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Chen CW, Saubi N, Kilpeläinen A, Joseph-Munné J. Chimeric Human Papillomavirus-16 Virus-like Particles Presenting P18I10 and T20 Peptides from HIV-1 Envelope Induce HPV16 and HIV-1-Specific Humoral and T Cell-Mediated Immunity in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010015. [PMID: 36679860 PMCID: PMC9861546 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the HIV-1 P18I10 CTL peptide derived from the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 and the T20 anti-fusion peptide of HIV-1 gp41 were inserted into the HPV16 L1 capsid protein to construct chimeric HPV:HIV (L1:P18I10 and L1:T20) VLPs by using the mammalian cell expression system. The HPV:HIV VLPs were purified by chromatography. We demonstrated that the insertion of P18I10 or T20 peptides into the DE loop of HPV16 L1 capsid proteins did not affect in vitro stability, self-assembly and morphology of chimeric HPV:HIV VLPs. Importantly, it did not interfere either with the HIV-1 antibody reactivity targeting sequential and conformational P18I10 and T20 peptides presented on chimeric HPV:HIV VLPs or with the induction of HPV16 L1-specific antibodies in vivo. We observed that chimeric L1:P18I10/L1:T20 VLPs vaccines could induce HPV16- but weak HIV-1-specific antibody responses and elicited HPV16- and HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in BALB/c mice. Moreover, could be a potential booster to increase HIV-specific cellular responses in the heterologous immunization after priming with rBCG.HIVA vaccine. This research work would contribute a step towards the development of the novel chimeric HPV:HIV VLP-based vaccine platform for controlling HPV16 and HIV-1 infection, which is urgently needed in developing and industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcís Saubi
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Virology Section, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Athina Kilpeläinen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph-Munné
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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2
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Abstract
Purpose of review To summarize the role of adjuvants in eliciting desirable antibody responses against HIV-1 with particular emphasis on both historical context and recent developments. Recent findings Increased understanding of the role of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors in recruiting and directing the immune system has increased the variety of adjuvant formulations being tested in animal models and humans. Across all vaccine platforms, adjuvant formulations have been shown to enhance desirable immune responses such as higher antibody titers and increased functional activity. Although no vaccine formulation has yet succeeded in eliciting broad neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, the ability of adjuvants to direct the immune response to immunogens suggests they will be critically important in any successful HIV-1 vaccine. Summary The parallel development of adjuvants along with better HIV-1 immunogens will be needed for a successful AIDS vaccine. Additional comparative testing will be required to determine the optimal adjuvant and immunogen regimen that can elicit antibody responses capable of blocking HIV-1 transmission.
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3
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Slingluff CL, Lee S, Zhao F, Chianese-Bullock KA, Olson WC, Butterfield LH, Whiteside TL, Leming PD, Kirkwood JM. A randomized phase II trial of multiepitope vaccination with melanoma peptides for cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells for patients with metastatic melanoma (E1602). Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4228-38. [PMID: 23653149 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This multicenter randomized trial was designed to evaluate whether melanoma helper peptides augment cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to a melanoma vaccine and improve clinical outcome in patients with advanced melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One hundred seventy-five patients with measurable stage IV melanoma were enrolled into 4 treatment groups, vaccinated with 12 MHC class I-restricted melanoma peptides to stimulate CTL (12 MP, group A), plus a tetanus peptide (group B), or a mixture of 6 melanoma helper peptides (6 MHP, group C) to stimulate helper T lymphocytes (HTL), or with 6 melanoma helper peptide (6 MHP) alone (group D), in incomplete Freund's adjuvant plus granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CTL responses were assessed using an in vitro-stimulated IFN-γ ELIspot assay, and HTL responses were assessed using a proliferation assay. RESULTS In groups A to D, respectively, CTL response rates to 12 melanoma peptides were 43%, 47%, 28%, and 5%, and HTL response rates to 6 MHP were in 3%, 0%, 40%, and 41%. Best clinical response was partial response in 7 of 148 evaluable patients (4.7%) without significant difference among study arms. Median overall survival (OS) was 11.8 months. Immune response to 6 MHP was significantly associated with both clinical response (P = 0.036) and OS (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION Each vaccine regimen was immunogenic, but MHPs did not augment CTL responses to 12 melanoma peptides. The association of survival and immune response to 6 MHP supports further investigation of helper peptide vaccines. For patients with advanced melanoma, multipeptide vaccines should be studied in combination with other potentially synergistic active therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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4
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Gaston F, Babas T, Lakhdar-Ghazal F, Bahraoui E. Structure-antigenicity of the V3 region of SIVmac envelope glycoprotein. J Pept Sci 2009; 16:48-57. [PMID: 19908202 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the immunogenicity and antigenicity of the V3 domain (Cys313-Cys346) of the external envelope glycoprotein gp125 of SIVmac251. The corresponding peptide was synthesized and characterized as linear and cyclic peptides. Our results showed that this region, as for HIV-1, contained an immunodominant epitope. The antigenicity was similar for the linear and cyclic peptides when tested against a panel of 15 sera from SIV infected macaques. Similarly, both peptide structures presented similar immunogenicity as shown by the characterization of the anti-peptide antibodies produced in rabbits against the cyclic and linear forms. But, unexpectedly, the antibodies produced against linear peptides recognized with a relatively higher intensity the native envelope gp140 than those produced against the cyclic structure. Furthermore, we showed that these antibodies recognized better the deglycosylated form of the glycoprotein. But, in contrast to the neutralizing activity obtained with anti-V3 peptides from HIV-1, no antiviral activity was obtained with antibodies generated against linear or cyclic SIVmac V3 peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gaston
- Laboratoire d'immuno-virologie, Université Paul Sabatier, UFR/SVT, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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5
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Wille-Reece U, Flynn BJ, Loré K, Koup RA, Miles AP, Saul A, Kedl RM, Mattapallil JJ, Weiss WR, Roederer M, Seder RA. Toll-like receptor agonists influence the magnitude and quality of memory T cell responses after prime-boost immunization in nonhuman primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1249-58. [PMID: 16636134 PMCID: PMC2121207 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a remarkable heterogeneity in the functional profile (quality) of T cell responses. Importantly, the magnitude and/or quality of a response required for protection may be different depending on the infection. Here, we assessed the capacity of different Toll like receptor (TLR)-binding compounds to influence T helper cell (Th)1 and CD8+ T cell responses when used as adjuvants in nonhuman primates (NHP) with HIV Gag as a model antigen. NHP were immunized with HIV Gag protein emulsified in Montanide ISA 51, an oil-based adjuvant, with or without a TLR7/8 agonist, a TLR8 agonist, or the TLR9 ligand cytosine phosphate guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), and boosted 12 wk later with a replication-defective adenovirus-expressing HIV-Gag (rAD-Gag). Animals vaccinated with HIV Gag protein/Montanide and CpG ODN or the TLR7/8 agonist had higher frequencies of Th1 responses after primary immunization compared to all other vaccine groups. Although the rAD-Gag boost did not elevate the frequency of Th1 memory cytokine responses, there was a striking increase in HIV Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses after the boost in all animals that had received a primary immunization with any of the TLR adjuvants. Importantly, the presence and type of TLR adjuvant used during primary immunization conferred stability and dramatically influenced the magnitude and quality of the Th1 and CD8+ T cell responses after the rAD-Gag boost. These data provide insights for designing prime-boost immunization regimens to optimize Th1 and CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Wille-Reece
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Gahéry-Ségard H, Pialoux G, Figueiredo S, Igéa C, Surenaud M, Gaston J, Gras-Masse H, Lévy JP, Guillet JG. Long-term specific immune responses induced in humans by a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 lipopeptide vaccine: characterization of CD8+-T-cell epitopes recognized. J Virol 2003; 77:11220-31. [PMID: 14512570 PMCID: PMC224965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.11220-11231.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of booster injections and the long-term immune response after injections of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) lipopeptide vaccine. This vaccine was injected alone or with QS21 adjuvant to 28 HIV-uninfected volunteers. One month later, after a fourth injection of the vaccine, B- and T-cell anti-HIV responses were detected in >85% of the vaccinated volunteers. One year after this injection, a long-term immune response was observed in >50% of the volunteers. At this point, a positive QS21 effect was observed only in the sustained B-cell and CD4(+)-T-cell responses. To better characterize the CD8(+)-T-cell response, we used a gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot method and a bank of 59 HIV-1 epitopes. For the six most common HLA molecules (HLA-A2, -A3, -A11, -A24, -B7 superfamily, and -B8), an average of 10 (range, 3 to 15) HIV-1 epitopes were tested. CD8(+)-T-cell responses were evaluated according to the HLA class I molecules of the volunteers. Each assessment was based on 18 HIV-1 epitopes in average. We showed that 31 HIV-1 epitopes elicited specific CD8(+)-T-cell responses after vaccination. The most frequently recognized peptides were Nef 68-76 (-B7), Nef 71-79 (-B7), Nef 84-92 (-A11), Nef 135-143 (-B7), Nef 136-145 (-A2), Nef 137-145 (-A2), Gag 259-267 (-B8), Gag 260-268 (-A2), Gag 267-274 (-A2), Gag 267-277 (-B7), and Gag 276-283 (A24). We found that CD8(+)-T-cell epitopes were induced at a higher number after a fourth injection (P < 0.05 compared to three injections), which indicates an increase in the breadth of HIV CD8(+)-T-cell epitope recognition after the boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Gahéry-Ségard
- Département d'Immunologie-Membre de l'IFR 116-INSERM U567, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.
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7
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Luo L, Li Y, Yong Kang C. Budding and secretion of HIV Gag-Env virus-like particles from recombinant human adenovirus infected cells. Virus Res 2003; 92:75-82. [PMID: 12606078 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized the assembly, budding and extra-cellular release of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Gag-Env virus-like particles (VLPs) from human embryonic kidney cells (293 cells expressing the E1a protein of adenovirus) infected with recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5. Recombinant human adenovirus vectors expressing the chimeric Gag-Env protein were constructed by inserting the gag-env fusion gene into the E1a region of the human adenovirus type 5. Biochemical and immunological analyses of VLPs recovered from the culture supernatant revealed that these particles contain the HIV-2 Gag protein and segments of Env protein from the HIV-1 gp120. This chimeric Gag-Env protein interacted with HIV-1 positive patient sera and with HIV-2 Gag monoclonal antibody. Immunoelectron microscopy of the 293 cells infected with the recombinant adenoviruses showed that the HIV Gag-Env antigen is present in the VLPs. Thin-section electron microscopy (EM) revealed that the Gag-Env VLPs bud through the cytoplasmic membrane, as well as through membranes of intracellular vacuoles. The thin-section EM showed that the Gag-Env VLPs have a spherical morphology with an electron-dense ring. The size of VLPs range from 110 to 140 nm in diameter, which is slightly larger than that of the Gag particles without Env protein fusion. Mice immunized with recombinant adenoviruses generated antibodies that specifically reacted with Gag-Env chimeric proteins. Our results support the idea that the replication-defective adenovirus could be used to induce immune responses that might be useful in a vaccine against HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Luo
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont, Canada N6G 2V4
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8
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Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM, Terabe M, Koka R, Donaldson DD, Thomas EK, Berzofsky JA. A push-pull approach to maximize vaccine efficacy: abrogating suppression with an IL-13 inhibitor while augmenting help with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and CD40L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:13020-5. [PMID: 12232042 PMCID: PMC130579 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.192251199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a role for CD4(+) helper cells in CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction by vaccines is widely recognized, much less is known about a counterbalancing role of CD4(+) T cells in down-modulating this response, or about ways to optimize vaccine responses through abrogation of this negative regulatory mechanism. Here, we discovered a synergistic enhancement of vaccine-mediated CTL induction and protection by the relief of suppression through depletion of regulatory CD4(+) cells, including CD4(+) NKT cells, or blockade of IL-13 made by these cells, combined with the cytokine granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the costimulatory molecule CD40L. Indeed, in the absence of helper epitopes, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the helper-mimetic molecule CD40L are not sufficient to replace help to induce CTL without abrogation of CD4(+) T cell-mediated suppression, suggesting a role for T cell help in overcoming suppression. The increased CTL induction translated to striking protection against viral infection by a vaccine by using this synergistic combined approach. These results argue for a push-pull approach to maximize vaccine efficacy, especially for HIV and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Ahlers
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Zwaveling S, Ferreira Mota SC, Nouta J, Johnson M, Lipford GB, Offringa R, van der Burg SH, Melief CJM. Established human papillomavirus type 16-expressing tumors are effectively eradicated following vaccination with long peptides. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:350-8. [PMID: 12077264 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based vaccines aimed at the induction of effective T cell responses against established cancers have so far only met with limited clinical success and clearly need to be improved. In a preclinical model of human papillomavirus (HPV)16-induced cervical cancer we show that prime-boost vaccinations with the HPV16-derived 35 amino-acid long peptide E7(43-77), containing both a CTL epitope and a Th epitope, resulted in the induction of far more robust E7-specific CD8(+) T cell responses than vaccinations with the minimal CTL epitope only. We demonstrate that two distinct mechanisms are responsible for this effect. First, vaccinations with the long peptide lead to the generation of E7-specific CD4(+) Th cells. The level of the induced E7-specific CD8(+) T cell response proved to be dependent on the interactions of these Th cells with professional APC. Second, we demonstrate that vaccination with the long peptide and dendritic cell-activating agents resulted in a superior induction of E7-specific CD8(+) T cells, even when T cell help was excluded. This suggests that, due to its size, the long peptide was preferably endocytosed, processed, and presented by professional APCs. Moreover, the efficacy of this superior HPV-specific T cell induction was demonstrated in therapeutic prime-boost vaccinations in which the long peptide admixed with the dendritic cell-activating adjuvant oligodeoxynucleotide-CpG resulted in the eradication of large, established HPV16-expressing tumors. Because the vaccine types used in this study are easy to prepare under good manufacturing practice conditions and are safe to administer to humans, these data provide important information for future clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/immunology
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/administration & dosage
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Papillomavirus Infections/immunology
- Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Zwaveling
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM, Thomas EK, Berzofsky JA. High-affinity T helper epitope induces complementary helper and APC polarization, increased CTL, and protection against viral infection. J Clin Invest 2001. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200113463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Belyakov IM, Hel Z, Kelsall B, Kuznetsov VA, Ahlers JD, Nacsa J, Watkins DI, Allen TM, Sette A, Altman J, Woodward R, Markham PD, Clements JD, Franchini G, Strober W, Berzofsky JA. Mucosal AIDS vaccine reduces disease and viral load in gut reservoir and blood after mucosal infection of macaques. Nat Med 2001; 7:1320-6. [PMID: 11726972 DOI: 10.1038/nm1201-1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Given the mucosal transmission of HIV-1, we compared whether a mucosal vaccine could induce mucosal cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and protect rhesus macaques against mucosal infection with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) more effectively than the same vaccine given subcutaneously. Here we show that mucosal CTLs specific for simian immunodeficiency virus can be induced by intrarectal immunization of macaques with a synthetic-peptide vaccine incorporating the LT(R192G) adjuvant. This response correlated with the level of T-helper response. After intrarectal challenge with pathogenic SHIV-Ku2, viral titers were eliminated more completely (to undetectable levels) both in blood and intestine, a major reservoir for virus replication, in intrarectally immunized animals than in subcutaneously immunized or control macaques. Moreover, CD4+ T cells were better preserved. Thus, induction of CTLs in the intestinal mucosa, a key site of virus replication, with a mucosal AIDS vaccine ameliorates infection by SHIV in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM, Thomas EK, Berzofsky JA. High-affinity T helper epitope induces complementary helper and APC polarization, increased CTL, and protection against viral infection. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1677-85. [PMID: 11733563 PMCID: PMC200990 DOI: 10.1172/jci13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural viral proteins do not always make optimal vaccines. We have found that sequence modification to increase epitope affinity for class II MHC molecules (epitope enhancement) can improve immunogenicity. Here we show first that a higher-affinity helper epitope-enhanced HIV vaccine not only induces more cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), but also skews helper cells toward Th1 cytokine production and protects against HIV-1 recombinant vaccinia viral challenge. Furthermore, we elucidate a novel mechanism in which the higher-affinity vaccine induces dramatically more effective helper cells with a higher level of CD40L per helper cell and more positive cells, which in turn more effectively conditions dendritic cells (DCs) for CTL activation in a second culture. The improved helper cells also induce much greater IL-12 production by DCs, accounting for the reciprocal T helper polarization to Th1, and increase costimulatory molecule expression. Thus, increasing affinity for class II MHC results in a complementary interaction in which T helper and antigen-presenting cells polarize each other, as well as increase CTL, and provide greater vaccine efficacy against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ahlers
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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13
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Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM, Matsui S, Berzofsky JA. Mechanisms of cytokine synergy essential for vaccine protection against viral challenge. Int Immunol 2001; 13:897-908. [PMID: 11431420 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.7.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cytokines to steer CD4(+) T(h) cell responses toward a T(h)1 or T(h)2 phenotype and enhance the magnitude of both CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and antibody responses has clearly been demonstrated by our lab and others, but the influence of cytokines on protective immune responses is much less clear. Here we show an essential role for CD4(+) T(h)1 helper cell induction and IFN-gamma production in protection from viral challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1MN viral envelope glycoprotein gp160. Complete protection from viral challenge is achieved only when the triple combination of exogenous cytokines granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are co-administered with the peptide vaccine. In vivo depletion of CD4(+) cells or immunization of IFN-gamma-deficient mice abrogates protection. GM-CSF, IL-12 and TNF-alpha also synergize for the enhanced induction of CTL; however, adoptive transfer of a CD8(+) CTL line afforded only partial protection in this viral challenge model. As a possible mechanism of in vivo protection we show that GM-CSF increases the percentage and activity of antigen-presenting dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes where the immune response is initiated. We further demonstrate synergy between IL-12 and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in driving IFN-gamma production. Thus, a combination of IL-12 and TNF-alpha is essential for the optimal development of T(h)1 responses and help for CTL induction in BALB/c mice, and is complemented by a third cytokine, GM-CSF, which enhances antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ahlers
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bldg 10, Rm 6B-12 (MSC1578), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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Belyakov IM, Ahlers JD, Clements JD, Strober W, Berzofsky JA. Interplay of cytokines and adjuvants in the regulation of mucosal and systemic HIV-specific CTL. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6454-62. [PMID: 11086085 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the interplay between cytokines and adjuvants to optimize the induction of CTL by a mucosal HIV peptide vaccine. We show synergy between IL-12 and GM-CSF when administered together with the HIV peptide PCLUS3-18IIIB and cholera toxin (CT) in the induction of CTL activity and protection against mucosal viral transmission. Further, we examine the efficacy of mutant Escherichia coli labile toxin, LT(R192G), as a less toxic adjuvant than CT. LT(R192G) was as effective as or more effective than CT at inducing a mucosal CTL response. Moreover, LT(R192G) was as effective without IL-12 as CT was when combined with IL-12, and the response elicited by LT(R192G) with the vaccine was not further enhanced by the addition of IL-12. GM-CSF synergized with LT(R192G) without exogenous IL-12. Therefore, LT(R192G) may induce a more favorable cytokine response by not inhibiting IL-12 production. In particular, less IL-4 is made after LT(R192G) than CT immunization, and the response is less susceptible to anti-IL-12 inhibition. Thus, the choice of mucosal adjuvant affects the cytokine environment, and the mucosal response and protection can be enhanced by manipulating the cytokine environment with synergistic cytokine combinations incorporated in the vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/chemical synthesis
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Administration, Rectal
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cytokines/administration & dosage
- Cytokines/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Drug Synergism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- HIV-1/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peyer's Patches/cytology
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/virology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Phase I and II studies have been carried out with several candidate HIV-1 vaccines in seronegative volunteers. Vaccines consisting of rgp 120 stimulated moderate levels of neutralizing antibodies against homologous, TCLA adapted viruses, but did not induce CD8+ CTL responses. Canarypox vectors stimulate CD8+ CTL responses, but little neutralizing activity. The latter can be increased in titer by boosting recipients of canarypox vectors with rgp120 vaccines. Large-scale placebo-controlled efficacy trials are underway with two rgp120 vaccines: AIDSVAX B/B (VaxGen, Inc.) in the United States, and AIDSVAX B/E in Thailand. The canarypox-rgp120 combined regimen has been proposed for study in an intermediate-sized, "test-of-concept" efficacy trial by the NIAID-sponsored HVTN, with an experimental design intended to provide information on the potential in vitro correlates of immunity. The results from these studies, and the methodology used in their conduct, should facilitate the refinement of conventional and novel approaches to the development of safe and effective HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dolin
- Clinical Programs, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Napravnik S, Royce R, Walter E, Lim W. HIV-1 infected women and prenatal care utilization: barriers and facilitators. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2000; 14:411-20. [PMID: 10977970 DOI: 10.1089/108729100416623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to understand issues affecting prenatal care access and utilization from the perspectives of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women who receive inadequate prenatal care, we conducted three in-depth qualitative and quantitative interviews. From a thematic analysis of the narrative interviews, four broad areas emerged as pertinent to these women's prenatal care experiences. These were issues related to pregnancy, HIV, psychosocial conditions, and the health care system. For these women, the barriers to prenatal care utilization included the unexpected and unplanned nature of the pregnancy and mental health issues related to HIV infection. Poverty, periodic homelessness, addiction to illicit substances, and lack of social support were also important barriers. Furthermore, perceptions of the health care system as threatening, including fears related to consequences of disclosing illicit activities, discrimination, and breach of confidentiality emerged as salient barriers. Facilitating factors included the pregnancy being experienced as a life-transforming event, concern for their children, especially preventing HIV-1 vertical transmission, availability of treatment, and support from health care professionals. Prominent throughout the interviews were the women's mental health concerns and need for professional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Napravnik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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17
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Cruz LJ, Quintana D, Iglesias E, Garcia Y, Huerta V, Garay HE, Duarte C, Reyes O. Immunogenicity comparison of a multi-antigenic peptide bearing V3 sequences of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with TAB9 protein in mice. J Pept Sci 2000; 6:217-24. [PMID: 10823490 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1387(200005)6:5<217::aid-psc242>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The multiple antigenic peptide system (MAP) has been proposed as a novel and valuable approach for eliciting antibodies for peptides and developing synthetic vaccines. Multi-epitope polypeptides (MEP) have also been developed as an alternative to the recombinant approach for vaccines. The V3 loop from the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) external glycoprotein (gp120) contains the principal neutralization domain (PND). Antibodies against this region neutralize HIV-1 in vitro and in vivo. In this work, a novel presentation of di-epitope MAP was synthesized. A monomeric MAP carrying two identical JY1 V3 sequences as B-cell epitopes and the 830-843 region of tetanus toxoid as a T-helper cell epitope was synthesized. This basic structure was covalently linked to produce a four-JY1-branched homodimer (JY1-MAP4). Additionally, six different monomeric MAPs, bearing four copies of V3 from isolates LR150, JY1, RF, MN, BRVA and IIIB, were synthesized. These monomers were conveniently linked among themselves to produce homodimeric and heterodimeric MAPs of eight V3 branches (V3-MAP8). JY1-MAP8 elicited higher antibody titers in Balb/c mice than JY1-MAP4. The immunogenicity of two different, hexavalent V3-MAP8 mixtures and the MEP TAB9, which tandems the same six V3 sequences in a single molecule, were compared. The antibody response against the mixtures of the heterodimeric MAP showed a wider recognition pattern of the V3 region, while the homodimeric cocktail showed an intermediate pattern. Antibodies elicited by TAB9 recognized only the JY1, LR150 peptides. These results emphasize the influence of V3 epitope presentation upon the characteristics of the antibody response generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Cruz
- División de Quimíca-Física, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, Cubanacán, Habana, Cuba.
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18
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Ressing ME, van Driel WJ, Brandt RM, Kenter GG, de Jong JH, Bauknecht T, Fleuren GJ, Hoogerhout P, Offringa R, Sette A, Celis E, Grey H, Trimbos BJ, Kast WM, Melief CJ. Detection of T helper responses, but not of human papillomavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, after peptide vaccination of patients with cervical carcinoma. J Immunother 2000; 23:255-66. [PMID: 10746552 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200003000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16)-encoded E7 oncoprotein is constitutively expressed in cervical carcinoma cells and is required for cellular transformation to be maintained. The E7 protein, therefore, forms an attractive target for T-cell-mediated immune intervention to prevent or treat HPV16+ tumors. The authors performed a peptide-based phase I/II vaccination trial to induce anti-tumor immune responses in patients with recurrent or residual cervical carcinoma. Fifteen HLA-A*0201+ patients with HPV16+ cervical carcinoma received vaccinations with synthetic peptides representing 2 HPV16 E7-encoded, HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes and a pan-HLA-DR-binding T-helper epitope, PADRE, in adjuvant. No signs of toxicity were observed. Two patients had stable disease for more than 1 year after vaccination, 3 patients died of the disease during or shortly after the vaccination period, and 10 patients maintained progressive cervical carcinoma. Specific immune responses directed against the vaccine components were analyzed in peripheral blood samples. No cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against the HPV16 E7 peptides were detectable. After vaccination, strong PADRE helper peptide-specific proliferation was detected in 4 of 12 patients. In conclusion, peptide vaccination with 2 HPV16 E7 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes and a universal T helper epitope is well tolerated by patients with advanced cervical carcinoma. Despite a reduction of in vitro cytolytic or proliferative recall responses to some, but not all, conventional antigens in this patient group, peptide-specific proliferative responses were induced in 4 patients. Based on the current study, it is now feasible to perform peptide vaccination in earlier stages of HPV16-induced cervical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Ressing
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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19
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Rubinstein A, Mizrachi Y, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Lenz J, Liu GQ, Rubinstein Y, Goldstein H, Yust I, Burke M, Vardinon N, Spirer Z, Cryz SJ. Immunologic responses of HIV-1-infected study subjects to immunization with a mixture of peptide protein derivative-V3 loop peptide conjugates. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 22:467-76. [PMID: 10961608 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-199912150-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
V3 loop peptide sequences from several HIV-1 strains were covalently linked to purified protein derivative (PPD) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A mixture of PPD conjugates of V3 loop peptides from six different strains of HIV-1 induced a stronger antibody response than a single V3 peptide-conjugate administered to guinea pigs and humans. Sera from animals immunized with a PPD-six peptide-PPD conjugate neutralized multiple primary-isolate strains of HIV-1. Potent immune responses were noted only when animals were primed with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), PPD was covalently bound to the peptides, and PPD was used as the carrier protein. Based on these animal studies, an immunogen consisting of PPD-conjugated V3 loop peptides from five HIV-1 strains was tested in 7 HIV-1 seropositive PPD skin test positive study subjects. Vaccinees exhibited over time a uniform increase in neutralizing antibodies for both laboratory adapted and primary isolates of HIV-1, including strains from multiple clades. In 3 patients with baseline viral loads between 8000 and 12,000 RNA copies/ml, the viral load declined in 2 patients to <400 copies/ml and in 1 patient to 1200 copies/ml without concurrent administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for AIDS Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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20
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Lópex-Días de Cerio AL, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Sarobe P, Pérez-Mediavilla LA, Ruiz M, Prieto J, Borrás-Cuesta F. T(h)1 but not T(h)0 cell help is efficient to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunization with short synthetic peptides. Int Immunol 1999; 11:2025-34. [PMID: 10590268 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.12.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of BALB/c mice with peptide HVSGHRMAWDMMMNWA, encompassing residues 121-135 from hepatitis C virus E1 protein, induced CD4(+) T(h)1 cells as well as a long-lasting CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in vivo when the peptide was administered s.c. with or without incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Using truncated peptides from this sequence it was shown that the determinant recognized by cytotoxic T cells was encompassed by residues SGHRMAWDM. Deletion of residues from the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the wild-type peptide abrogated its helper character. When Val122 of the wild peptide was replaced by Ala, the ability to induce a cytotoxic response was lost concomitantly with the loss of the T(h)1 pattern of cytokine production. Interestingly, the Ala-modified peptide, when co-immunized with a peptide encompassing residues 323-329 from ovalbumin (OVA), which is able to induce a T(h)1 response in BALB/c mice, restored the capacity of the modified peptide to induce CTL. However, co-immunization of the Ala-modified peptide with a peptide encompassing residues 106-118 from sperm whale myoglobin, which induces a T(h)0 cytokine profile in BALB/c mice, was much less efficient than the OVA peptide to restore CTL induction. These results demonstrate that CTL induction with a short synthetic peptide requires that this peptide contains domains recognized by T(c) cells as well as by T(h)1 cells. For those peptides that do not contain this type of T(h) domain, competent T cell help can be provided by co-immunization with a distinct peptide that is able to stimulate a T(h)1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lópex-Días de Cerio
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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21
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Immunologic Responses of HIV-1–Infected Study Subjects to Immunization With a Mixture of Peptide Protein Derivative–V3 Loop Peptide Conjugates. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199912150-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Pinto LA, Berzofsky JA, Fowke KR, Little RF, Merced-Galindez F, Humphrey R, Ahlers J, Dunlop N, Cohen RB, Steinberg SM, Nara P, Shearer GM, Yarchoan R. HIV-specific immunity following immunization with HIV synthetic envelope peptides in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1999; 13:2003-12. [PMID: 10546852 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199910220-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A phase I trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an HIV synthetic peptide vaccine in HIV-seropositive individuals. The immunogens used in this study were PCLUS 3-18MN and PCLUS 6.1-18MN envelope peptides. METHODS Eight HIV-infected patients received six subcutaneous injections of 160 microg PCLUS 3-18MN in Montanide ISA 51 and were followed longitudinally for a year after the first immunization. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were tested for peptide-specific T helper and cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses, HIV-1MN neutralizing antibodies and antibodies against HIV PCLUS 3 and P18 MN peptides. RESULTS PCLUS 3-1 8MN-specific T helper responses were significantly increased at 36 weeks (P < 0.05, after adjustment for multiple comparisons) following initial immunization with PCLUS 3-18MN. A P18MN-specific CTL response, not present prior to vaccination, was observed after immunization in one patient. Serum HIV-1 MN-neutralizing antibody titers increased in each of the three patients who had low titers prior to immunization. Plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4 cell counts did not change appreciably during the study period. CONCLUSIONS This trial demonstrates that both peptides can be safely administered to HIV-infected individuals and that PCLUS 3-18MN induces increases in HIV peptide-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Pinto
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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23
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van Regenmortel MH. Molecular design versus empirical discovery in peptide-based vaccines. Coming to terms with fuzzy recognition sites and ill-defined structure-function relationships in immunology. Vaccine 1999; 18:216-21. [PMID: 10506645 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In view of our increased understanding of the molecular basis of immunological recognition, it is commonly believed that it should be possible to apply molecular design strategies to the development of peptide-based vaccines. The stated aim is to transform the development of a vaccine from a trial and error empirical operation into a so-called rational, structure-based process. In the present review, it is argued that it is misleading to oppose rational and empirical approaches in vaccine research since both are needed in the practice of experimental science. Many reasons are given for the view that the molecular design of synthetic vaccines is not a realistic scientific enterprise. The capacity of a peptide to induce a protective immune response depends on many extrinsic factors and regulatory mechanisms of the recipient host which are not amenable to molecular design of the peptide immunogen. It seems safe to predict that the development of peptide-based vaccines will continue to be driven by empirical discovery rather than by so-called rational design.
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24
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Estevez F, Carr A, Solorzano L, Valiente O, Mesa C, Barroso O, Sierra GV, Fernandez LE. Enhancement of the immune response to poorly immunogenic gangliosides after incorporation into very small size proteoliposomes (VSSP). Vaccine 1999; 18:190-7. [PMID: 10501249 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Certain gangliosides are tumor-associated antigens that constitute potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. A major drawback in the design of ganglioside-based cancer vaccines, however, is the poor immunogenicity of these glycolipids. Here we report the immunological and physicochemical properties of very small size proteoliposomes (VSSP) obtained by using anionic detergents to incorporate gangliosides into the outer membrane protein complex (OMPC) of N. meningitidis. VSSP of three different gangliosides, GM3, NGcGM3 and GD3, were tested. These gangliosides differ in level of expression in normal tissues and in immunogenicity in different animal species. We show that the immunization with VSSP in an oil adjuvant consistently induced both IgM and IgG anti-ganglioside antibodies. In the mouse, the anti-ganglioside IgG fraction was not restricted to the typical T-independent isotype IgG3. Unexpectedly, significant levels of the T-dependent IgG1, IgG2a and particularly IgG2b were also found. VSSP-mediated enhancement of the immunogenicity was not restricted to the relatively immunogenic ganglioside GD3, satisfactory immune responses against highly tolerated GM3 and NGcGM3 were also obtained. Similar results were achieved in chickens and monkeys. No reactogenicity was observed even when self-gangliosides were used for immunization. VSSP overcame natural tolerance to gangliosides in an adjuvant dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Estevez
- Finlay Institute, C. de La Habana, Cuba.
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25
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Berzofsky JA, Ahlers JD, Derby MA, Pendleton CD, Arichi T, Belyakov IM. Approaches to improve engineered vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses that cause chronic infections. Immunol Rev 1999; 170:151-72. [PMID: 10566149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We used several approaches to develop enhanced vaccines for chronic viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). 1) Selected epitopes were used to avoid potentially harmful immune responses. 2) Linkage between helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes was found to be important. 3) We developed an "epitope enhancement" approach modifying the sequences of epitopes to make more potent vaccines, including examples for HIV and HCV epitopes presented by murine class II and human class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. 4) CTL avidity was found to be important for clearing viral infections in vivo, and the mechanism was examined. High-avidity CTLs, however, were found to undergo apoptosis when confronted with high-density antigen, through a mechanism involving tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF-RII, and a permissive state induced through the T-cell receptor. 5) We employed cytokines in the adjuvant to steer immune responses toward desired phenotypes, and showed synergy between cytokines. 6) Intrarectal immunization with peptide vaccine induced mucosal and systemic CTL. Local mucosal CTL were found to be critical for resistance to mucosal viral transmission and this resistance was enhanced with mucosally delivered interleukin-12. 7) We used an asymmetry in induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses to circumvent pre-existing vaccinia immunity for use of recombinant vaccinia vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Berzofsky
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1578, USA
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26
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Matsui S, Ahlers JD, Vortmeyer AO, Terabe M, Tsukui T, Carbone DP, Liotta LA, Berzofsky JA. A Model for CD8+ CTL Tumor Immunosurveillance and Regulation of Tumor Escape by CD4 T Cells Through an Effect on Quality of CTL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding immune mechanisms influencing cancer regression, recurrence, and metastasis may be critical to developing effective immunotherapy. Using a tumor expressing HIV gp160 as a model viral tumor Ag, we found a growth-regression-recurrence pattern, and used this to investigate mechanisms of immunosurveillance. Regression was dependent on CD8 T cells, and recurrent tumors were resistant to CTL, had substantially reduced expression of epitope mRNA, but retained the gp160 gene, MHC, and processing apparatus. Increasing CTL numbers by advance priming with vaccinia virus expressing gp160 prevented only the initial tumor growth but not the later appearance of escape variants. Unexpectedly, CD4 cell depletion protected mice from tumor recurrence, whereas IL-4 knockout mice, deficient in Th2 cells, did not show this protection, and IFN-γ knockout mice were more susceptible. Purified CD8 T cells from CD4-depleted mice following tumor regression had more IFN-γ mRNA and lysed tumor cells without stimulation ex vivo, in contrast to CD4-intact mice. Thus, the quality as well as quantity of CD8+ CTL determines the completeness of immunosurveillance and is controlled by CD4 T cells but not solely Th2 cytokines. This model of immunosurveillance may indicate ways to enhance the efficacy of surveillance and improve immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Matsui
- *Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, and
| | - Jeffrey D. Ahlers
- *Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, and
| | - Alex O. Vortmeyer
- †Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Masaki Terabe
- *Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, and
| | - Taku Tsukui
- *Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, and
| | - David P. Carbone
- ‡Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Lance A. Liotta
- †Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- *Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, and
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27
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Oscherwitz J, Zeigler ME, Gribbin TE, Cease KB. A V3 loop haptenic peptide sequence, when tandemly repeated, enhances immunogenicity by facilitating helper T-cell responses to a covalently linked carrier protein. Vaccine 1999; 17:2392-9. [PMID: 10392621 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subunit immunogens containing tandemly repeated copies of T- and B-cell epitopes have been shown to be more immunogenic than the respective immunogen containing only a single copy of the sequence. It has been unclear, however, whether the increased immunogenicity of a tandemly repeated B-cell epitope necessarily results from increased helper T-cell responses to intrinsic T-cell epitopes in the tandemly repeated sequences, or to neodeterminant T-cell epitopes created at the junction of adjacent repeat sequences. We examined this question by comparing the immunogenicity in mice of two immunogens containing one or eight tandemly repeated copies of an HIV-1 V3 loop haptenic sequence. Our results show that the tandemly repeated haptenic sequence potentiates the immunogenicity of the protein construct, likely through the facilitation of enhanced B-cell interaction with the tandem repeat construct and the consequent elicitation of increased carrier protein-specific helper T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oscherwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48105, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Recent use of zidovudine (ZDV) to reduce vertical transmission of HIV disease in newborns has demonstrated varied, but in some studies, dramatic results, with reports of reduction from approximately 8% to 25%. With this potential of efficacy in saving lives, knowledge of access to prenatal care for HIV-infected pregnant women is urgent. The current study used face-to-face and phone survey methods and employed a 77-item questionnaire to assess barriers to prenatal care in two groups of HIV-positive and HIV-negative women (n = 106). All participants had a child(ren) under 4 years of age and were currently enrolled in a primary care or family HIV clinic. Results showed that HIV-positive women had specific concerns regarding access of perinatal care that included disclosure and fear of anger from health care providers. Barriers such as transportation, insurance and child care, among others, were not predictive of the level of prenatal care received, but results may be biased by the small number of women who had not received adequate care and the general selection process from women who were currently attending clinics. A high level of prenatal care was recorded across both cohorts. Misconceptions about vertical transmission and ZDV efficacy were demonstrated, including that more than 80% of all participants stated there was a greater than 50% chance of a pregnant untreated HIV-positive woman transmitting the virus; the documented transmission rate for untreated birth mothers is 20% to 25%. In addition, HIV-negative women showed little knowledge about vertical transmission and the use of ZDV, putting this group at risk in the future. Better educational methods to more women about perinatal HIV transmission and ADV could be imperative in significantly improving reduction of vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lancioni
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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29
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Belyakov IM, Ahlers JD, Brandwein BY, Earl P, Kelsall BL, Moss B, Strober W, Berzofsky JA. The importance of local mucosal HIV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes for resistance to mucosal viral transmission in mice and enhancement of resistance by local administration of IL-12. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:2072-81. [PMID: 9854042 PMCID: PMC509161 DOI: 10.1172/jci5102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although crucial to mucosal vaccine development, the mechanisms of defense against mucosal viral infection are still poorly understood. Protection, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and neutralizing antibodies have all been observed, but cause and effect have been difficult to determine. The ability of CTL in the mucosa to mediate protection against mucosal viral transmission has never been proven. Here, we use an HIV peptide immunogen and an HIV-1 gp160-expressing recombinant vaccinia viral intrarectal murine challenge system, in which neutralizing antibodies do not play a role, to demonstrate for the first time that long-lasting immune resistance to mucosal viral transmission can be accomplished by CD8(+) CTL that must be present in the mucosal site of exposure. The resistance is ablated by depleting CD8(+) cells in vivo and requires CTL in the mucosa, whereas systemic (splenic) CTL are shown to be unable to protect against mucosal challenge. Furthermore, the resistance as well as the CTL response can be increased by local mucosal delivery of IL-12 with the vaccine. These results imply that induction of local mucosal CTL may be critical for success of a vaccine against viruses transmitted through a mucosal route, such as HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Belyakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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30
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Leggatt GR, Hosmalin A, Pendleton CD, Kumar A, Hoffman S, Berzofsky JA. The Importance of Pairwise Interactions Between Peptide Residues in the Delineation of TCR Specificity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.4728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A minimal, nonamer epitope (TEMEKEGKI) from the reverse transcriptase protein of HIV-1, restricted by H-2Kk, was identified and the function of individual residues determined. Besides classical anchor residues at positions 2 and 9, methionine at position 3 was identified as an important MHC anchor and improved binding of a different (malarial) nonamer epitope to H-2Kk, albeit while also abolishing CTL recognition. Lysine at position 5 was replaceable by alanine for CTL raised against wild-type peptide but abolished recognition for CTL raised against the variant 5ALA peptide, indicating a unidirectional cross-reactivity. Interestingly, one CTL line raised against the 5ALA substituted peptide was permissive for a double substitution at positions 5 and 6, in which lysine was permissive at position 5 only if the adjacent glutamic acid was replaced by alanine. Extensive analysis revealed three distinct patterns of responses with peptides doubly substituted in this region: recognition of both single substitutions but not the double substitution, recognition of only one single substitution but also the double substitution, or recognition of both single substitutions and the double substitution. A second complementary substitution can therefore restore function lost through a first substitution. Thus, no residue acts independently of its neighbors, and pairs of substitutions may give results not predictable from the effects of each taken singly. This finding may have bearing on viral infections (such as HIV), in which the accumulation of two mutations in the epitope may lead to the reengagement of memory CTL previously silenced by the initial mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R. Leggatt
- *Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892; and
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- *Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892; and
| | - C. David Pendleton
- *Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892; and
| | - Anita Kumar
- †Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Stephen Hoffman
- †Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- *Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892; and
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Oxford
- Academic Virology, Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, UK
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Sauzet JP, Moog C, Krivine A, Martinon F, Bossus M, Gras-Masse H, Tartar A, Guillet JG, Gomard E. Adjuvant is required when using Env lipopeptide construct to induce HIV type 1-specific neutralizing antibody responses in mice in vivo. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:901-9. [PMID: 9671219 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive immunological studies on HIV-1 infection, the causative agent of AIDS in humans, have led to the conclusion that efficient protection against this infection should require early elicitation of neutralizing antibodies as well as cellular immune and particularly cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. The use of synthetic peptides modified at one end by introduction of a lipidic tail is now well known to be an effective means of eliciting virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in vivo, both in mouse and humans. To ascertain that such a strategy can be used for vaccinal purposes, particularly against HIV-1 infection, it remains to be determined whether these molecules can also act as effective inducers of antibody responses, most of all of the neutralizing type. The present study set out to address this question by using a synthetic HIV-1 ENV lipopeptide construct, previously identified as a potent immunogen for in vivo induction of ENV-specific CTL responses in BALB/c mice. We first showed that V3 peptide-specific antibodies were effectively induced by the lipopeptide construct. However, we provided evidence that the biological activity of these antibodies, i.e., their ability to neutralize HIV-1 infectivity in vitro, was strongly influenced by the immunizing conditions and protocol, in that only those antibodies generated by the use of adjuvanted lipopeptide formulations were effective. Albeit at a slightly lower efficacy than by the intraperitoneal route, neutralizing antibodies could also be induced using the subcutaneous route. With the prospect of a human peptide vaccine in mind, we then studied the properties of different known or possibly clinically relevant adjuvants. We found that alum, the only relevant adjuvant for human use, not only provides inefficient help to the lipopeptide construct in generating neutralizing antibodies, but tends to have deleterious effects on the ability of the construct to induce CTL responses. The only protocol that gave satisfactory results in terms of the magnitude of the neutralizing antibody responses was a mineral oil-based lipopeptide formulation. When induced under those conditions, strong neutralizing activities were still present up to 8 months after the last injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Sauzet
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Moléculaires, INSERM U445, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France
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33
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Berkower I, Bridgewater J. Genetic control of the immune response to HIV type 1 envelope glycoprotein 120 in mice: effects of MHC and transgenic human CD4. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:893-900. [PMID: 9671218 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection elicits a strong immune response to viral proteins, including broadly cross-reactive antibodies to envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120). However, vaccination with recombinant gp120 generally produces lower titered antibodies with narrow specificity. We have examined host genes that may control the strength and breadth of the response to gp120 vaccines. Because of the complexity of the human MHC, we have focused on the response of MHC congenic mice, which share an identical genetic background, differing only in H-2 type. The antibody response to gp120 varied markedly with H-2 type. H-2a and H-2k mice gave consistently high antibody titers, while H-2s mice gave 100-fold lower titers, and H-2b mice gave low to intermediate responses. Nearly the same genetic control applied for antibodies to both unique and shared determinants and on a variety of different genetic backgrounds. Transgenic mice expressing human CD4 gave the same titers as normal H-2-matched controls. MHC-linked genetic control of the quantity and quality of antibodies indicate a requirement for T cell help in producing antibodies to unique and shared determinants of gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Berkower
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, DAPP, Office of Vaccine Research, Center for Biologics, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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FitzGerald DJ, Fryling CM, McKee ML, Vennari JC, Wrin T, Cromwell ME, Daugherty AL, Mrsny RJ. Characterization of V3 loop-Pseudomonas exotoxin chimeras. Candidate vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus-1. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:9951-8. [PMID: 9545339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.16.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a candidate vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), chimeric proteins were constructed by inserting sequences derived from the V3 loop of gp120 into a nontoxic form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE). Inserts of 14 or 26 amino acids, constrained by a disulfide bond, were introduced between domains II and III of PE. V3 loop-toxin proteins expressed in Escherichia coli and corresponding to either MN (subtype B) or Thai (subtype E) strains, were recognized by strain-specific monoclonal anti-gp120 antibodies. When loop sequences were introduced into an enzymatically active form of the toxin, there was no loss of toxin-mediated cell killing, suggesting that these sequences were co-transported to the cytosol. Sera from rabbits injected with nontoxic PE-V3 loop chimeras were reactive for strain-specific gp120s in Western blots, immunocapture assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and neutralized HIV-1 infectivity. Since toxin vectors were designed to receive oligonucleotide duplexes encoding any V3 loop sequence, this approach should allow for the production of V3 loop-toxin chimeras corresponding to multiple HIV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J FitzGerald
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Basic Science, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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Belyakov IM, Derby MA, Ahlers JD, Kelsall BL, Earl P, Moss B, Strober W, Berzofsky JA. Mucosal immunization with HIV-1 peptide vaccine induces mucosal and systemic cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protective immunity in mice against intrarectal recombinant HIV-vaccinia challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:1709-14. [PMID: 9465081 PMCID: PMC19159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissues are major sites of HIV entry and initial infection. Thus, the induction of a mucosal cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is an important feature for an effective HIV vaccine. However, little is known about approaches to induce such a protective CTL response in the mucosa. Here for the first time we show that intrarectal immunization with a synthetic, multideterminant HIV peptide plus cholera toxin adjuvant induced long-lasting, antigen-specific CTL memory in both the inductive (Peyer's patch) and effector (lamina propria) mucosal sites, as well as in systemic sites (spleen), whereas systemic immunization induced specific CTL only in the spleen. Cholera toxin adjuvant, while enhancing the response, was not essential. The CTL recognized target cells either pulsed with HIV peptide or expressing endogenous whole envelope glycoprotein of Mr 160,000 (gp160). Exploring the requirements for CTL induction, we show that mucosal CTL responses are both interleukin 12 and interferon-gamma dependent by using antibody-treated and knock-out mice. Finally, to determine whether a mucosal response is actually protective against local mucosal challenge with virus, we show that intrarectal immunization with the synthetic HIV peptide vaccine protected mice against infection via mucosal challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1IIIB gp160. These studies provide an approach to development of an HIV vaccine that induces CTL immunity in the mucosal and systemic immune systems and protects against mucosal infection with a virus expressing HIV-1 gp160.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Belyakov
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Luo L, Li Y, Chang JS, Cho SY, Kim TY, Choi MJ, Cheong HS, Kim HJ, Ahn HJ, Min MK, Chun BH, Jung SM, Woo SG, Park SY, Kang CY. Induction of V3-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by HIV gag particles carrying multiple immunodominant V3 epitopes of gp120. Virology 1998; 240:316-25. [PMID: 9454705 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Effort to develop a vaccine to prevent infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have focused on the induction of neutralizing antibodies. In our previous study, we reported that chimeric gag-env virus-like particles (VLPs) induce neutralizing antibodies which block HIV infection. In addition to the neutralizing antibodies, the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response is considered to be another major immune defense mechanism required for recovery from many different viral infections. In the present study, we have constructed chimeric fusion proteins using HIV-2 gag precursor protein with (1) four neutralizing epitopes from HIV-1 gp160; (2) three tandem copies of consensus V3 domain, which have been derived from 245 different isolates of HIV-1 and carries both the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) and CTL epitopes; and (3) V3 domains from HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1MN, HIV-1RF, and HIV-1SF2. These chimeric fusion proteins were expressed in a large quantity within insect cells, and released as VLPs into the cell culture medium. The purified gag-env VLPs from all three constructs appear to be spherical particles similar to immature HIV but slightly larger than the gag VLPs. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the chimeric proteins were recognized not only by HIV-1 positive patient sera, but also by monoclonal and polyclonal antisera raised against V3 peptides of HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1MN, HIV-1RF, and the gp120 antiserum against HIV-1SF2. Balb/C mice immunized with these chimeric VLPs successfully induced CTL activity against V3 peptide-stimulated target cells. In addition, a high degree of cross-reactivity was observed among the four different strains of HIV-1 V3 domain, indicating that the tandem multiple consensus V3 peptide sequence carried by HIV-2 gag can be used as a potential HIV vaccine against various HIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Luo
- Western Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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37
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Smith AD, Geisler SC, Chen AA, Resnick DA, Roy BM, Lewi PJ, Arnold E, Arnold GF. Human rhinovirus type 14:human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) V3 loop chimeras from a combinatorial library induce potent neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1. J Virol 1998; 72:651-9. [PMID: 9420270 PMCID: PMC109419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.651-659.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to develop a useful AIDS vaccine or vaccine component, we have generated a combinatorial library of chimeric viruses in which the sequence IGPGRAFYTTKN from the V3 loop of the MN strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is displayed in many conformations on the surface of human rhinovirus 14 (HRV14). The V3 loop sequence was inserted into a naturally immunogenic site of the cold-causing HRV14, bridged by linkers consisting of zero to three randomized amino acids on each side. The library of chimeric viruses obtained was subjected to a variety of immunoselection schemes to isolate viruses that provided the most useful presentations of the V3 loop sequence for potential use in a vaccine against HIV. The utility of the presentations was assessed by measures of antigenicity and immunogenicity. Most of the immunoselected chimeras examined were potently neutralized by each of the four different monoclonal anti-V3 loop antibodies tested. Seven of eight chimeric viruses were able to elicit neutralizing antibody responses in guinea pigs against the MN and ALA-1 strains of HIV-1. Three of the chimeras elicited HIV neutralization titers that exceeded those of all but a small number of previously described HIV immunogens. These results indicate that HRV14:HIV-1 chimeras may serve as useful immunogens for stimulating immunity against HIV-1. This method can be used to flexibly reconstruct varied immunogens on the surface of a safe and immunogenic vaccine vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Smith
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine and Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Jrad BB, Bahraoui E. Linear and cyclic peptides mimicking the disulfide loops in HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein induced antibodies with different specificity. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:1177-89. [PMID: 9566765 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(97)00120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the immunogenicity and antigenicity of cyclic and linear peptides that mimic the disulfide loops in HIV-2ROD gp125. Based on the hypothetical assignment of intrachain disulfide bonds in HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein, peptides expected to mimic all 11 disulfide-bonded domains were synthesized, oxidized or cysteine-alkylated; they were then purified and characterized. Rabbits were immunized with either linear cysteine-alkylated peptides (L1-L11) or cyclic oxidized peptides (C1-C11). All peptides except 7L elicited antibodies with titers between 10(3) and 5 x 10(6). Anti-peptide C (2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11) and anti-peptide L (2, 3, 8, 9, 11) antibodies recognized the native HIV-2 gp 125. Moreover, we found that cyclization of the peptides significantly increased the level of anti-peptide antibodies reacting with the intact antigen protein. Deglycosylation increased the level of protein reactivity of anti-peptide antibodies and rendered the epitopes in peptides 5, 6, 10 accessible, which were masked in the native protein. Peptide 1 induced antibodies reacting only with the denatured reduced gp125 HIV-2. In addition, while anti-peptide L antibodies reacted better with L peptide (called "linear" structural specificity), anti-peptide C antibodies reacted similarly with L and C peptides (called "broad" structural specificity). Interestingly, the "broad" structural specificity of antibodies correlated with reactivity against native gp125. Although none of these anti-peptide antisera displayed neutralizing activity against HIV-2ROD, these results support the hypothesis that the structural restriction of peptides have a major influence upon the generation of more specific antibodies for recognizing the intact protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Jrad
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Virologie, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Ahlers JD, Takeshita T, Pendleton CD, Berzofsky JA. Enhanced immunogenicity of HIV-1 vaccine construct by modification of the native peptide sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:10856-61. [PMID: 9380724 PMCID: PMC23507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.20.10856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral proteins are not naturally selected for high affinity major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding sequences; indeed, if there is any selection, it is likely to be negative in nature. Thus, one should be able to increase viral peptide binding to MHC in the rational design of synthetic peptide vaccines. The T1 helper peptide from the HIV-1 envelope protein was made more immunogenic for inducing T cell proliferation to the native sequence by replacing a residue that exerts an adverse influence on peptide binding to an MHC class II molecule. Mice immunized with vaccine constructs combining the more potent Th helper (Th) epitope with a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) determinant developed greatly enhanced CTL responses. Use of class II MHC-congenic mice confirmed that the enhancement of CTL response was due to class II-restricted help. Thus, enhanced T cell help is key for optimal induction of CTL, and, by modification of the native immunogen to increase binding to MHC, it is possible to develop second generation vaccine constructs that enhance both Th cell activation and CTL induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ahlers
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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