses in HIV-infected subjects. However, recent data suggests that single cytokine detection for immune monitoring of HIV-infected individuals may not be sufficient to fully describe virus-specific immune responses. Here, we have designed and validated a dual color ELISPOT assay capable of detecting both IL-2 and IFN-gamma secreting cells simultaneously in response to HIV antigens. We found that a cell input number of 200,000 cells/well provided a good balance between limited availability of cells due to blood volume restrictions and ability to detect all cytokine secretion patterns. The simultaneous detection of IL-2 and IFN-gamma resulted in a decreased magnitude of IFN-gamma but not IL-2 responses. Measures of intra- and inter-assay variability for the dual color ELISPOT assay were comparable to that seen for single cytokine ELISPOT assay with coefficients of variation below 20% for IL-2, IFN-gamma and dual secretion. Although CD8+ T cells mediated most HIV-specific responses in infected subjects, CD4+ T cells mediated responses to HIV were also detected. Features of this assay such as high throughput, cell number requirement and cytokine choice should make this assay a valuable tool for screening for HIV-specific immune responses in several clinically relevant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salix Boulet
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
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30
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Leslie A, Price DA, Mkhize P, Bishop K, Rathod A, Day C, Crawford H, Honeyborne I, Asher TE, Luzzi G, Edwards A, Rousseau CM, Rosseau CM, Mullins JI, Tudor-Williams G, Novelli V, Brander C, Douek DC, Kiepiela P, Walker BD, Goulder PJR. Differential selection pressure exerted on HIV by CTL targeting identical epitopes but restricted by distinct HLA alleles from the same HLA supertype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4699-708. [PMID: 16982909 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HLA diversity is seen as a major challenge to CTL vaccines against HIV. One current approach focuses on "promiscuous" epitopes, presented by multiple HLA alleles from within the same HLA supertype. However, the effectiveness of such supertype vaccines depends upon the functional equivalence of CTL targeting a particular epitope, irrespective of the restricting HLA. In this study, we describe the promiscuous HIV-specific CTL epitopes presented by alleles within the B7 supertype. Substantial differences were observed in the ability of CTL to select for escape mutation when targeting the same epitope but restricted by different HLA. This observation was common to all six promiscuous B7 epitopes identified. Moreover, with one exception, there were no significant differences in the frequency, magnitude, or immunodominance of the CTL responses restricted by different HLA alleles to explain these discrepancies. This suggests that the unique peptide/MHC complexes generated by even closely related HLA induce CTL responses that are qualitatively different. This hypothesis is supported by additional differences observed between CTL targeting identical epitopes but restricted by different HLA: first, the occurrence of distinct, HLA-specific escape mutation; second, the recruitment of distinct TCR repertoires by particular peptide/MHC complexes; and, third, significant differences in the functional avidity of CTL. Taken together, these data indicate that significant functional differences exist between CTL targeting identical epitopes but restricted by different, albeit closely related HLA. These findings are of relevance to vaccine approaches that seek to exploit HLA supertypes to overcome the problem of HLA diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair Leslie
- Department of Paediatrics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom.
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31
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Samri A, Durier C, Urrutia A, Sanchez I, Gahery-Segard H, Imbart S, Sinet M, Tartour E, Aboulker JP, Autran B, Venet A. Evaluation of the interlaboratory concordance in quantification of human immunodeficiency virus-specific T cells with a gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:684-97. [PMID: 16760328 PMCID: PMC1489560 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00387-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay is a reference method for the ex vivo monitoring of antigen-specific T cells and a primary tool for assessing clinical trials of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or cancer vaccines. Four experienced laboratories in Paris compared their results with this method by exchanging frozen blood samples from eight HIV-seronegative and eight HIV-seropositive subjects. Each laboratory measured the IFN-gamma-producing cells specific for HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and influenza using the same set of peptides and the same ELISPOT reader but its own ELISPOT technique. The cutoff values for positive responses (50 or 100 spot-forming cells/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells over background) were consistent with the binomial statistic criterion. The global qualitative concordance, as assessed by the kappa index, ranged from 0.38 to 0.92, that is, moderate to excellent, and was better for non-HIV 9-mer peptide pools than for HIV 15-mer peptide pools. The interlaboratory coefficient of variation for the frequency of virus-specific T cells was 18.7% (data are expressed on a log scale). Clustering analysis of HIV-positive subjects showed qualitative agreement for ELISPOT results from all four laboratories. Overall, the good interlaboratory qualitative concordance of IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays with only the peptide source and ELISPOT reader in common suggests that a qualitative comparison of interlaboratory findings is feasible. Nonetheless, a single set of standard operating procedures should be used in multicenter trials to improve standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Samri
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, INSERM UMR S 543, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For the first time, Africa is poised to test the efficacy of two candidate vaccines. This raises many scientific, logistic, regulatory and ethical challenges for the continent. This review outlines recent developments relating to the epidemiologic, scientific, site development, and standard of care issues relevant to the conduct of these trials in developing countries. RECENT FINDINGS The AIDS epidemic in Africa has reached crisis proportions. Despite more than 20 years having passed since the discovery of HIV, there are no effective biomedical interventions. The testing of two adenovirus type 5-vectored HIV vaccine candidates for efficacy is crucial. These vaccines, which seek to elicit cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, may not prevent infection, but may ameliorate infection and potentially prevent secondary HIV transmission. Efficacy of these vaccines may be impacted by the presence of pre-existing immunity to the vectors and the genetic diversity of HIV. Trials will be conducted in areas of the world with high HIV incidence, and special efforts should be made to enroll young women and adolescents. The development of clinical trial site capacity, technology transfer of immunogenicity assays to in-country laboratories, and expediting high-quality regulatory and ethical review and executing efficacy trials of the highest standard should be seen as paramount by donors, vaccine developers, clinical trial networks and developing world governments. SUMMARY HIV vaccine efficacy trials will soon be conducted in Africa.
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Goonetilleke N, Moore S, Dally L, Winstone N, Cebere I, Mahmoud A, Pinheiro S, Gillespie G, Brown D, Loach V, Roberts J, Guimaraes-Walker A, Hayes P, Loughran K, Smith C, De Bont J, Verlinde C, Vooijs D, Schmidt C, Boaz M, Gilmour J, Fast P, Dorrell L, Hanke T, McMichael AJ. Induction of multifunctional human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific T cells capable of proliferation in healthy subjects by using a prime-boost regimen of DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored vaccines expressing HIV-1 Gag coupled to CD8+ T-cell epitopes. J Virol 2006; 80:4717-28. [PMID: 16641265 PMCID: PMC1472051 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.10.4717-4728.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A double-blind randomized phase I trial was conducted in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-negative subjects receiving vaccines vectored by plasmid DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing HIV-1 p24/p17 gag linked to a string of CD8(+) T-cell epitopes. The trial had two groups. One group received either two doses of MVA.HIVA (2x MVA.HIVA) (n=8) or two doses of placebo (2x placebo) (n=4). The second group received 2x pTHr.HIVA followed by one dose of MVA.HIVA (n=8) or 3x placebo (n=4). In the pTHr.HIVA-MVA.HIVA group, HIV-1-specific T-cell responses peaked 1 week after MVA.HIVA vaccination in both ex vivo gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) ELISPOT (group mean, 210 spot-forming cells/10(6) cells) and proliferation (group mean stimulation index, 37), with assays detecting positive responses in four out of eight and five out of eight subjects, respectively. No HIV-1-specific T-cell responses were detected in either assay in the 2x MVA.HIVA group or subjects receiving placebo. Using a highly sensitive and reproducible cultured IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay, positive responses mainly mediated by CD4(+) T cells were detected in eight out of eight vaccinees in the pTHr.HIVA-MVA.HIVA group and four out of eight vaccinees in the 2x MVA.HIVA group. Importantly, no false-positive responses were detected in the eight subjects receiving placebo. Of the 12 responders, 11 developed responses to previously identified immunodominant CD4(+) T-cell epitopes, with 6 volunteers having responses to more than one epitope. Five out of 12 responders also developed CD8(+) T-cell responses to the epitope string. Induced T cells produced a variety of anti-viral cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta. These data demonstrate that prime-boost vaccination with recombinant DNA and MVA vectors can induce multifunctional HIV-1-specific T cells in the majority of vaccinees.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Double-Blind Method
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilu Goonetilleke
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine and MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom.
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34
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Hu N, D'Souza C, Cheung H, Lang H, Cheuk E, Chamberlain JW. Highly conserved pattern of recognition of influenza A wild-type and variant CD8+ CTL epitopes in HLA-A2+ humans and transgenic HLA-A2+/H2 class I-deficient mice. Vaccine 2005; 23:5231-44. [PMID: 16099553 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As an in vivo model for studying human MHC (HLA) class I-restricted CTL responses to viral infection, we established a series of HLA Tg mice expressing HLA-A2, -B7 or -B27 human/mouse hybrid genes on a background deficient for H2 class I (Tg HLA(hyb)/H2 class I DKO). To determine whether CTL recognition of influenza A (flu) infection in Tg HLA-A2(hyb)/H2 DKO mice is similar to HLA-A2+ humans, we compared the HLA-A2-restricted Tg mouse and human CD8+ T-cell responses to an immunodominant flu epitope (wild-type [WT] M1 58-66), as well as a variant of this peptide (var. M1 58-66). Similar to HLA-A2+ humans, our results show WT M1 58-66 is likely the dominant CTL epitope recognized in infected Tg HLA-A2(hyb)/H2 DKO mice. Var. M1 58-66 was also recognized by WT peptide-reactive T cells from both HLA-A2+ humans and Tg mice, although slightly less efficiently than WT M1 58-66 in both cases. Reduced variant recognition was shown to be associated with reduced peptide/A2 binding, as well as a more limited repertoire of utilized TCR Vbeta chains. The similar pattern of recognition and cross reaction observed here for the WT and variant M1 58-66 epitopes with HLA-A2 by human and Tg HLA mouse CTLs indicates that A2-dependent events of Ag processing, presentation and recognition are well-conserved between species. These findings demonstrate that this Tg HLA-A2/H2 DKO model will aid identification and development of epitopes as vaccines for numerous viral and tumor antigens for the HLA-A2 supertype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjie Hu
- Research Institute, Program in Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair, The Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X8
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35
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Buseyne F, Catteau A, Scott-Algara D, Corre B, Porrot F, Rouzioux C, Blanche S, Rivière Y. A vaccinia-based elispot assay for detection of CD8+ T cells from HIV-1 infected children. J Immunol Methods 2005; 298:105-18. [PMID: 15847801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes participate in the control of viral replication in infected patients. These responses are of low intensity in young infants and are decreased by antiretroviral therapy. In the present study, we report on a recombinant Vaccinia virus (rVV)-based Elispot assay for the detection of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells immediately after isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The rVV-based assay was highly sensitive; 48 out of 50 children had a positive response against the rVV encoding HIV Env-Gag-Pol antigen. Interferon-gamma was produced by CD8+ T cells, and CD14+/15+ cells were the main cell subset presenting antigens expressed by rVV. We observed that the cell input per well had a critical influence on the sensitivity of the assay. Results from the ex vivo Elispot assay correlated poorly with those of the 51Cr release assay performed after expansion of PBMC in vitro; thus, both assays gave information on different subsets and/or functions of the HIV-specific T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Buseyne
- Unité Postulante d'Immunopathologie Virale, URA CNRS 1930, Institut Pasteur, Bat. Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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36
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Kaufhold RM, Field JA, Caulfield MJ, Wang S, Joseph H, Wooters MA, Green T, Clark HF, Krah D, Smith JG. Memory T-cell response to rotavirus detected with a gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay. J Virol 2005; 79:5684-94. [PMID: 15827183 PMCID: PMC1082727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.9.5684-5694.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of serum-neutralizing antibody and anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) are the current standard for assessing immune responses following rotavirus vaccination. However, there is ongoing debate as to whether antibody titers correlate with protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis. Children recovering from rotavirus gastroenteritis have increased gamma interferon release from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), suggesting that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) may play a role in viral clearance and protection from subsequent gastroenteritis. We have developed a gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for evaluation of CMI responses to rotavirus using frozen PBMCs obtained from healthy adults. Responses to three different rotavirus antigen types were analyzed-a peptide pool based on the human VP6 sequence; reassortant human:bovine vaccine strains; and cell culture-adapted (CCA) human G1, G2, G3, G4, and bovine (WC3) G6 strains. The reassortant strains consist of a bovine WC3 genome background expressing the human rotavirus surface proteins VP7 (G1, G2, G3, or G4) or VP4 (P1). Responses to titrations of the peptide pool as well as CCA and reassortant strains were assessed. Gamma interferon ELISPOT responses were similar for CCA and reassortant strains, whether live or UV inactivated, and when tested either individually or pooled. For most subjects, responses to the VP6 peptide pool positively correlated with responses to CCA and reassortant strains. Cell depletion studies indicate the memory responses detected with these frozen adult PBMCs were primarily due to the CD4+ T-cell population. This gamma interferon ELISPOT assay provides a new tool to apply in clinical studies for the characterization of natural or vaccine-induced CMI to rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Kaufhold
- Merck & Co., Inc., WP26B-1144A, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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37
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Peretz Y, Alter G, Boisvert MP, Hatzakis G, Tsoukas CM, Bernard NF. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific gamma interferon secretion directed against all expressed HIV genes: relationship to rate of CD4 decline. J Virol 2005; 79:4908-17. [PMID: 15795276 PMCID: PMC1069552 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.8.4908-4917.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are detected at all stages of infection and are believed to be responsible for controlling viremia. This study seeks to determine whether gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting HIV-specific T-cell responses influence disease progression as defined by the rate of CD4 decline. The study population consisted of 31 subjects naive to antiretroviral therapy. All were monitored clinically for a median of 24 months after the time they were tested for HIV-specific responses. The rate of CD4+-T-cell loss was calculated for all participants from monthly CD4 counts. Within this population, 17 subjects were classified as typical progressors, 6 subjects were classified as fast progressors, and 8 subjects were classified as slow progressors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were screened for HIV-specific IFN-gamma responses to all expressed HIV genes. Among the detected immune responses, 48% of the recognized peptides were encoded by Gag and 19% were encoded by Nef gene products. Neither the breadth nor the magnitude of HIV-specific responses correlated with the viral load or rate of CD4 decline. The breadth and magnitude of HIV-specific responses did not differ significantly among typical, fast, and slow progressors. These results support the conclusion that although diverse HIV-specific IFN-gamma-secreting responses are mounted during the asymptomatic phase, these responses do not seem to modulate disease progression rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Peretz
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Ave., Rm. C10-160, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
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38
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Slyker JA, Lohman BL, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Reilly M, Wee EGT, Dong T, McMichael AJ, Rowland-Jones SL, Hanke T, John-Stewart G. Modified vaccinia Ankara expressing HIVA antigen stimulates HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells in ELISpot assays of HIV-1 exposed infants. Vaccine 2005; 23:4711-9. [PMID: 16043269 PMCID: PMC3382083 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing HIV-1 antigens (MVA.HIVA) was used in ELISpot assays to monitor HIV-1-specific T cell responses in infants. Responses to MVA.HIVA and HIV-1 peptides were examined in 13 infected and 81 exposed uninfected infants in Nairobi, Kenya. Responses to MVA.HIVA (38%) and peptide stimulation (38%) were similar in frequency (p=1.0) and magnitude (mean 176 versus 385 HIVSFU/10(6), p=0.96) in HIV-1 infected infants. In exposed uninfected infants, MVA.HIVA detected more positive responses and higher magnitude responses as compared to peptide. MVA.HIVA ELISpot is a sensitive method for quantification of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses in HIV-1 exposed infants. These results demonstrate the relevance of HIV-1 clade A consensus-derived immunogen HIVA for the viruses currently circulating in Nairobi.
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39
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Cox JH, Ferrari G, Kalams SA, Lopaczynski W, Oden N, D'souza MP. Results of an ELISPOT proficiency panel conducted in 11 laboratories participating in international human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine trials. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:68-81. [PMID: 15665646 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used an external quality assurance (EQA) panel to assess laboratory competency and comparability when performing ELISPOT assays in support of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine trials. Cell recovery, viability, and frequency of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-secreting cells after antigen stimulation were obtained from 11 laboratories on a coded panel of 11 peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. The median recovery and viability before plating for all samples were 35% and 86%, respectively, with notable interlaboratory and intrasample variability. Empirical as well as statistical analysis methods were used to define positive ELISPOT responses. Remarkable concordance between laboratories was obtained in defining a qualitative assessment of responder/nonresponder status to antigens, but the frequency of responding cells varied among the laboratories. This study highlights the need for better standardization of protocols and reagents to obtain reliable and reproducible data that may support immunogenicity studies, vaccine regulatory submissions, and licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine H Cox
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Development of a vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the main hope for controlling the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. An ideal HIV vaccine should induce neutralizing antibodies, CD4+ helper T cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. While the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies remains a highly challenging goal, there are a number of technologies capable of inducing potent cell-mediated responses in animal models, which are now starting to be tested in humans. Naked DNA immunization is one of them. This review focuses on the stimulation of HIV-specific T cells and discusses in the context of the current 'state-of-art' of DNA vaccines, the areas where this technology might assist either alone or as a part of more complex vaccine formulations in the HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Estcourt
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
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41
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Janetzki S, Schaed S, Blachere NEB, Ben-Porat L, Houghton AN, Panageas KS. Evaluation of Elispot assays: influence of method and operator on variability of results. J Immunol Methods 2004; 291:175-83. [PMID: 15345315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a comprehensive comparative analysis of different evaluation methods of Elispot plates was performed. Three investigators using three different evaluation approaches read 50 randomly selected wells at three different time points. The methods were: (1) manual evaluation using a stereomicroscope, (2) automated evaluation using an image analysis reader system with reading parameters established by each investigator, and (3) automated evaluation using a reader system with preset reading parameters using assay-specific controls. We demonstrate that manual evaluation had the highest variability both within the same method and when comparing all methods, followed by automated evaluation with investigator-dependent parameters. The variability was low only when all investigators used the same parameters established using assay-specific controls. This variability was independent of operator or spot number per well. Based on this study, recommendations for standardization and validation procedures of Elispot assay performance and evaluation procedures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, Inc., 555 North Avenue, Suite 25-S, Fort Lee NJ 07024, USA.
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42
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Mwau M, Cebere I, Sutton J, Chikoti P, Winstone N, Wee EGT, Beattie T, Chen YH, Dorrell L, McShane H, Schmidt C, Brooks M, Patel S, Roberts J, Conlon C, Rowland-Jones SL, Bwayo JJ, McMichael AJ, Hanke T. A human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) clade A vaccine in clinical trials: stimulation of HIV-specific T-cell responses by DNA and recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccines in humans. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:911-919. [PMID: 15039533 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicities of candidate DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-vectored human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines were evaluated on their own and in a prime-boost regimen in phase I clinical trials in healthy uninfected individuals in the United Kingdom. Given the current lack of approaches capable of inducing broad HIV-neutralizing antibodies, the pTHr.HIVA DNA and MVA.HIVA vaccines focus solely on the induction of cell-mediated immunity. The vaccines expressed a common immunogen, HIVA, which consists of consensus HIV-1 clade A Gag p24/p17 proteins fused to a string of clade A-derived epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Volunteers' fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for HIV-specific responses in a validated gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay using four overlapping peptide pools across the Gag domain and three pools of known CTL epitopes present in all of the HIVA protein. Both the DNA and the MVA vaccines alone and in a DNA prime-MVA boost combination were safe and induced HIV-specific responses in 14 out of 18, seven out of eight and eight out of nine volunteers, respectively. These results are very encouraging and justify further vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- AIDS Vaccines/pharmacology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Female
- Gene Products, gag
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antigens
- HIV Core Protein p24
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Injections, Intradermal
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Safety
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- Viral Proteins
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilu Mwau
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Inese Cebere
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Julian Sutton
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Priscilla Chikoti
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Nicola Winstone
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Edmund G-T Wee
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tara Beattie
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Lucy Dorrell
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 110 William Street, New York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Mary Brooks
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sandip Patel
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Joanna Roberts
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christopher Conlon
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Job J Bwayo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sahni
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
| | - A Nagendra
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
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Karlsson RK, Jennes W, Page-Shafer K, Nixon DF, Shacklett BL. Poorly soluble peptides can mimic authentic ELISPOT responses. J Immunol Methods 2004; 285:89-92. [PMID: 14871537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ELISPOT assay is a specific, sensitive, quantitative assay for assessing cell-mediated immune responses to a variety of antigens including HIV-1 peptides. In an interferon (IFN)-gamma-ELISPOT assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from two HIV-1 exposed seronegative (ESN) individuals appeared to respond strongly to an HIV Gag peptide. Analysis of this peptide revealed that it was incompletely dissolved and induced non-specific spot formation, even in the absence of cells. In subsequent experiments, the peptide was found to interact with avidin and the ELISPOT membrane. Filtering the peptide prevented non-specific spot formation. These findings underscore the need for appropriate controls and proper peptide preparation in order to reduce the risk of false-positive ELISPOT responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Karl Karlsson
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
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45
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Desombere I, Meuleman P, Rigole H, Willems A, Irsch J, Leroux-Roels G. The interferon gamma secretion assay: a reliable tool to study interferon gamma production at the single cell level. J Immunol Methods 2004; 286:167-85. [PMID: 15087231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Revised: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Different single-cell analyses for the detection of antigen-specific T cells based on antigen-triggered induction of cytokine production (elispot, intracellular cytokine staining, cytokine secretion assay, etc.) have been analyzed. In this paper we present the data of a thorough validation of the IFNgamma Secretion Assay (ISA, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). In this assay the secreted IFNgamma is bound to the cell surface and is then stained as an artificial surface molecule and analyzed by flow-cytometry. The introduction of five quality criteria markedly improved the reproducibility of this assay and made it very reliable (intra-assay variability<5%; inter-assay variability<20%). Recovery experiments further demonstrated that almost 100% of IFNgamma(+) labeled cells could be detected by this technology. In order to analyze which cell subsets contribute to IFNgamma-production, we compared the results obtained in different individuals after VZAg-stimulation. Three different IFNgamma-secretion patterns could be discerned. In Pattern 1 there is a predominant and almost equal contribution of T cells and NK cells with a minor contribution of CD3(+)CD56(+) and B cells. Pattern 2, which is most abundant, is characterized by a predominance of NK cells (60-70%). Pattern 3 differs from the previous one in its minor contribution of NK cells. Here T cells predominate the IFNgamma secretion. These results clearly demonstrate that the IFNgamma(+) subset distribution after VZAg-stimulation is not uniform and differs individually. Furthermore, the ISA-technology proves to be very useful in vaccine research. This was demonstrated by testing the IFNgamma(+) secretion pattern after HBsAg-stimulation in PBMC from HBsAg-vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Desombere
- Center for Vaccinology, Department Clinical Biology, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University and Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. isabelle@
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46
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Pahar B, Li J, Rourke T, Miller CJ, McChesney MB. Detection of antigen-specific T cell interferon γ expression by ELISPOT and cytokine flow cytometry assays in rhesus macaques. J Immunol Methods 2003; 282:103-15. [PMID: 14604545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) methods have been developed for the detection of low-frequency, antigen-specific, cytokine-producing T cells following short-term in vitro stimulation. Peptide-based ELISPOT and CFC assays were compared for the quantitative detection of interferon gamma-positive (IFN-gamma+) antigen-specific T cells in rhesus macaques. Ten normal and nine simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected monkeys were tested for the detection of IFN-gamma+ memory T cells specific for p27(gag) peptides of SIV with both assays. The CFC assay detected more IFN-gamma+ cells than the ELISPOT assay and this assay was more informative in identifying the phenotype of responding cells. Cryopreserved cells were as functional as fresh cells in heparinized blood samples and compared to EDTA, heparin was the better anticoagulant for yielding IFN-gamma+ cells. Using overlapping peptide pools, 20-mer peptides were more efficient in stimulating CD4+ T cells than 15-mer peptides in the ELISPOT assay, but there was no significant difference between 20- and 15-mer peptides in detecting CD4 or CD8+, IFN-gamma+ T cells in the CFC assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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47
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Shacklett BL, Yang O, Hausner MA, Elliott J, Hultin L, Price C, Fuerst M, Matud J, Hultin P, Cox C, Ibarrondo J, Wong JT, Nixon DF, Anton PA, Jamieson BD. Optimization of methods to assess human mucosal T-cell responses to HIV infection. J Immunol Methods 2003; 279:17-31. [PMID: 12969544 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The majority of HIV-1 infections occur via sexual transmission at mucosal epithelia lining the vagina, cervix or rectum. Mucosal tissues also serve as viral reservoirs. However, our knowledge of human mucosal T-cell responses is limited. There is a need for reliable, sensitive, and reproducible methods for assessing mucosal immunity. Here we report on the collaborative efforts of two laboratories to optimize methods for processing, culturing, and analyzing mucosal lymphocytes. Rectal biopsy tissue was obtained by flexible sigmoidoscopy, which is rapid, minimally invasive, and well tolerated. Of the four methods compared for isolating mucosal mononuclear cells (MMC), collagenase digestion reproducibly yielded the most lymphocytes (4-7 x 10(6)). Furthermore, 0.5-1 x 10(6) MMC could be polyclonally expanded to yield 17 x 10(6) CD8+ T cells allowing mapping of responses to overlapping peptides spanning the HIV-1 genome using IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot). Expansion also reduced the spontaneous IFN-gamma production normally detected in fresh MMC. Piperacillin-tazobactam and amphotericin B reduced contamination of MMC cultures to 4%. Taken together, these methods will be useful for studies of mucosal immunity to HIV-1 and other pathogens during natural infection and following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Shacklett
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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48
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Alter G, Hatzakis G, Tsoukas CM, Pelley K, Rouleau D, LeBlanc R, Baril JG, Dion H, Lefebvre E, Thomas R, Côté P, Lapointe N, Routy JP, Sékaly RP, Conway B, Bernard NF. Longitudinal assessment of changes in HIV-specific effector activity in HIV-infected patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy in primary infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:477-88. [PMID: 12817033 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the magnitude and breadth of HIV-specific immunity were evaluated longitudinally on samples collected from six subjects starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) preseroconversion (group 1), 11 recently infected subjects starting HAART postseroconversion (group 2), five subjects starting HAART in the second half of the first year of infection (group 3), and six persons starting treatment in the chronic phase of infection (group 4). HIV-specific immunity was measured by IFN-gamma ELISPOT, detecting the frequency of cells responding to a panel of HLA-restricted HIV-1 peptides. Intracellular cytokine staining was used to detect the frequency of HIV-1 Gag p55-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in a subset of participants. The magnitude and breadth of HIV-specific responses persisted in all group 1 subjects and in 5 of 11 (45%) group 2 subjects. Both of these parameters declined in 6 of 11 (55%) group 2 and in all group 3 and 4 individuals. All persons who maintained detectable numbers of HIV-1 Gag p55-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells after starting HAART preserved the intensity and breadth of their HIV-specific effector response. Our results show that HIV-specific immunity can be preserved even if HAART is initiated beyond the acute phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alter
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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49
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Abstract
Twenty years after the discovery of HIV, there is still no vaccine. This year, an envelope vaccine aimed at stimulating neutralizing antibodies was unable to protect against infection in phase 3 trials. But more than 20 HIV vaccines designed to stimulate T-cell responses are being developed. Will any of them work?
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McMichael
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9D5, UK.
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50
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Abstract
HIV/AIDS has become the most devastating pandemic in recorded history. It has killed 40 million people in the last 20 years and the World Health Organisation estimated that at least 14,000 new infections occurred daily in 2001. There will be up to 100 million new infections in the next 10 years (for current updates, visit http://www.unaids.org/epidemic_update/). Most HIV infections occur in the developing world, and the adverse social and economic impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, particularly in the developing world, is unprecedented. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has had significant effects on HIV/AIDS in the developed world. The drugs have acted to prolong survival, reduce the viral load, and to alleviate suffering. However, the incidence of side effects and resistance is high and the drugs are unaffordable and unavailable in the developing world. HAART regimens are difficult to comply with. Public health efforts to modify the behaviour, attitude and culture that accelerate the spread of HIV/AIDS have had only modest success. There is urgent need for a prophylactic and/or therapeutic HIV vaccine. This is a review of the obstacles and current trends in HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilu Mwau
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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