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Knudsen AD, Bouazzi R, Afzal S, Gelpi M, Benfield T, Høgh J, Thomsen MT, Trøseid M, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SD. Monocyte count and soluble markers of monocyte activation in people living with HIV and uninfected controls. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:451. [PMID: 35546661 PMCID: PMC9097376 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monocytes play an important role in inflammation, and monocytosis and monocyte activation are features of chronic inflammation. We aimed to investigate if HIV status was associated with monocyte count and monocyte activation and to assess the relationship between monocyte count and monocyte activation markers and HIV-related factors. Methods Persons living with HIV (PLWH) with measured monocyte count and sCD14 and sCD163 were included from the Copenhagen Comorbidity in HIV infection (COCOMO) study and matched 1:5 on sex and age with uninfected controls. In addition, 74 uninfected individuals from COCOMO with measured sCD14 and sCD163 were included. Identical protocols and equipment were used to determine monocyte counts and monocyte activation in PLWH and uninfected controls. Linear regression adjusted for age, sex, smoking and waist-to-hip-ratio was used to analyze the association between possible risk factors and monocyte outcomes. Results We included 871 PLWH and 4355 uninfected controls. PLWH had − 0.021 [− 0.031 − 0.011] × 109/L) lower monocyte count than uninfected controls, and in adjusted analyses HIV status was independently associated with − 0.035 [− 0.045, − 0.025] × 109/L lower monocyte count. In contrast, PLWH had higher sCD163 and sCD14 concentrations than uninfected controls. After adjustment, HIV-status was associated with higher sCD14 and sCD163 concentrations (588 [325, 851] ng/ml, and 194 [57, 330] ng/ml, respectively). Conclusion PLWH had lower monocyte counts than controls, but the absolute difference was small, and any clinical impact is likely limited. In contrast, concentrations of monocyte activation markers, previously implicated as drivers of non-AIDS comorbidity, were higher in PLWH than in controls. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07450-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Knudsen
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9B, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, The Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Randa Bouazzi
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9B, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Shoaib Afzal
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Gelpi
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9B, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Julie Høgh
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9B, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Magda Teresa Thomsen
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9B, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Susanne D Nielsen
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases 8632, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9B, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Bharti AR, McCutchan JA, Umlauf A, Okwuegbuna OK, Letendre S, Cherner M, Burdo T, Jumare J, Williams K, Blattner W, Royal W. Asymptomatic Malaria Co-infection of HIV-Infected Adults in Nigeria: Prevalence of and Impact on Cognition, Mood, and Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:91-97. [PMID: 33021552 PMCID: PMC10742372 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV and malaria are associated with immunological perturbations and neurocognitive disorders even when asymptomatic. However, the effect of asymptomatic malaria (AM) in HIV-infected adults on neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is not well understood. This study investigated the biomarkers of systemic inflammation and neurocognition in dually infected Nigerian adults. METHODS We assessed the HIV and AM status of 269 adults and measured their global and domain-specific neurocognition and depression using standardized measures. Blood levels of sCD14 and sCD163 were also measured. RESULTS The mean age of the participants (n = 269) was 33 years, 62% were women, and AM among HIV+ and HIV- was similar (36% versus 37%). NCI was found in 23% (62/269) of participants. HIV+/AM+ had a higher prevalence of impaired learning and executive functions and were more depressed than HIV-/AM- or HIV+/AM-. HIV+ with CD4 T-cell counts ≤200/µL were more impaired in the learning domain than those with >200/µL. HIV+/AM+ group had higher levels of sCD14 compared to the other 3 groups and higher levels of sCD163 than the HIV-/AM- group. Higher levels of sCD14 and sCD163 were each associated with NCI. The sCD163 (log10) levels were higher for those with 1+ versus 2+ parasitemia level. CONCLUSIONS HIV and AM coinfection was associated with an increased risk of reduced learning and executive functions, and elevated systemic inflammation. Mood was more depressed in HIV patients with than those without AM. The mechanisms and long-term effects on neurocognition and depression among HIV+/AM+ individuals should be studied because this coinfection is common globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay R. Bharti
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Anya Umlauf
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Scott Letendre
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA
| | - Tricia Burdo
- Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jibreel Jumare
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Walter Royal
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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3
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Justice AC, Tate JP. Strengths and Limitations of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index as a Measure of Physiologic Frailty. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 35:1023-1033. [PMID: 31565954 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index (VACS Index) is an index comprised of routine clinical laboratory tests that accurately and generalizably predicts all-cause mortality among those living with and without HIV infection. Increasing evidence supports its use as a measure of physiologic frailty among those aging with HIV because of its associations with frailty related outcomes including mortality, hospitalization, fragility fractures, serious falls, pneumonia, cognitive decline, delirium, and functional decline. In this review, we explore the evidence supporting the validity (construct, correlative, and predictive), responsiveness, and feasibility of the VACS Index as an early indicator of physiologic frailty. We also consider its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Justice
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Janet P. Tate
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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4
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Weber EA, Singh MV, Singh VB, Jackson JW, Ture SK, Suwunnakorn S, Morrell CN, Maggirwar SB. Novel Mechanism of Microvesicle Regulation by the Antiviral Protein Tetherin During HIV Infection. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015998. [PMID: 32819189 PMCID: PMC7660781 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.015998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Microvesicles are cell membrane-derived vesicles that have been shown to augment inflammation. Specifically, monocyte-derived microvesicles (MDMVs), which can express the coagulation protein tissue factor, contribute to thrombus formation and cardiovascular disease. People living with HIV experience higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and also exhibit increased levels of plasma microvesicles. The process of microvesicle release has striking similarity to budding of enveloped viruses. The surface protein tetherin inhibits viral budding by physically tethering budding virus particles to cells. Hence, we investigated the role of tetherin in regulating the release of MDMVs during HIV infection. Methods and Results The plasma of aviremic HIV-infected individuals had increased levels of tissue factor + MDMVs, as measured by flow cytometry, and correlated to reduced tetherin expression on monocytes. Superresolution confocal and electron microscopy showed that tetherin localized at the site of budding MDMVs. Mechanistic studies revealed that the exposure of monocytes to HIV-encoded Tat triggered tetherin loss and subsequent rise in MDMV production. Overexpression of tetherin in monocytes led to morphologic changes in the pseudopodia directly underneath the MDMVs. Further, tetherin knockout mice demonstrated a higher number of circulating MDMVs and less time to bleeding cessation. Conclusions Our studies define a novel regulatory mechanism of MDMV release through tetherin and explore its contribution to the procoagulatory state that is frequently observed in people with HIV. Such insights could lead to improved therapies for individuals infected with HIV and also for those with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Weber
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Meera V. Singh
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Vir B. Singh
- Department of Basic and Clinical SciencesAlbany College of Pharmacy and Health SciencesRochesterNY
| | - Joseph W. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Sara K. Ture
- Aab Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Sumanun Suwunnakorn
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
| | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNY
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5
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Intracellular Tenofovir and Emtricitabine Concentrations in Younger and Older Women with HIV Receiving Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00177-20. [PMID: 32631821 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00177-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The altered immune states of aging and HIV infection may affect intracellular metabolism of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC); increased cellular senescence decreases FTC-triphosphate (FTCtp) concentrations. The effects of age and inflammation on the ratio of intracellular metabolites (IMs; tenofovir diphosphate [TFVdp] and FTCtp) to their endogenous nucleotides (ENs; dATP and dCTP), a potential treatment efficacy marker, were assessed among participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), who ranged from 25 to 75 years. Samples from women receiving TDF-FTC with viral loads of <200 copies/ml were dichotomized by age at collection into two groups (≤45 years and ≥60 years). IM/EN concentrations were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) pellets; interleukin-6 (IL-6) and sCD163 were measured in plasma; senescent CD8+ T cells were measured in viable PBMCs. The TFVdp:dATP and FTCtp:dCTP ratios had statistically significantly different distributions in older and younger women (log-rank test, P = 0.0023 and P = 0.032, respectively); in general, IM and EN concentrations were higher in the older women. After adjusting for potential confounders, these findings were not significant. In women aged ≤45 years, TFVdp was negatively associated with IL-6 and sCD163, while FTCtp was positively associated with sCD163 and IL-6 in women aged ≥60 years. Body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with IL-6 in both age groups and negatively associated with TFVdp in women aged ≤45 years. After adjustment, age remained significant for sCD163, while black race, BMI, and renal function remained significant for several IMs and ENs, suggesting that factors associated with aging, but not age itself, govern intracellular TDF-FTC pharmacology.
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6
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Premeaux TA, Javandel S, Hosaka KRJ, Greene M, Therrien N, Allen IE, Corley MJ, Valcour VG, Ndhlovu LC. Associations Between Plasma Immunomodulatory and Inflammatory Mediators With VACS Index Scores Among Older HIV-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1321. [PMID: 32695109 PMCID: PMC7338430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of age-related comorbidities is increased in people living with HIV, even in those well-controlled on combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). Persistent immune activation and inflammation may play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis; however, the burden of morbidities in the older HIV infected population may be exacerbated and driven by distinct mechanisms. In a cross sectional study of 45 HIV-infected participants 60 years or older, we examined the relationships between 14 immunomodulatory and inflammatory factors and the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index, a metric of multimorbidity and mortality comprised of age, CD4 count, hemoglobin, Fibrosis-4 [FIB-4], and estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], by linear regression analysis. All participants were virally suppressed (<50 HIV RNA copies/mL), on ART, and primarily Caucasian (86.7%), and male (91.1%). Plasma levels of monocyte/macrophage-associated (neopterin, IP-10, sCD163, sCD14, and MCP-1) and glycan-binding immunomodulatory factors (galectin (Gal)-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9) were assessed, as well as inflammatory biomarkers previously linked to the VACS Index (i.e., CRP, cystatin C, TNF-α, TNFRI, IL-6, and D-dimer) for comparison. In regression analysis, higher VACS index scores were associated with higher levels of neopterin, cystatin C, TNFRI, and Gal-9 (all p < 0.05), potentially driven by correlations found with individual VACS components, including age, CD4 count, FIB-4, and eGFR. Gal-9, cystatin C, and TNFRI directly correlated with the extent of multimorbidity. Multiple correlations among markers were observed, suggesting an interplay of overlapping, but distinct, pathways. Collectively, in addition to cystatin C and TNFRI, both galectin-9 and neopterin, independently emerged as novel fluid markers of the VACS Index and burden of comorbidity and may further guide in understanding pathogenic mechanisms of age-related disorders in older HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Shireen Javandel
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kalei R J Hosaka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Meredith Greene
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas Therrien
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Isabel E Allen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael J Corley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Victor G Valcour
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Letizia A, Eller MA, Polyak C, Eller LA, Creegan M, Dawson P, Bryant C, D K, Crowell TA, Lombardi K, Rono E, Robb ML, Michael NL, Maswai J, Ake JA. Biomarkers of Inflammation Correlate With Clinical Scoring Indices in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Kenyans. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:284-294. [PMID: 30165548 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In high-income countries, inflammation has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals despite treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, these findings may not be generalizable to low-income settings. Methods In this cross-sectional study, multivariable linear regression was used to compare 28 inflammatory biomarker levels in HIV-infected and -uninfected participants. Correlations between biomarkers and Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) index, Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, and Framingham risk score were assessed. Results Plasma samples from 304 Kenyans were analyzed. Compared to HIV-uninfected controls, virologically suppressed HIV-infected participants had higher levels of CCL5, CXCL10, fatty acid binding protein (FABP) 2, fas ligand (FASLG), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, MMP7, soluble CD14 (sCD14), and soluble CD163 (sCD163) and lower MMP9 (P < .01). CD4+/HLA-DR+CD38+ (ρ = 0.32; P < .001), sCD14 (ρ = 0.25; P = .004), and sCD163 (ρ = 0.24; P = .006) were correlated with the VACS index. FABP2 was positively correlated (ρ = 0.29; P = .002), whereas MMP1 (ρ = -.32; P < .001) and MMP2 (ρ = -0.28; P = .002) were inversely correlated with the FIB-4 score. Conclusions Differences in biomarker levels exist between well-controlled HIV-infected participants on ART and uninfected controls. Some biomarkers are correlated to scoring indices predictive of morbidity and mortality. These biomarkers could serve as prognostic indicators and inform therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Letizia
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda
| | - Michael A Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Christina Polyak
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda.,US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Matthew Creegan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | | | | | - Kim D
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Trevor A Crowell
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda.,US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Kara Lombardi
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Eric Rono
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Walter Reed Project.,HJF Medical Research International, Inc, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Jonah Maswai
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Walter Reed Project.,HJF Medical Research International, Inc, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Julie A Ake
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
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8
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Moscicki AB, Yao TJ, Russell JS, Farhat S, Scott M, Magpantay L, Halec G, Shiboski CH, Ryder MI. Biomarkers of oral inflammation in perinatally HIV-infected and perinatally HIV-exposed, uninfected youth. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:1072-1082. [PMID: 31385616 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine oral biomarkers that have been associated with periodontal disease progression in HIV-infected adults in perinatally HIV-infected and HIV-exposed but uninfected youth. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional, multicentre substudy of youth participating in the Oral Health Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort study. Gingival crevicular fluid repository samples from participants with and without periodontal disease (using Gingival Index [GI] and Bleeding on Probing [BOP] parameters on dental examination) were tested for concentration levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Associations were assessed using Wilcoxon test and Spearman correlation. RESULTS For perinatal HIV youth (n = 129), the markers consistently elevated (p < .05) in sites with GI ≥2 and in sites with BOP were interleukin-1β, 6 and 13, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and metalloproteinase-9. Serum tumour necrosis factor-α and soluble CD14 were positively correlated with a summary count of elevated cytokines. No associations were seen among HIV-uninfected subjects (n = 71). CONCLUSIONS The association of oral biomarkers of inflammation with clinical indicators of periodontal inflammation and systemic immune activation suggests that perinatal HIV-infected youth may be at higher risk for developing significant periodontal disease, associated with tooth loss and HIV progression. More frequent dental care of this group is needed to prevent potential periodontal progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Barbara Moscicki
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tzy-Jyun Yao
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research (CBAR), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Russell
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research (CBAR), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sepideh Farhat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Larry Magpantay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gordana Halec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline H Shiboski
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark I Ryder
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Tate JP, Sterne JAC, Justice AC. Albumin, white blood cell count, and body mass index improve discrimination of mortality in HIV-positive individuals. AIDS 2019; 33:903-912. [PMID: 30649058 PMCID: PMC6749990 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite viral suppression and immune response on antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV infection experience excess mortality compared with uninfected individuals. The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index incorporates clinical biomarkers of general health with age, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA to discriminate mortality risk in a variety of HIV-positive populations. We asked whether additional biomarkers further enhance discrimination. DESIGN AND METHODS Using patients from VACS for development and from the Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration (ART-CC) for validation, we obtained laboratory values from a randomly selected visit from 2000 to 2014, at least 1 year after antiretroviral therapy initiation. Patients were followed for 5-year, all-cause mortality through September 2016. We fitted Cox models with established predictors and added new predictors based on model fit and Harrell's c-statistic. We converted all variables to continuous functional forms and selected the best model (VACS Index 2.0) for validation in ART-CC patients. We compared discrimination using c-statistics and Kaplan-Meier plots. RESULTS Among 28 390 VACS patients and 12 109 ART-CC patients, 7293 and 722 died, respectively. Nadir CD4, CD8, and CD4 : CD8 ratio did not improve discrimination. Addition of albumin, white blood count, and BMI, improved c-statistics in VACS from 0.776 to 0.805 and in ART-CC from 0.800 to 0.831. Results were robust in all nine ART-CC cohorts, all lengths of follow-up and all subgroups. CONCLUSION VACS Index 2.0, adding albumin, white blood count, and BMI to version 1.0 and using continuous variables, provides improved discrimination and is highly transportable to external settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet P Tate
- VA Connecticut Health Systems, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Greene M, Justice AC, Covinsky KE. Assessment of geriatric syndromes and physical function in people living with HIV. Virulence 2016; 8:586-598. [PMID: 27715455 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1245269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of older adults living with HIV continues to increase, understanding how to incorporate geriatric assessments within HIV care will be critical. Assessment of geriatric syndromes and physical function can be useful tools for HIV clinicians and researchers to help identify the most vulnerable older adults and to better understand the aging process in people living with HIV (PLWH). This review focuses on the assessment of falls, frailty, and physical function, first in the general population of older adults, and includes a specific focus on use of these assessments in older adults living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Greene
- a Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- b Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , CT , USA.,c Yale University Schools of Medicine and Public Health , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Kenneth E Covinsky
- a Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.,d Section of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine , San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center , San Francisco , CA , USA
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11
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. Several epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke compared to uninfected controls. Although traditional risk factors contribute to this increased risk of cardiovascular disease, HIV-specific mechanisms likely also play a role. Systemic inflammation has been linked to cardiovascular disease in several populations suffering from chronic inflammation, including people living with HIV. Although antiretroviral therapy reduces immune activation, levels of inflammatory markers remain elevated compared to uninfected controls. The causes of this sustained immune response are likely multifactorial and incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize the evidence describing the relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular disease and discuss potential anti-inflammatory treatment options for cardiometabolic disease in people living with HIV.
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