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He W, Li ZQ, Gu HY, Pan QL, Lin FX. Targeted Therapy of Spinal Cord Injury: Inhibition of Apoptosis Is a Promising Therapeutic Strategy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4222-4239. [PMID: 38066400 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious disabling central nervous system injury that can lead to motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction below the injury level. SCI can be divided into primary injury and secondary injury according to pathological process. Primary injury is mostly irreversible, while secondary injury is a dynamic regulatory process. Apoptosis is an important pathological event of secondary injury and has a significant effect on the recovery of nerve function after SCI. Nerve cell death can further aggravate the microenvironment of the injured site, leading to neurological dysfunction and thus affect the clinical outcome of patients. Therefore, apoptosis plays a crucial role in the pathological progression of secondary SCI, while inhibiting apoptosis may be a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI. This review will summarize and explore the factors that lead to cell death after SCI, the influence of cross talk between signaling pathways and pathways involved in apoptosis and discuss the influence of apoptosis on SCI, and the therapeutic significance of targeting apoptosis on SCI. This review helps us to understand the role of apoptosis in secondary SCI and provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of SCI based on apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-Yun Gu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Lin Pan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Xiang Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University (Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University), Jiangxi Province, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China.
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Witkin JM, Radin DP, Rana S, Fuller DD, Fusco AF, Demers JC, Pradeep Thakre P, Smith JL, Lippa A, Cerne R. AMPA receptors play an important role in the biological consequences of spinal cord injury: Implications for AMPA receptor modulators for therapeutic benefit. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116302. [PMID: 38763261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) afflicts millions of individuals globally. There are few therapies available to patients. Ascending and descending excitatory glutamatergic neural circuits in the central nervous system are disrupted by SCI, making α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) a potential therapeutic drug target. Emerging research in preclinical models highlights the involvement of AMPARs in vital processes following SCI including breathing, pain, inflammation, bladder control, and motor function. However, there are no clinical trial data reported in this patient population to date. No work on the role of AMPA receptors in sexual dysfunction after SCI has been disclosed. Compounds with selective antagonist and potentiating effects on AMPA receptors have benefit in animal models of SCI, with antagonists generally showing protective effects early after injury and potentiators (ampakines) producing improved breathing and bladder function. The role of AMPARs in pathophysiology and recovery after SCI depends upon the time post injury, and the timing of AMPAR augmentation or antagonism. The roles of inflammation, synaptic plasticity, sensitization, neurotrophic factors, and neuroprotection are considered in this context. The data summarized and discussed in this paper document proof of principle and strongly encourage additional studies on AMPARs as novel gateways to therapeutic benefit for patients suffering from SCI. The availability of both AMPAR antagonists such as perampanel and AMPAR allosteric modulators (i.e., ampakines) such as CX1739, that have been safely administered to humans, provides an expedited means of clinical inquiry for possible therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Sabhya Rana
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna F Fusco
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julie C Demers
- Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Prajwal Pradeep Thakre
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA; RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc, Glen Rock, NJ, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Wang S, Cheng L. The role of apoptosis in spinal cord injury: a bibliometric analysis from 1994 to 2023. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1334092. [PMID: 38293650 PMCID: PMC10825042 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1334092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis after spinal cord injury (SCI) plays a pivotal role in the secondary injury mechanisms, which cause the ultimate neurologic insults. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of apoptosis in SCI allows for improved glial and neuronal survival via the administrations of anti-apoptotic biomarkers. The knowledge structure, development trends, and research hotspots of apoptosis and SCI have not yet been systematically investigated. Methods Articles and reviews on apoptosis and SCI, published from 1st January 1994 to 1st Oct 2023, were retrieved from the Web of Science™. Bibliometrix in R was used to evaluate annual publications, countries, affiliations, authors, sources, documents, key words, and hot topics. Results A total of 3,359 publications in accordance with the criterions were obtained, which exhibited an ascending trend in annual publications. The most productive countries were the USA and China. Journal of Neurotrauma was the most impactive journal; Wenzhou Medical University was the most prolific affiliation; Cuzzocrea S was the most productive and influential author. "Apoptosis," "spinal-cord-injury," "expression," "activation," and "functional recovery" were the most frequent key words. Additionally, "transplantation," "mesenchymal stemness-cells," "therapies," "activation," "regeneration," "repair," "autophagy," "exosomes," "nlrp3 inflammasome," "neuroinflammation," and "knockdown" were the latest emerging key words, which may inform the hottest themes. Conclusions Apoptosis after SCI may cause the ultimate neurological damages. Development of novel treatments for secondary SCI mainly depends on a better understanding of apoptosis-related mechanisms in molecular and cellular levels. Such therapeutic interventions involve the application of anti-apoptotic agents, free radical scavengers, as well as anti-inflammatory drugs, which can be targeted to inhibit core events in cellular and molecular injury cascades pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiao Wang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Spinal and Spinal Cord Injury, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lund MC, Ellman DG, Nielsen PV, Raffaele S, Fumagalli M, Guzman R, Degn M, Brambilla R, Meyer M, Clausen BH, Lambertsen KL. Selective Inhibition of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Alters the Neuroinflammatory Response following Moderate Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:845. [PMID: 37372129 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and animal model studies have implicated inflammation and glial and peripheral immune cell responses in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI). A key player in the inflammatory response after SCI is the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which exists both in both a transmembrane (tmTNF) and a soluble (solTNF) form. In the present study, we extend our previous findings of a therapeutic effect of topically blocking solTNF signaling after SCI for three consecutive days on lesion size and functional outcome to study the effect on spatio-temporal changes in the inflammatory response after SCI in mice treated with the selective solTNF inhibitor XPro1595 and compared to saline-treated mice. We found that despite comparable TNF and TNF receptor levels between XPro1595- and saline-treated mice, XPro1595 transiently decreased pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels and increased pro-regenerative IL-10 levels in the acute phase after SCI. This was complemented by a decrease in the number of infiltrated leukocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) in the lesioned area of the spinal cord and an increase in the number of microglia in the peri-lesion area 14 days after SCI, followed by a decrease in microglial activation in the peri-lesion area 21 days after SCI. This translated into increased myelin preservation and improved functional outcomes in XPro1595-treated mice 35 days after SCI. Collectively, our data suggest that selective targeting of solTNF time-dependently modulates the neuroinflammatory response by favoring a pro-regenerative environment in the lesioned spinal cord, leading to improved functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Christiansen Lund
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte Gry Ellman
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Vinther Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matilda Degn
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), Department of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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Effect and mechanism of terahertz irradiation in repairing spinal cord injury in mice. Gene 2023; 860:147218. [PMID: 36702395 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a serious trauma to the central nervous system. Terahertz (THz) irradiation is an emerging technique, it has potential application prospects in the treatment of central nervous system diseases. AIM We report on the investigation of the effect and mechanism of THz irradiation in repairing SCI in mice. APPROACH The effect of THz in SCI was evaluated by the expression of inflammatory factors, the mouse behavioral scale (BMS), and immunofluorescence staining. After RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we determined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and performed GO and KEGG analysis. RESULTS After THz irradiation, the inflammatory response, the behavioral function, and the severity of SCI recovered well, indicating that THz irradiation can effectively promote the repair of SCI. GO and KEGG results show that genes related to inflammation, immune regulation, and IL-17 signaling pathway may play an important role in this process. CONCLUSIONS THz irradiation can effectively promote the repair of SCI. Genes related to inflammation, immune regulation, and IL-17 signaling pathway may play an important role in this process.
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The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:925-950. [PMID: 35604578 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pre-clinical studies place tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a central player in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI), and blocking its production and/or activity has been proposed as a possible treatment option after SCI. This systematic review provides an overview of the literature on the temporal and cellular expression of TNF after SCI and clarifies the potential for its therapeutic manipulation in SCI. A systematic search was performed in EMBASE (Ovid), MEDLINE (Ovid), and Web of Science (Core Collection). The search terms were the MeSH forms of tumor necrosis factor and spinal cord injury in the different databases, and the last search was performed on February 3, 2021. We found twenty-four articles examining the expression of TNF, with most using a thoracic contusive SCI model in rodents. Two articles described the expression of TNF receptors in the acute phase after SCI. Twenty-one articles described the manipulation of TNF signaling using genetic knock-out, pharmaceutical inhibition, or gain-of-function approaches. Overall, TNF expression increased rapidly after SCI, within the first hours, in resident cells (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and again in macrophages in the chronic phase after injury. The review underscores the complexity of TNF's role after SCI and indicates that TNF inhibition is a promising therapeutic option. This review concludes that TNF plays a significant role in the inflammatory response after SCI and suggests that targeting TNF signaling is a feasible therapeutic approach.
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Freyermuth-Trujillo X, Segura-Uribe JJ, Salgado-Ceballos H, Orozco-Barrios CE, Coyoy-Salgado A. Inflammation: A Target for Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172692. [PMID: 36078099 PMCID: PMC9454769 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of disability, and treatment alternatives that generate beneficial outcomes and have no side effects are urgently needed. SCI may be treatable if intervention is initiated promptly. Therefore, several treatment proposals are currently being evaluated. Inflammation is part of a complex physiological response to injury or harmful stimuli induced by mechanical, chemical, or immunological agents. Neuroinflammation is one of the principal secondary changes following SCI and plays a crucial role in modulating the pathological progression of acute and chronic SCI. This review describes the main inflammatory events occurring after SCI and discusses recently proposed potential treatments and therapeutic agents that regulate inflammation after insult in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Freyermuth-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Julia J. Segura-Uribe
- Subdirección de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Orozco-Barrios
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-2498-5223
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The Inflammatory Response after Moderate Contusion Spinal Cord Injury: A Time Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060939. [PMID: 35741460 PMCID: PMC9220050 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The neuroinflammatory response is a rather complex event in spinal cord injury (SCI) and has the capacity to exacerbate cell damage but also to contribute to the repair of the injury. This complexity is thought to depend on a variety of inflammatory mediators, of which tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a key role. Evidence indicates that TNF can be both protective and detrimental in SCI. In the present study, we studied the temporal and cellular expression of TNF and its receptors after SCI in mice. We found TNF to be significantly increased in both the acute and the delayed phases after SCI, alongside a robust neuroinflammatory response. As we could verify some of our results in human postmortem tissue, our results imply that diminishing the detrimental immune signaling after SCI could also enhance recovery in humans. Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates detrimental cellular and molecular events that lead to acute and delayed neuroinflammation. Understanding the role of the inflammatory response in SCI requires insight into the temporal and cellular synthesis of inflammatory mediators. We subjected C57BL/6J mice to SCI and investigated inflammatory reactions. We examined activation, recruitment, and polarization of microglia and infiltrating immune cells, focusing specifically on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. In the acute phase, TNF expression increased in glial cells and neuron-like cells, followed by infiltrating immune cells. TNFR1 and TNFR2 levels increased in the delayed phase and were found preferentially on neurons and glial cells, respectively. The acute phase was dominated by the infiltration of granulocytes and macrophages. Microglial/macrophage expression of Arg1 increased from 1–7 days after SCI, followed by an increase in Itgam, Cx3cr1, and P2ry12, which remained elevated throughout the study. By 21 and 28 days after SCI, the lesion core was populated by galectin-3+, CD68+, and CD11b+ microglia/macrophages, surrounded by a glial scar consisting of GFAP+ astrocytes. Findings were verified in postmortem tissue from individuals with SCI. Our findings support the consensus that future neuroprotective immunotherapies should aim to selectively neutralize detrimental immune signaling while sustaining pro-regenerative processes.
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Rosales-Antequera C, Viscor G, Araneda OF. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as Common Mechanisms of Pulmonary, Autonomic and Musculoskeletal Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040550. [PMID: 35453749 PMCID: PMC9032591 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary When a spinal cord injury occurs, the neurons that regulate our voluntary movements, those involved in environment and somatic perception and those that regulate vegetative functions are affected. Once neuronal damage is established, the cells of other tissues are also affected in their functions, altering the interaction between organs and altering the proper functioning of the organism. Multiple studies in animal models, as well as in humans, have recognized as factors involved in organ damage the imbalance between the formation of highly reactive molecules called pro-oxidants and defensive mechanisms called antioxidants. Closely associated with this phenomenon, the inflammatory response is also pathologically activated. In this narrative review, we have analyzed the information involving these pathological processes at the level of the lung, the autonomic nervous system and the skeletal musculature after spinal cord injury. Knowing the abnormal functioning mechanisms that occur after a spinal cord injury not only offers a better understanding of the organic events but also offers future possibilities for therapeutic interventions that may benefit the thousands of patients suffering this pathology. Abstract One of the etiopathogenic factors frequently associated with generalized organ damage after spinal cord injury corresponds to the imbalance of the redox state and inflammation, particularly of the respiratory, autonomic and musculoskeletal systems. Our goal in this review was to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon by reviewing both animal and human studies. At the respiratory level, the presence of tissue damage is notable in situations that require increased ventilation due to lower thoracic distensibility and alveolar inflammation caused by higher levels of leptin as a result of increased fatty tissue. Increased airway reactivity, due to loss of sympathetic innervation, and levels of nitric oxide in exhaled air that are similar to those seen in asthmatic patients have also been reported. In addition, the loss of autonomic control efficiency leads to an uncontrolled release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids that induce immunosuppression, as well as a predisposition to autoimmune reactions. Simultaneously, blood pressure regulation is altered with vascular damage and atherogenesis associated with oxidative damage. At the muscular level, chronically elevated levels of prooxidants and lipoperoxidation associated with myofibrillar atrophy are described, with no reduction or reversibility of this process through antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián Rosales-Antequera
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Integrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort, LIBFE, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Oscar F. Araneda
- Integrative Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Effort, LIBFE, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Begenisic T, Pavese C, Aiachini B, Nardone A, Rossi D. Dynamics of biomarkers across the stages of traumatic spinal cord injury - implications for neural plasticity and repair. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:339-366. [PMID: 34657853 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-211169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex medical condition causing significant physical disability and psychological distress. While the adult spinal cord is characterized by poor regenerative potential, some recovery of neurological function is still possible through activation of neural plasticity mechanisms. We still have limited knowledge about the activation of these mechanisms in the different stages after human SCI. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss the potential role of biomarkers of SCI as indicators of the plasticity mechanisms at work during the different phases of SCI. METHODS An extensive review of literature related to SCI pathophysiology, neural plasticity and humoral biomarkers was conducted by consulting the PubMed database. Research and review articles from SCI animal models and SCI clinical trials published in English until January 2021 were reviewed. The selection of candidates for humoral biomarkers of plasticity after SCI was based on the following criteria: 1) strong evidence supporting involvement in neural plasticity (mandatory); 2) evidence supporting altered expression after SCI (optional). RESULTS Based on selected findings, we identified two main groups of potential humoral biomarkers of neural plasticity after SCI: 1) neurotrophic factors including: Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Nerve growth factor (NGF), Neurotrofin-3 (NT-3), and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); 2) other factors including: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), and MicroRNAs (miRNAs). Plasticity changes associated with these biomarkers often can be both adaptive (promoting functional improvement) and maladaptive. This dual role seems to be influenced by their concentrations and time-window during SCI. CONCLUSIONS Further studies of dynamics of biomarkers across the stages of SCI are necessary to elucidate the way in which they reflect the remodeling of neural pathways. A better knowledge about the mechanisms underlying plasticity could guide the selection of more appropriate therapeutic strategies to enhance positive spinal network reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Begenisic
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavese
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Units, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Aiachini
- Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Units, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Units, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Laboratory for Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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MicroRNA-129-5p alleviates spinal cord injury in mice via suppressing the apoptosis and inflammatory response through HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222205. [PMID: 32096822 PMCID: PMC7069919 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI) is one reversible pathological change mainly involving excessive inflammatory response and neuro-apoptosis. Since in recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as novel regulators of inflammation in different disease conditions. However, the role of miRNAs in the inflammatory response and apoptosis of secondary injury after SCI remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we tried to explore the influence and mechanism of miRNAs on the neuron inflammatory response and apoptosis after SCI. The expression profiles of miRNA were examined using miRNA microarray, and among the candidate miRNAs, miR-129-5p was found to be the most down-regulated miRNA in spinal tissues. Overexpression of miR-129-5p using agomir-miR-129-5p promoted injury mice functional recovery, suppressed the apoptosis and alleviated inflammatory response in spinal tissues. Using LPS-induced BV-2 cell model, we found miR-129-5p was also proved in protecting inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in vitro. High-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a well-known inflammatory mediator, was found to be directly targeted by miR-129-5p and it was associated with the inhibitory effect of miR-129-5p on the activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 (TLR4)/ nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in vitro and in vivo. Further experiments revealed that the anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects of miR-129-5p were reversed by HMGB1 overexpression in BV-2 cells. Collectively, these data revealed that miR-129-5p alleviated SCI in mice via suppressing the apoptosis and inflammatory response through HMGB1//TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Our data suggest that up-regulation of miR-129-5p may be a novel therapeutic target for SCI.
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Ellman DG, Lund MC, Nissen M, Nielsen PS, Sørensen C, Lester EB, Thougaard E, Jørgensen LH, Nedospasov SA, Andersen DC, Stubbe J, Brambilla R, Degn M, Lambertsen KL. Conditional Ablation of Myeloid TNF Improves Functional Outcome and Decreases Lesion Size after Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. Cells 2020; 9:E2407. [PMID: 33153044 PMCID: PMC7692197 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition consisting of an instant primary mechanical injury followed by a secondary injury that progresses for weeks to months. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of SCI. We investigated the effect of myeloid TNF ablation (peripheral myeloid cells (macrophages and neutrophils) and microglia) versus central myeloid TNF ablation (microglia) in a SCI contusion model. We show that TNF ablation in macrophages and neutrophils leads to reduced lesion volume and improved functional outcome after SCI. In contrast, TNF ablation in microglia only or TNF deficiency in all cells had no effect. TNF levels tended to be decreased 3 h post-SCI in mice with peripheral myeloid TNF ablation and was significantly decreased 3 days after SCI. Leukocyte and microglia populations and all other cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IFNγ) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1) investigated, in addition to TNFR1 and TNFR2, were comparable between genotypes. Analysis of post-SCI signaling cascades demonstrated that the MAPK kinase SAPK/JNK decreased and neuronal Bcl-XL levels increased post-SCI in mice with ablation of TNF in peripheral myeloid cells. These findings demonstrate that peripheral myeloid cell-derived TNF is pathogenic in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Gry Ellman
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Minna Christiansen Lund
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Maiken Nissen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Pernille Sveistrup Nielsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Charlotte Sørensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Emilie Boye Lester
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Estrid Thougaard
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Louise Helskov Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (L.H.J.); (D.C.A.)
| | - Sergei A. Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (L.H.J.); (D.C.A.)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Danish Center for Regenerative Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane Stubbe
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Matilda Degn
- Pediatric Oncology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (M.C.L.); (M.N.); (P.S.N.); (C.S.); (E.B.L.); (E.T.); (R.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- BRIGDE—Brain Research—Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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13
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Abbaszadeh F, Fakhri S, Khan H. Targeting apoptosis and autophagy following spinal cord injury: Therapeutic approaches to polyphenols and candidate phytochemicals. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105069. [PMID: 32652198 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder associated with the loss of sensory and motor function. Understanding the precise dysregulated signaling pathways, especially apoptosis and autophagy following SCI, is of vital importance in developing innovative therapeutic targets and treatments. The present study lies in the fact that it reveals the precise dysregulated signaling mediators of apoptotic and autophagic pathways following SCI and also examines the effects of polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals. It provides new insights to develop new treatments for post-SCI complications. Accordingly, a comprehensive review was conducted using electronic databases including, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline, along with the authors' expertise in apoptosis and autophagy as well as their knowledge about the effects of polyphenols and other phytochemicals on SCI pathogenesis. The primary mechanical injury to spinal cord is followed by a secondary cascade of apoptosis and autophagy that play critical roles during SCI. In terms of pharmacological mechanisms, caspases, Bax/Bcl-2, TNF-α, and JAK/STAT in apoptosis along with LC3 and Beclin-1 in autophagy have shown a close interconnection with the inflammatory pathways mainly glutamatergic, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, ERK/MAPK, and other cross-linked mediators. Besides, apoptotic pathways have been shown to regulate autophagy mediators and vice versa. Prevailing evidence has highlighted the importance of modulating these signaling mediators/pathways by polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals post-SCI. The present review provides dysregulated signaling mediators and therapeutic targets of apoptotic and autophagic pathways following SCI, focusing on the modulatory effects of polyphenols and other potential phytochemical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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14
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Amtul Z, Najdat AN, Hill DJ, Arany EJ. Differential temporal and spatial post-injury alterations in cerebral cell morphology and viability. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:421-433. [PMID: 32447764 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Combination of ischemia and β-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity has been shown to simultaneously increase neuro-inflammation, endogenous Aβ deposition, and neurodegeneration. However, studies on the evolution of infarct and panorama of cellular degeneration as a synergistic or overlapping mechanism between ischemia and Aβ toxicity are lacking. Here, we compared fluorojade B (FJB) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains primarily to examine the chronology of infarct, and the viability and morphological changes in neuroglia and neurons located in different brain regions on d1, d7, and d28 post Aβ toxicity and endothelin-1 induced ischemia (ET1) in rats. We demonstrated a regional difference in cellular degeneration between cortex, corpus callosum, striatum, globus pallidus, and thalamus after cerebral injury. Glial cells in the cortex and corpus callosum underwent delayed FJB staining from d7 to d28, but neurons in cortex disappeared within the first week of cerebral injury. Striatal lesion core and globus pallidus of Aβ + ET1 rats showed extensive degeneration of neuronal cells compared with ET1 rats alone starting from d1. Differential and exacerbated expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 might be the cause of excessive neuronal demise in the striatum of Aβ + ET1 rats. Such an investigation may improve our understanding to identify and manipulate a critical therapeutic window post comorbid injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Amtul
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Abdullah N Najdat
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - David J Hill
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology, and Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edith J Arany
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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15
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Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Investigating the ameliorative effect of alpha-mangostin on development and existing pain in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3211-3225. [PMID: 32592535 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mangosteen fruit has been used for various disorders, including pain. The effects of alpha-mangostin, the main component of mangosteen, on the neuropathic pain caused by chronic constriction injury (CCI) were evaluated in rats. In treatment groups, alpha-mangostin (10, 50, 100 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered from Day 0, the day of surgery, for 14 days. The degree of heat hyperalgesia, cold, and mechanical allodynia was assessed on Days 0, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14. The lumbar spinal cord levels of MDA, GSH, inflammatory markers (TLR-4, TNF-α, MMP2, COX2, IL-1β, iNOS, and NO), apoptotic markers (Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3) were measured by western blot on Days 7 and 14. Rats in the CCI group showed thermal hyperalgesia, cold, and mechanical allodynia on Days 3-14. All concentrations of alpha-mangostin alleviated CCI-induced behavioral alterations. MDA level augmented and GSH level decreased in the CCI group and alpha-mangostin (50, 100 mg/kg) reversed the alterations. An enhancement in the levels of all inflammatory markers, Bax, and caspase-3 was shown on Days 7 and 14, which was controlled by alpha-mangostin (50 mg/kg). The detected antinociceptive effects of alpha-mangostin may be mediated through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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16
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Libner CD, Salapa HE, Hutchinson C, Lee S, Levin MC. Antibodies to the RNA binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 contribute to neuronal cell loss in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1704-1724. [PMID: 31872424 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, including loss of neurons and axons, is a feature of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are mostly unknown. Research implicates autoimmunity to nonmyelin self-antigens as important contributors to disease pathogenesis. Data from our lab implicate autoimmunity to the RNA binding protein (RBP) heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) as a possible mechanism of neurodegeneration in MS. MS patients make antibodies to hnRNP A1, which have been shown to lead to neuronal dysfunction in vitro. Using an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we show here that injection of anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies, in contrast to control antibodies, resulted in worsened disease and increased neurodegeneration. We found a reduction of NeuN+ neuronal cell bodies in areas of the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord where anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies localized. Neurons displayed increased levels of hnRNP A1 nucleocytoplasmic mislocalization and stress granule formation, both markers of neuronal injury. Anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies were found to surround neuronal cell bodies and interact with CD68+ immune cells via Fc receptors. Additionally, anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies were found within neuronal cell bodies including those of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT), a tract previously shown to undergo neurodegeneration in anti-hnRNP A1 antibody injected EAE mice. Finally, both immune cells and neurons showed increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, another indicator of cell damage. These findings suggest that autoimmunity to RBPs, such as hnRNP A1, play a role in neurodegeneration in EAE with important implications for the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole D Libner
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hannah E Salapa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Catherine Hutchinson
- Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Michael C Levin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Neurology Division, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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17
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Current Agents and Related Therapeutic Targets for Inflammation After Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurg 2019; 132:138-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Wang P, Qi X, Xu G, Liu J, Guo J, Li X, Ma X, Sun H. CCL28 promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury via recruiting regulatory T cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7402-7415. [PMID: 31557129 PMCID: PMC6781990 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Chemokines play a key role in post-traumatic inflammation and secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). CCL28, the chemokine CC-chemokine ligand 28, is involved in the epithelial and mucosal immunity. However, whether CCL28 participates in the physiopathologic processes after SCI remains unclear. Results: CCL28 is upregulated in the spinal cord after SCI. In addition, neutralizing antibodies against IL-1β or TNF-α, or treatment of ML120B, a selective inhibitor of IKK-β, remarkably decrease CCL28 upregulation, suggesting that CCL28 upregulation relies on NF-κB pathway activated by IL-1β and TNF-α after SCI. Moreover, CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells that express CCR10, a receptor of CCL28, are enriched in the spinal cord after SCI. We further demonstrate that the spinal cord recruits Treg cells through CCL28-CCR10 axis, which in turn function to suppress immune response and promote locomotor recovery after SCI. In contrast, neutralizing CCL28 or CCR10 reduces Treg cell recruitment and delays locomotor recovery. Methods: The neutralizing antibodies and recombinant CCL28 were injected intraspinally into the mice prior to SCI, which was established via hemitransection. RT-qPCR analysis was performed to determine transcript level, and Western blot analysis and ELISA assay were used to detect protein expression. Immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and visualized by immunofluorescence. The chemotaxis was assessed by in vitro transwell migration assay. The mouse locomotor activity was assessed via the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) system. Conclusions: These results indicate that NF-κB pathway-regulated CCL28 production plays a protective role after SCI through recruiting CCR10-expressing and immunosuppressive Treg cells, and suggest that interfering CCL28-CCR10 axis might be of potential clinical benefit in improving SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiangbei Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Jianning Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Jichao Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xinzhe Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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19
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Ong W, Pinese C, Chew SY. Scaffold-mediated sequential drug/gene delivery to promote nerve regeneration and remyelination following traumatic nerve injuries. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 149-150:19-48. [PMID: 30910595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue regeneration following traumatic injuries is often subpar. As a result, the field of neural tissue engineering has evolved to find therapeutic interventions and has seen promising outcomes. However, robust nerve and myelin regeneration remain elusive. One possible reason may be the fact that tissue regeneration often follows a complex sequence of events in a temporally-controlled manner. Although several other fields of tissue engineering have begun to recognise the importance of delivering two or more biomolecules sequentially for more complete tissue regeneration, such serial delivery of biomolecules in neural tissue engineering remains limited. This review aims to highlight the need for sequential delivery to enhance nerve regeneration and remyelination after traumatic injuries in the central nervous system, using spinal cord injuries as an example. In addition, possible methods to attain temporally-controlled drug/gene delivery are also discussed for effective neural tissue regeneration.
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20
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Gerald MJ, Bracchi-Ricard V, Ricard J, Fischer R, Nandakumar B, Blumenthal GH, Williams R, Kontermann RE, Pfizenmaier K, Moxon KA, Bethea JR. Continuous infusion of an agonist of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 in the spinal cord improves recovery after traumatic contusive injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:884-893. [PMID: 30941924 PMCID: PMC6630008 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The activation of the TNFR2 receptor is beneficial in several pathologies of the central nervous system, and this study examines whether it can ameliorate the recovery process following spinal cord injury. Methods EHD2‐sc‐mTNFR2, an agonist specific for TNFR2, was used to treat neurons exposed to high levels of glutamate in vitro. In vivo, it was infused directly to the spinal cord via osmotic pumps immediately after a contusion to the cord at the T9 level. Locomotion behavior was assessed for 6 weeks, and the tissue was analyzed (lesion size, RNA and protein expression, cell death) after injury. Somatosensory evoked potentials were also measured in response to hindlimb stimulation. Results The activation of TNFR2 protected neurons from glutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity through the activation of phosphoinositide‐3 kinase gamma in vitro and improved the locomotion of animals following spinal cord injury. The extent of the injury was not affected by infusing EHD2‐sc‐mTNFR2, but higher levels of neurofilament H and 2′, 3′‐cyclic‐nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase were observed 6 weeks after the injury. Finally, the activation of TNFR2 after injury increased the neural response recorded in the cortex following hindlimb stimulation. Conclusion The activation of TNFR2 in the spinal cord following contusive injury leads to enhanced locomotion and better cortical responses to hindlimb stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Gerald
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jerome Ricard
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roman Fischer
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bharadwaj Nandakumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Gary H Blumenthal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Raushaun Williams
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfizenmaier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karen A Moxon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - John R Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Ren H, Chen X, Tian M, Zhou J, Ouyang H, Zhang Z. Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokines for Spinal Cord Injury Repair Through Local Delivery of Therapeutic Agents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800529. [PMID: 30479916 PMCID: PMC6247077 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The balance of inflammation is critical to the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI), which is one of the most devastating traumas in human beings. Inflammatory cytokines, the direct mediators of local inflammation, have differential influences on the repair of the injured spinal cord. Some inflammatory cytokines are demonstrated beneficial to spinal cord repair in SCI models, while some detrimental. Various animal researches have revealed that local delivery of therapeutic agents efficiently regulates inflammatory cytokines and promotes repair from SCI. Quite a few clinical studies have also shown the promotion of repair from SCI through regulation of inflammatory cytokines. However, local delivery of a single agent affects only a part of the inflammatory cytokines that need to be regulated. Meanwhile, different individuals have differential profiles of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, future studies may aim to develop personalized strategies of locally delivered therapeutic agent cocktails for effective and precise regulation of inflammation, and substantial functional recovery from SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityNo. 63 Duobao RoadGuangzhou510150P. R. China
| | - Xuri Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Mengya Tian
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Basic Medical ScienceZhejiang UniversityNo. 866 Yuhangtang RoadHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Translational Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing TechnologiesGuangzhou Medical UniversityNo. 63 Duobao RoadGuangzhou510150P. R. China
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Nakajo M, Uezono N, Nakashima H, Wake H, Komiya S, Nishibori M, Nakashima K. Therapeutic time window of anti-high mobility group box-1 antibody administration in mouse model of spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res 2018; 141:63-70. [PMID: 29604317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurologic disorder that often leads to permanent disability, and there is no effective treatment for it. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a damage-associated molecular protein that triggers sterile inflammation upon injuries. We have previously shown that two administrations of neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against HMGB1 (immediately after (0 h) and 6 h after) SCI dramatically improves functional recovery after SCI in mice. However, when considering clinical application, 0 h after SCI is not practical. Therefore, in this study, we examined the therapeutic time window of the mAb administration. Injection at 3 h after SCI significantly improved the functional recovery comparably to injection immediately after SCI, while injection at 6 h was less effective, and injection at 9 or 12 h had no therapeutic effect. We also found beneficial effects of injection at 3 h after injury on blood-spinal cord barrier maintenance, inflammatory-related gene expression and preservation of the damaged spinal cord tissue. Taken together, our results suggest that a single administration of anti-HMGB1 mAb within a proper time window could be a novel and potential therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Nakajo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Naohiro Uezono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hidenori Wake
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Setsuro Komiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishibori
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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Acute spinal cord injury: A review of pathophysiology and potential of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pharmacological intervention. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 87:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Oral Administration of Red Ginseng Extract Promotes Neurorestoration after Compressive Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:1265464. [PMID: 28828029 PMCID: PMC5554560 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1265464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Red ginseng and its active ingredients have been shown to decrease neuron death after brain ischemia in experimental animals. However, little is known about the effects of orally administered ginseng extract on spinal cord injury. We orally gave red ginseng extract (RGE) to rats with compressed spinal cord injury (SCI). Open-field locomotor scores were measured as indices of motor function. Histopathological changes and cytokine expressions in situ after SCI were evaluated. Compared to vehicle treatment, RGE treatment (350 mg/kg/day) significantly improved locomotor score up to levels close to those pre-SCI, prevented neuron loss, and facilitated the restoration of white matter in the spinal cord at 14 days after SCI. Treatment with RGE caused less aggregation of Iba-1-positive microglia in grey and white matter at 7 days after SCI, upregulated the expression levels of VEGF and Bcl-xL, and reduced IL-1β and TNFα expressions in the spinal cord at 7 and 14 days after SCI. We concluded that oral administration of RGE facilitates almost complete functional recovery from motor and behavioral abnormalities in rats with SCI and prevents neuron death in situ, possibly through inhibition of inflammation and upregulation of neuroprotective factors in the injured spinal cord.
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25
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Nicola FC, Rodrigues LP, Crestani T, Quintiliano K, Sanches EF, Willborn S, Aristimunha D, Boisserand L, Pranke P, Netto CA. Human dental pulp stem cells transplantation combined with treadmill training in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 49:e5319. [PMID: 27509306 PMCID: PMC4988478 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling condition resulting in deficits of sensory and motor functions, and has no effective treatment. Considering that protocols with stem cell transplantation and treadmill training have shown promising results, the present study evaluated the effectiveness of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) transplantation combined with treadmill training in rats with experimental spinal cord injury. Fifty-four Wistar rats were spinalized using NYU impactor. The rats were randomly distributed into 5 groups: Sham (laminectomy with no SCI, n=10); SCI (laminectomy followed by SCI, n=12); SHEDs (SCI treated with SHEDs, n=11); TT (SCI treated with treadmill training, n=11); SHEDs+TT (SCI treated with SHEDs and treadmill training; n=10). Treatment with SHEDs alone or in combination with treadmill training promoted functional recovery, reaching scores of 15 and 14, respectively, in the BBB scale, being different from the SCI group, which reached 11. SHEDs treatment was able to reduce the cystic cavity area and glial scar, increase neurofilament. Treadmill training alone had no functional effectiveness or tissue effects. In a second experiment, the SHEDs transplantation reduced the TNF-α levels in the cord tissue measured 6 h after the injury. Contrary to our hypothesis, treadmill training either alone or in combination, caused no functional improvement. However, SHEDs showed to be neuroprotective, by the reduction of TNF-α levels, the cystic cavity and the glial scar associated with the improvement of motor function after SCI. These results provide evidence that grafted SHEDs might be an effective therapy to spinal cord lesions, with possible anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Nicola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - L P Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - T Crestani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Laboratório de Hematologia e Célula Tronco, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - K Quintiliano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Laboratório de Hematologia e Célula Tronco, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - E F Sanches
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - S Willborn
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - D Aristimunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - L Boisserand
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - P Pranke
- Laboratório de Hematologia e Célula Tronco, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.,Instituto de Pesquisas com Células Tronco, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - C A Netto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Haque A, Capone M, Matzelle D, Cox A, Banik NL. Targeting Enolase in Reducing Secondary Damage in Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2777-2787. [PMID: 28508172 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex debilitating condition leading to permanent life-long neurological deficits. The complexity of SCI suggests that a concerted multi-targeted therapeutic approach is warranted to optimally improve function. Damage to spinal cord is complicated by an increased detrimental response from secondary injury factors mediated by activated glial cells and infiltrating macrophages. While elevation of enolase especially neuron specific enolase (NSE) in glial and neuronal cells is believed to trigger inflammatory cascades in acute SCI, alteration of NSE and its subsequent effects in acute SCI remains unknown. This study measured NSE expression levels and key inflammatory mediators after acute SCI and investigated the role of ENOblock, a novel small molecule inhibitor of enolase, in a male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat SCI model. Serum NSE levels as well as cytokines/chemokines and metabolic factors were evaluated in injured animals following treatment with vehicle alone or ENOblock using Discovery assay. Spinal cord samples were also analyzed for NSE and MMPs 2 and 9 as well as glial markers by Western blotting. The results indicated a significant decrease in serum inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and NSE, alterations of metabolic factors and expression of MMPs in spinal cord tissues after treatment with ENOblock (100 µg/kg, twice). These results support the hypothesis that activation of glial cells and inflammation status can be modulated by regulation of NSE expression and activity. Analysis of SCI tissue samples by immunohistochemistry confirmed that ENOblock decreased gliosis which may have occurred through reduction of elevated NSE in rats. Overall, elevation of NSE is deleterious as it promotes extracellular degradation and production of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and metabolic factors which activates glia and damages neurons. Thus, reduction of NSE by ENOblock may have potential therapeutic implications in acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB-201, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB-201, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - April Cox
- FirstString Research, Mt. Pleasant, SC, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB-201, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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27
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Kataria H, Shahriary GM, Nguyen DH, Santhosh KT, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neuregulin-1 positively modulates glial response and improves neurological recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury. Glia 2017; 65:1152-1175. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Scott M. Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Ghazaleh M. Shahriary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Dung H. Nguyen
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Kallivalappil T. Santhosh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Spinal Cord Research Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 0J9 Canada
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28
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Neuroprotector effect of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth transplanted after traumatic spinal cord injury involves inhibition of early neuronal apoptosis. Brain Res 2017; 1663:95-105. [PMID: 28322752 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) transplants have been investigated as a possible treatment strategy for spinal cord injuries (SCI) due to their potential for promoting functional recovery. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of SHED on neuronal death after an experimental model of SCI. METHODS Wistar rats were spinalized using NYU impactor®. Animals were randomly distributed into 4 groups: Control (Naive) or Surgical control, Sham (laminectomy with no SCI); SCI (laminectomy followed by SCI, treated with vehicle); SHED (SCI treated with intraspinal transplantation of 3×105 SHED, 1h after SCI). Functional evaluations and morphological analysis were performed to confirm the spinal injury and the benefit of SHED transplantation on behavior, tissue protection and motor neuron survival. Flow cytometry of neurons, astrocytes, macrophages/microglia and T cells of spinal cord tissue were run at six, twenty-four, forty-eight and seventy-two hours after lesion. Six hours after SCI, ELISA and Western Blot were run to assess pro- and anti-apoptotic factors. The SHED group showed a significant functional improvement in comparison to the SCI animals, as from the first week until the end of the experiment. This behavioral protection was associated with less tissue impairment and greater motor neuron preservation. SHED reduced neuronal loss over time, as well as the overexpression of pro-apoptotic factor TNF-α, while maintained basal levels of the anti-apoptotic BCL-XL six hours after lesion. Data here presented show that SHED transplantation one hour after SCI interferes with the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors and reduces early neuronal apoptosis, what contributes to tissue and motor neuron preservation and hind limbs functional recovery.
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29
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Fang Y, Huang X, Wan Y, Tian H, Tian Y, Wang W, Zhu S, Xie M. Deficiency of TREK-1 potassium channel exacerbates secondary injury following spinal cord injury in mice. J Neurochem 2017; 141:236-246. [PMID: 28192611 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Fang
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaojiang Huang
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Yue Wan
- Department of Neurology; The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province; Wuhan China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Yeye Tian
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education; The School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education; The School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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30
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Wang X, Ma J, Fu Q, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Lu N, Chen A. Role of hypoxia‑inducible factor‑1α in autophagic cell death in microglial cells induced by hypoxia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2097-2105. [PMID: 28259912 PMCID: PMC5365019 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are phagocytic cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and have been proposed to be a primary component of the innate immune response and maintain efficient CNS homeostasis. Microglial cells are activated during various phases of tissue repair and participate in various pathological conditions in the CNS. Following spinal cord injury (SCI), anoxemia is a key problem that results in tissue destruction. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) may protect hypoxic cells from apoptosis or necrosis under ischemic and anoxic conditions. However, numerous studies have revealed that hypoxia upregulates HIF-1α expression leading to the death of microglial cells. The present study investigated the alterations in HIF-1α expression levels and the mechanism of autophagic cell death mediated by HIF-1α in microglial cells induced by hypoxia. Hypoxia was demonstrated to induce HIF-1α expression and autophagic cell death in microglial cells. Enhanced autophagy reduced cell death during the initial stages by restraining the functions of autophagy-associated genes (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate and Beclin-1) and modulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β). Target value was determined by Cell Counting Kit 8 and cell death by flow cytometry. Transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and ELISA were used for further analysis. However, increased expression of HIF-1α induced cell death and autophagic cell death in microglial cells. Furthermore, the effects of the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol and HIF-1α small interfering RNA on the death and autophagy of microglial cells in vitro were investigated. These investigations revealed the suppression of autophagy, the decrease of cell viability and the increase of inflammatory cytokines results from HIF-1α inhibition or HIF-1α silencing. In conclusion, the results indicated that appropriate expression of HIF-1α can ameliorate autophagic cell death of microglial cells associated with hypoxia, and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for SCI associated with microglial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army 425th Hospital, Sanya, Hainan 572000, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
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31
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Low-Level Laser Irradiation Improves Motor Recovery After Contusive Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:57-64. [PMID: 30603462 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-016-0003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the therapeutic effects of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on the recovery of motor function and its underlying mechanisms in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). The spinal cord was contused at the T11 level using a New York University impactor. Thirty-eight rats were randomly divided into four groups: LLLI with 0.08 J, 0.4 J, 0.8 J, and sham. We transcutaneously applied at the lesion site of the spinal contusive rats 5 min after injury and then daily for 21 days. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale and combined behavioral score (CBS) were used to evaluate motor function. The spinal segments of rostral and caudal from the lesion site, the epicenter, and L4-5 were collected from normal and the all groups at 7 days after SCI. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was compared across groups in all regions. In the present study, LLLI with 0.4 J and 0.8 J led to a significant improvement in motor function compared to sham LLLI, which significantly decreased TNF-α expression at the lesion epicenter and reduced iNOS expression in the caudal segment for all LLLI groups and in the L4-5 segments for the 0.4 J and 0.8 J groups when compared to sham LLLI group. Our results demonstrate that transcutaneous LLLI modulate inflammatory mediators to enhance motor function recovery after SCI. Thus, LLLI in acute phase after SCI might have therapeutic potential for neuroprotection and restoration of motor function following SCI.
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32
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Wu Y, Lin YH, Shi LL, Yao ZF, Xie XM, Jiang ZS, Tang J, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Temporal kinetics of CD8 + CD28 + and CD8 + CD28 - T lymphocytes in the injured rat spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1666-1676. [PMID: 27898179 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the temporal changes of cytotoxic CD8+ CD28+ and regulatory CD8+ CD28- T-cell subsets in the lesion microenvironment after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats, by combination of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry (FCM). In the sham-opened spinal cord, few CD8+ T cells were found. After SCI, the CD8+ T cells were detected at one day post-injury (dpi), then markedly increased and were significantly higher at 3, 7, and 14 dpi compared with one dpi (p < 0.01), the highest being seven dpi. In CD8+ T cells, more than 90% were CD28+ , and there were only small part of CD28- ( < 10%). After 14 days, the infiltrated CD8+ T cells were significantly decreased, and few could be found in good condition at 21 and 28 dpi. Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining showed that the percentages of apoptotic/necrotic CD8+ cells at 14 dpi and 21 dpi were significantly higher than those of the other early time-points (p < 0.01). These results indicate that CD8+ T cells could rapidly infiltrate into the injured spinal cords and survive two weeks, however, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were dominant. Therefore, two weeks after injury might be the "time window" for treating SCI by prolonging survival times and increasing the fraction of CD8+ regulatory T-cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Lin
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Feng Yao
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Xie
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Song Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233030, P.R. China
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Chen CH, Chen NF, Feng CW, Cheng SY, Hung HC, Tsui KH, Hsu CH, Sung PJ, Chen WF, Wen ZH. A Coral-Derived Compound Improves Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury through Its Antiapoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14090160. [PMID: 27598175 PMCID: PMC5039531 DOI: 10.3390/md14090160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous in vitro results demonstrated that 11-dehydrosinulariolide significantly reduced 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, and suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cells. The neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 11-dehydrosinulariolide may be suitable for treating spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: In the present study, Wistar rats were pretreated with 11-dehydrosinulariolide or saline through intrathecal injection after a thoracic spinal cord contusion injury induced using a New York University (NYU) impactor. The apoptotic cells were assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression and localization of proinflammatory, apoptosis-associated and cell survival-related pathway proteins were examined through immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Results: 11-Dehydrosinulariolide attenuated SCI-induced cell apoptosis by upregulating the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and cell survival-related pathway proteins p-Akt and p-ERK, 8 h after SCI. Furthermore, the transcription factor p-CREB, which regulates Bcl-2 expression, was upregulated after 11-dehydrosinulariolide treatment. On day 7 after SCI, 11-dehydrosinulariolide exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect, attenuating SCI-induced upregulation of the inflammatory proteins iNOS and tumor necrosis factor-α. 11-Dehydrosinulariolide also induced an increase in the expression of arginase-1 and CD206, markers of M2 microglia, in the injured spinal cord on day 7 after SCI. Thus, the anti-inflammatory effect of 11-dehydrosinulariolide may be related to the promotion of an alternative pathway of microglia activation. Conclusion: The results show that 11-dehydrosinulariolide exerts antiapoptotic effects at 8 h after SCI and anti-inflammatory effects at 7 days after SCI. We consider that this compound may be a promising therapeutic agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Chen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Nan-Fu Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Wei Feng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Yu Cheng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Chun Hung
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Hao Tsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Hsin Hsu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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Wang X, Xu J, Wang Y, Yang L, Li Z. Protective effects of BMP‐7 against tumor necrosis factor α‐induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 53:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jun‐Mei Xu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ya‐Ping Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhi‐Jian Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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MMP-3 secreted from endothelial cells of blood vessels after spinal cord injury activates microglia, leading to oligodendrocyte cell death. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:141-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zhang C, Ma J, Fan L, Zou Y, Dang X, Wang K, Song J. Neuroprotective effects of safranal in a rat model of traumatic injury to the spinal cord by anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and edema-attenuating. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:291-300. [PMID: 25891268 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Schomberg D, Miranpuri G, Duellman T, Crowell A, Vemuganti R, Resnick D. Spinal cord injury induced neuropathic pain: Molecular targets and therapeutic approaches. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:645-58. [PMID: 25588751 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, especially that resulting from spinal cord injury, is a tremendous clinical challenge. A myriad of biological changes have been implicated in producing these pain states including cellular interactions, extracellular proteins, ion channel expression, and epigenetic influences. Physiological consequences of these changes are varied and include functional deficits and pain responses. Developing therapies that effectively address the cause of these symptoms require a deeper knowledge of alterations in the molecular pathways. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases are two promising therapeutic targets. Matrix metalloproteinases interact with and influence many of the studied pain pathways. Gene expression of ion channels and inflammatory mediators clearly contributes to neuropathic pain. Localized and time dependent targeting of these proteins could alleviate and even prevent neuropathic pain from developing. Current therapeutic options for neuropathic pain are limited primarily to analgesics targeting the opioid pathway. Therapies directed at molecular targets are highly desirable and in early stages of development. These include transplantation of exogenously engineered cell populations and targeted gene manipulation. This review describes specific molecular targets amenable to therapeutic intervention using currently available delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Schomberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
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Xie JB, Zhang X, Li QH, Xu ZJ. Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines after early decompression may mediate recovery of neurological function in rats with spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:219-24. [PMID: 25883619 PMCID: PMC4392668 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.152374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of inflammatory cytokines are involved in spinal cord injury and influence the recovery of neuronal function. In the present study, we established a rat model of acute spinal cord injury by cerclage. The cerclage suture was released 8 or 72 hours later, to simulate decompression surgery. Neurological function was evaluated behaviorally for 3 weeks after surgery, and tumor necrosis factor α immunoreactivity and apoptosis were quantified in the region of injury. Rats that underwent decompression surgery had significantly weaker immunoreactivity of tumor necrosis factor α and significantly fewer apoptotic cells, and showed faster improvement of locomotor function than animals in which decompression surgery was not performed. Decompression at 8 hours resulted in significantly faster recovery than that at 72 hours. These data indicate that early decompression may improve neurological function after spinal cord injury by inhibiting the expression of tumor necrosis factor α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bing Xie
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Yijishan Hospital Affiliated to Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Yijishan Hospital Affiliated to Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Quan-Hui Li
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Yijishan Hospital Affiliated to Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Xu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Yijishan Hospital Affiliated to Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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Li CY, Li X, Liu SF, Qu WS, Wang W, Tian DS. Inhibition of mTOR pathway restrains astrocyte proliferation, migration and production of inflammatory mediators after oxygen–glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. Neurochem Int 2015; 83-84:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Haider T, Höftberger R, Rüger B, Mildner M, Blumer R, Mitterbauer A, Buchacher T, Sherif C, Altmann P, Redl H, Gabriel C, Gyöngyösi M, Fischer MB, Lubec G, Ankersmit HJ. The secretome of apoptotic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells attenuates secondary damage following spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2015; 267:230-42. [PMID: 25797576 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), secondary damage caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and ischemia leads to neurological deterioration. In recent years, therapeutic approaches to trauma have focused on modulating this secondary cascade. There is increasing evidence that the success of cell-based SCI therapy is due mainly to secreted factors rather than to cell implantation per se. This study investigated peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a source of factors for secretome- (MNC-secretome-) based therapy. Specifically, we investigated whether MNC-secretome had therapeutic effects in a rat SCI contusion model and its possible underlying mechanisms. Rats treated with MNC-secretome showed substantially improved functional recovery, attenuated cavity formation, and reduced acute axonal injury compared to control animals. Histological evaluation revealed higher vascular density in the spinal cords of treated animals. Immunohistochemistry showed that MNC-secretome treatment increased the recruitment of CD68(+) cells with concomitant reduction of oxidative stress as reflected by lower expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Notably, MNC-secretome showed angiogenic properties ex vivo in aortic rings and spinal cord tissue, and experiments showed that the angiogenic potential of MNC-secretome may be regulated by CXCL-1 upregulation in vivo. Moreover, systemic application of MNC-secretome activated the ERK1/2 pathway in the spinal cord. Taken together, these results indicate that factors in MNC-secretome can mitigate the pathophysiological processes of secondary damage after SCI and improve functional outcomes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haider
- University Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Rüger
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Blumer
- Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mitterbauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Buchacher
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Camillo Sherif
- Department of Neurosurgery, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Altmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Gabriel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria; Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael B Fischer
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Technology, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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41
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Pomeshchik Y, Kidin I, Korhonen P, Savchenko E, Jaronen M, Lehtonen S, Wojciechowski S, Kanninen K, Koistinaho J, Malm T. Interleukin-33 treatment reduces secondary injury and improves functional recovery after contusion spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:68-81. [PMID: 25153903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the interleukin-1 cytokine family and highly expressed in the naïve mouse brain and spinal cord. Despite the fact that IL-33 is known to be inducible by various inflammatory stimuli, its cellular localization in the central nervous system and role in pathological conditions is controversial. Administration of recombinant IL-33 has been shown to attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis progression in one study, yet contradictory reports also exist. Here we investigated for the first time the pattern of IL-33 expression in the contused mouse spinal cord and demonstrated that after spinal cord injury (SCI) IL-33 was up-regulated and exhibited a nuclear localization predominantly in astrocytes. Importantly, we found that treatment with recombinant IL-33 alleviated secondary damage by significantly decreasing tissue loss, demyelination and astrogliosis in the contused mouse spinal cord, resulting in dramatically improved functional recovery. We identified both central and peripheral mechanisms of IL-33 action. In spinal cord, IL-33 treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha and promoted the activation of anti-inflammatory arginase-1 positive M2 microglia/macrophages, which chronically persisted in the injured spinal cord for up to at least 42 days after the treatment. In addition, IL-33 treatment showed a tendency towards reduced T-cell infiltration into the spinal cord. In the periphery, IL-33 treatment induced a shift towards the Th2 type cytokine profile and reduced the percentage and absolute number of cytotoxic, tumor necrosis factor-alpha expressing CD4+ cells in the spleen. Additionally, IL-33 treatment increased expression of T-regulatory cell marker FoxP3 and reduced expression of M1 marker iNOS in the spleen. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that IL-33 administration is beneficial after CNS trauma. Treatment with IL33 may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with acute contusion SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Pomeshchik
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Iurii Kidin
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Savchenko
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Merja Jaronen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarka Lehtonen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sara Wojciechowski
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja Kanninen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Matsuda T, Nakashima K. Bidirectional communication between the innate immune and nervous systems for homeostatic neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. NEUROGENESIS 2015; 2:e1081714. [PMID: 27604264 PMCID: PMC4973595 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2015.1081714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A population of proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells located in the subgranular zone of the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) gives rise to new neurons continuously throughout life, and this process is referred to as adult hippocampal neurogenesis. To date, it has generally been accepted that impairments of adult hippocampal neurogenesis resulting from pathological conditions such as stress, ischemia and epilepsy lead to deficits in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tasks. Recently, we have discovered that microglia, the major immune cells in the brain, attenuate seizure-induced aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis to withstand cognitive decline and recurrent seizure. In that study, we further showed that Toll-like receptor 9, known as a pathogen-sensing receptor for innate immune system activation, recognizes self-DNA derived from degenerating neurons to induce TNF-α production in the microglia after seizure, resulting in inhibition of seizure-induced aberrant neurogenesis. Our findings provide new evidence that interaction between the innate immune and nervous systems ensures homeostatic neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus and should pave the way for the development of new therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases including epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taito Matsuda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University ; Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University ; Fukuoka, Japan
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Neuropathic pain: role of inflammation, immune response, and ion channel activity in central injury mechanisms. Ann Neurosci 2014; 19:125-32. [PMID: 25205985 PMCID: PMC4117080 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.190309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a significant and disabling clinical problem with very few therapeutic treatment options available. A major priority is to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for NP. Although many seemingly relevant pathways have been identified, more research is needed before effective clinical interventions can be produced. Initial insults to the nervous system, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), are often compounded by secondary mechanisms such as inflammation, the immune response, and the changing expression of receptors and ion channels. The consequences of these secondary effects myriad and compound those elicited by the primary injury. Chronic NP syndromes following SCI can greatly complicate the clinical treatment of the primary injury and result in high comorbidity. In this review, we will describe physiological outcomes associated with SCI along with some of the mechanisms known to contribute to chronic NP development.
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Bastien D, Lacroix S. Cytokine pathways regulating glial and leukocyte function after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 258:62-77. [PMID: 25017888 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the nervous system causes the almost immediate release of cytokines by glial cells and neurons. These cytokines orchestrate a complex array of responses leading to microgliosis, immune cell recruitment, astrogliosis, scarring, and the clearance of cellular debris, all steps that affect neuronal survival and repair. This review will focus on cytokines released after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury and the primary signalling pathways triggered by these inflammatory mediators. Notably, the following cytokine families will be covered: IL-1, TNF, IL-6-like, TGF-β, and IL-10. Whether interfering with cytokine signalling could lead to novel therapies will also be discussed. Finally, the review will address whether manipulating the above-mentioned cytokine families and signalling pathways could exert distinct effects in the injured spinal cord versus peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Bastien
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-CHUL, Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec-CHUL, Département de médecine moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada..
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45
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Streeter KA, Baker-Herman TL. Spinal NMDA receptor activation constrains inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation in Charles River Sprague-Dawley rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:682-93. [PMID: 25103979 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced spinal synaptic inputs to phrenic motor neurons elicit a unique form of spinal plasticity known as inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation (iPMF). iPMF requires tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) activity within spinal segments containing the phrenic motor nucleus to stabilize early, transient increases in phrenic burst amplitude into long-lasting iPMF. Here we tested the hypothesis that spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation constrains long-lasting iPMF in some rat substrains. Phrenic motor output was recorded in anesthetized, ventilated Harlan (HSD) and Charles River (CRSD) Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to a 30-min central neural apnea. HSD rats expressed a robust, long-lasting (>60 min) increase in phrenic burst amplitude (i.e., long-lasting iPMF) when respiratory neural activity was restored. By contrast, CRSD rats expressed an attenuated, transient (∼15 min) iPMF. Spinal NMDAR inhibition with DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) before neural apnea or shortly (4 min) prior to the resumption of respiratory neural activity revealed long-lasting iPMF in CRSD rats that was phenotypically similar to that in HSD rats. By contrast, APV did not alter iPMF expression in HSD rats. Spinal TNF-α or aPKC inhibition impaired long-lasting iPMF enabled by NMDAR inhibition in CRSD rats, suggesting that similar mechanisms give rise to long-lasting iPMF in CRSD rats with NMDAR inhibition as those giving rise to long-lasting iPMF in HSD rats. These results suggest that NMDAR activation can impose constraints on TNF-α-induced aPKC activation after neural apnea, impairing stabilization of transient iPMF into long-lasting iPMF. These data may have important implications for understanding differential responses to reduced respiratory neural activity in a heterogeneous human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Streeter
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - T L Baker-Herman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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46
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Early administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist promotes survival of transplanted neural stem cells and axon myelination after spinal cord injury in rats. Brain Res 2014; 1575:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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47
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Xia M, Zhu Y. Fibronectin enhances spinal cord astrocyte proliferation by elevating P2Y1 receptor expression. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1078-90. [PMID: 24687862 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Hospital of China Medical University; Shengyang People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Hospital of China Medical University; Shengyang People's Republic of China
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Streeter KA, Baker-Herman TL. Decreased spinal synaptic inputs to phrenic motor neurons elicit localized inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation. Exp Neurol 2014; 256:46-56. [PMID: 24681155 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phrenic motor neurons receive rhythmic synaptic inputs throughout life. Since even brief disruption in phrenic neural activity is detrimental to life, on-going neural activity may play a key role in shaping phrenic motor output. To test the hypothesis that spinal mechanisms sense and respond to reduced phrenic activity, anesthetized, ventilated rats received micro-injections of procaine in the C2 ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) to transiently (~30min) block axon conduction in bulbospinal axons from medullary respiratory neurons that innervate one phrenic motor pool; during procaine injections, contralateral phrenic neural activity was maintained. Once axon conduction resumed, a prolonged increase in phrenic burst amplitude was observed in the ipsilateral phrenic nerve, demonstrating inactivity-induced phrenic motor facilitation (iPMF). Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and atypical PKC (aPKC) activity in spinal segments containing the phrenic motor nucleus impaired ipsilateral iPMF, suggesting a key role for spinal TNFα and aPKC in iPMF following unilateral axon conduction block. A small phrenic burst amplitude facilitation was also observed contralateral to axon conduction block, indicating crossed spinal phrenic motor facilitation (csPMF). csPMF was independent of spinal TNFα and aPKC. Ipsilateral iPMF and csPMF following unilateral withdrawal of phrenic synaptic inputs were associated with proportional increases in phrenic responses to chemoreceptor stimulation (hypercapnia), suggesting iPMF and csPMF increase phrenic dynamic range. These data suggest that local, spinal mechanisms sense and respond to reduced synaptic inputs to phrenic motor neurons. We hypothesize that iPMF and csPMF may represent compensatory mechanisms that assure adequate motor output is maintained in a physiological system in which prolonged inactivity ends life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Streeter
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - T L Baker-Herman
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Lee JY, Maeng S, Kang SR, Choi HY, Oh TH, Ju BG, Yune TY. Valproic acid protects motor neuron death by inhibiting oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cytochrome C release after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:582-94. [PMID: 24294888 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Both oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are known to contribute to secondary injury, ultimately leading to cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we showed that valproic acid (VPA) reduced cell death of motor neurons by inhibiting cytochrome c release mediated by oxidative stress and ER stress after SCI. After SCI, rats were immediately injected with VPA (300 mg/kg) subcutaneously and further injected every 12 h for an indicated time period. Motor neuron cell death at an early time after SCI was significantly attenuated by VPA treatment. Superoxide anion (O2-) production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression linked to oxidative stress was increased after injury, which was inhibited by VPA. In addition, VPA inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, which was activated and peaked at an early time after SCI. Furthermore, JNK activation and c-Jun phosphorylation were inhibited by a broad-spectrum reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, Mn (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP), indicating that ROS including O2- increased after SCI probably contribute to JNK activation. VPA also inhibited cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation, which was significantly inhibited by SP600125, a JNK inhibitor. The levels of phosphorylated Bim and Mcl-1, which are known as downstream targets of JNK, were significantly reduced by SP600125. On the other hand, VPA treatment inhibited ER stress-induced caspase-12 activation, which is activated in motor neurons after SCI. In addition, VPA increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and inhibited CHOP expression. Taken together, our results suggest that cell death of motor neurons after SCI is mediated through oxidative stress and ER stress-mediated cytochrome c release and VPA-inhibited cytochrome c release by attenuating ROS-induced JNK activation followed by Mcl-1 and Bim phosphorylation and ER stress-coupled CHOP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Y Lee
- 1 Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Korea
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50
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Tobinick E. Perispinal etanercept: a new therapeutic paradigm in neurology. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:985-1002. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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