1
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Wettengel JM, Naka H, Dissen GA, Torgerson J, Pounder M, Mueller SF, Mueller E, Hagen P, Brandt M, Protzer U, Burwitz BJ. High-Throughput Screening for the Prevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies against Human Adenovirus Serotype 5. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:155. [PMID: 38400138 PMCID: PMC10891882 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors based on the human adenovirus species C serotype 5 (HAdV-C5) are commonly used for vector-based gene therapies and vaccines. In the preclinical stages of development, their safety and efficacy are often validated in suitable animal models. However, pre-existing neutralizing antibodies may severely influence study outcomes. Here, we generated a new HAdV-C5-based reporter vector and established a high-throughput screening assay for the multivalent detection of HAdV-C5-neutralizing antibodies in serum. We screened the sera of rhesus macaques at different primate centers, and of rabbits, horses, cats, and dogs, showing that HAdV-C5-neutralizing antibodies can be found in all species, albeit at different frequencies. Our results emphasize the need to prescreen model animals in HAdV-C5-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen M. Wettengel
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; (J.M.W.)
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hiroaki Naka
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA;
| | - Gregory A. Dissen
- Molecular Virology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; (G.A.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Jeffrey Torgerson
- Molecular Virology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; (G.A.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Michelle Pounder
- Molecular Virology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; (G.A.D.); (J.T.)
| | | | | | - Philipp Hagen
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Micah Brandt
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; (J.M.W.)
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; (J.M.W.)
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2
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Yi H, Wang Q, Deng J, Li H, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Ji T, Liu W, Zheng X, Ma Q, Sun X, Zhang Y, Yu X, He M, Chen L, Feng Y. Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies against adenovirus type 26 and 35 in healthy populations from Guangdong and Shandong provinces, China. Virol Sin 2022; 37:716-723. [PMID: 35764207 PMCID: PMC9583180 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses type 26 (HAdV26) and type 35 (HAdV35) have increasingly become the choice of adenovirus vectors for vaccine application. However, the population pre-existing immunity to these two adenoviruses in China, which may reduce vaccine efficacy, remains largely unknown. Here, we established micro-neutralizing (MN) assays to investigate the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against HAdV26 and HAdV35 in the general population of Guangdong and Shandong provinces, China. A total of 1184 serum samples were collected, 47.0% and 15.8% of which showed HAdV26 and HAdV35 nAb activity, respectively. HAdV26-seropositive individuals tended to have more moderate nAbs titers (201–1000), while HAdV35-seropositive individuals appeared to have more low nAbs titers (72–200). The seropositive rates of HAdV26 and HAdV35 in individuals younger than 20 years old were very low. The seropositive rates of HAdV26 increased with age before 70 years old and decreased thereafter, while HAdV35 seropositive rates did not show similar characteristics. Notably, the seropositive rates and nAb levels of both HAdV26 and HAdV35 were higher in Guangdong Province than in Shandong Province, but did not exert significant differences between males and females. The seroprevalence between HAdV26 and HAdV35 showed little correlation, and no significant cross-neutralizing activity was detected. These results clarified the characteristics of the herd immunity against HAdV26 and HAdV35, and provided information for the rational development and application of HAdV26 and HAdV35 as vaccine vectors in China. We address the pre-existing immunity of HAdV26 and HAdV35. The overall seroprevalence of nAbs against HAdV26 and HAdV35 were 47.0% and 15.8%. The seroprevalence level of HAdV26 and HAdV35 differed in age and in district. Pre-existing immunity should be considered when adenoviral vectors are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiankai Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hengchun Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingkun Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Pingyi Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Linyi, 273399, China
| | - Zhilong Chen
- Xiamen Institutes of Respiratory Health, Xiamen, 361013, China
| | - Tianxin Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Wenming Liu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xuehua Zheng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Qinghua Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinxin Sun
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yudi Zhang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuegao Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mengzhang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Guangzhou Laboratory & Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, China.
| | - Ying Feng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
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3
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Lanini S, Capone S, Antinori A, Milleri S, Nicastri E, Camerini R, Agrati C, Castilletti C, Mori F, Sacchi A, Matusali G, Gagliardini R, Ammendola V, Cimini E, Grazioli F, Scorzolini L, Napolitano F, Plazzi MM, Soriani M, De Luca A, Battella S, Sommella A, Contino AM, Barra F, Gentile M, Raggioli A, Shi Y, Girardi E, Maeurer M, Capobianchi MR, Vaia F, Piacentini M, Kroemer G, Vitelli A, Colloca S, Folgori A, Ippolito G, Ottou S, Vita S, Vergori A, D'Abramo A, Petrecchia A, Montaldo C, Scalise E, Grassi G, Casetti R, Bordoni V, Notari S, Colavita F, Meschi S, Lapa D, Bordi L, Murachelli S, Tambasco T, Grillo A, Masone E, Marchioni E, Bardhi D, Porzio O, Cocca F, Murachelli S, Turrini I, Malescio F, Ziviani L, Lawlor R, Poli F, Martire F, Zamboni D, Mazzaferri F. GRAd-COV2, a gorilla adenovirus-based candidate vaccine against COVID-19, is safe and immunogenic in younger and older adults. Sci Transl Med 2021; 14:eabj1996. [PMID: 34698501 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lanini
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Antinori
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Milleri
- Centro Ricerche Cliniche di Verona srl; 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Agrati
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gagliardini
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Cimini
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Scorzolini
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria M Plazzi
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Aldo De Luca
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yufang Shi
- First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou, 215008, Jiangsu, China.,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 200061, Shanghai, China
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Division of Immunotherapy, ImmunoSurgery, Champalimaud Foundation; 1400-038, Lisboa, Portugal.,I Medical Clinic, University of Mainz; 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy.,Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Vaia
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata; 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, 75006, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy; 94805, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; 75015, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Istituto Nazionale per Le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS; 00149, Rome, Italy
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4
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Capone S, Raggioli A, Gentile M, Battella S, Lahm A, Sommella A, Contino AM, Urbanowicz RA, Scala R, Barra F, Leuzzi A, Lilli E, Miselli G, Noto A, Ferraiuolo M, Talotta F, Tsoleridis T, Castilletti C, Matusali G, Colavita F, Lapa D, Meschi S, Capobianchi M, Soriani M, Folgori A, Ball JK, Colloca S, Vitelli A. Immunogenicity of a new gorilla adenovirus vaccine candidate for COVID-19. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2412-2423. [PMID: 33895322 PMCID: PMC8062434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the emergent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) threatens global public health, and there is an urgent need to develop safe and effective vaccines. Here, we report the generation and the preclinical evaluation of a novel replication-defective gorilla adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding the pre-fusion stabilized Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. We show that our vaccine candidate, GRAd-COV2, is highly immunogenic both in mice and macaques, eliciting both functional antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection and block Spike protein binding to the ACE2 receptor, and a robust, T helper (Th)1-dominated cellular response. We show here that the pre-fusion stabilized Spike antigen is superior to the wild type in inducing ACE2-interfering, SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies. To face the unprecedented need for vaccine manufacturing at a massive scale, different GRAd genome deletions were compared to select the vector backbone showing the highest productivity in stirred tank bioreactors. This preliminary dataset identified GRAd-COV2 as a potential COVID-19 vaccine candidate, supporting the translation of the GRAd-COV2 vaccine in a currently ongoing phase I clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04528641).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard A Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Wolfson Centre for Emerging Virus Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Theocharis Tsoleridis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Wolfson Centre for Emerging Virus Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Meschi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Capobianchi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Jonathan K Ball
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Wolfson Centre for Emerging Virus Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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5
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Sasso E, D'Alise AM, Zambrano N, Scarselli E, Folgori A, Nicosia A. New viral vectors for infectious diseases and cancer. Semin Immunol 2020; 50:101430. [PMID: 33262065 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery in 1796 by Edward Jenner of vaccinia virus as a way to prevent and finally eradicate smallpox, the concept of using a virus to fight another virus has evolved into the current approaches of viral vectored genetic vaccines. In recent years, key improvements to the vaccinia virus leading to a safer version (Modified Vaccinia Ankara, MVA) and the discovery that some viruses can be used as carriers of heterologous genes encoding for pathological antigens of other infectious agents (the concept of 'viral vectors') has spurred a new wave of clinical research potentially providing for a solution for the long sought after vaccines against major diseases such as HIV, TB, RSV and Malaria, or emerging infectious diseases including those caused by filoviruses and coronaviruses. The unique ability of some of these viral vectors to stimulate the cellular arm of the immune response and, most importantly, T lymphocytes with cell killing activity, has also reawakened the interest toward developing therapeutic vaccines against chronic infectious diseases and cancer. To this end, existing vectors such as those based on Adenoviruses have been improved in immunogenicity and efficacy. Along the same line, new vectors that exploit viruses such as Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Measles Virus (MV), Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), have emerged. Furthermore, technological progress toward modifying their genome to render some of these vectors incompetent for replication has increased confidence toward their use in infant and elderly populations. Lastly, their production process being the same for every product has made viral vectored vaccines the technology of choice for rapid development of vaccines against emerging diseases and for 'personalised' cancer vaccines where there is an absolute need to reduce time to the patient from months to weeks or days. Here we review the recent developments in viral vector technologies, focusing on novel vectors based on primate derived Adenoviruses and Poxviruses, Rhabdoviruses, Paramixoviruses, Arenaviruses and Herpesviruses. We describe the rationale for, immunologic mechanisms involved in, and design of viral vectored gene vaccines under development and discuss the potential utility of these novel genetic vaccine approaches in eliciting protection against infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Sasso
- Nouscom srl, Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy; Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. A.R.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Nicola Zambrano
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. A.R.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. A.R.L., via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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6
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Capone S, Brown A, Hartnell F, Sorbo MD, Traboni C, Vassilev V, Colloca S, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Folgori A, Klenerman P, Barnes E, Swadling L. Optimising T cell (re)boosting strategies for adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine regimens in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:94. [PMID: 33083029 PMCID: PMC7550607 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vectors used in heterologous prime-boost strategies are potent inducers of T cells against encoded antigens and are in advanced testing as vaccine carriers for a wide range of infectious agents and cancers. It is unclear if these responses can be further enhanced or sustained with reboosting strategies. Furthermore, despite the challenges involved in MVA manufacture dose de-escalation has not been performed in humans. In this study, healthy volunteers received chimpanzee-derived adenovirus-3 and MVA vaccines encoding the non-structural region of hepatitis C virus (ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut) 8 weeks apart. Volunteers were then reboosted with a second round of ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut or MVA-NSmut vaccines 8 weeks or 1-year later. We also determined the capacity of reduced doses of MVA-NSmut to boost ChAd3-NSmut primed T cells. Reboosting was safe, with no enhanced reactogenicity. Reboosting after an 8-week interval led to minimal re-expansion of transgene-specific T cells. However, after a longer interval, T cell responses expanded efficiently and memory responses were enhanced. The 8-week interval regimen induced a higher percentage of terminally differentiated and effector memory T cells. Reboosting with MVA-NSmut alone was as effective as with ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut. A ten-fold lower dose of MVA (2 × 107pfu) induced high-magnitude, sustained, broad, and functional Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T cell responses, equivalent to standard doses (2 × 108 pfu). Overall, we show that following Ad/MVA prime-boost vaccination reboosting is most effective after a prolonged interval and is productive with MVA alone. Importantly, we also show that a ten-fold lower dose of MVA is as potent in humans as the standard dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Brown
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Cinzia Traboni
- ReiThera Srl, Via di Castel Romano, 100, 00128 Rome, Italy.,Present Address: Nouscom Srl, Via di Castel Romano, 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Keires AG, Baumleingasse 18, CH 4051 Basel, Switzerland.,CEINGE, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, UK.,The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, UK.,The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Present Address: Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
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7
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Liu Z, Tian X, Liu W, Xian Y, Chen W, Zhou R. A Sensitive and High-Throughput Flow Cytometry-Based Assay for Measuring Antibody Neutralization of Human Adenovirus Type 3. Virol Sin 2020; 36:537-544. [PMID: 32990935 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of neutralization activity is an important step in the evaluation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). The traditional methods for measuring the antibody neutralization of human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) are the microneutralization (MN) assay, which has insufficient sensitivity, and the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), which is not suitable for high-throughput screening. Herein, we describe the development of a flow cytometry-based neutralization (FCN) assay for measuring the neutralization of sera, cell culture supernatants, and chimeric antibodies against HAdV-3 on the basis of a recombinant HAdV-3 (rHAdV-3) construct expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). For flow cytometry-based assays, the optimal cell confluence was determined as 90%, and the virus was titrated using the assay. The established FCN assay follows the percentage law and an optimal MOI of not less than 5 × 10-4 was determined by using a purified chimeric antibody. In addition, comparison of the anti-HAdV-3 NAb titers of 72 human serum samples by the MN and FCN assays, showed that both assays correlated strongly with each other. Our FCN assay was an improvement over the MN assay because the observation period was reduced from 3 to 1 days and data analysis could be performed objectively and robotically. Importantly, the newly established FCN assay allows measurement of the neutralization activity of chimeric antibodies expressed in cell culture supernatants. Thus, this sensitive and high-throughput FCN assay is a useful alternative to the MN assay for measuring the antibody neutralization of HAdV-3 and for screening anti-HAdV-3 NAbs in cell culture supernatants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wenkuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yuting Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Weilue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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8
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Curlin ME, Shao J, Diaz G, Edlefsen PT, Novak RM, Mayer KH, Allen M, Morgan C, Maenza J, Buchbinder S, Keefer MC, Rosa SCD, Corey L, Duerr A. Long-term mucosal T cell activation and homing phenotypes in recipients of an Ad5-vectored HIV vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:5814-5821. [PMID: 32680773 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine-induced mucosal immune responses may be critical for protection against HIV infection, but may also result in short or long-term changes that enhance susceptibility to infection in some individuals, such as those with baseline seroreactivity to vaccine vector antigens. We examined cellular immune responses in blood and gut mucosal tissue roughly two years following vaccination with placebo or the Step study vaccine MRKAd5/HIV-1. METHODS Participants vaccinated with either placebo or MRKAd5/HIV-1 during participation in HVTN 071, and HVTN 502/Merck 023 underwent phlebotomy and colonic mucosal biopsies via flexible sigmoidoscopy at two timepoints roughly six months apart. After isolation of mononuclear cells, we compared cellular phenotypes and intracellular cytokine responses in vaccine and placebo recipients with and without baseline serological reactivity to Ad5. RESULTS Surface expression of activation and gut-homing markers were elevated on CD4 + and CD8 + gut mucosal mononuclear cells (GMMC) in comparison with PBMC (p < 0.01), but were not significantly affected by baseline Ad5 serostatus or receipt of MRKAd5/HIV-1. ICS responses to stimulation with vaccine antigens were of low frequency and magnitude. Ad5 vector responses were seen in vaccinees and baseline seropositive individuals. CD4 + responses to vector antigens were more common in GMMC than PBMC (p < 0.01) and CD8 + responses to HIV gag insert antigens were more frequent in Ad5 seropositive than Ad5 seronegative individuals (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Vaccination with the Ad5 vectored candidate HIV vaccine MRKAd5/HIV-1 does not lead to long-term changes in the activation state of mucosal CD4 + or CD8 + T lymphocytes regardless of baseline Ad5 serostatus. The findings of this study do not reveal a basis for enhanced susceptibility to HIV infection two years post vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Curlin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Jason Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gabriela Diaz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard M Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ann Duerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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9
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Esposito I, Cicconi P, D'Alise AM, Brown A, Esposito M, Swadling L, Holst PJ, Bassi MR, Stornaiuolo M, Mori F, Vassilev V, Li W, Donnison T, Gentile C, Turner B, von Delft A, Del Sorbo M, Barra F, Contino AM, Abbate A, Novellino E, Thomsen AR, Christensen JP, Lahm A, Grazioli F, Ammendola V, Siani L, Colloca S, Klenerman P, Nicosia A, Dorrell L, Folgori A, Capone S, Barnes E. MHC class II invariant chain-adjuvanted viral vectored vaccines enhances T cell responses in humans. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/548/eaaz7715. [PMID: 32554708 PMCID: PMC7610808 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz7715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to enhance the induction of high magnitude T cell responses through vaccination are urgently needed. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain (Ii) plays a critical role in antigen presentation, forming MHC class II peptide complexes for the generation of CD4+ T cell responses. Preclinical studies evaluating the fusion of Ii to antigens encoded in vector delivery systems have shown that this strategy may enhance T cell immune responses to the encoded antigen. We now assess this strategy in humans, using chimpanzee adenovirus 3 and modified vaccinia Ankara vectors encoding human Ii fused to the nonstructural (NS) antigens of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a heterologous prime/boost regimen. Vaccination was well tolerated and enhanced the peak magnitude, breadth, and proliferative capacity of anti-HCV T cell responses compared to non-Ii vaccines in humans. Very high frequencies of HCV-specific T cells were elicited in humans. Polyfunctional HCV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ responses were induced with up to 30% of CD3+CD8+ cells targeting single HCV epitopes; these were mostly effector memory cells with a high proportion expressing T cell activation and cytolytic markers. No volunteers developed anti-Ii T cell or antibody responses. Using a mouse model and in vitro experiments, we show that Ii fused to NS increases HCV immune responses through enhanced ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. This strategy could be used to develop more potent HCV vaccines that may contribute to the HCV elimination targets and paves the way for developing class II Ii vaccines against cancer and other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Esposito
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Paola Cicconi
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Anthony Brown
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Leo Swadling
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,InProTher ApS, BioInnovation Institute, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Rosaria Bassi
- Center for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Wenqin Li
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Timothy Donnison
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chiara Gentile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Bethany Turner
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Annette von Delft
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,The Jenner Institute Laboratories, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Keires AG, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Headington OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | | | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. .,The Jenner Institute Laboratories, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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10
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Characterization of a replication-competent vector encoding DsRed based on a human adenovirus type 4 a-like strain. Virus Res 2019; 270:197662. [PMID: 31301331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus type 4 (HAdV4) is an etiological agent of acute respiratory disease (ARD) in pediatric and adult patients. HAdV4 strains can be divided into two major genomic clusters, namely prototype (p)-like viruses and a-like viruses. Here, the complete genome sequence of HAdV4 strain GZ01, isolated from a child with ARD in southern China, is first reported and analyzed. This strain was determined to be of the 4a1 genome-type based on in silico restriction profiles. Then, a replication-competent rAd4DsRed virus, containing the HAdV4 GZ01 infectious genome and expressing the reporter molecule DsRed, was generated and characterized. Recombinant rAd4DsRed can infect AD293, hamster, and mouse cells in which DsRed protein was expressed. No changes in antigenicity and genome replication were detected for rAd4DsRed and wild-type HAdV4. Mice immunized with rAd4DsRed was elicited a marked antibody response to DsRed. A rapid method of testing neutralizing antibodies against HAdV3 and HAdV4 was also established using a mixture of rAd4DsRed and rAd3EGFP. Our results provide the foundation to develop HAdV4 vaccines, potential vector platforms for vaccine and gene therapy, and rapid methods for serological and antiviral screening.
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11
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Mennechet FJD, Paris O, Ouoba AR, Salazar Arenas S, Sirima SB, Takoudjou Dzomo GR, Diarra A, Traore IT, Kania D, Eichholz K, Weaver EA, Tuaillon E, Kremer EJ. A review of 65 years of human adenovirus seroprevalence. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:597-613. [PMID: 31132024 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1588113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Human adenovirus (HAdV)-derived vectors have been used in numerous pre-clinical and clinical trials during the last 40 years. Current research in HAdV-based vaccines focuses on improving transgene immunogenicity and safety. Because pre-existing humoral immunity against HAdV types correlate with reduced vaccine efficacy and safety, many groups are exploring the development of HAdV types vectors with lower seroprevalence. However, global seroepidemiological data are incomplete. Areas covered: The goal of this review is to centralize 65 years of research on (primarily) HAdV epidemiology. After briefly addressing adenovirus biology, we chronical HAdV seroprevalence studies and highlight major milestones. Finally, we analyze data from about 50 studies with respect to HAdVs types that are currently used in the clinic, or are in the developmental pipeline. Expert opinion: Vaccination is among the most efficient tools to prevent infectious disease. HAdV-based vaccines have undeniable potential, but optimization is needed and antivector immunity remains a challenge if the same vectors are to be administrated to different populations. Here, we identify gaps in our knowledge and the need for updated worldwide epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck J D Mennechet
- a Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier , University of Montpellier - CNRS , Montpellier , France
| | - Océane Paris
- a Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier , University of Montpellier - CNRS , Montpellier , France
| | - Aline Raissa Ouoba
- a Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier , University of Montpellier - CNRS , Montpellier , France.,b UMR 1058, Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections , INSERM - University of Montpellier - Establishment Français du Sang - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,c Département des sciences et de la recherche clinique , Centre Muraz , Bobo-Dioulasso , Burkina Faso
| | - Sofia Salazar Arenas
- a Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier , University of Montpellier - CNRS , Montpellier , France
| | - Sodiomon B Sirima
- d Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme , Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso.,e Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS) , Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso
| | - Guy R Takoudjou Dzomo
- f Complexe Hospitalo Universitaire « Le Bon Samaritain » , N'Djamena , Republic of Chad
| | - Amidou Diarra
- d Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme , Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso
| | - Isidore T Traore
- c Département des sciences et de la recherche clinique , Centre Muraz , Bobo-Dioulasso , Burkina Faso
| | - Dramane Kania
- c Département des sciences et de la recherche clinique , Centre Muraz , Bobo-Dioulasso , Burkina Faso
| | - Karsten Eichholz
- a Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier , University of Montpellier - CNRS , Montpellier , France
| | - Eric A Weaver
- g University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Biological Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- b UMR 1058, Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections , INSERM - University of Montpellier - Establishment Français du Sang - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- a Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier , University of Montpellier - CNRS , Montpellier , France
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12
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Novel genetically-modified chimpanzee adenovirus and MVA-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccine safely boosts humoral and cellular immunity in healthy older adults. J Infect 2019; 78:382-392. [PMID: 30742894 PMCID: PMC7172982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory infection across the world, with infants and the elderly at particular risk of developing severe disease and death. The replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus (PanAd3-RSV) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA-RSV) vaccines were shown to be safe and immunogenic in young healthy adults. Here we report an extension to this first-in-man vaccine trial to include healthy older adults aged 60-75 years. METHODS We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of MVA-RSV given by intra-muscular (IM) injection (n = 6), two doses of IM PanAd3-RSV given 4-weeks apart (n = 6), IM PanAd3-RSV prime and IM MVA-RSV boost 8-weeks later (n = 6), intra-nasal (IN) spray of PanAd3-RSV prime and IM MVA-RSV boost 8-weeks later (n = 6), or no vaccine (n = 6). Safety measures included all adverse events within one week of vaccination and blood monitoring. Immunogenicity measures included serum antibody responses (RSV- and PanAd3-neutralising antibody titres measured by plaque-reduction neutralisation and SEAP assays, respectively), peripheral B-cell immune responses (frequencies of F-specific IgG and IgA antibody secreting cells and memory B-cells by ex vivo and cultured dual-colour ELISpot assays respectively), and peripheral RSV-specific T-cell immune responses (frequencies of IFNγ-producing T-cells by ex vivo ELISpot and CD4+/CD8+/Tfh-like cell frequencies by ICS/FACS assay). RESULTS The vaccines were safe and well tolerated. Compared with each individual baseline immunity the mean fold-changes in serum RSV-neutralising antibody, appearance and magnitude of F-specific IgG and IgA ASCs and expansion of CD4+/CD8+ IFNγ-producing T-cells in peripheral circulation were comparable to the results seen from younger healthy adults who received the same vaccine combination and dose. There were little/no IgA memory B-cell responses in younger and older adults. Expansion of IFNγ-producing T-cells was most marked in older adults following IM prime, with balanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. The RSV-specific immune responses to vaccination did not appear to be attenuated in the presence of PanAd3 (vector) neutralising antibody. CONCLUSIONS PanAd3-RSV and MVA-RSV was safe and immunogenic in older adults and the parallel induction of RSV-specific humoral and cellular immunity merits further assessment in providing protection from severe disease.
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13
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Hartnell F, Brown A, Capone S, Kopycinski J, Bliss C, Makvandi-Nejad S, Swadling L, Ghaffari E, Cicconi P, Del Sorbo M, Sbrocchi R, Esposito I, Vassilev V, Marriott P, Gardiner CM, Bannan C, Bergin C, Hoffmann M, Turner B, Nicosia A, Folgori A, Hanke T, Barnes E, Dorrell L. A Novel Vaccine Strategy Employing Serologically Different Chimpanzee Adenoviral Vectors for the Prevention of HIV-1 and HCV Coinfection. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3175. [PMID: 30713538 PMCID: PMC6346592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nearly 3 million people worldwide are coinfected with HIV and HCV. Affordable strategies for prevention are needed. We developed a novel vaccination regimen involving replication-defective and serologically distinct chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd3, ChAd63) vector priming followed by modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) boosts, for simultaneous delivery of HCV non-structural (NSmut) and HIV-1 conserved (HIVconsv) region immunogens. Methods: We conducted a phase I trial in which 33 healthy volunteers were sequentially enrolled and vaccinated via the intramuscular route as follows: 9 received ChAd3-NSmut [2.5 × 1010 vp] and MVA-NSmut [2 × 108 pfu] at weeks 0 and 8, respectively; 8 received ChAdV63.HIVconsv [5 × 1010 vp] and MVA.HIVconsv [2 × 108 pfu] at the same interval; 16 were co-primed with ChAd3-NSmut [2.5 × 1010 vp] and ChAdV63.HIVconsv [5 × 1010 vp] followed at week 8 by MVA-NSmut and MVA.HIVconsv [both 1 × 108 pfu]. Immunogenicity was assessed using peptide pools in ex vivo ELISpot and intracellular cytokine assays. Vaccine-induced whole blood transcriptome changes were assessed by microarray analysis. Results: All vaccines were well tolerated and no vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred. Co-administration of the prime-boost vaccine regimens induced high magnitude and broad T cell responses that were similar to those observed following immunization with either regimen alone. Median (interquartile range, IQR) peak responses to NSmut were 3,480 (2,728–4,464) and 3,405 (2,307–7,804) spot-forming cells (SFC)/106 PBMC for single and combined HCV vaccinations, respectively (p = 0.8). Median (IQR) peak responses to HIVconsv were 1,305 (1,095–4,967) and 1,005 (169–2,482) SFC/106 PBMC for single and combined HIV-1 vaccinations, respectively (p = 0.5). Responses were maintained above baseline to 34 weeks post-vaccination. Intracellular cytokine analysis indicated that the responding populations comprised polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Canonical pathway analysis showed that in the single and combined vaccination groups, pathways associated with antiviral and innate immune responses were enriched for upregulated interferon-stimulated genes 24 h after priming and boosting vaccinations. Conclusions: Serologically distinct adenoviral vectors encoding HCV and HIV-1 immunogens can be safely co-administered without reducing the immunogenicity of either vaccine. This provides a novel strategy for targeting these viruses simultaneously and for other pathogens that affect the same populations. Clinical trial registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT02362217
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Hartnell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Brown
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carly Bliss
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leo Swadling
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Ghaffari
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Cicconi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ilaria Esposito
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paula Marriott
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clair M Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bethany Turner
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Keires AG, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Tomáš Hanke
- Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Headington, United Kingdom
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14
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Ye X, Xiao L, Zheng X, Wang J, Shu T, Feng Y, Liu X, Su W, Wang Q, Li C, Chen L, Feng L. Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies to Human Adenovirus Type 4 and 7 in Healthy Populations From Southern China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3040. [PMID: 30619131 PMCID: PMC6295555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses type 4 (HAdV4) and 7 (HAdV7) are two major respiratory pathogens and sporadically cause outbreaks of acute respiratory diseases. The neutralizing antibody (nAb) response to these two adenoviruses in civilian populations, which is important for dissecting previous circulations and predicting potential outbreaks, remains largely unknown. In this study, we generated replication-competent HAdV4 and HAdV7 reporter viruses expressing secreted-alkaline-phosphatase (SEAP), and established neutralization assays to investigate the seroprevalence of pre-existing nAb in healthy volunteers from Hunan Province, southern China. The seropositivity rates are 58.4 and 63.8% for anti-HAdV4 nAb and anti-HAdV7 nAb, respectively. High nAb titers (> 1000) were frequently detected in HAdV4-seropositive individuals, whereas most HAdV7-seropositive volunteers had moderate nAb titers (201-1000). The seropositivity rates of anti-HAdV4 nAb and anti-HAdV7 nAb increase with age, with individuals younger than 20 exhibiting the lowest seropositivity rates. Both seropositivity rates and nAb titers are comparable between different sex groups. Notably, HAdV4-seropositive individuals tend to be HAdV7-seropositive and vice versa. Because HAdV4 antisera showed no neutralizing activity to HAdV7 whereas HAdV7 antisera cannot neutralize HAdV4, a subgroup of individuals might be susceptible to infection by HAdV4 and HAdV7 and thus generate nAb to both of them. These results revealed the continuous circulation of HAdV4 and HAdV7 and the lack of protective immunity in more than 35% of people, which emphasized the surveillance of these two HAdVs and the development of prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmiao Ye
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Xiao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chenzhou, Chenzhou, China
| | - Xuehua Zheng
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shu
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan Su
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chufang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Wang B, Li J, Wu S, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Zhai Y, Guo Q, Zhang J, Song X, Zhao Z, Hou L, Chen W. Seroepidemiological investigation of HAdV-4 infection among healthy adults in China and in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:200. [PMID: 30514848 PMCID: PMC6279822 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An apparent increase in the frequency of human adenovirus type 4 (HAdV-4) infections among general populations has been observed over the past 10 years. However, available epidemiological data that may reflect previous viral circulation and assist in predicting potential outbreaks are sparse, particularly in mainland China and Africa. In this study, a convenient neutralization assay for use in the surveillance of historical HAdV-4 infections was established based on a recombinant luciferase-expressing virus. Subsequently, the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) of 1013 healthy adult serum samples from China and Sierra Leone were evaluated. Our results showed that over 50% of the participants from China and nearly 70% of donors from Sierra Leone had detectable nAbs against HAdV-4 despite the few infection cases officially reported in these regions. Furthermore, the prevalence of nAbs to HAdV-4 is lower than that to HAdV-5, and both varied by geographic location. In addition, the seropositive rates of both HAdV-4 and HAdV-5 nAbs increased with age. However, the nAbs stimulated by HAdV-4 remained stable at low (≤200) levels among the different age groups, whereas moderate (201–1000) or high (>1000) nAb levels were produced by HAdV-5 and tended to decrease with age. These results elucidate the human humoral immune response against HAdV-4 and revealed that this virus may be an underestimated causative agent of respiratory disease among adults in China and West Africa, demonstrating the importance of HAdV-4 surveillance and providing useful insights for the future development of HAdV-4-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Shipo Wu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yanfang Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaohong Song
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhenghao Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 East Street, Beijing, 100071, China.
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16
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Feng Y, Sun X, Ye X, Feng Y, Wang J, Zheng X, Liu X, Yi C, Hao M, Wang Q, Li F, Xu W, Li L, Li C, Zhou R, Chen L, Feng L. Hexon and fiber of adenovirus type 14 and 55 are major targets of neutralizing antibody but only fiber-specific antibody contributes to cross-neutralizing activity. Virology 2018; 518:272-283. [PMID: 29550678 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Re-emerging human adenoviruses type 14 (HAdV14) and 55 (HAdV55) represent two highly virulent adenoviruses. The neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses elicited by infection or immunization remain largely unknown. Herein, we generated hexon-chimeric HAdV14 viruses harboring each single or entire hexon hyper-variable-regions (HVR) from HAdV55, and determined the neutralizing epitopes of human and mouse nAbs. In human sera, hexon-targeting nAbs are type-specific and mainly recognize HVR2, 5, and 7. Fiber-targeting nAbs are only detectable in sera cross-neutralizing HAdV14 and HAdV55 and contribute substantially to cross-neutralization. Penton-binding antibodies, however, show no significant neutralizing activities. In mice immunized with HAdV14 or HAdV55, a single immunization mainly elicited hexon-specific nAbs, which recognized HAdV14 HVR1, 2, and 7 and HAdV55 HVR1 and 2, respectively. After a booster immunization, cross-neutralizing fiber-specific nAbs became detectable. These results indicated that hexon elicits type-specific nAbs whereas fiber induces cross-neutralizing nAbs to HAdV14 and HAdV55, which are of significance in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510230, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xikui Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, No. 269 Chenghua North Road, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Xianmiao Ye
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yupeng Feng
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xuehua Zheng
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Changhua Yi
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Mingli Hao
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, No. 269 Chenghua North Road, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Feng Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 627 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Eighth people's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 627 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510230, China; Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Liqiang Feng
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China.
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17
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Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies against adenovirus type 14 and 55 in healthy adults in Southern China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e43. [PMID: 28588291 PMCID: PMC5520307 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Re-emerging human adenovirus types 14 (Ad14) and 55 (Ad55) have caused severe respiratory diseases and even deaths during recent outbreaks. However, the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in healthy adults, which may reflect previous circulation and help to predict potential outbreaks, remains unclear. In this study, we established micro-neutralizing (MN) assays on the basis of recombinant Ad14 and Ad55 reporter viruses, and we investigated serum nAbs in healthy blood donors from Southern China. We found that the overall seropositive rates were 24.8% and 22.4% for Ad14 and Ad55 nAbs, respectively. The seropositive rates were low in individuals younger than 20, and they gradually increased with age. Ad55-seropositive individuals tended to have high nAb titers (>1000), while low (72–200) and moderate (201–1000) nAb levels were frequently observed in Ad14-seropositive ones. Surprisingly, the seropositive rates and nAb levels were associated with the blood type but not the gender of the blood donors, with type AB individuals displaying higher seropositive rates and nAb levels. Interestingly, a significant positive correlation was observed between Ad14 and Ad55 seroprevalence, and higher titers of nAbs were detected in double-positive individuals compared to single-positive ones. These results clarified the human humoral immune responses against Ad14 and Ad55 and revealed a low level of herd immunity in some subpopulations, which emphasized the importance of monitoring these two highly virulent adenoviruses and reinforced the development of prophylactic vaccines.
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18
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Decreased Vector Gene Expression from E2b Gene-Deleted Adenovirus Serotype 5 Vaccines Intensifies Proinflammatory Immune Responses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00061-17. [PMID: 28381403 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00061-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors are promising vaccine candidates due to their intrinsic immunogenicity and potent transgene expression; however, widespread preexisting Ad5 immunity has been considered a developmental impediment to the use of traditional, or conventional, E1 and E3 gene-deleted Ad5 (Ad5[E1-]) vaccines. Even in the presence of anti-Ad5 immunity, recent murine and human studies have confirmed E2b gene-deleted Ad5 (Ad5[E1-,E2b-]) vaccines to be highly efficacious inducers of transgene-specific memory responses and significantly less toxic options than Ad5[E1-] vaccines. While these findings have been substantially confirmed, the molecular mechanisms underlying the different reactions to these vaccine platforms are unknown. Using cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) derived from multiple human donors, we found that Ad5[E1-,E2b-] vaccines trigger higher levels of hPBMC proinflammatory cytokine secretion than Ad5[E1-] vaccines. Interestingly, these responses were generated regardless of the donors' preexisting anti-Ad5 humoral and cell-mediated immune response status. In vitro hPBMC infection with the Ad5[E1-,E2b-] vaccine also provoked greater Th1-dominant gene responses yet smaller amounts of Ad-derived gene expression than Ad5[E1-] vaccines. These results suggest that Ad5[E1-,E2b-] vaccines, in contrast to Ad5[E1-] vaccines, do not promote activities that suppress innate immune signaling, thereby allowing for improved vaccine efficacy and a superior safety profile independently of previous Ad5 immunity.
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19
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Li Q, Liu Q, Huang W, Song A, Zhao C, Wu J, Wang Y. Neutralizing antibodies against adenovirus type 2 in normal and HIV-1-infected subjects: Implications for use of Ad2 vectors in vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1-8. [PMID: 28301274 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1281487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) directed against vaccine vectors have attracted considerable research attention. Therefore, our aim was to establish a high-throughput economical neutralization assay to investigate the epidemiology of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2)-specific immunity in China and developed countries, including in a Chinese Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected population, and to guide the application of Ad2-vectored vaccines. We established a FluoroSpot-based anti-Ad2-virus neutralization assay using a recombinant replication-deficient Ad2 that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein and standardized the critical parameters, including the choice of cell line, cell concentration, viral infective dose, and incubation time. The sera of 561 healthy individuals from China and developed countries and from 230 HIV-1-infected Chinese individuals were screened with this assay for Nabs against Ad2. The prevalence of anti-Ad2 NAbs was high in both China (92.2%) and developed countries (86.9%). Of the Ad2-seropositive individuals, 64.6% in China and 77.4% in developed countries had high NAb titers (> 810). The frequency of anti-Ad2 NAbs was higher in Anhui (97.5%) than in Beijing (88.7%). Their prevalence differed significantly according to age in Beijing, but not in Anhui Province, but by sex in neither province. Ad2 seroprevalence was as high among HIV-1-infected individuals (88.7%) as among healthy individuals (92.2%) in China. In conclusion, a simple, intuitive, high-throughput, economical fluorescence-based neutralization assay was developed to determine anti-Ad2 NAbs titers. Ad2 exposure was high in both healthy and HIV-1-infected populations in China, so vectors based on Ad2 may be inappropriate for human vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Qiang Liu
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Weijing Huang
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Aijing Song
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Jiajing Wu
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Youchun Wang
- a Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products , National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
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20
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Swadling L, Halliday J, Kelly C, Brown A, Capone S, Ansari MA, Bonsall D, Richardson R, Hartnell F, Collier J, Ammendola V, Del Sorbo M, Von Delft A, Traboni C, Hill AVS, Colloca S, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Klenerman P, Folgori A, Barnes E. Highly-Immunogenic Virally-Vectored T-cell Vaccines Cannot Overcome Subversion of the T-cell Response by HCV during Chronic Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:E27. [PMID: 27490575 PMCID: PMC5041021 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective therapeutic vaccine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, as an adjunct to newly developed directly-acting antivirals (DAA), or for the prevention of reinfection, would significantly reduce the global burden of disease associated with chronic HCV infection. A recombinant chimpanzee adenoviral (ChAd3) vector and a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), encoding the non-structural proteins of HCV (NSmut), used in a heterologous prime/boost regimen induced multi-specific, high-magnitude, durable HCV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in healthy volunteers, and was more immunogenic than a heterologous Ad regimen. We now assess the immunogenicity of this vaccine regimen in HCV infected patients (including patients with a low viral load suppressed with interferon/ribavirin therapy), determine T-cell cross-reactivity to endogenous virus, and compare immunogenicity with that observed previously in both healthy volunteers and in HCV infected patients vaccinated with the heterologous Ad regimen. Vaccination of HCV infected patients with ChAd3-NSmut/MVA-NSmut was well tolerated. Vaccine-induced HCV-specific T-cell responses were detected in 8/12 patients; however, CD4+ T-cell responses were rarely detected, and the overall magnitude of HCV-specific T-cell responses was markedly reduced when compared to vaccinated healthy volunteers. Furthermore, HCV-specific cells had a distinct partially-functional phenotype (lower expression of activation markers, granzyme B, and TNFα production, weaker in vitro proliferation, and higher Tim3 expression, with comparable Tbet and Eomes expression) compared to healthy volunteers. Robust anti-vector T-cells and antibodies were induced, showing that there is no global defect in immunity. The level of viremia at the time of vaccination did not correlate with the magnitude of the vaccine-induced T-cell response. Full-length, next-generation sequencing of the circulating virus demonstrated that T-cells were only induced by vaccination when there was a sequence mismatch between the autologous virus and the vaccine immunogen. However, these T-cells were not cross-reactive with the endogenous viral variant epitopes. Conversely, when there was complete homology between the immunogen and circulating virus at a given epitope T-cells were not induced. T-cell induction following vaccination had no significant impact on HCV viral load. In vitro T-cell culture experiments identified the presence of T-cells at baseline that could be expanded by vaccination; thus, HCV-specific T-cells may have been expanded from pre-existing low-level memory T-cell populations that had been exposed to HCV antigens during natural infection, explaining the partial T-cell dysfunction. In conclusion, vaccination with ChAd3-NSmut and MVA-NSmut prime/boost, a potent vaccine regimen previously optimized in healthy volunteers was unable to reconstitute HCV-specific T-cell immunity in HCV infected patients. This highlights the major challenge of overcoming T-cell exhaustion in the context of persistent antigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Swadling
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - John Halliday
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
- Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Christabel Kelly
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
- Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Anthony Brown
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - Stefania Capone
- Reithera Srl (former Okairos Srl), Viale Città d'Europa, 679, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - M Azim Ansari
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - David Bonsall
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - Rachel Richardson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - Felicity Hartnell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - Jane Collier
- Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Virginia Ammendola
- Reithera Srl (former Okairos Srl), Viale Città d'Europa, 679, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | | | - Annette Von Delft
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | - Cinzia Traboni
- Reithera Srl (former Okairos Srl), Viale Città d'Europa, 679, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Stefano Colloca
- Reithera Srl (former Okairos Srl), Viale Città d'Europa, 679, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Reithera Srl (former Okairos Srl), Viale Città d'Europa, 679, Rome 00144, Italy.
- CEINGE, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Naples 80145, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
- Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Antonella Folgori
- Reithera Srl (former Okairos Srl), Viale Città d'Europa, 679, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
- Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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21
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Kelly C, Swadling L, Capone S, Brown A, Richardson R, Halliday J, von Delft A, Oo Y, Mutimer D, Kurioka A, Hartnell F, Collier J, Ammendola V, Sorbo MD, Grazioli F, Esposito ML, Marco SD, Siani L, Traboni C, Hill AV, Colloca S, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Folgori A, Klenerman P, Barnes E. Chronic hepatitis C viral infection subverts vaccine-induced T-cell immunity in humans. Hepatology 2016; 63:1455-70. [PMID: 26474390 PMCID: PMC4842008 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adenoviral vectors encoding hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural (NS) proteins induce multispecific, high-magnitude, durable CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in healthy volunteers. We assessed the capacity of these vaccines to induce functional HCV-specific immune responses and determine T-cell cross-reactivity to endogenous virus in patients with chronic HCV infection. HCV genotype 1-infected patients were vaccinated using heterologous adenoviral vectors (ChAd3-NSmut and Ad6-NSmut) encoding HCV NS proteins in a dose escalation, prime-boost regimen, with and without concomitant pegylated interferon-α/ribavirin therapy. Analysis of immune responses ex vivo used human leukocyte antigen class I pentamers, intracellular cytokine staining, and fine mapping in interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Cross-reactivity of T cells with population and endogenous viral variants was determined following viral sequence analysis. Compared to healthy volunteers, the magnitude of HCV-specific T-cell responses following vaccination was markedly reduced. CD8(+) HCV-specific T-cell responses were detected in 15/24 patients at the highest dose, whereas CD4(+) T-cell responses were rarely detectable. Analysis of the host circulating viral sequence showed that T-cell responses were rarely elicited when there was sequence homology between vaccine immunogen and endogenous virus. In contrast, T cells were induced in the context of genetic mismatch between vaccine immunogen and endogenous virus; however, these commonly failed to recognize circulating epitope variants and had a distinct partially functional phenotype. Vaccination was well tolerated but had no significant effect on HCV viral load. CONCLUSION Vaccination with potent HCV adenoviral vectored vaccines fails to restore T-cell immunity except where there is genetic mismatch between vaccine immunogen and endogenous virus; this highlights the major challenge of overcoming T-cell exhaustion in the context of persistent antigen exposure with implications for cancer and other persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabel Kelly
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Oxford NIHR BRC and Translational Gastroenterology UnitOxfordUK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Stefania Capone
- ReiThera Srl (formerly Okairos Srl)Viale Città d'EuropaRomeItaly
| | - Anthony Brown
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - John Halliday
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Oxford NIHR BRC and Translational Gastroenterology UnitOxfordUK
| | | | - Ye Oo
- Department of HepatologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - David Mutimer
- Department of HepatologyQueen Elizabeth HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Jane Collier
- Oxford NIHR BRC and Translational Gastroenterology UnitOxfordUK
| | | | | | - Fabiana Grazioli
- ReiThera Srl (formerly Okairos Srl)Viale Città d'EuropaRomeItaly
| | | | | | - Loredana Siani
- ReiThera Srl (formerly Okairos Srl)Viale Città d'EuropaRomeItaly
| | - Cinzia Traboni
- ReiThera Srl (formerly Okairos Srl)Viale Città d'EuropaRomeItaly
| | - Adrian V.S. Hill
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,The Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Stefano Colloca
- ReiThera Srl (formerly Okairos Srl)Viale Città d'EuropaRomeItaly
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Oxford NIHR BRC and Translational Gastroenterology UnitOxfordUK,ReiThera Srl (formerly Okairos Srl)Viale Città d'EuropaRomeItaly,CEINGENaplesItaly,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical BiotechnologyUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | | | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Oxford NIHR BRC and Translational Gastroenterology UnitOxfordUK,The Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Oxford NIHR BRC and Translational Gastroenterology UnitOxfordUK,The Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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22
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Lemos MP, Karuna ST, Mize GJ, Fong Y, Montano SM, Ganoza C, Lama JR, Sanchez J, McElrath MJ. In men at risk of HIV infection, IgM, IgG1, IgG3, and IgA reach the human foreskin epidermis. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:798-808. [PMID: 26509877 PMCID: PMC4848120 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We profiled the humoral response in the penis, an area that has been minimally explored but may be relevant for protecting insertive men against HIV and other sexually acquired infections. Comparing paired tissue samples from 20 men at risk of HIV infection, foreskin contains less immunoglobulin A (IgA) and more IgG2 than colon. Using foreskin dermal and epidermal explants and paired plasma from 17 men, we examined Ig accumulation by normalizing Ig to human serum albumin (HSA) transudation. Dermal IgM, IgG2, IgA, and IgE ratios were greater than that in plasma, suggesting there is local antibody secretion at the dermis. Local Ig transcription was concentrated at the inner rather than the outer foreskin, and inner foreskin Ig ratios did not correlate with blood, indicating that localized production can contribute to the foreskin response. IgM, IgG1, IgG3, and IgA have preferential access to the foreskin epidermis, whereas IgG2, IgG4, and IgE are restricted to the dermis. Lastly, Ad5-specific IgA was selectively present in the colon, whereas foreskin Ad5 IgG was mainly derived from blood, and reached the inner epidermis at higher ratios than the outer (P<0.002). In summary, the foreskin antibody response combines local and systemic sources, and there is selective isotype accumulation in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S T Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G J Mize
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Y Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S M Montano
- US Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Perú
| | - C Ganoza
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Perú
| | - J R Lama
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Perú
| | - J Sanchez
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Perú
| | - M J McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, USA
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23
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Green CA, Scarselli E, Sande CJ, Thompson AJ, de Lara CM, Taylor KS, Haworth K, Del Sorbo M, Angus B, Siani L, Di Marco S, Traboni C, Folgori A, Colloca S, Capone S, Vitelli A, Cortese R, Klenerman P, Nicosia A, Pollard AJ. Chimpanzee adenovirus- and MVA-vectored respiratory syncytial virus vaccine is safe and immunogenic in adults. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:300ra126. [PMID: 26268313 PMCID: PMC4669850 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory infection in annual epidemics, with infants and the elderly at particular risk of developing severe disease and death. However, despite its importance, no vaccine exists. The chimpanzee adenovirus, PanAd3-RSV, and modified vaccinia virus Ankara, MVA-RSV, are replication-defective viral vectors encoding the RSV fusion (F), nucleocapsid (N), and matrix (M2-1) proteins for the induction of humoral and cellular responses. We performed an open-label, dose escalation, phase 1 clinical trial in 42 healthy adults in which four different combinations of prime/boost vaccinations were investigated for safety and immunogenicity, including both intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) administration of the adenovirus-vectored vaccine. The vaccines were safe and well tolerated, with the most common reported adverse events being mild injection site reactions. No vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred. RSV neutralizing antibody titers rose in response to IM prime with PanAd3-RSV and after IM boost for individuals primed by the IN route. Circulating anti-F immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) were observed after the IM prime and IM boost. RSV-specific T cell responses were increased after the IM PanAd3-RSV prime and were most efficiently boosted by IM MVA-RSV. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion after boost was from both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, without detectable T helper cell 2 (TH2) cytokines that have been previously associated with immune pathogenesis following exposure to RSV after the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine. In conclusion, PanAd3-RSV and MVA-RSV are safe and immunogenic in healthy adults. These vaccine candidates warrant further clinical evaluation of efficacy to assess their potential to reduce the burden of RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Green
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.
| | - Elisa Scarselli
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Charles J Sande
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Amber J Thompson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Catherine M de Lara
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Kathryn S Taylor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Kathryn Haworth
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | | | - Brian Angus
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Loredana Siani
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Marco
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Traboni
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Folgori
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Colloca
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Capone
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vitelli
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- ReiThera SRL (formerly Okairos SRL), Viale Città d'Europa 679, 00144 Rome, Italy. CEINGE, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy. Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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Fuchs JD, Bart PA, Frahm N, Morgan C, Gilbert PB, Kochar N, DeRosa SC, Tomaras GD, Wagner TM, Baden LR, Koblin BA, Rouphael NG, Kalams SA, Keefer MC, Goepfert PA, Sobieszczyk ME, Mayer KH, Swann E, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Graham BS, McElrath MJ. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Adenovirus Serotype 35-Vectored HIV-1 Vaccine in Adenovirus Serotype 5 Seronegative and Seropositive Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26587311 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5)-vectored HIV-1 vaccines have not prevented HIV-1 infection or disease and pre-existing Ad5 neutralizing antibodies may limit the clinical utility of Ad5 vectors globally. Using a rare Ad serotype vector, such as Ad35, may circumvent these issues, but there are few data on the safety and immunogenicity of rAd35 directly compared to rAd5 following human vaccination. METHODS HVTN 077 randomized 192 healthy, HIV-uninfected participants into one of four HIV-1 vaccine/placebo groups: rAd35/rAd5, DNA/rAd5, and DNA/rAd35 in Ad5-seronegative persons; and DNA/rAd35 in Ad5-seropositive persons. All vaccines encoded the HIV-1 EnvA antigen. Antibody and T-cell responses were measured 4 weeks post boost immunization. RESULTS All vaccines were generally well tolerated and similarly immunogenic. As compared to rAd5, rAd35 was equally potent in boosting HIV-1-specific humoral and cellular immunity and responses were not significantly attenuated in those with baseline Ad5 seropositivity. Like DNA, rAd35 efficiently primed rAd5 boosting. All vaccine regimens tested elicited cross-clade antibody responses, including Env V1/V2-specific IgG responses. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine antigen delivery by rAd35 is well-tolerated and immunogenic as a prime to rAd5 immunization and as a boost to prior DNA immunization with the homologous insert. Further development of rAd35-vectored prime-boost vaccine regimens is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Fuchs
- Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nidhi Kochar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen C DeRosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Theresa M Wagner
- Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beryl A Koblin
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadine G Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Infectious Diseases Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael C Keefer
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Edith Swann
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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25
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Bart PA, Huang Y, Karuna ST, Chappuis S, Gaillard J, Kochar N, Shen X, Allen MA, Ding S, Hural J, Liao HX, Haynes BF, Graham BS, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Pantaleo G, Frahm N. HIV-specific humoral responses benefit from stronger prime in phase Ib clinical trial. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4843-56. [PMID: 25271627 DOI: 10.1172/jci75894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Vector prime-boost immunization strategies induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses. We examined the priming dose and administration order of heterologous vectors in HIV Vaccine Trials Network 078 (HVTN 078), a randomized, double-blind phase Ib clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost regimens, with a New York vaccinia HIV clade B (NYVAC-B) vaccine and a recombinant adenovirus 5-vectored (rAd5-vectored) vaccine. METHODS. NYVAC-B included HIV-1 clade B Gag-Pol-Nef and gp120, while rAd5 included HIV-1 clade B Gag-Pol and clades A, B, and C gp140. Eighty Ad5-seronegative subjects were randomized to receive 2 × NYVAC-B followed by 1 × 1010 PFU rAd5 (NYVAC/Ad5hi); 1 × 108 PFU rAd5 followed by 2 × NYVAC-B (Ad5lo/NYVAC); 1 × 109 PFU rAd5 followed by 2 × NYVAC-B (Ad5med/NYVAC); 1 × 1010 PFU rAd5 followed by 2 × NYVAC-B (Ad5hi/NYVAC); or placebo. Immune responses were assessed 2 weeks after the final vaccination. Intracellular cytokine staining measured T cells producing IFN-γ and/or IL-2; cross-clade and epitope-specific binding antibodies were determined; and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were assessed with 6 tier 1 viruses. RESULTS. CD4+ T cell response rates ranged from 42.9% to 93.3%. NYVAC/Ad5hi response rates (P ≤ 0.01) and magnitudes (P ≤ 0.03) were significantly lower than those of other groups. CD8+ T cell response rates ranged from 65.5% to 85.7%. NYVAC/Ad5hi magnitudes were significantly lower than those of other groups (P ≤ 0.04). IgG response rates to the group M consensus gp140 were 89.7% for NYVAC/Ad5hi and 21.4%, 84.6%, and 100% for Ad5lo/NYVAC, Ad5med/NYVAC, and Ad5hi/NYVAC, respectively, and were similar for other vaccine proteins. Overall nAb responses were low, but aggregate responses appeared stronger for Ad5med/NYVAC and Ad5hi/NYVAC than for NYVAC/Ad5hi. CONCLUSIONS. rAd5 prime followed by NYVAC boost is superior to the reverse regimen for both vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immune responses. Higher Ad5 priming doses significantly increased binding and nAbs. These data provide a basis for optimizing the design of future clinical trials testing vector-based heterologous prime-boost strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00961883. FUNDING. NIAID, NIH UM1AI068618, AI068635, AI068614, and AI069443.
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26
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Hayton EJ, Rose A, Ibrahimsa U, Del Sorbo M, Capone S, Crook A, Black AP, Dorrell L, Hanke T. Safety and tolerability of conserved region vaccines vectored by plasmid DNA, simian adenovirus and modified vaccinia virus ankara administered to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-uninfected adults in a randomized, single-blind phase I trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101591. [PMID: 25007091 PMCID: PMC4090156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trial Design HIV-1 vaccine development has advanced slowly due to viral antigenic diversity, poor immunogenicity and recently, safety concerns associated with human adenovirus serotype-5 vectors. To tackle HIV-1 variation, we designed a unique T-cell immunogen HIVconsv from functionally conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome, which were presented to the immune system using a heterologous prime-boost combination of plasmid DNA, a non-replicating simian (chimpanzee) adenovirus ChAdV-63 and a non-replicating poxvirus, modified vaccinia virus Ankara. A block-randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled phase I trial HIV-CORE 002 administered for the first time candidate HIV-1- vaccines or placebo to 32 healthy HIV-1/2-uninfected adults in Oxford, UK and elicited high frequencies of HIV-1-specific T cells capable of inhibiting HIV-1 replication in vitro. Here, detail safety and tolerability of these vaccines are reported. Methods Local and systemic reactogenicity data were collected using structured interviews and study-specific diary cards. Data on all other adverse events were collected using open questions. Serum neutralizing antibody titres to ChAdV-63 were determined before and after vaccination. Results Two volunteers withdrew for vaccine-unrelated reasons. No vaccine-related serious adverse events or reactions occurred during 190 person-months of follow-up. Local and systemic events after vaccination occurred in 27/32 individuals and most were mild (severity grade 1) and predominantly transient (<48 hours). Myalgia and flu-like symptoms were more strongly associated with MVA than ChAdV63 or DNA vectors and more common in vaccine recipients than in placebo. There were no intercurrent HIV-1 infections during follow-up. 2/24 volunteers had low ChAdV-63-neutralizing titres at baseline and 7 increased their titres to over 200 with a median (range) of 633 (231-1533) post-vaccination, which is of no safety concern. Conclusions These data demonstrate safety and good tolerability of the pSG2.HIVconsv DNA, ChAdV63.HIVconsv and MVA.HIVconsv vaccines and together with their high immunogenicity support their further development towards efficacy studies. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01151319
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Jo Hayton
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annie Rose
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Umar Ibrahimsa
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alison Crook
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Antony P. Black
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Yu B, Dong J, Wang C, Wang Z, Gao L, Zhang H, Wu J, Kong W, Yu X. Trimeric knob protein specifically distinguishes neutralizing antibodies to different human adenovirus species: potential application for adenovirus seroepidemiology. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1564-1573. [PMID: 24764358 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064832-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are non-enveloped DNA viruses that have been extensively studied and used as vectors for gene therapy and several potential vaccines. There are 57 Ad serotypes in seven species (A-G), and Ad neutralizing antibody (NAb) titres can vary by serotype and geographical location. Until now serotype- and species-specific antibodies have been detected by neutralization or haemagglutination inhibition assays. These expensive and cumbersome methods of adenovirus typing have mainly been used in epidemiological studies. Our prior work demonstrated that NAbs against the fiber protein are commonly generated during natural Ad infection in humans and the trimeric knob is preferentially recognized by fiber-induced NAbs. In this study, we expressed nine trimeric knob proteins from representative Ad serotypes of human Ad (HAdV)-A-F in Escherichia coli and found no cross-reactivity of these recombinant proteins with rabbit hyperimmune sera (among HAdV-A-F or within HAdV-C). Results of the ELISA based on Ad2 and Ad5 (both HAdV-C) knob proteins were consistent with those of neutralization assays, indicating that the trimeric knob protein would be a good candidate antigen for detecting Ad serotype-specific NAbs in sera from naturally infected subjects. We also demonstrated the primary seroepidemiology of nine Ad serotypes in 274 children using the knob-based ELISA. These results have potential implications for epidemiology of Ad serotypes and future development of Ad-based vaccines and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jianing Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Wei Kong
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.,National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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Assessment of chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 neutralizing antibodies prior to evaluation of a candidate malaria vaccine regimen based on viral vectors. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:901-3. [PMID: 24739980 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00723-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prior to a chimpanzee adenovirus-based (ChAd63) malarial vaccine trial, sera were collected to assess ChAd63-specific neutralizing antibody titers in Banfora (Burkina Faso). The low neutralizing antibody titers reported in both adults and children (median titers, 139.1 and 35.0, respectively) are encouraging for the potential use of ChAd63 as a malarial vaccine vector.
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29
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Hendrickx R, Stichling N, Koelen J, Kuryk L, Lipiec A, Greber UF. Innate immunity to adenovirus. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:265-84. [PMID: 24512150 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are the most widely used vectors in gene medicine, with applications ranging from oncolytic therapies to vaccinations, but adenovirus vectors are not without side effects. In addition, natural adenoviruses pose severe risks for immunocompromised people, yet infections are usually mild and self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals. Here we describe how adenoviruses are recognized by the host innate defense system during entry and replication in immune and nonimmune cells. Innate defense protects the host and represents a major barrier to using adenoviruses as therapeutic interventions in humans. Innate response against adenoviruses involves intrinsic factors present at constant levels, and innate factors mounted by the host cell upon viral challenge. These factors exert antiviral effects by directly binding to viruses or viral components, or shield the virus, for example, soluble factors, such as blood clotting components, the complement system, preexisting immunoglobulins, or defensins. In addition, Toll-like receptors and lectins in the plasma membrane and endosomes are intrinsic factors against adenoviruses. Important innate factors restricting adenovirus in the cytosol are tripartite motif-containing proteins, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like inflammatory receptors, and DNA sensors triggering interferon, such as DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 41 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase. Adenovirus tunes the function of antiviral autophagy, and counters innate defense by virtue of its early proteins E1A, E1B, E3, and E4 and two virus-associated noncoding RNAs VA-I and VA-II. We conclude by discussing strategies to engineer adenovirus vectors with attenuated innate responses and enhanced delivery features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodinde Hendrickx
- 1 Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Abstract
Adenovirus vectors are efficient gene delivery tools. A major caveat with vectors derived from common human adenovirus serotypes is that most adults are likely to have been exposed to the wild-type virus and exhibit active immunity against the vectors. This preexisting immunity limits their clinical success. Strategies to circumvent this problem include the use of nonhuman adenovirus vectors. Vectors derived from canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) are among the best-studied representatives. CAV-2 vectors are particularly attractive for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, CAV-2 vectors have shown great promise as oncolytic agents in virotherapy approaches and as vectors for recombinant vaccines. The rising interest in CAV-2 vectors calls for the development of scalable GMP compliant production and purification strategies. A detailed protocol describing a complete scalable downstream processing strategy for CAV-2 vectors is reported here. Clarification of CAV-2 particles is achieved by microfiltration. CAV-2 particles are subsequently concentrated and partially purified by ultrafiltration-diafiltration. A Benzonase(®) digestion step is carried out between ultrafiltration and diafiltration operations to eliminate contaminating nucleic acids. Chromatography purification is accomplished in two consecutive steps. CAV-2 particles are first captured and concentrated on a propyl hydrophobic interaction chromatography column followed by a polishing step using DEAE anion exchange monoliths. Using this protocol, high-quality CAV-2 vector preparations containing low levels of contamination with empty viral capsids and other inactive vector forms are typically obtained. The complete process yield was estimated to be 38-45 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Puig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Young BA, Spencer JF, Ying B, Toth K, Wold WSM. The effects of radiation on antitumor efficacy of an oncolytic adenovirus vector in the Syrian hamster model. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:531-7. [PMID: 23928730 PMCID: PMC3778061 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report that radiation enhances the antitumor efficacy of the oncolytic adenovirus vector VRX-007 in Syrian hamster tumors. We used tumor-specific irradiation of subcutaneous tumors and compared treatment options of radiation alone or combined with VRX-007 and cyclophosphamide (CP). Radiation therapy further augmented the VRX-007-mediated inhibition of tumor growth, in both CP-treated and non-CP-treated hamsters, even though radiation did not lead to increased viral replication in tumors when compared to those treated with VRX-007 alone. Moreover, tumor growth inhibition was similar in tumors irradiated either one week before or after injection with VRX-007, which suggests that radiation exerts its antitumor effect independently from vector therapy. Thus, our results demonstrate that these two therapies do not have to be provided simultaneously to enhance their combined effectiveness against subcutaneous hamster tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Young
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Vitelli A, Quirion MR, Lo CY, Misplon JA, Grabowska AK, Pierantoni A, Ammendola V, Price GE, Soboleski MR, Cortese R, Colloca S, Nicosia A, Epstein SL. Vaccination to conserved influenza antigens in mice using a novel Simian adenovirus vector, PanAd3, derived from the bonobo Pan paniscus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55435. [PMID: 23536756 PMCID: PMC3594242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among approximately 1000 adenoviruses from chimpanzees and bonobos studied recently, the Pan Adenovirus type 3 (PanAd3, isolated from a bonobo, Pan paniscus) has one of the best profiles for a vaccine vector, combining potent transgene immunogenicity with minimal pre-existing immunity in the human population. In this study, we inserted into a replication defective PanAd3 a transgene expressing a fusion protein of conserved influenza antigens nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 1 (M1). We then studied antibody and T cell responses as well as protection from challenge infection in a mouse model. A single intranasal administration of PanAd3-NPM1 vaccine induced strong antibody and T cell responses, and protected against high dose lethal influenza virus challenge. Thus PanAd3 is a promising candidate vector for vaccines, including universal influenza vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Adenoviruses, Simian/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Simian/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Nucleophosmin
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Pan paniscus
- RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Viral Core Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary R. Quirion
- Gene Therapy and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Gene Therapy and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Misplon
- Gene Therapy and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Graeme E. Price
- Gene Therapy and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Soboleski
- Gene Therapy and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Okairòs, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologia Avanzate (CEINGE), Naples, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Suzanne L. Epstein
- Gene Therapy and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yu B, Dong J, Wang C, Zhan Y, Zhang H, Wu J, Kong W, Yu X. Characteristics of neutralizing antibodies to adenovirus capsid proteins in human and animal sera. Virology 2013; 437:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Circumventing antivector immunity by using adenovirus-infected blood cells for repeated application of adenovirus-vectored vaccines: proof of concept in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2012; 86:11031-42. [PMID: 22855499 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00783-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus has been extensively exploited as a vector platform for delivering vaccines. However, preexisting antiadenovirus immunity is the major stumbling block for application of adenovirus-vectored vaccines. In this study, we found that freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), mostly CD14(+) cells, from adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-seropositive primates (humans and rhesus macaques) can be efficiently infected with Ad5 in vitro. On the basis of this observation, a novel strategy based on adenoviral vector-infected PBMC (AVIP) immunization was explored to circumvent antivector immunity. Autologous infusion of Ad5-SIVgag-infected PBMCs elicited a strong Gag-specific cellular immune response but induced weaker Ad5-neutralizing antibody (NAb) in Ad5-seronegative macaques than in macaques intramuscularly injected with Ad5-SIVgag. Moreover, Ad5-seropositive macaques receiving multiple AVIP immunizations with Ad5-SIVenv, Ad5-SIVgag, and Ad5-SIVpol vaccines elicited escalated Env-, Gag-, and Pol-specific immune responses after each immunization that were significantly greater than those in macaques intramuscularly injected with these Ad5-SIV vaccines. After challenged intravenously with a highly pathogenic SIVmac239 virus, macaques receiving AVIP immunization demonstrated a significant reduction in viral load at both the peak time and set-point period compared with macaques without Ad5-SIV vaccines. Our study warranted further research and development of the AVIP immunization as a platform for repeated applications of adenovirus-vectored vaccines.
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36
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Liu Q, Nie J, Huang W, Meng S, Yuan B, Gao D, Xu X, Wang Y. Comparison of two high-throughput assays for quantification of adenovirus type 5 neutralizing antibodies in a population of donors in China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37532. [PMID: 22655054 PMCID: PMC3360048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of various levels of Adenovirus serotype 5 neutralizing antibodies (Ad5NAb) is thought to contribute to the inconsistent clinical results obtained from vaccination and gene therapy studies. Currently, two platforms based on high-throughput technology are available for Ad5NAb quantification, chemiluminescence- and fluorescence-based assays. The aim of this study was to compare the results of two assays in the seroepidemiology of Ad5NAb in a local population of donors. Methodology/Principal Findings The fluorescence-based neutralizing antibody detection test (FRNT) using recombinant Ad5-EGFP virus and the chemiluminescence-based neutralizing antibody test (CLNT) using Ad5-Fluc were developed and standardized for detecting the presence of Ad5NAb in serum samples from the population of donors in Beijing and Anhui provinces, China. First, the overall percentage of people positive for Ad5NAb performed by CLNT was higher than that obtained by FRNT (85.4 vs 69.9%, p<0.001). There was an 84.5% concordance between the two assays for the 206 samples tested (144 positive in both assays and 30 negative in both assays). All 32 discordant sera were CLNT-positive/FRNT-negative and were confirmed positive by western blot. Secondly, for all 144 sera positive by both assays, the two assays showed high correlation (r = 0.94, p<0.001) and close agreement (mean difference: 0.395 log10, 95% CI: −0.054 log10 to 0.845 log10). Finally, it was found by both assays that there was no significant difference observed for titer or prevalence by gender (p = 0.503 vs 0.818, for two assays); however, age range (p = 0.049 vs 0.010) and geographic origin (p = 0.007 vs 0.011) were correlated with Ad5NAb prevalence in northern regions of China. Conclusion The CLNT assay was relatively more simple and had higher sensitivity than the FRNT assay for determining Ad5NAb titers. It is strongly suggested that the CLNT assay be used for future epidemiological studies of Ad5NAb in other localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Department of Cell Biology, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Department of Cell Biology, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Department of Cell Biology, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shufang Meng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Department of Cell Biology, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Baozhu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Department of Cell Biology, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xuemei Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XX); (YW)
| | - Youchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Department of Cell Biology, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XX); (YW)
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Barnes E, Folgori A, Capone S, Swadling L, Aston S, Kurioka A, Meyer J, Huddart R, Smith K, Townsend R, Brown A, Antrobus R, Ammendola V, Naddeo M, O'Hara G, Willberg C, Harrison A, Grazioli F, Esposito ML, Siani L, Traboni C, Oo Y, Adams D, Hill A, Colloca S, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Klenerman P. Novel adenovirus-based vaccines induce broad and sustained T cell responses to HCV in man. Sci Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 22218690 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.300315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, no vaccine exists for hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major pathogen thought to infect 170 million people globally. Many studies suggest that host T cell responses are critical for spontaneous resolution of disease, and preclinical studies have indicated a requirement for T cells in protection against challenge. We aimed to elicit HCV-specific T cells with the potential for protection using a recombinant adenoviral vector strategy in a phase 1 study of healthy human volunteers. Two adenoviral vectors expressing NS proteins from HCV genotype 1B were constructed based on rare serotypes [human adenovirus 6 (Ad6) and chimpanzee adenovirus 3 (ChAd3)]. Both vectors primed T cell responses against HCV proteins; these T cell responses targeted multiple proteins and were capable of recognizing heterologous strains (genotypes 1A and 3A). HCV-specific T cells consisted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets; secreted interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α; and could be sustained for at least a year after boosting with the heterologous adenoviral vector. Studies using major histocompatibility complex peptide tetramers revealed long-lived central and effector memory pools that retained polyfunctionality and proliferative capacity. These data indicate that an adenoviral vector strategy can induce sustained T cell responses of a magnitude and quality associated with protective immunity and open the way for studies of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
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38
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Colloca S, Barnes E, Folgori A, Ammendola V, Capone S, Cirillo A, Siani L, Naddeo M, Grazioli F, Esposito ML, Ambrosio M, Sparacino A, Bartiromo M, Meola A, Smith K, Kurioka A, O'Hara GA, Ewer KJ, Anagnostou N, Bliss C, Hill AVS, Traboni C, Klenerman P, Cortese R, Nicosia A. Vaccine vectors derived from a large collection of simian adenoviruses induce potent cellular immunity across multiple species. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:115ra2. [PMID: 22218691 PMCID: PMC3627206 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Replication-defective adenovirus vectors based on human serotype 5 (Ad5) induce protective immune responses against diverse pathogens and cancer in animal models, as well as elicit robust and sustained cellular immunity in humans. However, most humans have neutralizing antibodies to Ad5, which can impair the immunological potency of such vaccines. Here, we show that rare serotypes of human adenoviruses, which should not be neutralized in most humans, are far less potent as vaccine vectors than Ad5 in mice and nonhuman primates, casting doubt on their potential efficacy in humans. To identify novel vaccine carriers suitable for vaccine delivery in humans, we isolated and sequenced more than 1000 adenovirus strains from chimpanzees (ChAd). Replication-defective vectors were generated from a subset of these ChAd serotypes and screened to determine whether they were neutralized by human sera and able to grow in human cell lines. We then ranked these ChAd vectors by immunological potency and found up to a thousandfold variation in potency for CD8+ T cell induction in mice. These ChAd vectors were safe and immunologically potent in phase 1 clinical trials, thereby validating our screening approach. These data suggest that the ChAd vectors developed here represent a large collection of non-cross-reactive, potent vectors that may be exploited for the development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Colloca
- Okairos, via dei Castelli Romani 22, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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39
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Barnes E, Folgori A, Capone S, Swadling L, Aston S, Kurioka A, Meyer J, Huddart R, Smith K, Townsend R, Brown A, Antrobus R, Ammendola V, Naddeo M, O’Hara G, Willberg C, Harrison A, Grazioli F, Esposito ML, Siani L, Traboni C, Oo Y, Adams D, Hill A, Colloca S, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Klenerman P. Novel adenovirus-based vaccines induce broad and sustained T cell responses to HCV in man. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:115ra1. [PMID: 22218690 PMCID: PMC3627207 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, no vaccine exists for hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major pathogen thought to infect 170 million people globally. Many studies suggest that host T cell responses are critical for spontaneous resolution of disease, and preclinical studies have indicated a requirement for T cells in protection against challenge. We aimed to elicit HCV-specific T cells with the potential for protection using a recombinant adenoviral vector strategy in a phase 1 study of healthy human volunteers. Two adenoviral vectors expressing NS proteins from HCV genotype 1B were constructed based on rare serotypes [human adenovirus 6 (Ad6) and chimpanzee adenovirus 3 (ChAd3)]. Both vectors primed T cell responses against HCV proteins; these T cell responses targeted multiple proteins and were capable of recognizing heterologous strains (genotypes 1A and 3A). HCV-specific T cells consisted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets; secreted interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α; and could be sustained for at least a year after boosting with the heterologous adenoviral vector. Studies using major histocompatibility complex peptide tetramers revealed long-lived central and effector memory pools that retained polyfunctionality and proliferative capacity. These data indicate that an adenoviral vector strategy can induce sustained T cell responses of a magnitude and quality associated with protective immunity and open the way for studies of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford UK
| | | | - Stefania Capone
- Okairos, via dei Castelli Romani 22, 00040, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Leo Swadling
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Aston
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel Meyer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Huddart
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kira Smith
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Townsend
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Brown
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Antrobus
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Geraldine O’Hara
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Willberg
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abby Harrison
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Loredana Siani
- Okairos, via dei Castelli Romani 22, 00040, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Traboni
- Okairos, via dei Castelli Romani 22, 00040, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ye Oo
- NIHR Liver BRU, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Adams
- NIHR Liver BRU, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adrian Hill
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford UK
| | - Stefano Colloca
- Okairos, via dei Castelli Romani 22, 00040, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Okairos, via dei Castelli Romani 22, 00040, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cortese
- Okairos, via dei Castelli Romani 22, 00040, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford UK
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40
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Frahm N, DeCamp AC, Friedrich DP, Carter DK, Defawe OD, Kublin JG, Casimiro DR, Duerr A, Robertson MN, Buchbinder SP, Huang Y, Spies GA, De Rosa SC, McElrath MJ. Human adenovirus-specific T cells modulate HIV-specific T cell responses to an Ad5-vectored HIV-1 vaccine. J Clin Invest 2011; 122:359-67. [PMID: 22201684 DOI: 10.1172/jci60202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant viruses hold promise as vectors for vaccines to prevent infectious diseases with significant global health impacts. One of their major limitations is that preexisting anti-vector neutralizing antibodies can reduce T cell responses to the insert antigens; however, the impact of vector-specific cellular immunity on subsequent insert-specific T cell responses has not been assessed in humans. Here, we have identified and compared adenovirus-specific and HIV-specific T cell responses in subjects participating in two HIV-1 vaccine trials using a vaccine vectored by adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). Higher frequencies of pre-immunization adenovirus-specific CD4⁺ T cells were associated with substantially decreased magnitude of HIV-specific CD4⁺ T cell responses and decreased breadth of HIV-specific CD8⁺ T cell responses in vaccine recipients, independent of type-specific preexisting Ad5-specific neutralizing antibody titers. Further, epitopes recognized by adenovirus-specific T cells were commonly conserved across many adenovirus serotypes, suggesting that cross-reactivity of preexisting adenovirus-specific T cells can extend to adenovirus vectors derived from rare serotypes. These findings provide what we believe to be a new understanding of how preexisting viral immunity may impact the efficacy of vaccines under current evaluation for prevention of HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA
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41
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Sun C, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Chen L. Short communication: enhancement of immunogenicity of replication-defective adenovirus-based human immunodeficiency virus vaccines in rhesus monkeys. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:681-6. [PMID: 21083437 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) is still under extensive investigation as a vector for HIV vaccination; however, one possible explanation for the failure of Merck's STEP trial is the relatively weak immunogenicity of replication-defective Ad vectors. In this study, a novel strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of replication-defective Ad-based HIV vaccines was developed. First, a recombinant plasmid expressing adenoviral E1 protein (pVAX-E1) was constructed to complement the E1-deleted replication-defective Ad vectors in trans. Then, the immunogenicity of the vaccine regimen of Ad5-HIV gag plus pVAX-E1 plasmid was assessed in rhesus macaques. Compared with traditional administration of Ad-based vectors alone, the results showed that our strategy elicited a more sustained and robust HIV gag-specific cellular response and enhanced long-term proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. This strategy represents a proof-of-concept that enhances the immunogenicity of replication-defective Ad-based vectors, and it exemplifies the useful implications for Ad-based HIV vaccines and other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijun Sun
- Center for Infection & Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- Center for Infection & Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yichu Liu
- Center for Infection & Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maochao Zhang
- Center for Infection & Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Center for Infection & Immunity, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China
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42
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Safety and efficacy of the HVTN 503/Phambili study of a clade-B-based HIV-1 vaccine in South Africa: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled test-of-concept phase 2b study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:507-15. [PMID: 21570355 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag/pol/nef subtype B vaccine was designed to elicit T-cell-mediated immune responses capable of providing complete or partial protection from HIV-1 infection or a decrease in viral load after acquisition. We aim to assess the safety and efficacy of the vaccine in South Africa, where the major circulating clade is subtype C. METHODS We did a phase 2b double-blind, randomised test-of-concept study in sexually active HIV-1 seronegative participants at five sites in South Africa. Randomisation was by a computer-generated random number sequence. The vaccine and placebo were given by intramuscular injection on a 0, 1, 6 month schedule. Our coprimary endpoints were a vaccine-induced reduction in HIV-1 acquisition and viral-load setpoint. These endpoints were assessed independently in the modified intention-to-treat (MITT) cohort with two-tailed significance tests stratified by sex. We assessed immunogenicity by interferon-γ ELISPOT in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. After the lack of efficacy of the MRKAd5 HIV-1 vaccine in the Step study, enrolment and vaccination in our study was halted, treatment allocations were unmasked, and follow-up continued. This study is registered with the South Africa National Health Research Database, number DOH-27-0207-1539, and ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00413725. FINDINGS 801 of a scheduled 3000 participants, of whom 360 (45%) were women, were randomly assigned to receive either vaccine or placebo. 445 participants (56%) had adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) titres greater than 200, and 129 men (29%) were circumcised. 34 MITT participants in the vaccine group were diagnosed with HIV-1 (incidence rate 4·54 per 100 person-years) and 28 in the placebo group (3·70 per 100 person-years). There was no evidence of vaccine efficacy; the hazard ratio adjusted for sex was 1·25 (95% CI 0·76-2·05). Vaccine efficacy did not differ by Ad5 titre, sex, age, herpes simplex virus type 2 status, or circumcision. The geometric mean viral-load setpoint was 20,483 copies per mL (n=33) in the vaccine group and 34,032 copies per mL (n=28) in the placebo group (p=0·39). The vaccine elicited interferon-γ-secreting T cells that recognised both clade B (89%) and C (77%) antigens. INTERPRETATION The MRKAd5 HIV-1 vaccine did not prevent HIV-1 infection or lower viral-load setpoint; however, stopping our trial early probably compromised our ability to draw conclusions. The high incidence rates noted in South Africa highlight the crucial need for intensified efforts to develop an efficacious vaccine. FUNDING The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and Merck and Co Inc.
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Nicholson O, DiCandilo F, Kublin J, Sun X, Quirk E, Miller M, Gray G, Pape J, Robertson MN, Mehrotra DV, Self S, Turner K, Sanchez J, Pitisuttithum P, Duerr A, Dubey S, Kierstead L, Casimiro D, Hammer For The Merck V/Hiv Vaccine Trials Network Study Team SM. Safety and Immunogenicity of the MRKAd5 gag HIV Type 1 Vaccine in a Worldwide Phase 1 Study of Healthy Adults. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:557-567. [PMID: 20854108 PMCID: PMC3422055 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and immunogenicity of the MRK adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) HIV-1 clade B gag vaccine was assessed in an international Phase I trial. Three-hundred and sixty healthy HIV-uninfected adults were enrolled on five continents. Subjects received placebo or 1 × 109 or 1 × 1010 viral particles (vp) per dose of the MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag vaccine at day 1, week 4, and week 26. Immunogenicity was evaluated using an IFN-γ ELISPOT gag 15-mer assay with positive responses defined as ≥55 SFC/106 PBMCs and ≥4-fold over mock control. The vaccine was well tolerated. The most common adverse events were injection site reactions, headache, pyrexia, diarrhea, fatigue, and myalgia. At week 30, geometric mean ELISPOT responses were 24, 114, and 226 SFC/106 PBMCs in the placebo, 1 × 109 vp/dose, and 1 × 1010 vp/dose groups, respectively. Overall, responses to 1 × 1010 vp were 85% and 68% in subjects with low (≤200) and high (>200) baseline Ad5 titers, respectively. The MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag vaccine was immunogenic in diverse geographic regions. Gag ELISPOT responses were greater in the 1 × 1010 vp/dose groups than in the 1 × 109 vp/dose groups. Data from this first international study indicate that adenovirus-vectored vaccines are well tolerated and may be immunogenic in subjects from regions with high prevalence of preexisting Ad5 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouzama Nicholson
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fay DiCandilo
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Kublin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Xiao Sun
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erin Quirk
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Miller
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Glenda Gray
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jean Pape
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Michael N Robertson
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Devan V Mehrotra
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven Self
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Jorge Sanchez
- Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educacion, Lima, Peru and Investigaciones Medicas en Salu, Immensa, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ann Duerr
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sheri Dubey
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa Kierstead
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Danilo Casimiro
- Merck & Co., Inc., North Wales, Pennsylvania; current affiliation: GSK Biologicals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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44
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Pine SO, Kublin JG, Hammer SM, Borgerding J, Huang Y, Casimiro DR, McElrath MJ. Pre-existing adenovirus immunity modifies a complex mixed Th1 and Th2 cytokine response to an Ad5/HIV-1 vaccine candidate in humans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18526. [PMID: 21533229 PMCID: PMC3076372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of the recent Step Study highlight a need to clarify the effects of pre-existing natural immunity to a vaccine vector on vaccine-induced T-cell responses. To investigate this interaction, we examined the relationship between pre-existing Ad5 immunity and T-cell cytokine response profiles in healthy, HIV-uninfected recipients of MRKAd5 HIV-1 gag vaccine (HVTN 050, ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT00849732). Participants were grouped by baseline Ad5 neutralizing antibody titer as either Ad5-seronegative (titer ≤18; n = 36) or Ad5-seropositive (titer >200; n = 34). Samples from vaccine recipients were analyzed for immune responses to either HIV-1 Gag peptide pools or Ad5 empty vector using an ex vivo assay that measures thirty cytokines in the absence of long-term culture. The overall profiles of cytokine responses to Gag and Ad5 had similar combinations of induced Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IP-10, IL-13, and IL-10, although the Ad5-specific responses were uniformly higher than the Gag-specific responses (p<0.0001 for 9 out of 11 significantly expressed analytes). At the peak response time point, PBMC from Ad5-seronegative vaccinees secreted significantly more IP-10 in response to Gag (p = 0.008), and significantly more IP-10 (p = 0.0009), IL-2 (p = 0.006) and IL-10 (p = 0.05) in response to Ad5 empty vector than PBMC from Ad5-seropositive vaccinees. Additionally, similar responses to the Ad5 vector prior to vaccination were observed in almost all subjects, regardless of Ad5 neutralizing antibody status, and the levels of secreted IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1Ra and GM-CSF were blunted following vaccination. The cytokine response profile of Gag-specific T cells mirrored the Ad5-specific response present in all subjects before vaccination, and included a number of Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines not routinely assessed in current vaccine trials, such as IP-10, IL-10, IL-13, and GM-CSF. Together, these results suggest that vector-specific humoral responses may reduce vaccine-induced T-cell responses by previously undetected mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O. Pine
- Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joleen Borgerding
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Danilo R. Casimiro
- Vaccine Basic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Program in Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sun C, Zhang Y, Feng L, Pan W, Zhang M, Hong Z, Ma X, Chen X, Chen L. Epidemiology of adenovirus type 5 neutralizing antibodies in healthy people and AIDS patients in Guangzhou, southern China. Vaccine 2011; 29:3837-41. [PMID: 21447314 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) viruses have been extensively explored as vectors for vaccination or gene therapy. However, one major obstacle to their clinical application is the high prevalence of preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity resulting from natural infection. It has been reported that there are geographic variations in the prevalence of natural adenovirus infection. In the present study, we investigated the seroprevalence of Ad5 in Guangzhou, southern China by measuring the Ad5 neutralizing antibodies in blood samples collected from several sites. The seroprevalence was 77.34% in the general healthy population. The seroprevalence and antibody titers increased with age, with the older population (41-72 years old) having the highest seropositivity (84.8%) and percentage (54.4%) of high Ad5 neutralizing antibody titers (>1000). The dynamics of Ad5 neutralizing antibodies were stable and persistent over the course of eight months. Furthermore, the seroprevalence of Ad5 in the HIV-infected AIDS patients was investigated and there was no significant difference from the general healthy population. Our survey provides useful insights for the future development of Ad5-based vaccination and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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Serological immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 is not associated with risk of HIV infection: a case-control study. AIDS 2011; 25:153-8. [PMID: 21150554 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328342115c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND adenoviruses are among the most promising vectors for the development of an HIV vaccine. The results of the phase IIB study of the adenovirus serotype 5-based Merck Trivalent HIV vaccine have raised the concern that serological immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) could be linked to HIV acquisition risk in high-risk individuals. We examined the association between adenovirus serostatus and the rate of incident HIV infection in populations at elevated risk of HIV acquisition. METHODS we performed a nested case-control study of Ad5 serostatus among 299 HIV-infected and 590 matched HIV-uninfected persons participating in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and in HPTN 039, a study of herpes simplex virus 2 suppression among adults in the United States, South America, and Africa. Appropriate HIV cases and controls were identified in each cohort, and Ad5-neutralizing antibody titers were compared in these two groups. RESULTS in MACS and HPTN 039, the relative risks of incident HIV infection among Ad5-seropositive vs. Ad5-seronegative individuals were 1.1 (95% confidence interval 0.8-1.5, P = 0.57) and 1.0 (95% confidence interval 0.4-2.3, P = 0.99), respectively. HIV-1 acquisition rates did not vary significantly by Ad5-neutralizing antibody titer. CONCLUSION the presence of Ad5-neutralizing antibodies is not linked to the risk of HIV acquisition among populations at elevated risk of HIV infection.
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Hutnick NA, Carnathan DG, Dubey SA, Cox KS, Kierstead L, Makadonas G, Ratcliffe SJ, Lasaro MO, Robertson MN, Casimiro DR, Ertl HCJ, Betts MR. Vaccination with Ad5 vectors expands Ad5-specific CD8 T cells without altering memory phenotype or functionality. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14385. [PMID: 21203546 PMCID: PMC3008674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adenoviral (Ad) vaccine vectors represent both a vehicle to present a novel antigen to the immune system as well as restimulation of immune responses against the Ad vector itself. To what degree Ad-specific CD8+ T cells are restimulated by Ad vector vaccination is unclear, although such knowledge would be important as vector-specific CD8+ T cell expansion could potentially further limit Ad vaccine efficacy beyond Ad-specific neutralizing antibody alone. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we addressed this issue by measuring human Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-specific CD8+ T cells in recipients of the Merck Ad5 HIV-1 vaccine vector before, during, and after vaccination by multicolor flow cytometry. Ad5-specific CD8+ T-cells were detectable in 95% of subjects prior to vaccination, and displayed primarily an effector-type functional profile and phenotype. Peripheral blood Ad5-specific CD8+ T-cell numbers expanded after Ad5-HIV vaccination in all subjects, but differential expansion kinetics were noted in some baseline Ad5-neutralizing antibody (Ad5 nAb) seronegative subjects compared to baseline Ad5 nAb seropositive subjects. However, in neither group did vaccination alter polyfunctionality, mucosal targeting marker expression, or memory phenotype of Ad5-specific CD8+ T-cells. Conclusions These data indicate that repeat Ad5-vector administration in humans expands Ad5-specific CD8+ T-cells without overtly affecting their functional capacity or phenotypic properties. This is a secondary analysis of samples collected during the 016 trial. Results of the Merck 016 trial safety and immunogenicity have been previously published in the journal of clinical infectious diseases [1]. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00849680 [NCT00849680]
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Hutnick
- Department of Microbiology and Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Department of Microbiology and Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sheri A. Dubey
- Merck Research Laboratories, Vaccine Basic Research, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kara S. Cox
- Merck Research Laboratories, Vaccine Basic Research, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa Kierstead
- Merck Research Laboratories, Vaccine Basic Research, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - George Makadonas
- Department of Microbiology and Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Ratcliffe
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marcio O. Lasaro
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Robertson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Vaccine Basic Research, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danilo R. Casimiro
- Merck Research Laboratories, Vaccine Basic Research, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology and Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Draper SJ, Biswas S, Spencer AJ, Remarque EJ, Capone S, Naddeo M, Dicks MDJ, Faber BW, de Cassan SC, Folgori A, Nicosia A, Gilbert SC, Hill AVS. Enhancing Blood-Stage Malaria Subunit Vaccine Immunogenicity in Rhesus Macaques by Combining Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Protein-in-Adjuvant Vaccines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7583-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Zhong Z, Shi S, Han J, Zhang Z, Sun X. Anionic liposomes increase the efficiency of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to coxsackie-adenovirus receptor deficient cells. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:105-15. [PMID: 19968324 DOI: 10.1021/mp900151k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in the research of both viral and nonviral gene delivery vectors, the drawbacks in each delivery system have limited their clinical applications. Therefore, one of the concepts for developing novel vectors is to overcome the limitations of individual vectors by combining them. In the current study, adenoviral vectors were formulated with anionic liposomes to protect them from neutralizing antibodies and to improve their transduction efficiency in Coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) deficient cells. A calcium-induced phase change method was applied to encapsulate adenovirus 5 (Ad5) into anionic liposomes to formulate the complexes of Ad5 and anionic liposomes (Ad5-AL). Meanwhile, the complexes of Ad5 and cationic liposomes (Ad5-CL) were also prepared as controls. LacZ gene expression in CAR overexpressing cells (A549) and CAR deficient cells (CHO and MDCK) was measured by either qualitative or quantitative detection. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was performed to determine intracellular location of Ad5 after their infection. Human sera with a high titer of antiadenovirus antibody were used to assess the neutralizing antibody protection ability of the complexed vectors. Accompanying the enhanced gene expression, a high ability to introduce Ad5 into cytoplasm and nucleus mediated by Ad5-AL was also observed in CAR deficient cells. Additionally, antibody neutralizing assay indicated that neutralizing serum inhibited naked Ad5 and Ad5-CL at rather higher dilution than Ad5-AL, which demonstrated Ad5-AL was more capable of protecting Ad5 from neutralizing than Ad5-CL. In conclusion, anionic liposomes prepared by the calcium-induced phase change method could significantly enhance the transduction ability of Ad5 in CAR deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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50
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Pilankatta R, Chawla T, Khanna N, Swaminathan S. The prevalence of antibodies to adenovirus serotype 5 in an adult Indian population and implications for adenovirus vector vaccines. J Med Virol 2010; 82:407-14. [PMID: 20087930 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In vivo gene delivery using human adenovirus serotype 5 (AdV5) vectors is being explored for vaccination purposes. The presence of anti-AdV5 antibodies in human serum arising from natural exposure to AdV5 can interfere potentially with and compromise the efficacy of rAdV5-based vaccine vectors. In this report, a collection of 114 sera from healthy adult Indian blood donors was analyzed for the presence of anti-AdV5 antibodies, using an AdV5 vector encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to monitor the presence of anti-AdV5 neutralizing antibodies in human sera based on their ability to block virus entry into HeLa cells which express the Coxsackievirus-and-Adenovirus Receptor (CAR). In this assay all samples tested were positive for anti-AdV5 antibodies, with titers varying over a very wide range. It was also observed that these antibodies facilitated the uptake of the reporter AdV5 vector into the monocytic cell line U937 which does not express CAR, but expresses Fc receptors (FcRs) instead. These observations have implications for rAdV5-based vaccine development. J. Med. Virol. 82:407-414, 2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Pilankatta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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