1
|
Santos FA, Catão CLS, Martins JP, Pessoa UHS, Sousa IV, Melo JS, Souza GL, Araújo ND, Magalhães-Gama F, Abrahim CMDM, Mourão EMV, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Vallinoto ACR, Pontes GS, Araújo MSS, Martins-Filho OA, Costa AG. Performance of immunological assays for universal and differential diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 infection in candidates for blood donations from the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298710. [PMID: 38968331 PMCID: PMC11226060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study compares the ability of distinct immunological assays (chemiluminescence immunoassay-CLIA, western blot-WB and flow cytometry-FC-Simplex and Duplex) to detect anti-HTLV (human T-lymphotropic virus) antibodies in candidates for blood donations at the Amazonas State Blood Center (Brazil) between January 2018 and December 2022. Overall, 257,942 samples from candidates for blood donations were screened using CLIA, which led to 0.15% seropositivity for HTLV (409 samples). A total of 151 candidates for blood donations were enrolled for retesting with CLIA followed by additional testing using WB and FC-Simplex and Duplex analysis. Our results demonstrated that 62% (93/151), 20% (30/151) and 17% (26/151) of the samples presented positive results with retesting using CLIA, WB and FC-Simplex analysis, respectively. Additional analysis of the CLIA, WB and FC-Simplex results revealed an overall agreement of 56% for CLIA and WB (22 co-negative; 30 co-positive samples), 48% for CLIA and FC-Simplex (21 co-negative; 24 co-positive samples) and 80% for WB and FC-Simplex (51 co-negative; 23 co-positive samples). Considering the WB as the reference standard for the diagnosis of infection with HTLV-1/2, we observed that the CLIA results of ≤3.0 RLU and >10.0 RLU in the retest can be used define a negative or positive result, respectively, and could be used as new specific cut-off values. The overall agreement between WB and FC-Duplex for accomplishing the differential diagnosis was evaluated and demonstrated 100% correspondence for the diagnosis of HTLV-1 (15/15) and HTLV-2 (7/7). Our findings demonstrate that gaps in the diagnosis of infection with HTLV-1/2 could be overcome by the simultaneous use of distinct immunological assays during retesting of candidates for blood donations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Araujo Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Lucas Santos Catão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Júlia Pereira Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou—FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Uzamôr Henrique Soares Pessoa
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Vasconcelos Sousa
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem de Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jean Silva Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brasil
| | - Gláucia Lima Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nilberto Dias Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fábio Magalhães-Gama
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou—FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou—FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou—FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou—FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brasil
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gemilson Soares Pontes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brasil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou—FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto René Rachou—Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou—FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimarães Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Brazil
- Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem de Manaus, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gang M, Gao F, Poondru S, Thomas T, Ratner L. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus in a non-endemic area: a single institution study. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1187697. [PMID: 37426028 PMCID: PMC10324566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1187697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding of human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) remains largely based on epidemiologic and clinical data from endemic areas. Globalization has resulted in migration of persons living with HTLV (PLHTLV) from endemic to non-endemic areas, and a rise of HTLV infection in the United States. Yet, due to the historical rarity of this disease, affected patients are often under- and mis-diagnosed. Thus, we sought to characterize the epidemiology, clinical features, comorbidities, and survival of HTLV-1- or HTLV-2-positive individuals identified in a non-endemic area. Methods Our study was a single institution, retrospective case-control analysis of HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 patients between 1998 and 2020. We utilized two HTLV-negative controls, matched for age, sex, and ethnicity, for each HTLV-positive case. We evaluated associations between HTLV infection and several hematologic, neurologic, infectious, and rheumatologic covariates. Finally, clinical factors predictive of overall survival (OS) were assessed. Results We identified 38 cases of HTLV infection, of whom 23 were HTLV-1 and 15 were HTLV-2 positive. The majority (~54%) of patients in our control group received HTLV testing for transplant evaluation, compared to ~24% of HTLV-seropositive patients. Co-morbidities associated with HTLV, hepatitis C seropositivity were higher in HTLV-seropositive patients compared to controls (OR 10.7, 95% CI = 3.2-59.0, p < 0.001). Hepatitis C and HTLV co-infection resulted in decreased OS, compared to no infection, hepatitis C infection alone, or HTLV infection alone. Patients with any cancer diagnosis and HTLV infection had worse OS compared to patients with cancer or HTLV alone. HTLV-1 positive patients had lower median OS compared to HTLV-2 patients (47.7 months vs. 77.4 months). In univariate analysis, the hazard for 1-year all-cause mortality was increased among patients with HTLV-seropositivity, adult T-cell leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, and hepatitis C infection. When corrected, multivariate analysis showed that HTLV seropositivity was no longer associated with 1 year all-cause mortality; however association with AML and hepatitis C infection remained significant. Conclusion HTLV-seropositivity was not associated with increased 1 year mortality in multivariate analysis. However, our study is limited by our small patient sample size, as well as the biased patient control population due to selection factors for HTLV testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margery Gang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Alvin Siteman Cancer Center, Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Division of Public Health Sciences, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sneha Poondru
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Theodore Thomas
- St Louis Veterans Health Administration Medical Center Research Service, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mortezazadeh M, Kalantari S, Abolghasemi N, Ranjbar M, Ebrahimi S, Mofidi A, Pezeshkpour B, Mansouri ES, Tabatabaei SZ, Kashani M. The effect of oral probiotics on CD4 count in patients with HIV infection undergoing treatment with ART who have had an immunological failure. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e913. [PMID: 37382253 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in appropriate colonies, can delay the destruction of the immune system and contribute to the maintenance of immunity in HIV patients. Probiotics play an important role in stimulating natural killer T cells, strengthening the functional gut barrier, and reducing systemic inflammation. METHODS This study was a randomized double-blind clinical trial involving 30 patients treated with antiretroviral therapy who had experienced immunological failure despite HIV viral suppression. Patients were divided into two equal groups of 15, group (B) received two probiotic capsules daily with a colony count of 10⁹ CFU per capsule containing seven strains, after 3 months they were examined for CD4+ counts by flow cytometry, and after a 1-month washout period the participants who had received probiotics were switched to placebo, and the participants who had received placebo were given probiotics for 3 months, and they were examined for CD4+ counts 7 months after the start of the study. RESULTS In the first group (A), administration of the placebo resulted in a decrease in CD4 count in the first 3 months (from 202.21 to 181.79, p value < .001), which may be due to the natural history of the disease. After probiotics administration, CD4 count increased significantly (from 181.79 to 243.86, p value < .001). Overall, after 7 months of study, there was a significant increase in the mean CD count from 202.21 to 243.86 (p value < .001). In the second group (B), the administration of probiotics in the first 3 months of the study resulted in a significant increase in the mean CD4 count (from 126.45 to 175.73, p value < .001). Termination of treatment with probiotics resulted in a significant decrease (from 175.73 to 138.9, p value < .001) but overall the CD4 count at the end of the study was significantly higher than at baseline (p value < .001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Mortezazadeh
- Internal Medicine Department, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Kalantari
- Department of Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Abolghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Islamic Azad University Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch -Pharmacy School, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Ranjbar
- Department of Infectious Disease, Firoozgar General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Ebrahimi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Mofidi
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Pezeshkpour
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Sadat Mansouri
- Internal Medicine Department, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Zia Tabatabaei
- Internal Medicine Department, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kashani
- Department of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biomarkers in a Cohort of HIV-Infected Patients Single- or Co-Infected with HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and/or HCV: A Cross-Sectional, Observational Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091955. [PMID: 36146762 PMCID: PMC9501613 DOI: 10.3390/v14091955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV, HTLV-1/-2, and HCV share routes of transmission, and such virus co-infections could account for worse outcomes of associated diseases. Measuring cytokines/chemokines, CD4 and CD8 T cells, and HIV viral load (VL) in HIV single-infected and co-infected individuals has prognostic value. We analyzed such biomarkers in 129 blood samples of HIV-infected individuals matched for age and sex and divided into six groups (G1 (69 HIV); G2 (9 HIV/HTLV-1); G3 (6 HIV/HTLV-2); G4 (11 HIV/HCV); G5 (19 HIV/HCV/HTLV-1); and G6 (15 HIV/HCV/HTLV-2)). Eight cytokines/chemokines from fifteen analytes could be compared. The highest levels of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected in G2 (IFN-γ) and G6 (IL-6 and IL1-β) and of chemokines in G1 (MIG, IP10, RANTES), G4 (MCP1), and G6 (MIP1-β). The highest CD4 cells number and the lowest HIV VL were identified in G3 and the opposite results in G2. Positive correlations between CD4 and CD8 cells counts and IL-6 levels were detected in G2 and G5 and of HIV VL and RANTES in G4. Negative correlations were detected between CD8 and IFN-γ in G4 and HIV VL and RANTES in G6. Despite the small number of the cohort analyzed, and although the cross-sectional study design does not allow firm conclusions, the homogeneity of the characteristics of HIV/HTLV-co-infected individuals regarding age, time and route of HIV acquisition, and criteria for introducing ART enable us to suggest a negative impact of HTLV-1 and a possible protective role of HTLV-2 in HIV infection progression in such patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections in patients with endemic mycoses in São Paulo, Brazil: A cross-sectional, observational study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 15:100339. [PMID: 36778068 PMCID: PMC9904113 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Brazil is a country endemic for human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2), systemic mycoses such as paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) and histoplasmosis (HP), and aspergillosis (AP). The prevalence of HTLV-1/-2 infections in individuals with endemic mycoses in Latin America is unknown; however, an association between HTLV-1 and severe PCM and HP has been observed in Peru. Addressing this knowledge gap, we searched for HTLV-1/-2 antibodies in serum samples sent to the Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil, for systemic mycosis diagnosis. Methods We used 387 sera from a biorepository that had seropositive results for Paracoccidioides spp. (G1, n=212), Histoplasma capsulatum (G2, n=95), Aspergillus spp. (G3, n=61), and at least two of these fungi (G4, n=19). We searched for the presence of HTLV-1/-2 antibodies using commercial immunoassays: enzyme immunoassay (HTLV-I+II Murex, Diasorin), western blotting (HTLV Blot 2.4, MP Biomedicals), and line immunoassay (INNO-LIA HTLV I/II, Fujirebio). Demographic characteristics were evaluated in each group. Findings Different regions in São Paulo were sampled. Most samples were from males (76.2%; p=0.001), except for G3, in which no sex bias was detected. Mean age differences were observed between groups: patients with PCM and HP had a similar mean age (42.8 and 42.0 years, respectively), while those with AP and co-fungal infection were older (55.1 and 52.8 years, respectively, (p<0.001). Noteworthy, males were older than females in G1 (p=0.005). Screening detected HTLV-1/2 antibodies in five samples (1.30%; 95% CI: 0.8-1.8%), with two borderline results. HTLV-1/2 was confirmed in two samples: 2/387 (0.52%; 0.063-1.85%): one HTLV-2, male, 42 years, from G1: 1/212 (0.47%; 0.012-2.60%), and one HTLV-1, male, 51 years, from G3: 1/61 (1.64%; 0.042-8.80%). Interpretation In the state of São Paulo, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 seem to circulate in male patients with systemic mycoses, and since HTLV-1 could impact fungal disease severity, the identification of co-infection is important regardless of prevalence. Funding Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), and Instituto Adolfo Lutz.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mouinga-Ondémé A, Boundenga L, Koumba Koumba IP, Idam Mamimandjiami A, Diané A, Engone-Ondo JD, Djuicy DD, Sica J, Mombo LE, Gessain A, Aghokeng Fobang A. Human T-Lymphotropic virus type 1 and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in rural Gabon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271320. [PMID: 35867643 PMCID: PMC9307203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) co-infection occur in many populations. People living with HIV-1 and infected with HTLV-1 seem more likely to progress rapidly towards AIDS. Both HTLV-1 and HIV-1 are endemic in Gabon (Central Africa). We investigated HTLV-1 and HIV-1 co-infection in the Haut-Ogooué province, and assessed factors that may favor the rapid evolution and progression to AIDS in co-infected patients. Methods Plasma samples from HTLV-1 patients were tested using ELISA, and positive samples were then tested by western blot assay (WB). We used the polymerase chain reaction to detect HTLV-1 Tax/Rex genes using DNA extracted from the buffy coat of ELISA-positives samples. Results We recruited 299 individuals (mean age 46 years) including 90 (30%) men and 209 (70%) women, all of whom are under treatment at the Ambulatory Treatment Centre of the province. Of these, 45 were ELISA HTLV-1/2 seropositive. According to WB criteria, 21 of 45 were confirmed positive: 20 were HTLV-1 (44%), 1 was HTLV-1/2 (2%), 2 were indeterminate (4%) and 22 were seronegative (49%). PCR results showed that 23 individuals were positive for the Tax/Rex region. Considering both serological and molecular assays, the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was estimated at 7.7%. Being a woman and increasing age were found to be independent risk factors for co-infection. Mean CD4+ cell counts were higher in HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infected (578.1 (± 340.8) cells/mm3) than in HIV-1 mono-infected (481.0 (± 299.0) cells/mm3) Individuals. Similarly, the mean HIV-1 viral load was Log 3.0 (± 1.6) copies/ml in mono-infected and Log 2.3 (± 0.7) copies/ml in coinfected individuals. Conclusion We described an overall high prevalence of HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infection in Gabon. Our findings stress the need of strategies to prevent and manage these co-infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- * E-mail:
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Groupe Evolution et Transmission Inter-espèces des Pathogènes (GETIP), Département de Parasitologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Précilya Koumba Koumba
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Antony Idam Mamimandjiami
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Abdoulaye Diané
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jéordy Dimitri Engone-Ondo
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Delia Doreen Djuicy
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jeanne Sica
- Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Landry Erik Mombo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes (EPVO), et CNRS UMR3569, Institut Pasteur de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Avelin Aghokeng Fobang
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD – Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Montaño-Castellón I, Marconi CSC, Saffe C, Brites C. Clinical and Laboratory Outcomes in HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 Coinfection: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2022; 10:820727. [PMID: 35359787 PMCID: PMC8963803 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.820727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To perform a systematic review to describe the available findings on clinical outcomes in HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 co-infected individuals since 1995. Design This Systematic Review used PECO criteria follow by PRISMA reporting guidelines and registered as CRD42021279062 (Prospero database). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Data Collection and Analysis A systematical search in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Sciences databases for cross-sectional, case-control, or cohort studies design to identify clinical and laboratorial outcomes related to HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 coinfection. Search strategy: [(“HIV-1” AND “HTLV-1” OR “HTLV-2”) AND (“Coinfection”) AND (1990/01/01:2021/12/31[Date- Publication])]. Results A total of 15 articles were included on this systematic review describing data of 2,566 mono and coinfected patients, 58% male, with mean age was 35.7 ± 5.7 years. HIV-1 and HTLV-1 coinfected patients were more likely to had shorter survival and faster progression to death or mortality than monoinfected ones. Coinfected had higher CD4 cell counts and less likelihood of ART use. In addition, higher frequency of diseases like ichthyosis (22.2 vs. 6.8%), scabies (18.6 vs. 0%), candidiasis (42 vs. 12%), Strongyloidiasis (15.4 vs. 2%) and neurological manifestations like encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy and HAM/TSP were more frequently reported in coinfected patients. Conclusions HIV-1 and HTLV-1 coinfection and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 /2 triple coinfection were related to shorter survival, higher mortality rate, and faster progression to death, while coinfection by HIV-1/HTLV-2 seems to have neutral association with longer survival, slower AIDS progression, and lower mortality rate. The available evidence indicates an urgent need for prevention and control measures, including screening, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV-1 and HTLV-1/2 coinfected patients. Test-and-treat strategy for patients living with HIV in areas endemic for HTLV infection is mandatory, to avoid the risks of delayed therapy and death for coinfected patients. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42021279062.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Montaño-Castellón
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cleyde Sheyla Chachaqui Marconi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Clara Saffe
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES), Salvador, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gonçalves MG, Fukasawa LO, Campos KR, Higa FT, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Development and Validation of Multiplex Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, Using Different PCR Platforms and Reagent Brands. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831594. [PMID: 35369428 PMCID: PMC8965094 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil currently has the highest number of individuals infected with human T-lymphotropic virus 1- and 2- (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) globally. At present, neither molecular protocols nor commercial assays are available for HTLV-1/-2 diagnosis or validated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health regulatory agency (ANVISA). We developed and validated two in-house multiplex quantitative real-time PCR for HTLV-1/-2 (mqPCR_HTLV) assays, targeting the pol and tax genes, for the simultaneous identification of HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and the albumin reference gene. The robustness of the assays was evaluated on two platforms using seven commercial master mix formulations. The reactions employed double plasmids (pHTLV1-Alb and pHTLV2-Alb) for the standard curve’s construction and for expressing the detection limit of the assays. They were able to detect 10 and 10 copies of HTLV-1 and 10 and 70 copies of HTLV-2 for the tax and pol targets, respectively. High efficiency was obtained using both the platforms and all the reagents evaluated and were successfully reproduced by other analysts. DNA samples from HTLV-1/-2-infected and non-infected patients and from HIV/HTLV-coinfected patients were evaluated to determine the feasibility of their use in routine diagnosis. The mqPCR_HTLV (pol and tax) assays demonstrated an overall specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 97.4% when testing samples from patients without HIV infection, and sensitivities of 77.1% (pol) and 74.6% (tax) in samples from HIV/HTLV-coinfected patients. In addition, they resolved the issue of HTLV western blotting (WB) indeterminate and WB-untyped results in 45.5 and 66.7% of cases, respectively. The developed mqPCR_HTLV (pol and tax) assays indicated their feasibility for efficient and reliable HTLV diagnosis in various core facility laboratories under different conditions and supplies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila Okuyama Fukasawa
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Takenori Higa
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pereira FM, Santos FLN, Silva ÂAO, Nascimento NM, Almeida MDCC, Carreiro RP, Galvão-Castro B, Rios Grassi MF. Distribution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human T-Leukemia Virus Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:788176. [PMID: 35083245 PMCID: PMC8784416 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.788176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Human T-Leukemia Virus (HTLV) are retroviruses that share similar routes of transmission. In Brazil, the prevalence of HIV and HTLV varies according to geographic region. The state of Bahia, located in the Northeast region, is considered endemic for both retroviruses. The present study aimed to characterize the frequency of HIV/HTLV coinfection and evaluate the geographic distribution of coinfection throughout the state. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the state's Central Laboratory of Public Health (LACEN-BA) and included all samples from 2004 to 2013 submitted to serological testing for anti-HIV and anti-HTLV-1/2, screened by chemiluminescence/ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Infection rates are expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants from each municipality. A total of 129,158 samples originating from 358/417 (85.8%) municipalities in Bahia were evaluated. HTLV was detected in 2.4% of the HIV-positive samples (n = 42) compared to 0.5% of those with negative HIV serology (n = 677) (OR: 4.65; CI: 3.39–6.37). HIV/HTLV coinfection was more frequent in women (69.0%); the median age of coinfected individuals was 47.2 years [interquartile range (IQR): 41.6–55.4 years]. In the 14/417 (3.4%) municipalities where at least one case of HIV/HTLV coinfection was detected, the overall HTLV coinfection rate in HIV-positive samples was 0.25 (range: 0.17–13.84) per 100,000 inhabitants. Most cases of HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection (21/37, 57%) were concentrated in the municipality of Salvador. Isolated instances (one or two cases) of HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection were distributed across municipalities known to be endemic for HTLV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicidade Mota Pereira
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Gonçalo Moniz Public Health Central Laboratory, Laboratório Central (LACEN), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Antônio Oliveira Silva
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nathan Menezes Nascimento
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Perez Carreiro
- Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Centro de Integração de Dados e Conhecimentos para Saúde (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Galvão-Castro
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Advanced Health Public Laboratory, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Bahia (FIOCRUZ-BA), Salvador, Brazil.,Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (EBMSP), Salvador, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin E, Panfil AR, Sandel G, Jain P. Novel perspectives on antisense transcription in HIV-1, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042761. [PMID: 36620051 PMCID: PMC9822710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of retroviruses contains two promoter elements (called long terminal repeat or LTR) at the 5' and 3' end of their genome. Although the expression of retroviral genes generally depends on the promoter located in the 5' LTR, the 3' LTR also has promoter activity responsible for producing antisense transcripts. These natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are a class of RNA molecules transcribed from the opposite strand of a protein-coding gene. NATs have been identified in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, as well as in human retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HTLV-1/2 (human T-cell leukemia virus type 1/2). The antisense transcripts of HIV-1, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2 have been briefly characterized over the past several years. However, a complete appreciation of the role these transcripts play in the virus lifecycle and the cellular factors which regulate their transcription is still lacking. This review provides an overview of antisense transcription in human retroviruses with a specific focus on the MEF-2 family of transcription factors, the function(s) of the antisense protein products, and the application of antisense transcription models in therapeutics against HIV-1 and HTLV-1 in the context of co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pooja Jain,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marconi CSC, Lins-Kusterer L, Brites C, Gomes-Neto M. Comparison of functioning and health-related quality of life among patients with HTLV-1, HIV, and HIV-HTLV-1-coinfection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e0759-2020. [PMID: 33759928 PMCID: PMC8008869 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0759-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) viruses are associated with a high global burden of disease, and coinfection is a frequently reported event. We aimed to compare the functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients infected with HTLV-1, HIV, and HIV-HTLV-1. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients older than 18 years who had an HTLV-1 infection (Group A), HIV infection (Group B), or HIV-HTLV-1 coinfection (Group C). The functioning profiles were evaluated using handgrip strength, Berg balance scale (BBS), timed “up and go” (TUG) test, and 5-m walk test (m/s). We used the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) questionnaire to measure disability. The HRQoL was evaluated using a 36-item short-form health survey. For data with parametric and non-parametric distribution, we used analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction and the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s pairwise tests with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: We enrolled 68 patients in Group A, 39 in Group B, and 29 in Group C. The scores for handgrip strength, BBS, TUG test, all the WHODAS domains, and HRQoL were poorer for Groups A and C than for Group B. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to patients with HIV infection, those with HIV-HTLV-1 coinfection and HTLV-1 infection had poor functioning and HRQoL scores. HTLV-1 infection was associated with reduced functioning and HRQoL in patients with a single HTLV-1 infection and HIV-HTLV-1 coinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cleyde Sheyla Chachaqui Marconi
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Liliane Lins-Kusterer
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Mansueto Gomes-Neto
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Doenças Infecciosas, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lockbaum GJ, Henes M, Talledge N, Rusere LN, Kosovrasti K, Nalivaika EA, Somasundaran M, Ali A, Mansky LM, Yilmaz NK, Schiffer CA. Inhibiting HTLV-1 Protease: A Viable Antiviral Target. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:529-538. [PMID: 33619959 PMCID: PMC8126997 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that can cause severe paralytic neurologic disease and immune disorders as well as cancer. An estimated 20 million people worldwide are infected with HTLV-1, with prevalence reaching 30% in some parts of the world. In stark contrast to HIV-1, no direct acting antivirals (DAAs) exist against HTLV-1. The aspartyl protease of HTLV-1 is a dimer similar to that of HIV-1 and processes the viral polyprotein to permit viral maturation. We report that the FDA-approved HIV-1 protease inhibitor darunavir (DRV) inhibits the enzyme with 0.8 μM potency and provides a scaffold for drug design against HTLV-1. Analogs of DRV that we designed and synthesized achieved submicromolar inhibition against HTLV-1 protease and inhibited Gag processing in viral maturation assays and in a chronically HTLV-1 infected cell line. Cocrystal structures of these inhibitors with HTLV-1 protease highlight opportunities for future inhibitor design. Our results show promise toward developing highly potent HTLV-1 protease inhibitors as therapeutic agents against HTLV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J. Lockbaum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Mina Henes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Nathaniel Talledge
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Linah N. Rusere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Klajdi Kosovrasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ellen A. Nalivaika
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Louis M. Mansky
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Campos KR, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Provirus Mutations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in HIV-1-Coinfected Individuals. mSphere 2020; 5:e00923-20. [PMID: 32999083 PMCID: PMC7529439 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00923-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Provirus mutations of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), mostly the lack of the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) genomic region, have been described and associated with severe adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), non-sense point mutations with low proviral load, and Western blotting indeterminate results. Until now, no information concerning provirus mutations of HTLV-2 and its consequences, as well as those of HTLV-1/2 in HIV-coinfected individuals, had been described. Therefore, we searched for these mutations in provirus samples of 44 HIV/HTLV-1- and 25 HIV/HTLV-2-coinfected individuals. Using protocols well established for amplification and sequencing of segments of the LTR, env, and tax regions, we searched for defective type 1 particles that retain LTRs and lack internal sequences and type 2 particles that lack the 5'LTR region. In addition, using as references the prototypes ATK (HTLV-1) and Mo (HTLV-2), we searched for point mutations in the LTR and synonyms and nonsynonymous mutations and non-sense mutations in env and tax regions. Defective HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 provirus type 1 or 2 was detected in 31.8% of HIV/HTLV-1- and 32.0% of HIV/HTLV-2-coinfected individuals. Synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations were identified mostly in HTLV-2 and associated with lower levels of specific antibodies. No non-sense mutations that resulted in premature termination of Env and Tax proteins were detected. On the contrary, mutation in the stop codon of Tax2a produced a long protein characteristic of the HTLV-2c subtype. The clinical significance of these mutations in coinfected individuals remains to be defined, but they confirmed the lower sensitivity of serological and molecular diagnostic tests in HIV/HTLV-1/2 coinfections.IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are endemic to Brazil, and they have different effects in HIV/AIDS disease progression. HIV/HTLV-1 has been described as accelerating the progression to AIDS and death, while HIV/HTLV-2 slows the progression to AIDS. Provirus mutations of HTLV-1 were implicated in severe leukemia development and in problems in the diagnosis of HTLV-1; in contrast, provirus mutations of HTLV-2 had not been confirmed and associated with problems in HTLV-2 diagnosis or disease outcome. Nevertheless, data obtained here allowed us to recognize and understand the false-negative results in serologic and molecular tests applied for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 diagnosis. Defective proviruses, as well as synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations, were associated with the diagnosis deficiencies. Additionally, since HIV-1 and HTLV-1 infect the same cells (CD4 positive), the production of HIV-1 pseudotypes with HTLV-1 envelope glycoprotein during HIV/HTLV-1 coinfection cannot be excluded. Defective provirus of HTLV-2 and Tax2c is speculated to influence progression to AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gomes Y, Caterino-de-Araujo A, Campos K, Gonçalves MG, Leite AC, Lima MA, Araújo A, Silva MT, Espíndola O. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid and Accurate Confirmatory Diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090981. [PMID: 32899621 PMCID: PMC7552020 DOI: 10.3390/v12090981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory diagnosis of human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) 1 and 2 infection is performed by serological screening and further confirmation with serological or molecular assays. Thus, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of HTLV-1/2 in blood samples. The sensitivity and accuracy of HTLV-1/2 LAMP were defined with DNA samples from individuals infected with HTLV-1 (n = 125), HTLV-2 (n = 19), and coinfected with HIV (n = 82), and compared with real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The overall accuracy of HTLV-1/2 LAMP (95% CI 74.8-85.5%) was slightly superior to qPCR (95% CI 69.5-81.1%) and similar to PCR-RFLP (95% CI 79.5-89.3%). The sensitivity of LAMP was greater for HTLV-1 (95% CI 83.2-93.4%) than for HTLV-2 (95% CI 43.2-70.8%). This was also observed in qPCR and PCR-RFLP, which was associated with the commonly lower HTLV-2 proviral load. All molecular assays tested showed better results with samples from HTLV-1/2 mono-infected individuals compared with HIV-coinfected patients, who present lower CD4 T-cell counts. In conclusion, HTLV-1/2 LAMP had similar to superior performance than PCR-based assays, and therefore may represent an attractive alternative for HTLV-1/2 diagnosis due to reduced working time and costs, and the simple infrastructure needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yago Gomes
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Karoline Campos
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of HTLV Research, Immunology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.-d.-A.); (K.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Ana Claudia Leite
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Marco Antonio Lima
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Abelardo Araújo
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Marcus Tulius Silva
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Otávio Espíndola
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (A.C.L.); (M.A.L.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.T.S.); (O.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The reasons to include the serology of human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in the clinical follow-up of patients with viral hepatitis B and C in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008245. [PMID: 32453768 PMCID: PMC7274452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The WHO established targets for 2030 to globally reduce new viral hepatitis B and C infections by 90% and deaths by 65% and recommends searching for coinfections that increase the progression of chronic liver infections towards cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Aims and methodology This study aimed to add information concerning the influence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) infections in hepatitis B and C, since in Brazil, these human retroviruses are endemic but neglected. Serum samples from 1,910 patients with hepatitis B and 1,315 with hepatitis C from São Paulo, southeast Brazil, that were previously tested and grouped for HIV and HTLV-1/-2 coinfections were analyzed for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) loads measurements and subsequent clearance using data from laboratory records. Key results Briefly, the lowest HBV viral load (VL) was detected in HBV/HTLV-2 coinfected patients, regardless of whether they were infected with HIV (all comparisons p<0.05). In contrast, higher HCV VL was detected in HCV/HIV, HCV/HIV/HTLV-1/-2 coinfected patients (all p<0.05), and the lowest HCV VL was detected in HCV/HTLV-2 coinfected patients. Curiously, 61.1% of the patients with HBV/HTLV-2 coinfection had an undetectable HBV VL at the beginning of the study versus 21.4% in the patients with HBV/HTLV-1 coinfection. Although the percentages of undetectable HCV loads in HCV/HTLV-1 and HCV/HTLV-2 coinfected patients were quite similar, during follow-up, more HCV clearance was detected in patients with HCV/HTLV-2 coinfection [OR 2.65; 95% IC (1.17–5.99)]. Major conclusions HTLV-2 positively impacts HBV and HCV viral loads and HCV clearance, while HIV and/or HTLV-1 negatively impacts HCV viral load. Thus, the search for HTLV-1/-2 in viral hepatitis B and C infected patients has virological prognostic value, which is a strong reason to suggest including HTLV serology in the follow-up of patients. The human T-lymphotropic viruses type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) are endemic and neglected in Brazil, and although these viruses were considered to have prognostic value when associated with HIV, e.g., HTLV-1 has been associated with fast progression and death to AIDS and more cases of lymphoma and neurological disorders, and HTLV-2 has been associated with slow progression to AIDS, their impact on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) outcomes remain unknown. The present study analyzed the influence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 coinfection on HBV and HCV virological outcomes (viral load levels and virus clearance during follow-up) in serum samples from 1,910 patients with hepatitis B and 1,315 patients with hepatitis C from São Paulo, southeast Brazil. The results obtained confirmed the positive impact of HTLV-2 on HBV and HCV virological outcomes (lower HBV and HCV viral loads and increased HCV clearance when compared with HCV-monoinfected patients) and the opposite effect of HTLV-1; these findings are similar to the effects observed in HIV/AIDS patients. Taking into consideration these results and the differential impact of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in viral hepatitis B and C, we suggest including the serology of HTLV-1/2 in the follow-up of such patients in Brazil.
Collapse
|
16
|
da Silva RX, Campos KR, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Pooling of sera for human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) screening in a time of increasing health care expenditure and limited resources. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e27. [PMID: 32401960 PMCID: PMC7232958 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the true prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus, mostly type 1 (HTLV-1), and the number of patients with HTLV-1-associated diseases, in addition to introducing HTLV-1/2 serology during the prenatal of pregnant women and in individuals infected with other viruses that share transmission routes with HTLV-1, are actions that could help to recognize the importance of this virus by WHO and national health organizations, and to control its transmission/dissemination. As Brazil is endemic to HTLV and there is an increase in health care expenditure, but resources are limited, any strategy that could reduce the cost of HTLV screening is needed and welcomed. This study aimed to determine whether the strategy of pooling sera for HTLV antibody determination is feasible and reduces the costs. Two enzyme immunoassays (EIA Murex HTLV-I+II, Diasorin, UK, and Gold ELISA HTLV-1+2, REM Ind. Com. Ltda., SP, Brazil), and serum samples that resulted in different levels of HTLV-1/2 antibodies by EIA and of which a volume allowed assay validation were employed for analysis. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and Cohen's Kappa value, as well as the accuracy and precision were analyzed. After validating the five-sample pool using the EIA Murex (Cohen's Kappa = 1.0), the technique was employed for individual cost comparison in 2,625 serum samples from populations at risk of HTLV infections (HBV, HCV, and HIV-infected individuals). The results from individual and pooled samples confirmed the diagnostic sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) of the pooling and a cost minimization varying from 60.7% to 73.6%. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the use of pooling sera in sero-epidemiological surveillance studies and possibly in prenatal care screening programs in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Xavier da Silva
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doença, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doença, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doença, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neurological Aspects of HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 Coinfection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040250. [PMID: 32231144 PMCID: PMC7238008 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous infection by human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) are not uncommon since they have similar means of transmission and are simultaneously endemic in many populations. Besides causing severe immune dysfunction, these viruses are neuropathogenic and can cause neurological diseases through direct and indirect mechanisms. Many pieces of evidence at present show that coinfection may alter the natural history of general and, more specifically, neurological disorders through different mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the influence of coinfection on the progression and outcome of neurological complications of HTLV-1/2 and HIV-1.
Collapse
|
18
|
Caterino-de-Araujo A, Campos KR, Petrucci TVB, da Silva RX, Lemos MF, Moreira RC. Surveillance of human retroviruses in blood samples from patients with hepatitis B and C in São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20190378. [PMID: 32049201 PMCID: PMC7083377 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0378-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human retroviruses and the hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively) share routes of transmission; thus, coinfections occur and could alter subsequent disease outcomes. A preliminary study on human T-lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) in serum samples from HBV- and HCV-infected individuals in São Paulo revealed 1.3% and 5.3% rates of coinfection, respectively. These percentages were of concern since they were detected in HTLV-endemic regions and in high-risk individuals in Brazil. The present study was conducted to extend and confirm these data. METHODS HTLV-1/2 and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status were identified in 1,984 sera for HBV and HCV viral load quantification - 1,290 samples from HBV-infected individuals (53.3% men, mean age: 47.1 years) and 694 samples from HCV-infected individuals (56.3% men, mean age: 50.1 years). HTLV-1/2 antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay, followed by western blotting and line immunoassay; HIV infection was detected by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS HTLV-1/-2 infection was detected in 1.9% HBV-infected individuals (0.7% HTLV-1 and 1.2% HTLV-2) and in 4.0% (2.4% HTLV-1 and 1.6% HTLV-2) HCV-infected individuals; HIV infection was detected in 9.2% and 14.5%, respectively. Strong associations with HTLV and HIV, male sex, and older age were found in HBV/HTLV and HCV/HTLV-coinfected individuals (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were confirmed to be prevalent in individuals with HBV and HCV in São Paulo; coinfected individuals deserve further clinical and laboratory investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto
Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto
Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Tamirez Villas Boas Petrucci
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto
Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Rafael Xavier da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Centro de Imunologia, Instituto
Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de
São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcílio Figueiredo Lemos
- Laboratório de Hepatites, Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão
Sanguínea e Sexual, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de
Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| | - Regina Célia Moreira
- Laboratório de Hepatites, Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão
Sanguínea e Sexual, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Coordenadoria de
Controle de Doenças, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Babayo A, Abdullahi IN, Safiyanu MB, Adekola HA, Usman JN. Assessment of risk factors associated with HTLV-1/-2 infection among people living with HIV/AIDS in Bauchi State, Nigeria. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2020.1720970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Babayo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mansur Bala Safiyanu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | - Jamila Nasir Usman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Adkins BD, Ramos JC, Bliss-Moreau M, Gru AA. Updates in lymph node and skin pathology of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, biomarkers, and beyond. Semin Diagn Pathol 2020; 37:1-10. [PMID: 31889601 PMCID: PMC7668393 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a mature T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with the human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) infection. ATLL predominantly affects individuals within HTLV-1 endemic areas such as Japan, areas of Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T-cells, and several genetic hits must occur before ATLL develops. ATLL is classically divided into four clinical variants based on manifestations of disease: acute, chronic, lymphomatous, and smouldering. As of 2019, a new subtype has been described: lymphoma type of ATL, extranodal primary cutaneous. In this review, emphasis will be taken to describe the common clinicopathologic manifestations of the disease, advances in biomarker discovery, mutational landscape and targeted therapeutic approaches to treat this highly aggressive and frequently lethal type of T-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Adkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Juan C Ramos
- Division of Hematology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Meghan Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Pathology & Dermatology, Hematopathology and Dermatopathology Sections, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tajbakhsh A, Fazeli M, Rezaee M, Ghasemi F, Heravi MM, Gholoobi A, Meshkat Z. Prevalence of CCR5delta32 in Northeastern Iran. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:184. [PMID: 31730458 PMCID: PMC6858674 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background A 32-base pair deletion (∆32) in the open reading frame (ORF) of C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) seems to be a protective variant against immune system diseases, especially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We aimed to assess the frequency of CCR5∆32 in the healthy Iranian population. Methods In this study, 400 normal samples from Khorasan, northeastern Iran, were randomly selected. The frequency of CCR5∆32 carriers was investigated using PCR analysis. Allele prevalence and the fit to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were analyzed. Results The prevalence of CCR5∆32 in the northeastern population of Iran was 0.016. Four hundred samples were studied, among which one with CCR5∆32/∆32 and 11 with CCR5Wild/∆32 genotype were detected. Conclusion This study was the first investigation for an assessment of the prevalence of CCR5∆32 in northeastern Iran. The low prevalence of CCR5∆32 allele in the Iranian population may result in the increased susceptibility to HIV-1. In addition, this prevalence is the same as that of reported in East Asia, while is lower than that in the Europeans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Fazeli
- Department of Modern Sciences & Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mastoureh Momen Heravi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O Box: 9196773117, Mashhad, IR, Iran
| | - Aida Gholoobi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O Box: 9196773117, Mashhad, IR, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Marcon CEM, Campos KR, Silva GBD, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Schlindwein AD, Trevisol DJ, Caterino-de-Araujo A. The first survey of human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) in HIV/AIDS patients in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e53. [PMID: 31618373 PMCID: PMC6792353 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Santa Catarina is a Brazilian State that has reported the lowest prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-1/2) in blood donors (0.04%). Although it presents ports, airports and roads that facilitate the entrance and dissemination of new infectious agents, no information exists concerning the HTLV-1/2 infections in HIV/AIDS patients. This study searched for HTLV-1/2 antibodies in plasma samples of 625 HIV/AIDS patients from the municipality of Tubarao (Southern Santa Catarina), and disclosed 1.1% of positivity (0.48% HTLV-1, 0.48% HTLV-2 and 0.16% untypeable HTLV), and a positive correlation with the male sex (OR 4.16) and intravenous drug use (OR 35.18). Although the percentage of 1.1% appears to be low, it is 27.5 times higher than the percentage detected in blood donors. Since HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are circulating in HIV-infected individuals in Southern Santa Catarina, and these retroviruses could cause a differently impact on the HIV/AIDS outcomes, the surveillance of HTLV-1/2 is necessary, and it could support public health policies in preventing the transmission and dissemination of these viruses in this State.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doença, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bassi da Silva
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doença, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aline Daiane Schlindwein
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daisson José Trevisol
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doença, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ribeiro ML, Gonçales JP, Morais VMSD, Moura LCRV, Coêlho MRCD. HTLV 1/2 Prevalence and risk factors in individuals with HIV/AIDS in Pernambuco, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180244. [PMID: 31340354 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0244-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apart from masking the diagnosis of AIDS in patients with HIV/AIDS, human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), when present, also increases the risk of myelopathies and neurological disease in these patients. METHODS Disease prevalence was estimated by ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS The coinfection rate was 1.5% (11/720); 10 of 11 patients had HTLV-1, and the remaining one had HTLV-2. The majority were male, over 40 years old, and of pardo color (ethnicity). CONCLUSIONS There was no association between the risk factors examined and HTLV/HIV coinfection. This is the first study to report the occurrence of HTLV-2 in Pernambuco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Lopes Ribeiro
- Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Juliana Prado Gonçales
- Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho
- Setor de Virologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Potthoff A, Nambiar S, Brockmeyer NH. Relevance of Regional Epidemiology of Retroviral Coinfections: HIV and Human T-Lymphotropic Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:597. [PMID: 30924695 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Potthoff
- 1 Walk In Ruhr (WIR), Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Bochum, Germany.,2 Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Interdisciplinary Immunological Outpatient Clinic, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandeep Nambiar
- 1 Walk In Ruhr (WIR), Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Bochum, Germany
| | - Norbert H Brockmeyer
- 1 Walk In Ruhr (WIR), Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Bochum, Germany.,2 Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Interdisciplinary Immunological Outpatient Clinic, Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
High CD8 T cell percentage and HCV replication control are common features in HIV-1 controllers and HTLV-2-co-infected patients with a history of injection drug use. Virus Res 2019; 264:40-44. [PMID: 30776394 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-2/HIV-1-coinfected patients and HIV-infected patients with natural HIV-1 control show an immune capacity that allows some control of viral infections. These two groups of patients have showed an immune capacity that allows them to have some control over viral infections, very strong control of HIV-1 replication in the case of HIV-1 controllers. The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to compare viral and immunologic parameters between three cohorts of Caucasian adult HIV-1-infected patients, including HIV-1 controllers (29 patients), HTLV-2/HIV-1 chronic progressors (56 patients), and HIV-1 chronic progressors (101 patients), followed in two different tertiary University Hospitals in Spain. Demographic parameters, nadir CD4 T cell count, CD4 and CD8 T cell counts and percentage, anti-HCV antibodies, HCV RNA load, HCV genotype, HIV-1 RNA loads, and anti-HTLV-2 antibodies were analyzed. HIV-1 controllers and HTLV-2/HIV-1 chronic progressors were younger and with shorter time since HIV-1 diagnosis compared to HIV-1 chronic progressors. HIV-1 controllers and HTLV-2/HIV-1 chronic progressors had significantly higher CD8 T cell percentage (p = 0.002 and p = 0.016, respectively) and lower levels of HCV RNA loads (0.015 and 0.007, respectively) compared to that of HIV-1 chronic progressors. Multivariate analyses showed that gender and HTLV-2 infection were independently associated to HCV RNA load, while only HTLV-2 infection was independently associated to CD8 T cell percentage. The implication of HTLV-2 infection in the control of HIV-1 and HCV infections is worth being further analyze.
Collapse
|
26
|
Haghnazari Sadaghiani N, Pirayeshfard L, Aghaie A, Sharifi Z. The Effect of TAX-1 Gene of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type-1 on the Expression of CCR5 in K562 Cell Line. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2019; 11:67-71. [PMID: 30800245 PMCID: PMC6359701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tax-1 protein of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1(HTLV-1) serves as a key transcriptional regulatory gene product and has a crucial role in transactivating genes of infected cells by employing their transcriptional factors. This modulation includes induction of genes which encode CC-chemokines and their receptors. In this study, a recombinant vector containing Tax-1 gene was made and tested for its ability to induce CCR5 (CC chemokine receptor 5) expression in K562 cell line. METHODS In order to perform this research, two blood samples of HTLV-1 positive were obtained from Urmia blood transfusion center. After DNA extraction, a complete sequence of Tax-1 gene was amplified by specific primers. Recombinant vectors carrying Tax-1 gene were synthesized and transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli). After bacteria transformation, bacteria containing recombinant plasmid were selected and purified. Then, the recombinant shuttle vectors, pCDNA3.1-TAX, were transfected into the cell culture (K562 cell line). Expression of CCR5 was measured after 72 hr by Syber Green Real-Time PCR method compared to control cell culture. Normalization was done with GAPDH as a standard gene. RESULTS Cloning of Tax-1 gene in the vector, pCDNA3.1 was confirmed by colony PCR, restriction digestion, and sequencing methods. Expression of Tax-1 and CCR5 genes were confirmed by real time PCR and also, expression of CCR5 gene showed an 8-fold increase in comparison to mock-treated controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggested that recombinant Tax-1 may have the enhancing effect on CCR5 expression rate at mRNA levels in K562 cell line. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effect of pCDNA3.1-TAX on cell surface CCR5 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Corresponding author: Zohreh Sharifi, Ph.D., Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 21 82052151, Fax: +98 21 88601555, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pirayeshfard L, Sharifi Z, Amini-Kafiabad S, Haghnazari Sadaghiani N. Phylogenetic analysis of HTLV-1 in Iranian blood donors, HIV-1 positive patients and patients with beta thalassemia. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1398-1405. [PMID: 29663494 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphoma virus (HTLV) has been associated with various disease types. Since the discovery of the virus in 1980, seven subtypes of the virus have been identified. HTLV is widespread and endemic in some regions, such as Japan, Africa, South America, and northeast Iran. This study aimed to identify HTLV-1 genotype and also to analyze the nucleotide sequence of the LTR region in three groups, including blood donors, HIV-1+ patients, and β-thalassemia patients. In this cross-sectional study, 2200 samples were collected from blood donors in Tehran (2000 samples), HIV-1+ patients (100 samples) and β-thalassemia patients (100 samples). All samples were screened for anti-HTLV-I&II antibodies by ELISA. Then, genomic DNA was extracted from repeatedly positive samples, and nested PCR was performed for both the TAX and LTR regions. Purified PCR products were sequenced and analyzed, and finally, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using Mega7 software. The prevalence of the anti-HTLV-I&II antibody among blood donors and HIV-1+ patients was 1.7% (34/2000) and 12% (12/100), respectively. The PCR results confirmed that 0.05% (1/2000) of blood donors, 5% (5/100) of HIV-1+ patients, and 8% (8/100) of β-thalassemia patients were HTLV-I positive. All sequences were matched to HTLV-1 subtype a, subgroup A. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequenced samples belong to the endemic clusters of Iran. HTLV-1 genotypes in all samples were similar in three groups and were derived from the strains, which had been previously reported from Iran (AF00300/Mashhad and KT190712.1/Sabzevar).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Pirayeshfard
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Amini-Kafiabad
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Haghnazari Sadaghiani
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pseudotyping of HIV-1 with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein during HIV-1-HTLV-1 Coinfection Facilitates Direct HIV-1 Infection of Female Genital Epithelial Cells: Implications for Sexual Transmission of HIV-1. mSphere 2018; 3:3/2/e00038-18. [PMID: 29624497 PMCID: PMC5885023 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00038-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Female genital epithelial cells cover the genital tract and provide the first line of protection against infection with sexually transmitted pathogenic viruses. These cells normally are impervious to HIV-1. We report that coinfection of cells by HIV-1 and another sexually transmitted virus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), led to production of HIV-1 that had expanded cell tropism and was able to directly infect primary vaginal and cervical epithelial cells. HIV-1 infection of epithelial cells was blocked by neutralizing antibodies against the HTLV-1 envelope (Env) protein, indicating that the infection was mediated through HTLV-1 Env pseudotyping of HIV-1. Active replication of HIV-1 in epithelial cells was demonstrated by inhibition with anti-HIV-1 drugs. We demonstrated that HIV-1 derived from peripheral blood of HIV-1-HTLV-1-coinfected subjects could infect primary epithelial cells in an HTLV-1 Env-dependent manner. HIV-1 from subjects infected with HIV-1 alone was not able to infect epithelial cells. These results indicate that pseudotyping of HIV-1 with HTLV-1 Env can occur in vivo Our data further reveal that active replication of both HTLV-1 and HIV-1 is required for production of pseudotyped HIV-1. Our findings indicate that pseudotyping of HIV-1 with HTLV-1 Env in coinfected cells enabled HIV-1 to directly infect nonpermissive female genital epithelial cells. This phenomenon may represent a risk factor for enhanced sexual transmission of HIV-1 in regions where virus coinfection is common.IMPORTANCE Young women in certain regions of the world are at very high risk of acquiring HIV-1, and there is an urgent need to identify the factors that promote HIV-1 transmission. HIV-1 infection is frequently accompanied by infection with other pathogenic viruses. We demonstrate that coinfection of cells by HIV-1 and HTLV-1 can lead to production of HIV-1 pseudotyped with HTLV-1 Env that is able to directly infect female genital epithelial cells both in vitro and ex vivo Given the function of these epithelial cells as genital mucosal barriers to pathogenic virus transmission, the ability of HIV-1 pseudotyped with HTLV-1 Env to directly infect female genital epithelial cells represents a possible factor for increased risk of sexual transmission of HIV-1. This mechanism could be especially impactful in settings such as Sub-Saharan Africa and South America, where HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are both highly prevalent.
Collapse
|
29
|
Alves FA, Campos KR, Lemos MF, Moreira RC, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Hepatitis C viral load in HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1/-2-, and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1/-2-co-infected patients from São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2018; 22:123-128. [PMID: 29625021 PMCID: PMC9428188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infections of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and either human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or type 2 (HTLV-2) have been described as having an impact on HCV viremia and subsequent disease progression. HCV load in serum samples from 622 patients (343 males, 279 females; median age 50.8 years) from São Paulo/southeast Brazil was analyzed using the Abbott Real Time HCV assay (Abbott Molecular Inc., IL, USA). Samples were obtained from HCV-monoinfected (n = 548), HCV/HIV-1- (n = 41), HCV/HTLV-1- (n = 16), HCV/HTLV-2- (n = 8), HCV/HIV/HTLV-1- (n = 4), and HCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected (n = 5) patients, and results were compared among the groups and according to sex. The median HCV load in HCV-monoinfected patients was 5.23 log10 IU/mL and 0.31 log10 higher in men than in women. Increases in viral load of 0.51 log10, 0.54 log10, and 1.43 log10 IU/mL were detected in HCV/HIV-1-, HCV/HTLV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected individuals, respectively, compared with HCV-monoinfected counterparts. In contrast, compared to HCV/HIV co-infected patients, HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients had an HCV load of 5.0 log10 IU/mL, whereas HCV/HIV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients had a median load 0.37 log10 IU/mL lower. Significant differences in HCV loads were detected, with males and HCV/HIV-1- and HCV/HIV/HTLV-1-co-infected patients presenting the highest values. Conversely, females and HCV/HTLV-2-co-infected patients exhibited lower HCV loads. Overall, HCV viremia is increased in HIV and/or HTLV-1-co-infection and decreased in HTLV-2 co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Aparecida Alves
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcílio Figueiredo Lemos
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Sanguínea e Sexual, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia Moreira
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Virologia, Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Sanguínea e Sexual, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Caterino-de-Araujo A, Alves FA, Campos KR, Lemos MF, Moreira RC. Making the invisible visible: searching for human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in Brazilian patients with viral hepatitis B and C. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:130-134. [PMID: 29236927 PMCID: PMC5722269 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With this study, the authors hope to alert clinicians regarding the presence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/-2) infections in patients with viral hepatitis B and C in Brazil. HTLV-1/-2 were detected in 1.3% of hepatitis B virus (HBV)- and 5.3% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected blood samples sent for laboratory viral load measurements. A partial association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HTLV-1/-2 infection was detected in patients with HCV (HIV+, 27.3%), whereas this association was almost 100% in HBV-infected patients (HIV+, all except one). The high prevalence of HTLV-1/-2 infection among patients with hepatitis C was of concern, as HTLV-1/-2 could change the natural course of subsequent liver disease. The authors suggest including HTLV-1/-2 serology in the battery of tests used when following patients with viral hepatitis in Brazil, regardless of the HIV status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Centro de Imunologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Aparecida Alves
- Centro de Imunologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Centro de Imunologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa em HTLV, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcílio Figueiredo Lemos
- Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Regina Célia Moreira
- Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Richey JD, Chen BJ, Deng AC. Indolent, waxing and waning cutaneous presentation of HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in an HIV-1-positive patient. J Cutan Pathol 2017; 45:171-175. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Richey
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin J. Chen
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| | - April C. Deng
- Department of Pathology; University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Campos KR, Gonçalves MG, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Short Communication: Failures in Detecting HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in Patients Infected with HIV-1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:382-385. [PMID: 27750018 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in retrovirus acquisition/transmission behaviors have been reported in Brazil, with a concerning increase in HIV-1-infected individuals aged 15-39 years. In São Paulo, HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections have been associated with intravenous drug use and failure to detect HTLV-1/2 (human T cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2) with immunosuppression and the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Negative results for HTLV serologic [western blotting (WB)] and molecular [real-time PCR pol (qPCR)] confirmatory assays have been reported, whereas the best sensitivity has been found for INNO-LIA (LIA). In this study, we expand our previous data by analyzing a group of young patients (n = 1,383; median age 35.6 years) who recently acquired HIV by sexual contact, the majority of whom were HAART naïve, and comparing the performances of four HTLV confirmatory assays: LIA, WB, qPCR, and PCR-RFLP (tax). We confirmed HTLV infection in 58 (4.2%) blood samples: 29 HTLV-1, 24 HTLV-2, 1 HTLV-1+HTLV-2, and 4 HTLV. LIA, WB, qPCR, and PCR-RFLP sensitivities were 94.8%, 82.8%, 79.2%, and 74.5%, respectively. Associations of HTLV infection with female gender (OR = 2.28, 1.31-4.00) and age >40 years (p < .0001) were detected. The results confirm the low sensitivities of molecular assays and the best performance of LIA in detecting HTLV-1/2 in such patients. We hypothesize that the negative PCR results are due to the presence of defective provirus and/or low proviral load circulating in such patients, with inconclusive WB coinciding with the seroconversion period. Corroborating the associations obtained, repeated exposure is required for HTLV sexual transmission/acquisition, which is more efficient from male to female.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Campos KR, Gonçalves MG, Costa NA, Caterino-de-Araujo A. Comparative performances of serologic and molecular assays for detecting human T lymphotropic virus type 1 and type 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21:297-305. [PMID: 28343818 PMCID: PMC9428028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated several techniques currently available (commercial kits and in-house assays) for diagnosing human T lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 in two groups of patients enrolled at HIV/AIDS specialized care services in São Paulo: Group 1 (G1), n = 1608, 1237 male/371 female, median age 44.3 years old, majority using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); G2, n = 1383, 930 male/453 female, median age of 35.6 years old, majority HAART naïve. Enzyme immunoassays [(EIA) Murex and Gold ELISA] were employed for human T lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 screening; Western blotting (WB), INNO-LIA (LIA), real-time PCR pol (qPCR), and nested-PCR-RFLP (tax) were used to confirm infection. Samples were considered human T lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 positive when there was reactivity using at least one of the four confirmatory assays. By serological screening, 127/2991 samples were positive or borderline, and human T lymphotropic virus infection was confirmed in 108 samples (three EIA-borderline): 56 human T lymphotropic virus type 1 [G1 (27) + G2 (29)]; 45 human T lymphotropic virus type 2 [G1 (21) + G2 (24)]; one human T lymphotropic virus type 1 + human T lymphotropic virus type 2 (G2); six human T lymphotropic virus [G1 (2) + G2 (4)]. Although there were differences in group characteristics, human T lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 prevalence was similar [3.1% (G1) and 4.2% (G2), p = 0.113]. The overall sensitivities of LIA, WB, qPCR, and PCR-RFLP were 97.2%, 82.4%, 68.9%, and 68.4%, respectively, with some differences among groups, likely due to the stage of human T lymphotropic virus infection and/or HAART duration. Indeterminate immunoblotting results were detected in G2, possibly due to the seroconversion period. Negative results in molecular assays could be explained by the use of HAART, the occurrence of defective provirus and/or the low circulating proviral load. In conclusion, when determining the human T lymphotropic virus infection, the findings highlight that there is a need to consider the blood samples with borderline results in screening assays. Of all the tested assays, LIA was the assay of choice for detecting human T lymphotropic virus type 1 and human T lymphotropic virus type 2 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadia Aparecida Costa
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Geddes VEV, José DP, Leal FE, Nixon DF, Tanuri A, Aguiar RS. HTLV-1 Tax activates HIV-1 transcription in latency models. Virology 2017; 504:45-51. [PMID: 28152383 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 latency is a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. Coinfection with HTLV-1 has been associated with faster progression to AIDS. HTLV-1 encodes the transactivator Tax which can activate both HTLV-1 and HIV-1 transcription. Here, we demonstrate that Tax activates HIV transcription in latent CD4+ T cells. Tax promotes the activation of P-TEFb, releasing CDK9 and Cyclin T1 from inactive forms, promoting transcription elongation and reactivation of latent HIV-1. Tax mutants lacking interaction with the HIV-1-LTR promoter were not able to activate P-TEFb, with no subsequent activation of latent HIV. In HIV-infected primary resting CD4+ T cells, Tax-1 reactivated HIV-1 transcription up to five fold, confirming these findings in an ex vivo latency model. Finally, our results confirms that HTLV-1/Tax hijacks cellular partners, promoting HIV-1 transcription, and this interaction should be further investigated in HIV-1 latency studies in patients with HIV/HTLV-1 co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Emmanuel Viana Geddes
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Diego Pandeló José
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, campus Iturama, Minas Gerais, 38280-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio E Leal
- Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Programa de Oncovirologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stewart J, Heitzinger K, Pollett S, Calderón M, Alarcón J, Ton TGN, Zunt JR. The Changing Epidemiology of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection in Peruvian Female Sex Workers, 1993-2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 96:373-379. [PMID: 27879458 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus to be reported and is associated with neoplastic, neurological, autoimmune, and infectious complications. HTLV-1 is endemic in Peru, with the highest prevalence reported among commercial sex workers. Seroprevalence data collected from Peruvian female sex workers (FSWs) working in Callao over three study periods between 1993 and 2010 were used to examine the secular trend in HTLV-1 prevalence. Between 1993 and 2010, the prevalence of HTLV-1 decreased significantly from 14.5% to 3.1% (P < 0.01). The prevalence of HTLV-1 seropositivity differed significantly by birth cohort (1922-1959, 1960-1969, 1970-1979, and 1980-1992), and for each of the four birth cohorts, the prevalence did not significantly decrease by screening year (P > 0.07). There were no cases of HTLV-1 detected among FSW born after 1979 (N = 224). Participant characteristics associated with HTLV-1 seropositivity were birth in the Andes Mountains region, age, increased time in sex work, younger age of starting sex work, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity. The secular trend in declining prevalence persisted after adjustment for age, time in sex work, place of birth, and HIV serostatus, with the odds of HTLV-1 infection decreasing approximately 16% per year (adjusted odds ratio = 0.84, 95% confidence interval = 0.78, 0.90). The increasing use of condoms by later birth cohorts noted in our analysis, as well as the increasing availability of free condoms provided by the Peruvian government-which started in the late 1980s before this study-may have been responsible for declining HTLV seroprevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenell Stewart
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Kristen Heitzinger
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Simon Pollett
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martha Calderón
- Clínica de Salud Pública "Alberto Barton" del Callao, Callao, Peru
| | - Jorge Alarcón
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Thanh G N Ton
- Department of Global Health and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joseph R Zunt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Global Health and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Acute myelitis as presenting symptom of HIV-HTLV-1 co-infection. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:861-865. [PMID: 27245591 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A 21-year-old woman presented with acute-onset spastic paraparesis. The MRI spinal scan revealed a contrast-enhanced T2 hyperintensity between C5-T2. The most common neurotropic pathogens were excluded by first level tests. Under suspicion of an acute immune-mediated myelitis, a corticosteroid therapy was administered. However, a seropositivity for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) subsequently emerged. An antiretroviral therapy was started while steroids discontinued. Patient's clinical conditions remained unchanged. HIV-HTLV-1 co-infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of any acute myelitis, even in patients with a preserved immune status and no risk factors.
Collapse
|
38
|
Nasir IA, Ahmad AE, Emeribe AU, Shehu MS, Medugu JT, Babayo A. Molecular Detection and Clinical Implications of HTLV-1 Infections among Antiretroviral Therapy-Naïve HIV-1-Infected Individuals in Abuja, Nigeria. Virology (Auckl) 2015; 6:17-23. [PMID: 26688662 PMCID: PMC4678997 DOI: 10.4137/vrt.s35331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1)/HIV-1 coinfection have been demonstrated to undergo CD4+ lymphocytosis even in the face of immunodeficiency and increased vulnerability to opportunistic pathogens that can lead to poor prognosis. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the prevalence as well as the effects of HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfection on CD4+ cell counts, routine hematology, and biochemical parameters of study participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective cross-sectional study involved 184 blood samples collected from HIV-1-seropositive individuals attending HIV-special clinic of the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria. These samples were analyzed for anti-HTLV-1/2 IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, CD4+ cell counts, and some routine hematological and biochemical parameters. All samples were also tested for HTLV-1 provirus DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS Of the 184 subjects studied, 9 (4.9%) were anti-HTLV-1/2 IgM seropositive; however, upon real-time PCR testing, 12 (6.5%) had detectable HTLV-1 provirus DNA. The CD4+ cell count was significantly high in HTLV-1-positive (742 ± 40.2) subjects compared to their HTLV-1-negative (380 ± 28.5) counterpart (P-value = 0.025). However, there was no significant association between HTLV-1 positivity with other hematology and biochemical parameters studied (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION All subjects (100%) who were HTLV-1/HIV-1-coinfected had normal CD4+ counts. This gives contrasting finding on the true extent of immunodeficiency of subjects. So it is suggested to be very careful in using only CD4+ counts to monitor disease progression and as indicators for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings. In such conditions, there may be a need to test for HTLV-1 alongside HIV viral loads in order to begin appropriate ART regimens that contain both pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idris Abdullahi Nasir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, FCT Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Muhammad Sagir Shehu
- Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Jessy Thomas Medugu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Babayo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Selvaraj C, Singh P, Singh SK. Molecular insights on analogs of HIV PR inhibitors toward HTLV-1 PR through QM/MM interactions and molecular dynamics studies: comparative structure analysis of wild and mutant HTLV-1 PR. J Mol Recognit 2015; 27:696-706. [PMID: 25319617 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses HTLV-1 and HIV-1 are the primary causative agents of fatal adult T-cell leukemia and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease. Both retroviruses are similar in characteristics mechanism, and it encodes for protease that mainly involved in the viral replication process. On the basis of the therapeutic success of HIV-1 PR inhibitors, the protease of HTLV-1 is mainly considered as a potential target for chemotherapy. At the same time, structural similarities in both enzymes that originate HIV PR inhibitors can also be an HTLV-1 PR inhibitor. But the expectations failed because of rejection of HIV PR inhibitors from the HTLV-1 PR binding pocket. In this present study, the reason for the HIV PR inhibitor rejection from the HTLV-1 binding site was identified through sequence analysis and molecular dynamics simulation method. Functional analysis of M37A mutation in HTLV PR clearly shows that the MET37 specificity and screening of potential inhibitors targeting MET37 is performed by using approved 90% similar HIV PR inhibitor compounds. From this approach, we report few compounds with a tendency to accept/donate electron specifically to an important site residue MET37 in HTLV-1 PR binding pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Science Block, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Caterino-de-Araujo A, Sacchi CT, Gonçalves MG, Campos KR, Magri MC, Alencar WK. Short Communication: Current Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Infections Among HIV/AIDS Patients in São Paulo, Brazil. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:543-9. [PMID: 25464979 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 1990s, high prevalences of HIV/human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HIV/human T lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) coinfections were detected in São Paulo, Brazil in association with intravenous drug use (IDU). The current prevalences and risk factors for HIV/HTLV-1/-2 were evaluated in 1,608 patients attending the AIDS/STD Reference and Training Center in São Paulo. Blood samples were analyzed for HTLV-1/2-specific antibodies using enzyme immunoassays (EIA Murex HTLV-I+II, Diasorin, and Gold ELISA HTLV-I+II, REM) and immunoblotting (HTLV Blot 2.4, MP Biomedicals and INNO-LIA HTLV-I/II, Innogenetics) and for the pol proviral DNA segments of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 by "in-house" real-time PCR. These analyses revealed that 50 (3.11%) of the samples were HTLV positive, including 25 (1.55%) that were HTLV-1 positive, 21 (1.31%) that were HTLV-2 positive, and 4 (0.25%) that were HTLV positive (untypeable). The median age of the HIV/HTLV-coinfected individuals was 50 years versus 44 years in the overall population (p=0.000). The risk factors associated with HIV/HTLV-1/-2 coinfections were female gender (OR 3.26, 1.78-5.95), black/pardo color (OR 2.21, 1.21-4.03), infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) (OR 4.27, 2.32-7.87) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) (OR 24.40, 12.51-48.11), and intravenous drug use (IDU) (OR 30.01, 15.21-59.29). The current low prevalence of HTLV-1/2 in HIV-infected patients in São Paulo could be explained in part by programs providing IDUs with sterile needles and syringes and changes in the drug usage patterns of individuals from injecting cocaine to smoking crack cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tavares Sacchi
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Gisele Gonçalves
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karoline Rodrigues Campos
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por Vírus–LIM 47, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wong Kuen Alencar
- Vigilância Epidemiológica, Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/Aids de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Troy SB. Are 'asymptomatic' chronic infections truly asymptomatic? J Trop Pediatr 2015; 61:79-80. [PMID: 25833658 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Troy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USADepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School,Norfolk, VA, USAE-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Oo Z, Barrios CS, Castillo L, Beilke MA. High levels of CC-chemokine expression and downregulated levels of CCR5 during HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections. J Med Virol 2015; 87:790-7. [PMID: 25678365 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 are common copathogens among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. HTLV-2 may confer a survival benefit among patients with HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfections, along with lower plasma HIV-1 levels and delayed rates of CD4(+) T-cell decline. These effects have been attributed to the ability of the HTLV-2 viral transactivating Tax2 protein to induce the production of high levels of antiviral CC-chemokines and to downregulate expression of the CCR5 receptor, resulting in impaired entry of HIV-1 into CD4(+) T-cells. This study investigated the innate immunity of coinfected HIV/HTLV individuals by testing the ability of patient PBMCs to produce CC-chemokines in association CCR5 receptor modulation. The cellular proliferative responses of HIV/HTLV coinfected versus HIV monoinfected individuals were also evaluated. Higher levels of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES (P < 0.05) were found in HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfected group compared to HIV-1 monoinfected population. Upregulated levels of RANTES were shown in HIV-1/HTLV-1 after 1 and 3 days of culture (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes from HIV-1/HTLV-2 coinfected individuals showed significant CCR5 downregulation after 1 and 3 days of culture compared to lymphocytes from HIV-1 and uninfected groups (P < 0.05). Lower percentages of CCR5-positive cells were found in HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfected after 3 days of incubation (P < 0.05). Levels of proliferation were significantly higher in the HIV-1/HTLV-1 group compared to HIV-1 alone (P < 0.05). HTLV-2 and HTLV-1 infections may induce the involvement of innate immunity against HIV-1 via stimulation of CC-chemokines and receptors, potentially modifying CCR5/HIV-1 binding and HIV-1 progression in coinfected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Oo
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Galetto LR, Lunge VR, Béria JU, Tietzmann DC, Stein AT, Simon D. Short communication: Prevalence and risk factors for human T cell lymphotropic virus infection in Southern Brazilian HIV-positive patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:907-11. [PMID: 24866083 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV/human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) coinfection has a large range of prevalence in the different risk groups and geographic regions of the world. Most of the HTLV-infected people live in geographic areas where the virus is endemic, as it happens in Brazil. The aim of this study was to identify HTLV prevalence and risk factors in HIV-positive patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 580 HIV-positive patients (mean age of 40.6 years and 45.0% men) from a specialized HIV/AIDS diagnosis and treatment center in Southern Brazil. Sociodemographic data, HIV risk factors, and HTLV-1/2 antibodies were collected. HTLV proviral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for HTLV infection. HTLV antibodies were detected in 29 (5.0%) and HTLV provirus in 17 (2.9%) patients. HTLV-1 was identified in 11 (64.7%) patients and HTLV-2 in 6 (35.3%) patients. No significant differences were observed between mono and coinfected patients in clinical characteristics regarding HIV/AIDS (time since HIV diagnosis, HIV viral load, lymphocytes CD4(+) count, and use of highly active antiretroviral therapy). Blood transfusion history was significantly associated with HIV/HTLV coinfection (p=0.039). Alcohol abuse was more prevalent in HTLV-positive (47.1%) than in HIV mono-infected patients (20.4%; p=0.008). Tattooing was the only risk factor independently associated with HIV/HTLV coinfection (p=0.035). This information contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of HIV/HTLV coinfection in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ramos Galetto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge Umberto Béria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Airton Tetelbom Stein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tang Y, George A, Nouvet F, Sweet S, Emeagwali N, Taylor HE, Simmons G, Hildreth JEK. Infection of female primary lower genital tract epithelial cells after natural pseudotyping of HIV-1: possible implications for sexual transmission of HIV-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101367. [PMID: 25010677 PMCID: PMC4092063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global AIDS pandemic continues to expand and in some regions of the world, such as southern Africa, the prevalence of HIV-1 infection exceeds 20%. The devastating spread of the virus in young women in these countries appears disproportional to overall risk of infection. Regions with high prevalence of HIV-1 are often also highly endemic for other pathogenic viruses including HSV, CMV and HTLV. We propose that acquisition by HIV-1 of the envelope glycoproteins of other viruses, in a process we call “natural pseudotyping,” expands the cellular tropism of HIV-1, enabling it to infect female genital epithelial cells directly and thereby dramatically increasing risk of infection during sexual intercourse. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate that when HIV-1 co-infects T cells along with the gammaretrovirus xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), progeny HIV-1 particles are produced capable of infecting primary vaginal, ectocervical and endocervical epithelial cells. These cell types are normally resistant to HIV-1 infection. Infection of primary genital cells was neutralized by antisera against the XMRV glycoprotein, confirming that infection was mediated by the XMRV glycoprotein acquired through pseudotyping of HIV. Inhibition by AZT showed that active replication of HIV-1 occurred in these cells and ruled out non-specific endocytic uptake of the virus. These results demonstrate that natural pseudotyping can expand the tropism of HIV-1 to include genital epithelial cells and have potential implications for sexual transmission of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alvin George
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Franklin Nouvet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Sweet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nkiruka Emeagwali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Harry E. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Glenn Simmons
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James E. K. Hildreth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ticona E, Huaman MA, Yanque O, Zunt JR. HIV and HTLV-1 coinfection: the need to initiate antiretroviral therapy. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2014; 12:373-4. [PMID: 24222069 DOI: 10.1177/2325957413500988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ticona
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Barrios CS, Castillo L, Zhi H, Giam CZ, Beilke MA. Human T cell leukaemia virus type 2 tax protein mediates CC-chemokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells via the nuclear factor kappa B canonical pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:92-103. [PMID: 24116893 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral co-infections with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) or type 2 (HTLV-2) are prevalent in many areas worldwide. It has been observed that HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infections are associated with slower rates of CD4(+) T cell decline and delayed progression to AIDS. This immunological benefit has been linked to the ability of Tax2, the transcriptional activating protein of HTLV-2, to induce the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4 and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL5 and to down-regulate the expression of the CCR5 co-receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study aimed to assess the role of Tax2-mediated activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway on the production of the anti-viral CC-chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES. Recombinant Tax1 and Tax2 proteins, or proteins expressed via adenoviral vectors used to infect cells, were tested for their ability to activate the NF-κB pathway in cultured PBMCs in the presence or absence of NF-κB pathway inhibitors. Results showed a significant release of MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES by PBMCs after the activation of p65/RelA and p50. The secretion of these CC-chemokines was significantly reduced (P < 0·05) by canonical NF-κB signalling inhibitors. In conclusion, Tax2 protein may promote innate anti-viral immune responses through the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Barrios
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Research Service 151-I, Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Caterino-de-Araujo A, Magri MC, Sato NS, Morimoto HK, Brigido LFDM, Morimoto AA. Inability to detect human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2-specific antibodies in a patient coinfected with HIV-1, human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1, human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2, and hepatitis C virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:97-101. [PMID: 23875602 PMCID: PMC3887399 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2013.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1, human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and type 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are common among intravenous drug users (IDUs) and can cause chronic infections in the host. Usually, the diagnosis of such viruses employs serological assays; however, some difficulties in confirming HTLV-2 infection have been reported in high-risk populations in Brazil. We present data of an unusual case of coinfection with HIV-1, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, and HCV in a male IDU in which HTLV-2 was detected only by molecular assays. Comparative analysis of retroviruses from 2002 and 2012 showed identical HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 sequences (LTR, env, and tax), and a change in HIV-1 tropism from CXCR4 to CCR5. No mutation was detected in the hot points of the env region of the HTLV-2 isolate that justified the lack of rgp46-II-specific antibodies. These data emphasize the need for molecular assays to diagnose HTLV-2 in high-risk populations in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Caterino-de-Araujo
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Mariana Cavalheiro Magri
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Hepatologia por Vírus (LIM-47), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Neuza Satomi Sato
- Centro de Imunologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Departmento de Patologia, Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Hospital Universitário de Londrina, Londrina, P.R., Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando de Macedo Brigido
- Laboratório de Retrovírus, Centro de Virologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, S.P., Brazil
| | - Arilson Akira Morimoto
- Centro Integrado de Doenças Infecciosas de Londrina, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Paraná, Londrina, P.R., Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pilotti E, Bianchi MV, De Maria A, Bozzano F, Romanelli MG, Bertazzoni U, Casoli C. HTLV-1/-2 and HIV-1 co-infections: retroviral interference on host immune status. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:372. [PMID: 24391628 PMCID: PMC3870298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 share similar routes of transmission but cause significantly different diseases. In this review we have outlined the immune mediated mechanisms by which HTLVs affect HIV-1 disease in co-infected hosts. During co-infection with HIV-1, HTLV-2 modulates the cellular microenvironment favoring its own viability and inhibiting HIV-1 progression. This is achieved when the HTLV-2 proviral load is higher than that of HIV-1, and thanks to the ability of HTLV-2 to: (i) up-regulate viral suppressive CCL3L1 chemokine expression; (ii) overcome HIV-1 capacity to activate the JAK/STAT pathway; (iii) reduce the activation of T and NK cells; (iv) modulate the host miRNA profiles. These alterations of immune functions have been mainly attributed to the effects of the HTLV-2 regulatory protein Tax and suggest that HTLV-2 exerts a protective role against HIV-1 infection. Contrary to HIV-1/HTLV-2, the effect of HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection on immunological and pathological conditions is still controversial. There is evidence that indicates a worsening of HIV-1 infection, while other evidence does not show clinically relevant effects in HIV-positive people. Possible differences on innate immune mechanisms and a particularly impact on NK cells are becoming evident. The differences between the two HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infections are highlighted and further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pilotti
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Maria V Bianchi
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Maria G Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Casoli
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kasahara D, Takara A, Takahashi Y, Kodama A, Tanaka R, Ansari AA, Tanaka Y. Natural OX40L expressed on human T cell leukemia virus type-I-immortalized T cell lines interferes with infection of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by CCR5-utilizing human immunodeficiency virus. Virol J 2013; 10:338. [PMID: 24238037 PMCID: PMC4225675 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OX40 ligand (OX40L) co-stimulates and differentiates T cells via ligation of OX40 that is transiently induced on T cells upon activation, resulting in prolonged T cell survival and enhanced cytokine production by T cells. This view has led to the targeting of OX40 as a strategy to boost antigen specific T cells in the context of vaccination. In addition, the ligation of OX40 has also been shown to inhibit infection by CCR5-utilizing (R5) but not CXCR4-utilizing (X4) human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) via enhancement of production of CCR5-binding β-chemokines. It was reasoned that human T cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-1) immortalized T cell lines that express high levels of OX40L could serve as an unique source of physiologically functional OX40L. The fact that HTLV-1+ T cell lines simultaneously also express high levels of OX40 suggested a potential limitation. RESULTS Results of our studies showed that HTLV-1+ T cell lines bound exogenous OX40 but not OX40L, indicating that HTLV-1+ T cell lines express an active form of OX40L but an inactive form of OX40. Anti-OX40 non-blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb), but not blocking mAb, stained HTLV-1+ T cell lines, suggesting that the OX40 might be saturated with endogenous OX40L. Functionality of the OX40L was confirmed by the fact that a paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed HTLV-1+ T cell lines inhibited the infection of autologous activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with R5 HIV-1 which was reversed by either anti-OX40L blocking mAb or a mixture of neutralizing mAbs against CCR5-binding β-chemokines. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results demonstrated that autologous T cell lines immortalized by HTLV-1 can be utilized as a conventional source of physiologically functional OX40L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Kasahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Klase Z, Jeang KT. Reciprocal functional pseudotyping of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 viral genomes by the heterologous counterpart envelope proteins. Virology 2013; 443:106-12. [PMID: 23747197 PMCID: PMC3728900 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 and HTLV-1 can infect CD4+ T cells and can co-infect the same individual. In principle, it is possible that both viruses can infect the same CD4+ T cells in dually infected persons. Currently, how efficiently HTLV-1 and HIV-1 co-infects the same cell and the full extent of their biological interactions are not well-understood. Here, we report evidence confirming that both viruses can infect the same cells and that HTLV-1 envelope (Env) can pseudotype HIV-1 viral particles and HIV-1 envelope (Env) can pseudotype HTLV-1 virions to mediate subsequent infections of substrate cells. We also show that the construction of a chimeric HTLV-1 molecular clone carrying the HIV-1 Env in place of its HTLV-1 counterpart results in a replication competent moiety. These findings raise new implications of viral complementation and assortment between HIV-1 and HTLV-1 in dually infected persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Klase
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|