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Kahler D, Curtis H, Zhao H, Diamond A, Di Carlo A, Karhadkar S. Deciphering the True Immunologic Risk in Renal Transplantation in Patients With HIV. Transplant Proc 2023; 55:2392-2397. [PMID: 37932184 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Since 1995, rates of end-stage renal disease have risen dramatically in patients living with HIV infection. However, given the concern for higher rates of acute rejection in this patient population, the immunologic threat posed by HIV infection is a specter clinicians must continually confront. Living donor transplantation may negate this risk; this study aims to assess the benefit of living donor transplantation in this population and to ascertain the immunologic risk faced by patients who are HIV-infected. The 2021 UNOS database was queried, and all HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients since 1987 were identified. Recipients were stratified based on deceased (DDKT) vs living (LDKT) donor status. Overall survival, allograft survival, acute rejection, panel reactive antibody (PRA) percentage, and crossmatch positivity were compared between groups. One thousand two hundred twenty-six patients underwent DDKT, and 304 patients underwent LDKT. Living donor kidney transplantation demonstrated greater overall survival (P = .045) and graft survival (P < .001). However, no difference in acute rejection was noted between the cohorts, and no difference in overall or graft survival was evident based on PRA percentage. Crossmatch positive status did not negatively affect graft survival. Patients with HIV undergoing LDKT fared better than those undergoing DDKT. Nevertheless, patients at higher immunologic risk-elevated PRA% and crossmatch positivity-did not experience graft loss at a higher rate than patients at lower immunologic risk. These results were valid in both DDKT and LDKT cohorts. These findings suggest that infection with HIV does not overtly increase patients' immunologic risk, and concerns surrounding transplantation in this population may be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Kahler
- Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Houston Curtis
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Adam Diamond
- Department of Pharmacy, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Antonio Di Carlo
- Division of Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sunil Karhadkar
- Division of Abdominal Organ Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA.
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2
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Udomkarnjananun S, Naiyarakseree N, Townamchai N, Surinrat E, Tiankanon K, Banjongjit A, Vanichanan J, Jutivorakool K, Putcharoen O, Suankratay C, Surintrspanont J, Iampenkhae K, Leelahavanichkul A, Wattanatorn S, Apisutimaitri K, Burimsittichai R, Ratchanon S, Nonthasoot B, Sirichindakul B, Praditpornsilpa K, Avihingsanon Y. The first report of kidney transplantation in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive recipient in Thailand and literature review: Encouragement for developing countries in Southeast Asia. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2021; 9:2050313X211024471. [PMID: 34211716 PMCID: PMC8216421 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x211024471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection are at risk of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Human immunodeficiency virus infection impedes patients' accessibility to transplantation in Thailand and other developing countries in Southeast Asia, where the burdens of human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic kidney disease are rapidly increasing. We report the successful kidney transplantation in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive recipient in Thailand and provide brief information about the current knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus medicine and transplantation that are needed for conducting kidney transplantations in such patients. Patient selection and evaluation, the choice of antiretroviral therapy, immunosuppressive regimens, and infectious complications are reviewed and discussed. The aim is to encourage kidney transplantation in end-stage renal disease patients with well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus infection, especially in countries where the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection is high and the accessibility to transplantation is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwasin Udomkarnjananun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Renal Immunology and Transplantation Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Solid Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuanjanthip Naiyarakseree
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natavudh Townamchai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Renal Immunology and Transplantation Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Solid Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ekkapong Surinrat
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanitha Tiankanon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Athiphat Banjongjit
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jakapat Vanichanan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonwan Jutivorakool
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Opass Putcharoen
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chusana Suankratay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jerasit Surintrspanont
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kroonpong Iampenkhae
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Salin Wattanatorn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Solid Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kirada Apisutimaitri
- Excellence Center for Solid Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rattanaporn Burimsittichai
- Excellence Center for Solid Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supoj Ratchanon
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bunthoon Nonthasoot
- Excellence Center for Solid Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonchoo Sirichindakul
- Excellence Center for Solid Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kearkiat Praditpornsilpa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yingyos Avihingsanon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Renal Immunology and Transplantation Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Excellence Center for Solid Organ Transplantation, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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3
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Doberne JW, Jawitz OK, Raman V, Bryner BS, Schroder JN, Milano CA. Heart Transplantation Survival Outcomes of HIV Positive and Negative Recipients. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 111:1465-1471. [PMID: 32946847 PMCID: PMC9874795 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the era of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-positive patients have reduced mortality from HIV infection and increased morbidity from end-stage heart failure. The number of HIV-positive heart transplantation recipients remains scant. Long-term survival has not been rigorously studied. We compared survival outcomes of heart transplantation in HIV-positive recipients with those of HIV-negative recipients. METHODS Clinical data from all adult heart transplantations were extracted from the United Network for Organ Sharing dataset. The impact of recipient HIV status was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards modeling, 1:3 propensity score matching, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS Seventy-five HIV-positive recipients and 29,848 HIV-negative recipients were identified. Race distributions differed between the recipient groups, with black patients comprising a larger proportion of the HIV-positive recipient group (46.7% vs 20.9%, P < .001). The mean year of transplant was significantly later in the HIV-positive recipient group. The rate of acute rejection in the HIV-positive group was higher than in the HIV-negative group (38.7% vs 17.7%, P < .001), as was rate of antirejection treatment administration such as intravenous immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis (26.7% vs 10.4%, P < .001). There was no difference in 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year survival of HIV-positive recipients vs HIV-negative recipients. Recipient HIV infection was not a significant covariate in predicting survival in a Cox proportional hazards model. CONCLUSIONS Short-term and moderate-term survival after heart transplantation is similar for HIV-positive recipients and HIV-negative recipients, although data are very limited. This finding suggests that HIV-positive recipients should not be excluded from transplant candidacy solely based on HIV serostatus.
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4
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Therapeutic management of HIV-infected patients with chronic kidney disease. J Nephrol 2020; 33:699-713. [PMID: 32020538 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-020-00701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CKD and HIV infection are two chronic diseases impacting heavily on the survival of the affected patients. The interplay between HIV infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is complex and interactions occur at multiple levels. Approach to the management of HIV-infected patients requires special attention to face the numerous therapeutic difficulties ranging from drug-drug interactions to drug-toxicity. The most effective strategy is targeted to suppression of HIV viral load, as it dramatically changes the prognosis of the patients as well as prevents the development of HIV-associated kidney disease. As shown in this review, the approach to the therapeutic management of CKD in the setting of HIV infection varies in relation to the degree of renal impairment.
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5
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Matignon M, Lelièvre JD, Lahiani A, Abbassi K, Desvaux D, Diallo A, Peraldi MN, Taburet AM, Saillard J, Delaugerre C, Costagliola D, Assoumou L, Grimbert P. Low incidence of acute rejection within 6 months of kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients treated with raltegravir: the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) 153 TREVE trial. HIV Med 2019; 20:202-213. [PMID: 30688008 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High rates of clinical acute rejection after kidney transplantation have been reported in people living with HIV (PLHIV), probably as a consequence of drug interactions. We therefore investigated the incidence of acute rejection within 6 months of transplantation in HIV-infected recipients treated with a protease-inhibitor-free raltegravir-based regimen. METHODS The Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS) 153 TREVE (NCT01453192) study was a prospective multicentre single-arm trial in adult PLHIV awaiting kidney transplantation, with viral load < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, CD4 T-cell count > 200 cells/μL, and HIV-1 strains sensitive to raltegravir, aiming to demonstrate 6-month clinical acute rejection rates < 30%. Time to transplantation was compared with that for uninfected subjects matched for age, sex and registration date. RESULTS In total, 61 participants were enrolled in the study, and 26 underwent kidney transplantation. Two participants experienced clinical acute rejection, corresponding to an estimated clinical acute rejection rate of 8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 2-24%] at 6 and 12 months post-transplantation. HIV infection remained under control in all but one participant, who temporarily stopped antiretroviral treatment. Median time to transplantation was longer in PLHIV than in controls (4.3 versus 2.8 years, respectively; P = 0.002) and was not influenced by blood group. CONCLUSIONS Acute rejection rates were low after kidney transplantation in PLHIV treated with a raltegravir-based regimen. However, PLHIV have poorer access to transplantation than HIV-uninfected individuals after registration on the waiting list.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matignon
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Francilien de Recherche en Néphrologie et Transplantation, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - J-D Lelièvre
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, (UPEC), Créteil, France.,Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - A Lahiani
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - K Abbassi
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - D Desvaux
- INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, (UPEC), Créteil, France.,Anatomopathology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - A Diallo
- ANRS, France Recherche Nord & Sud SIDA-HIV Hépatites, Paris, France
| | - M-N Peraldi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - A-M Taburet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR1184, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - J Saillard
- ANRS, France Recherche Nord & Sud SIDA-HIV Hépatites, Paris, France
| | - C Delaugerre
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint louis, INSERM U941, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - D Costagliola
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - L Assoumou
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P Grimbert
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Francilien de Recherche en Néphrologie et Transplantation, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, (UPEC), Créteil, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CIC-Biothérapies, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor/Albert-Chenevier, Créteil, France
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6
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Vanichanan J, Udomkarnjananun S, Avihingsanon Y, Jutivorakool K. Common viral infections in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2018; 37:323-337. [PMID: 30619688 PMCID: PMC6312768 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.18.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious complications have been considered as a major cause of morbidity and mortality after kidney transplantation, especially in the Asian population. Therefore, prevention, early detection, and prompt treatment of such infections are crucial in kidney transplant recipients. Among all infectious complications, viruses are considered to be the most common agents because of their abundance, infectivity, and latency ability. Herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, BK polyomavirus, and adenovirus are well-known etiologic agents of viral infections in kidney transplant patients worldwide because of their wide range of distribution. As DNA viruses, they are able to reactivate after affected patients receive immunosuppressive agents. These DNA viruses can cause systemic diseases or allograft dysfunction, especially in the first six months after transplantation. Pretransplant evaluation and immunization as well as appropriate prophylaxis and preemptive approaches after transplant have been established in the guidelines and are used effectively to reduce the incidence of these viral infections. This review will describe the etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of viral infections that commonly affect kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakapat Vanichanan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwasin Udomkarnjananun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,Renal Immunology and Therapeutic Apheresis Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yingyos Avihingsanon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.,Renal Immunology and Therapeutic Apheresis Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Excellence Center of Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonwan Jutivorakool
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Stock PG, Barin B, Murphy B, Hanto D, Diego JM, Light J, Davis C, Blumberg E, Simon D, Subramanian A, Millis JM, Lyon GM, Brayman K, Slakey D, Shapiro R, Melancon J, Jacobson JM, Stosor V, Olson JL, Stablein DM, Roland ME. Outcomes of kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:2004-14. [PMID: 21083386 PMCID: PMC3028983 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcomes of kidney transplantation and immunosuppression in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are incompletely understood. METHODS We undertook a prospective, nonrandomized trial of kidney transplantation in HIV-infected candidates who had CD4+ T-cell counts of at least 200 per cubic millimeter and undetectable plasma HIV type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels while being treated with a stable antiretroviral regimen. Post-transplantation management was provided in accordance with study protocols that defined prophylaxis against opportunistic infection, indications for biopsy, and acceptable approaches to immunosuppression, management of rejection, and antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS Between November 2003 and June 2009, a total of 150 patients underwent kidney transplantation; survivors were followed for a median period of 1.7 years. Patient survival rates (±SD) at 1 year and 3 years were 94.6±2.0% and 88.2±3.8%, respectively, and the corresponding mean graft-survival rates were 90.4% and 73.7%. In general, these rates fall somewhere between those reported in the national database for older kidney-transplant recipients (≥65 years) and those reported for all kidney-transplant recipients. A multivariate proportional-hazards analysis showed that the risk of graft loss was increased among patients treated for rejection (hazard ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 6.6; P=0.02) and those receiving antithymocyte globulin induction therapy (hazard ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 5.6; P=0.03); living-donor transplants were protective (hazard ratio, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.8; P=0.02). A higher-than-expected rejection rate was observed, with 1-year and 3-year estimates of 31% (95% CI, 24 to 40) and 41% (95% CI, 32 to 52), respectively. HIV infection remained well controlled, with stable CD4+ T-cell counts and few HIV-associated complications. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of carefully selected HIV-infected patients, both patient- and graft-survival rates were high at 1 and 3 years, with no increases in complications associated with HIV infection. The unexpectedly high rejection rates are of serious concern and indicate the need for better immunotherapy. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00074386.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Stock
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0116, USA.
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8
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Kumar SB, Leavell S, Porter K, Assogba BD, Burkhard MJ. Prior mucosal exposure to heterologous cells alters the pathogenesis of cell-associated mucosal feline immunodeficiency virus challenge. Retrovirology 2010; 7:49. [PMID: 20507636 PMCID: PMC2898776 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of research suggest that exposure to cellular material can alter the susceptibility to infection by HIV-1. Because sexual contact often includes exposure to cellular material, we hypothesized that repeated mucosal exposure to heterologous cells would induce an immune response that would alter the susceptibility to mucosal infection. Using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model of HIV-1 mucosal transmission, the cervicovaginal mucosa was exposed once weekly for 12 weeks to 5,000 heterologous cells or media (control) and then cats were vaginally challenged with cell-associated or cell-free FIV. RESULTS Exposure to heterologous cells decreased the percentage of lymphocytes in the mucosal and systemic lymph nodes (LN) expressing L-selectin as well as the percentage of CD4+ CD25+ T cells. These shifts were associated with enhanced ex-vivo proliferative responses to heterologous cells. Following mucosal challenge with cell-associated, but not cell-free, FIV, proviral burden was reduced by 64% in cats previously exposed to heterologous cells as compared to media exposed controls. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis and/or the threshold for mucosal infection by infected cells (but not cell-free virus) can be modulated by mucosal exposure to uninfected heterologous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender B Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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9
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Howard KE, Burkhard MJ. Mucosal challenge with cell-associated or cell-free feline immunodeficiency virus induces rapid and distinctly different patterns of phenotypic change in the mucosal and systemic immune systems. Immunology 2007; 122:571-83. [PMID: 17635613 PMCID: PMC2266040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections occur via mucosal transmission through contact with genital secretions containing cell-associated and cell-free virus. However, few studies have assessed whether exposure to cells, HIV-1 infected or uninfected, plays a role in the sexual transmission of HIV-1. This study examined phenotypic changes in mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissue 24 hr after vaginal exposure to in vitro equilibrated infectious doses of cell-associated or cell-free feline immunodeficiency virus, uninfected heterologous cells, or medium alone. We found that even at this early time-point, mucosal exposure to virus induced substantial alterations in the phenotype and distribution of leucocytes, particularly in the tissues of the mucosal immune system. Second, we found that the type of virus inoculum directly influenced the phenotypic changes seen. Vaginal exposure to cell-free virus tended to induce more generalized phenotypic changes, typically in the peripheral immune system (blood and systemic lymph nodes). In contrast, exposure to cell-associated virus was primarily associated with phenotypic shifts in the mucosal immune system (gut and mucosal/draining lymph nodes). In addition, we found that exposure to uninfected heterologous cells also induced alterations in the mucosal immune system. These data suggest that significant immune changes occur within the first 24 hr of virus exposure, well before substantial replication would be anticipated. As the mucosal immune system, and particularly the gut, is an early and persistent target for lentiviral replication, these findings have substantial implications for HIV-1 pathogenesis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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10
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Haynes BF, Montefiori DC. Aiming to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses with HIV-1 vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:579-95. [PMID: 16989638 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.4.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody induction is a key feature of many effective vaccines and is the only immune response that has proven to be capable of completely blocking AIDS virus infection in animal models. Unfortunately, the extensive genetic variability and complex immune-evasion strategies of HIV-1 have thwarted all attempts to date at eliciting an effective neutralizing antibody response with candidate HIV-1 vaccine immunogens. Recent advances in our understanding of how these evasion strategies operate, coupled with growing progress in unravelling the structure and immunobiology of the viral envelope glycoproteins, are contributing to novel immunogen designs to overcome the many barriers to inducing protective antibodies against HIV-1.
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11
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Haynes BF, Montefiori DC. Aiming to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses with HIV-1 vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:347-63. [PMID: 16827619 PMCID: PMC2716009 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody induction is a key feature of many effective vaccines and is the only immune response that has proven to be capable of completely blocking AIDS virus infection in animal models. Unfortunately, the extensive genetic variability and complex immune-evasion strategies of HIV-1 have thwarted all attempts to date at eliciting an effective neutralizing antibody response with candidate HIV-1 vaccine immunogens. Recent advances in our understanding of how these evasion strategies operate, coupled with growing progress in unravelling the structure and immunobiology of the viral envelope glycoproteins, are contributing to novel immunogen designs to overcome the many barriers to inducing protective antibodies against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Box 3258, RP-1 Building, Building 107, Circuit Drive, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Tel: +1919 684 5279, Fax: +1 919 684 5230,
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Box 2926, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Tel: +1 919 684 5278, Fax: +1 919 684 4288,
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12
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Omori M, Pu R, Tanabe T, Hou W, Coleman JK, Arai M, Yamamoto JK. Cellular immune responses to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) induced by dual-subtype FIV vaccine. Vaccine 2004; 23:386-98. [PMID: 15530685 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced T cell responses to FIV were assessed by measuring FIV-specific cytokine and cytotoxic-effector molecule production. A total of 22 cats at 10-12 weeks of age received either dual-subtype FIV vaccine (n=12), uninfected cell lysate (n=5) consisting of cells used to produce vaccine viruses, or no immunization (n=5). Significant increases in mRNA and protein production of T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokines (IL-2, IFNgamma), mRNA production of a cytotoxic-effector molecule (perforin), and lymphoproliferation response were observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from dual-subtype FIV-vaccinated cats after in vitro stimulation with inactivated FIV. In contrast, no statistically significant increase in FIV-stimulated mRNA production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6) or other cytotoxic-effector molecules (TNFalpha, FasL) was observed in the PBMC from dual-subtype vaccinated cats. Moreover, no FIV-specific increases in the IFNgamma, IL-2, and perforin mRNA productions and in the IFNgamma bioactivity and lymphoproliferation responses were observed in the PBMC from cell-immunized cats. These observations suggest that IFNgamma induction, lymphoproliferation, and significant portion of IL-2 and perforin productions in the PBMC from dual-subtype vaccinated cats are clearly specific for viral antigens. Overall, dual-subtype FIV vaccine elicited strong Th1 response (IFN(, IL-2), which may contribute to the vaccine protection by enhancing the perforin-mediated cytotoxic-cell activity against FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Omori
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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13
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Abstract
We propose that retroviruses exploit a cell-encoded pathway of intercellular vesicle traffic, exosome exchange, for both the biogenesis of retroviral particles and a low-efficiency but mechanistically important mode of infection. This Trojan exosome hypothesis reconciles current paradigms of retrovirus-directed transmission with the unique lipid composition of retroviral particles, the host cell proteins present in retroviral particles, the complex cell biology of retroviral release, and the ability of retroviruses to infect cells independently of Envelope protein-receptor interactions. An exosomal origin also predicts that retroviruses pose an unsolvable paradox for adaptive immune responses, that retroviral antigen vaccines are unlikely to provide prophylactic protection, and that alloimmunity is a central component of antiretroviral immunity. Finally, the Trojan exosome hypothesis has important implications for the fight against HIV and AIDS, including how to develop new antiretroviral therapies, assess the risk of retroviral infection, and generate effective antiretroviral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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14
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Polyanskaya N, Sharpe SA, Cook N, Leech S, Cranage MP. Infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus induces a species-specific antibody response to major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1671-1676. [PMID: 12810860 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Envelopes of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), contain host cell proteins that potentially represent novel targets for vaccine development. We show here that sera from rhesus macaques recognized simian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in response to infection with SIV. Antibodies from these animals did not cross-react with human MHC antigens on mitogen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The development of antibodies to MHC class I alpha-chain did not correlate with anti-SIV envelope antibody responses, suggesting that these antibodies did not arise through molecular mimicry. In contrast to the species-specific response in infected animals, sera from animals vaccinated with inactivated human cell-grown SIV reacted to both human and rhesus MHC class I and class II molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Polyanskaya
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sally A Sharpe
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Nicola Cook
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Sharon Leech
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Martin P Cranage
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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15
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Abstract
Development of a preventive vaccine for HIV is the best hope of controlling the AIDS pandemic. Evidence from natural history studies and experiments in animal models indicates that immunity against HIV is possible, suggesting that vaccine development is feasible. These studies have shown that sufficient levels of neutralizing antibody against HIV can prevent infection, although the effect is type-specific. In contrast, HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity has broad cross-reactivity, and although CTL activity alone cannot prevent HIV infection, it can control the level of viremia at a low level. Evaluation of candidate vaccines in human trials has focused on approaches that can safely elicit HIV-specific antibody and T cell responses. Current strategies have been unable to induce antibody with broad neutralizing activity against primary HIV isolates. However, recombinant poxvirus and DNA vaccines have elicited CTL responses that are broadly cross-reactive against primary HIV isolates from diverse clades. Future advances will require the discovery of new immunogens that can induce neutralizing antibody, as well as efficacy trial evaluation of regimens optimized for CTL induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Building 40, Room 2502, MSC-3017, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3017, USA.
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16
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Cho MW. Assessment of HIV vaccine development: past, present, and future. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2001; 49:263-314. [PMID: 11013767 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(00)49030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M W Cho
- AIDS Vaccine Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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17
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Kumar A, Lifson JD, Li Z, Jia F, Mukherjee S, Adany I, Liu Z, Piatak M, Sheffer D, McClure HM, Narayan O. Sequential immunization of macaques with two differentially attenuated vaccines induced long-term virus-specific immune responses and conferred protection against AIDS caused by heterologous simian human immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV(89.6)P). Virology 2001; 279:241-56. [PMID: 11145906 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four rhesus macaques were sequentially immunized with live vaccines DeltavpuDeltanefSHIV-4 (vaccine-I) and Deltavpu SHIV(PPC) (vaccine-II). The vaccine viruses did not replicate productively in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the vaccinated animals. All four animals developed binding antibodies against both the vaccine-I and -II envelope glycoproteins but neutralizing antibodies only against vaccine-I. They developed vaccine virus-specific CTLs that also recognized homologous as well as heterologous pathogenic SHIVs. Thirty weeks after the last immunization, the vaccinated animals and three unvaccinated control animals were challenged iv with a highly virulent heterologous SHIV(89.6)P. As expected, the three unvaccinated control animals developed large numbers of infectious PBMCs, high plasma viremia, and precipitous loss of CD4(+) T cells. Two controls did not develop any immune response and succumbed to AIDS in about 6 months. The third control animal developed neutralizing antibodies and had a more chronic disease course, but eventually succumbed to AIDS-related complications 81 weeks after inoculation. The four vaccinated animals became infected with challenge virus as indicated by the presence of challenge virus-specific DNA in the PBMCs and RNA in plasma. However, virus in these animals replicated approximately 200- to 60,000-fold less efficiently than in control animals and eventually, plasma viral RNA became undetectable in three of the four vaccinates. The animals maintained normal CD4(+) T-cell levels throughout the observation period of 85 weeks after a transient drop at Week 3 postchallenge. They also maintained CTL responses throughout the observation period. These studies thus showed that the graded immunization schedule resulted in a safe and highly effective long-lasting immune response that was associated with protection against AIDS by highly pathogenic heterologous SHIV(89.6)P.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA.
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18
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Dela Cruz CS, MacDonald KS, Barber BH. Anti-major histocompatibility complex antibody responses in macaques via intradermal DNA immunizations. Vaccine 2000; 18:3152-65. [PMID: 10856795 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) models, immunization of macaques with uninfected human cells or human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins can induce xenogeneic immune responses which can protect the animals from subsequent SIV challenges. These studies suggest that the induction of anti-MHC immune responses can be a viable vaccine strategy against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have previously shown in mouse studies that DNA immunization with class I and class II MHC-encoding plasmids can elicit both xenogeneic and allogeneic antibody responses against conformationally intact MHC molecules (Vaccine 17 (1999) 2479-92). Here we take these observations one step closer to human applications and report that intradermal needle immunizations of non-human primates with plasmid DNA encoding human MHC alleles can safely elicit xenogeneic anti-MHC antibody responses. Moreover, injecting macaques with DNA encoding a specific macaque allogeneic MHC induced anti-allogeneic MHC antibodies production. These studies show that DNA immunization with MHC-encoding vectors can indeed be used to induce specific anti-human xenogeneic, as well as anti-macaque allogeneic MHC immunity in non-human primates. This strategy could thus be used to mobilize anti-MHC antibody response which may be useful as part of an anti-HIV-1 vaccination approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Dela Cruz
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Cavacini LA, Wisnewski A, Peterson JE, Montefiori D, Emes C, Duval M, Kingsbury G, Wang A, Scadden D, Posner MR. A human anti-HIV autoantibody enhances EBV transformation and HIV infection. Clin Immunol 1999; 93:263-73. [PMID: 10600338 DOI: 10.1006/clim.1999.4790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A highly specific, human IgG mAb, F223, which reacts with both HIV-1-infected cells and uninfected lymphoid cells, has been derived. F223 reacts with gp120 but fails to neutralize viral infection. The antibody does enhance HIV-1 infection in a complement-dependent manner. The autoantigen recognized by F223 is expressed on a small percentage of T cells and NK cells and the majority of B cells. Immunoprecipitation demonstrates F223 reactivity with an as of yet unidentified 159-kDa protein in uninfected lymphoid cells. This reactivity with uninfected cells is inhibited by free gp120 demonstrating the cross-reactive nature of this antibody. The F223 light chain demonstrates strong homology to VLlambda2 family genes whereas the heavy chain is most homologous (84%) to the germline gene VH3-H.11. In vivo usage of VH3 family genes by F223 and an anti-HIV-1 (gp41) human mAb, 3D6, with related autoreactivity, suggests that VH3 sequences may be important components of potentially pathogenic human anti-HIV-1 envelope autoantibodies. F223 was isolated from an HIV-1 infected individual with lymphoma and in vitro F223 significantly enhances EBV transformation of normal B cells and increases immunoglobulin production without affecting B cell proliferation. Characterization of this antibody response may provide important insights and mechanistic information on HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cavacini
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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20
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Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Fauci AS. Induction of HIV-1 Replication by Allogeneic Stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.12.7543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Allogeneic stimulation presents an immunologic challenge during pregnancy, blood transfusions, and transplantations, and has been associated with reactivation of latently infected virus such as CMV. Since HIV-1 is transmitted vertically, sexually, or via contaminated blood, we have tested the effects of allostimulation on HIV-1 infection. 1) We show that allostimulated lymphocytes are highly susceptible to acute infection with T cell-tropic or dual-tropic HIV-1. 2) We show that allostimulation has dichotomous effects on replication of macrophage-tropic HIV-1; it activates HIV expression in already infected cells but inhibits HIV entry by secreting HIV-suppressive CC chemokines. 3) We show that allogeneic stimulation of latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells induced replication of HIV-1 in these cells. These observations suggest that allogeneic stimulation may play a role in the transmission, replication, and phenotypic transition of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Masako Moriuchi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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21
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Dela Cruz CS, Chamberlain JW, MacDonald KS, Barber BH. Xenogeneic and allogeneic anti-MHC immune responses induced by plasmid DNA immunization. Vaccine 1999; 17:2479-92. [PMID: 10418893 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are known to be incorporated into the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope as the virion buds from the host cell surface. Studies using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques have demonstrated that immunization with uninfected human cells or purified HLA proteins can provide protection from challenge with live SIV when it is grown in human cells expressing the same MHC alleles. Thus the induction of anti-MHC immune responses represents an important option to consider with respect to vaccine design for SIV and HIV. Here we examine plasmid DNA immunization strategies as an alternative to cellular or protein immunogens for the induction of xenogeneic and allogeneic immune responses in C57BL/6 mice and in an HLA transgenic mouse model system, respectively. We compared the immunogenicity of HLA-A2- and HLA-B27-expressing splenocytes with the corresponding plasmid DNA immunogens. Results from the transgenic mouse experiments indicate that plasmid DNA immunization with both class I and class II MHC-encoding vectors can elicit antibody responses recognizing conformationally intact MHC molecules. Our data also show that immunization with class I MHC-encoding DNA immunogens can elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, demonstrating the potential to mobilize both antibody and cell-mediated anti-MHC immune responses in the context of this approach to HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Dela Cruz
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Montefiori DC, Evans TG. Toward an HIV type 1 vaccine that generates potent, broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:689-98. [PMID: 10357464 DOI: 10.1089/088922299310773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D C Montefiori
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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23
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Spruth M, Stoiber H, Kacani L, Schönitzer D, Dierich MP. Neutralization of HIV type 1 by alloimmune sera derived from polytransfused patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:533-43. [PMID: 10221530 DOI: 10.1089/088922299311051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) against HLA and other cell surface molecules, which HIV-1 acquires during the budding process at the host cell surface, neutralize HIV-1 in vitro. Macaques were protected against infection by SIV grown in human cells after xenoimmunization with human MHC molecules. Besides the immune responses arising against xenogeneic antigens, the highly polymorphic character of the HLA antigens enables the induction of alloresponses after exposure to allogeneic HLA molecules. Since polytransfused (PT) patients develop alloresponses, including humoral anti-HLA responses, we assumed that sera derived from PT patients may neutralize HIV-1. In a model system two PT sera out of a panel of 12 PT and 6 normal control sera neutralized HIV IIIB in vitro. Neutralizing activity of the PT sera was comparable to the efficacy of anti-HIV sera. The neutralizing capacity coincided with strong IgG reactivity against (HIV-infected) cell lines, which were used for virus production, and recognition of cell-free viral particles. Active human complement enhanced HIV neutralization mediated by the sera. Our results suggest an IgG-mediated neutralization based on recognition of allogeneic HLA molecules expressed on the viral surface. A vaccination strategy based on alloimmunization appears conceivable and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spruth
- Institut für Hygiene, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck and Ludwig-Boltzmann Institut für AIDS-Forschung, Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Shearer GM, Pinto LA, Clerici M. Alloimmunization for immune-based therapy and vaccine design against HIV/AIDS. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:66-71. [PMID: 10098324 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(98)01392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated protective effects of alloimmunization in the SIV model. Here, Gene Shearer, Ligia Pinto and Mario Clerici raise the possibility that alloimmunization against a spectrum of HLA-disparate leukocytes be considered for immune-based therapy and as an AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Shearer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Polacino P, Stallard V, Klaniecki JE, Montefiori DC, Langlois AJ, Richardson BA, Overbaugh J, Morton WR, Benveniste RE, Hu SL. Limited breadth of the protective immunity elicited by simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne gp160 vaccines in a combination immunization regimen. J Virol 1999; 73:618-30. [PMID: 9847367 PMCID: PMC103868 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.618-630.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that immunization with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne envelope (gp160) vaccines protected macaques against an intravenous challenge by the cloned homologous virus, E11S. In this study, we confirmed this observation and found that the vaccines were effective not only against virus grown on human T-cell lines but also against virus grown on macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The breadth of protection, however, was limited. In three experiments, 3 of 10 animals challenged with the parental uncloned SIVmne were completely protected. Of the remaining animals, three were transiently virus positive and four were persistently positive after challenge, as were 10 nonimmunized control animals. Protection was not correlated with levels of serum-neutralizing antibodies against the homologous SIVmne or a related virus, SIVmac251. To gain further insight into the protective mechanism, we analyzed nucleotide sequences in the envelope region of the uncloned challenge virus and compared them with those present in the PBMC of infected animals. The majority (85%) of the uncloned challenge virus was homologous to the molecular clone from which the vaccines were made (E11S type). The remaining 15% contained conserved changes in the V1 region (variant types). Control animals infected with this uncloned virus had different proportions of the two genotypes, whereas three of four immunized but persistently infected animals had >99% of the variant types early after infection. These results indicate that the protective immunity elicited by recombinant gp160 vaccines is restricted primarily to the homologous virus and suggest the possibility that immune responses directed to the V1 region of the envelope protein play a role in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Polacino
- Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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26
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Sagara J, Tochikura TS, Yamamoto T, Tsukita S, Tsukita S, Kawai A. Immunological studies of a 21 kDa cellular component efficiently incorporated into rabies virion grown in a BHK-21 cell culture. Microbiol Immunol 1998; 41:947-55. [PMID: 9492180 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate cellular components incorporated into the rabies virion, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were screened based on their reactivity with additional virion components. Two of the MAbs we prepared recognized a virion-associated 21 kDa polypeptide (referred to as VAP21) from a BHK-21 cell. Since the MAbs precipitated the rabies virion and trypsin digestion eliminated the VAP21 antigen from the virion but alkaline treatment (pH 11) did not, VAP21 seems to be anchored into the viral envelope and exposed on the virion surface. Although quantitative immunoblot analyses indicated an apparently increased concentration of VAP21 in the virion, the ratio of the content of VAP21 to that of viral glycoprotein (G) was several times decreased as compared to the ratio of those in the cell. These data suggest that sorting of VAP21 occurs during the viral budding process on the cell but that it might be inefficient, probably due to a more intimate association of VAP21 with the viral envelope proteins. This assumption seems to be consistent with the results of immunofluorescence studies; that is, VAP21 displayed colocalized distribution with viral envelope antigens in the cell. From these results, it is suggested that VAP21 closely associates with the viral envelope proteins in the cell, and this association might cause passive but relatively efficient incorporation of VAP21 into the virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sagara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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27
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Gauduin MC, Weir R, Fung MS, Koup RA. Involvement of the complement system in antibody-mediated post-exposure protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:205-11. [PMID: 9491910 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that passive transfer of a murine V3-specific monoclonal antibody (BAT123) to hu-PBL-SCID mice challenged with HIV-1LAI confers postexposure protection from infection. The role of the Fc fragment of this antibody as well as the involvement of the complement system in protection were evaluated in vivo. When we compared the postexposure protection offered by BAT123 and CGP 47439, a chimeric form of BAT123 in which the murine Fc domain has been replaced by a human IgG1 Fc domain, CGP 47439 failed to provide postexposure protection against HIV-1LAI despite having similar pharmacokinetics and in vitro neutralizing activity. Furthermore, when hu-PBL-SCID mice were treated with cobra venom factor, which inactivates serum complement activity, the postexposure protective ability of BAT123 was abrogated. These findings suggest that the complement system is involved in the passive protection against HIV-1 infection conferred by the murine monoclonal antibody BAT123 in hu-PBL-SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gauduin
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA
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28
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Fraziano M, Montesano C, Lombardi VR, Marchione OP, Colizzi V. The presence of antibodies against HIV peptides in the sera of alloimmune mice and thalassemic patients is due to a polyclonal activation mechanism. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 84:202-7. [PMID: 9245553 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1997.4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyses the HIV-1 gp120 epitope specificity and activation mechanisms (i.e., polyclonal versus oligoclonal) of antibodies present in the sera of alloimmune mice and humans. Sera from CBA mice engrafted with C57BL/6 lymphoid cells significantly reacted against the gp120-derived peptide as 261-270, which shares high homology with the membrane-proximal domain of HLA class II beta-chains (HLA/ gp120) and against the HIV gp120 V3 loop-derived peptides DP32 (HIV-1 MN-derived as 302-334) and C53 (HIV-1 IIIB-derived as 304-318). The same sera also reacted against the HIV-unrelated peptide necdin. Moreover, sera from BALB/c mice injected with LPS presented antibodies reacting against both HIV-related and -unrelated peptides, suggesting that similar mechanisms are shared in alloimmune and LPS-treated mice. A similar analysis was then performed on the sera of patients affected with beta-thalassemia major, receiving at least 10 blood transfusions/year. In particular, 15 of 58 (26%) sera from HIV-uninfected thalassemic patients showed a significantly reactivity against the HLA/gp 120-derived peptides. Moreover, 22 of 58 (38%) sera from the same cohort showed a significant reactivity against DP32 peptide. This reactivity was related to a polyclonal activation mechanism since the DP32-reactive sera significantly bound a panel of HIV-unrelated peptides, as observed by testing 22 sera against necdin, 21 against HSP65 kDa, 21 against amyloid-1, and 17 against MAGE-1 peptides. Moreover, a significant increase of IgG concentration was also observed in all thalassemic sera, when compared to healthy controls, without regard to the anti-gp120 antibody reactivity. Taken together, these results indicate that (i) allogeneic stimuli may induce anti-gp120 antibodies in CBA and in 38% of polytransfused patients and (ii) this reactivity is related to a polyclonal activation mechanism but not to a heightened concentration of IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fraziano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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29
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Polyanskaya N, Sharpe S, Cook N, Leech S, Banks J, Dennis M, Hall G, Stott J, Cranage M. Anti-major histocompatibility complex antibody responses to simian B cells do not protect macaques against SIVmac infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:923-31. [PMID: 9223408 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Macaques have been protected against infection with human cell-grown SIVmac by immunization with antigens encoded by the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Here, we investigated the efficacy of alloimmunization with simian B cells expressing high levels of MHC class I and class II molecules to confer protection against systemic challenge with simian-grown SIVmac. Eight rhesus macaques were vaccinated with glutaraldehyde-fixed and beta-propiolactone-inactivated herpesvirus papio-transformed B cells. Four of the macaques received 5 doses, the others 10. Animals were challenged with rhesus macaque spleen-derived cell-free SIVmac. Allogeneic B cells elicited antibody responses to rhesus MHC class I and II but failed to protect animals against infection. Anti-MHC class I antibodies were restricted in specificity and failed to recognize MHC class I from some B lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs) including a B-LCL from the animal in whose cells the challenge virus was grown. Vaccinated animals responded to self-MHC class I antigens but not to self-MHC class II antigens from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Animals that underwent the shorter immunization regimen had transiently enhanced PBMC-associated virus loads after challenge, whereas the average virus-infected cell load was reduced in animals that underwent the more extensive immunization. These results suggest that antibody responses to allogeneic MHC molecules do not protect against infection with immunodeficiency lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Polyanskaya
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
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30
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Montefiori DC. Role of complement and Fc receptors in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 18:371-90. [PMID: 9089955 DOI: 10.1007/bf00813504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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31
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Mittleman BB, Shearer GM. Mother-to-infant transmission of HIV type 1: role of major histocompatibility antigen differences. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:1397-400. [PMID: 8893047 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B B Mittleman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- MI Johnston
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, c/o The Rockefeller Foundation, 420 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018-2702, USA
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33
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Bishop SA, Stokes CR, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Whiting CV, Humphries JE, Osborne R, Papanastasopoulou M, Harbour DA. Vaccination with fixed feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infected cells: protection, breakthrough and specificity of response. Vaccine 1996; 14:1243-50. [PMID: 8961513 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Infection of cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a naturally occurring lentivirus infection of cats which causes an AIDS-like disease, has generated considerable interest as an animal model for HIV vaccination. This paper reports on experiments performed to examine the potential of a fixed infected cell vaccine to confer protection against intraperitoneal challenge with cell-free FIV. The cell vaccine was highly immunogenic and elicited antibody responses to virus core antigen, p24, high virus neutralizing (VN) antibody titres, and antibodies which recognized cellular components of the vaccine. Whilst protection, assessed by the inability to detect infectious virus by virus isolation or polymerase chain reaction, against homologous but not heterologous FIV isolates was apparent up to week 12 post-challenge, when cats were monitored longer up to week 50 post-challenge a breakthrough in vaccine protection against homologous virus was observed. Protection could not be correlated with levels of antibody to p24 or VN antibody titres. In contrast with simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine studies in macaques there was no clear evidence that antibodies recognizing cellular components of the vaccine, including MHC class I and II antigens, conferred any protective effect following challenge. These results indicate that long-term post-challenge monitoring for infection is essential in lentivirus vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Bishop
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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Brühl P, Kerschbaum A, Zimmermann K, Eibl MM, Mannhalter JW. Allostimulated lymphocytes inhibit replication of HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:31-7. [PMID: 8825616 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous reports demonstrated that alloantigen- or xenoantigen-specific antibodies displayed neutralizing activity toward human or simian immunodeficiency viruses. In the present article we have addressed the question of alloantigen-induced cell-mediated anti-HIV activity. We show that allostimulation resulted in a lymphocyte population (largely of the CD8-positive phenotype) with the capacity to inhibit HIV-1 replication in PHA blasts of homologous and, unexpectedly, also autologous origin. The allostimulated effector cells exerted their activity via a noncytolytic mechanism. Experiments in which direct cell-to-cell contact between allostimulated effectors and HIV-1-infected PHA blasts was prevented by a semipermeable membrane indicated that soluble mediators were involved in inhibition of HIV-1 replication. As such allostimulated effectors not only would have the capacity to prevent viral replication in allogeneic HIV-1-infected cells (known to play an important role in HIV-1 transmission in vivo), but also might inhibit HIV-1 growth in autologous lymphocytes, the concept of an AIDS vaccine containing both HIV-1 antigens and alloantigens warrants further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brühl
- Department of Immunological Research, Immuno AG, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Montefiori DC. New insights into the role of host cell proteins in antiviral vaccine protection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:1429-31. [PMID: 8679285 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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36
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Franchini G, Robert-Guroff M, Tartaglia J, Aggarwal A, Abimiku A, Benson J, Markham P, Limbach K, Hurteau G, Fullen J. Highly attenuated HIV type 2 recombinant poxviruses, but not HIV-2 recombinant Salmonella vaccines, induce long-lasting protection in rhesus macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:909-20. [PMID: 7492438 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization schemes employing priming with vector-based vaccine candidates followed by subunit booster administrations have been explored and shown to have merit in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus systems. In this study, we have assessed the priming capacity of highly attenuated poxvirus vector (NYVAC and ALVAC)-based HIV-2 recombinants, as well as Salmonella typhimurium HIV-2 recombinants in rhesus macaques. ALVAC- and NYVAC-based vaccine candidates expressing the HIV-2 gag, pol, and env genes or NYVAC-based recombinants expressing either gp160 or gp120 were used to immunize rhesus macaques in combination protocols with alum-adjuvanted HIV-2 rgp160. Following intravenous challenge exposure with 100 infectious doses of the HIV-2SBL6669 parental virus genotype mixture, seven of eight animals were protected from infection. The seven protected animals were rechallenged 6 months postprimary challenge, without additional booster inoculations, with the same dose of the HIV-2SBL6669 parental virus. Five of the seven animals remained protected against HIV-2 infection at 6 months following the second challenge. In contrast, oral immunization with recombinant Salmonella expressing the HIV-2 gag and the gp120 portion of the envelope either alone or in combination with alum-adjuvanted rgp160 failed to confer protection. These results suggest that the NYVAC- and ALVAC-based recombinants may confer long-lasting protection and that these two highly attenuated poxvirus vaccine vectors may represent promising candidates for developing an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franchini
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Gardner M, Rosenthal A, Jennings M, Yee J, Antipa L, Robinson E. Passive immunization of rhesus macaques against SIV infection and disease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:843-54. [PMID: 7546912 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of humoral immunity against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), we tested whether passive immunization with plasma from SIVmac251 vaccine-protected or healthy infected animals would protect rhesus monkeys against intravenous infection with ten 50% animal infectious doses of the cell-free homologous virus. The challenge dose of this SIVmac251 virus stock had previously caused persistent infection in all (21 of 21) nonimmunized controls. A plasma pool was obtained from a donor that had been immunized with an inactivated whole SIVmac251 vaccine produced in human T cells. This plasma pool contained low levels of SIVmac binding and neutralizing antibody but had a high titer of antibodies recognizing human cell proteins. Given 4 or 18 hr before intravenous challenge, this plasma completely protected three of eight recipients from infection and delayed virus detection in one recipient. The five unprotected animals had only a transient or undetectable p27 antigenemia and low virus load in their PBMCs, and all survived at least 7 months after infection. By contrast, no protection was observed in 6 monkeys given inactivated, pooled plasma or purified immunoglobulin (Ig) from healthy SIVmac251-infected animals. This plasma pool and the Ig preparation contained high levels of SIV-binding and neutralizing antibody but no reactivity to human cellular components. Five of the six recipients had persistent antigenemia after challenge and four died acutely from simian AIDS in 4-7 months. These studies suggest that passive transfer of antibody to human cellular antigens can confer protection against SIVmac whereas passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies without human cellular antibodies does not protect against the homologous virus and may enhance infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gardner
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis 95616, USA
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38
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Fuller DH, Haynes JR. A qualitative progression in HIV type 1 glycoprotein 120-specific cytotoxic cellular and humoral immune responses in mice receiving a DNA-based glycoprotein 120 vaccine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:1433-41. [PMID: 7888198 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for eliciting humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to HIV-1 gp120 by gene gun-based DNA immunization in mice was examined. We speculated that the induction of de novo antigen production in the epidermis of BALB/c mice following particle bombardment-based gene delivery would result in both MHC class I- and class II-mediated antigen presentation for the elicitation of CTL and antibody responses, respectively. Following epidermal delivery of microgram quantities of an expression plasmid, gp120 production resulted in the appearance of MHC class I-restricted, CD8+ CTL responses. gp120-specific CTL responses peaked following a booster immunization, then declined with the appearance of gp120-specific IgG responses when additional booster immunizations were administered. This qualitative progression in the nature of gp120-specific immune responses with subsequent immunizations was paralleled by a simultaneous shift in the interferon-gamma and interleukin 4 release profiles following antigen stimulation of splenocytes in vitro. The simultaneous shifts in immune responses and cytokine release profiles indicate that the progression of antigen-specific CTL and IgG responses in gp120 DNA-immunized mice may be mediated through changes in the in vivo production of cytokines, such as those associated with the Th1 and Th2 subsets of CD4+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Fuller
- Agracetus, Inc., Middleton, Wisconsin 53562
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Gardner MB, Rosenthal A, Jennings M, Yee JA, Antipa L, MacKenzie M. Passive immunization of macaques against SIV infection. J Med Primatol 1994; 23:164-74. [PMID: 7966232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1994.tb00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Passive immunization with plasma from an inactivated-whole SIVmac vaccine protected monkey conferred complete or partial protection to rhesus macaques challenged intravenously 4 or 18 hours later with 10 AID50 of homologous cell-free virus. In contrast, passive immunization with inactivated plasma or purified immunoglobulin (Ig) from SIVmac infected asymptomatic monkeys failed to protect any recipients similarly challenged and may have enhanced infection and accelerated disease. Administered 24 hours post challenge, anti-SIV Ig may also have enhanced the infection.
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40
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Hosie MJ. The development of a vaccine against feline immunodeficiency virus. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1994; 150:25-39. [PMID: 8025833 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(05)80094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus causing significant disease in cats. The virus has been shown to be similar biologically to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Much interest has been expressed in the use of FIV as an animal model for HIV vaccination studies. Both FIV and HIV belong to the lentivirus group of retroviruses. While there are several effective vaccines against feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), a mammalian type C retrovirus, at present there are no effective vaccines against lentiviruses. This review illustrates the obstacles to the production of vaccines against FIV or HIV. FIV vaccine studies conducted in several laboratories are reviewed, the results are compared and factors important for inducing protection from FIV infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hosie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden
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41
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Ohkawa S, Wilson LA, Larosa G, Javaherian K, Martin LN, Murphey-Corb M. Immune responses induced by prototype vaccines for AIDS in rhesus monkeys. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:27-38. [PMID: 8179961 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A battery of assay systems was used to profile both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by immunization with candidate vaccines consisting of recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) glycoproteins rgp110 (nondenatured) with SAF-M adjuvant (gp110 + SAF-M) or rgp140 (denatured) with Freund's adjuvant (gp140 + FA). All of the monkeys became infected after intravenous challenge. However, 16 days following infection, viral antigenemia was reduced in both groups of vaccinates compared to controls. After 23 days antigenemia in the gp110 + SAF-M group remained at the same level as on day 16, whereas antigenemia in the gp140 + FA group was significantly reduced further than the level observed on day 16. Both vaccines induced blastogenic responses in PBMC cultures stimulated with rgp140, which decreased after repeated immunizations. Both vaccines induced high ELISA titers of IgG antibody against rgp140 that were equivalent to the titers in asymptomatic long-term survivors (LTSs). gp110 +/- SAF-M induced high titers of neutralizing antibody. In contrast, gp140 + FA failed to induce neutralizing antibody, suggesting that the natural conformation of the antigen may be essential for the induction of neutralizing antibody. High titers of antibodies capable of complement-mediated cytolysis (ACC) were induced by gp110 + SAF-M, whereas minimal ACC antibodies were induced by gp140 + FA. In spite of high titers of antibodies by ELISA, neither gp110 + SAF-M nor gp140 + FA vaccines induced detectable levels of antibody capable of antibody dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC). Detectable amounts of MHC class I-restricted, CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were not induced in immunized monkeys before challenge. After challenge and infection, antibody responses to glycoprotein (detected by ELISA and ACC) as well as glycoprotein-specific CTLs were induced in gp140 + FA vaccinates at levels higher than in nonimmunized control animals, indicating a priming effect by gp140 + FA immunization. No priming effect for ADCC antibody induction was observed in monkeys vaccinated with either gp110 + SAF-M or gp140 + FA. Rhesus monkey groups immunized with two different SIV envelope vaccines differed regarding potentially protective humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The physical state of the immunogens, the type of adjuvant used, and/or the immunization protocol apparently affected these responses in both a qualitative and quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohkawa
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433
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42
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Stott EJ. Towards a vaccine against AIDS: lessons from simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994; 188:221-37. [PMID: 7924428 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78536-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E J Stott
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
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43
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Orentas RJ, Hildreth JE. Association of host cell surface adhesion receptors and other membrane proteins with HIV and SIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:1157-65. [PMID: 8312057 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a MAb-based capture assay to study the association of host cell membrane proteins with HIV and SIV. Class I and II MHC proteins were found to be associated with HIV as previously described. In addition to these molecules a number of other host molecules were found to be acquired by HIV, including CD71, CD63, CD43, and CD8. We have demonstrated that the major leukocyte adhesion receptors LFA-1 (CD11A/CD18) and CD44 are also associated with HIV. The level of surface expression of host membrane proteins did not predict relative expression (capture efficiency) of the virus. The use of virus-susceptible indicator cells showed that the assay involved host membrane protein-mediated capture of infectious HIV and SIV particles. Our data indicate that HIV and SIV acquire a number of host membrane proteins including adhesion receptors and that this process may be nonrandom. The acquisition of host cell adhesion receptors by HIV and SIV could have profound effects on the biology of the viruses, including binding, infectivity, and tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Orentas
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Abstract
Recent information on the efficacy of anti-retroviral therapy and vaccination strategies has been disappointing as well as confusing. The recently announced Concorde study suggested that there is no advantage to early treatment of asymptomatic HIV infection with azidothymidine alone, even though the levels of CD4+ cells in the treated group were consistently higher than in the untreated group. This will lead to increasing attention being paid to the mechanisms whereby HIV causes AIDS, which have sadly been sidelined in the rush to produce classically based therapies and vaccines. Over the last year many different theories on how HIV kills CD4+ cells and leads to AIDS have been discussed and tentatively explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Dalgleish
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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