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Mehdizadeh R, Ansari AM, Forouzesh F, Ghadirian R, Shahriari F, Shariatpanahi SP, Javidi MA. Cross-talk between non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and metastasis; EMT and hybrid E/M may explain the anticancer role of EMFs. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023:S0079-6107(23)00060-3. [PMID: 37302516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (NIEMFs) in a specific frequency, intensity, and exposure time can have anti-cancer effects on various cancer cells; however, the underlying precise mechanism of action is not transparent. Most cancer deaths are due to metastasis. This important phenomenon plays an inevitable role in different steps of cancer including progression and development. It has different stages including invasion, intravasation, migration, extravasation, and homing. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as hybrid E/M state, are biological processes, that involve both natural embryogenesis and tissue regeneration, and abnormal conditions including organ fibrosis or metastasis. In this context, some evidence reveals possible footprints of the important EMT-related pathways which may be affected in different EMFs treatments. In this article, critical EMT molecules and/or pathways which can be potentially affected by EMFs (e.g., VEGFR, ROS, P53, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, Cyclin B1, and NF-кB) are discussed to shed light on the mechanism of EMFs anti-cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mehdizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science, and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Flora Forouzesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science, and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Ghadirian
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shahriari
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Javidi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science, and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Puente-Cobacho B, Varela-López A, Quiles JL, Vera-Ramirez L. Involvement of redox signalling in tumour cell dormancy and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:49-85. [PMID: 36701089 PMCID: PMC10014738 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research on oncogene-driven carcinogenesis and gene-expression regulatory networks only started to unveil the complexity of tumour cellular and molecular biology. This knowledge has been successfully implemented in the clinical practice to treat primary tumours. In contrast, much less progress has been made in the development of new therapies against metastasis, which are the main cause of cancer-related deaths. More recently, the role of epigenetic and microenviromental factors has been shown to play a key role in tumour progression. Free radicals are known to communicate the intracellular and extracellular compartments, acting as second messengers and exerting a decisive modulatory effect on tumour cell signalling. Depending on the cellular and molecular context, as well as the intracellular concentration of free radicals and the activation status of the antioxidant system of the cell, the signalling equilibrium can be tilted either towards tumour cell survival and progression or cell death. In this regard, recent advances in tumour cell biology and metastasis indicate that redox signalling is at the base of many cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental mechanisms that control disseminated tumour cell fate and metastasis. In this manuscript, we will review the current knowledge about redox signalling along the different phases of the metastatic cascade, including tumour cell dormancy, making emphasis on metabolism and the establishment of supportive microenvironmental connections, from a redox perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Puente-Cobacho
- Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncology, Pfizer-University of Granada and Andalusian Regional Government, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Alfonso Varela-López
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Vera-Ramirez
- Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncology, Pfizer-University of Granada and Andalusian Regional Government, PTS, Granada, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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3
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Hoque S, Dhar R, Kar R, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee D, Mukerjee N, Nag S, Tomar N, Mallik S. Cancer stem cells (CSCs): key player of radiotherapy resistance and its clinical significance. Biomarkers 2023; 28:139-151. [PMID: 36503350 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2157875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are self-renewing and slow-multiplying micro subpopulations in tumour microenvironments. CSCs contribute to cancer's resistance to radiation (including radiation) and other treatments. CSCs control the heterogeneity of the tumour. It alters the tumour's microenvironment cellular singling and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Current research decodes the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and CSCs interlink in radiation resistance. Exosome is a subpopulation of EVs and originated from plasma membrane. It is secreted by several active cells. It involed in cellular communication and messenger of healthly and multiple pathological complications. Exosomal biological active cargos (DNA, RNA, protein, lipid and glycan), are capable to transform recipient cells' nature. The molecular signatures of CSCs and CSC-derived exosomes are potential source of cancer theranostics development. This review discusse cancer stem cells, radiation-mediated CSCs development, EMT associated with CSCs, the role of exosomes in radioresistance development, the current state of radiation therapy and the use of CSCs and CSCs-derived exosomes biomolecules as a clinical screening biomarker for cancer. This review gives new researchers a reason to keep an eye on the next phase of scientific research into cancer theranostics that will help mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saminur Hoque
- Department of Radiology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rishav Kar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute
| | - Sayantanee Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Namrata Tomar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Mani S, Swargiary G, Ralph SJ. Targeting the redox imbalance in mitochondria: A novel mode for cancer therapy. Mitochondrion 2021; 62:50-73. [PMID: 34758363 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels affect many aspects of cell behavior. During carcinogenesis, moderate ROS production modifies gene expression to alter cell function, elevating metabolic activity and ROS. To avoid extreme ROS-activated death, cancer cells increase antioxidative capacity, regulating sustained ROS levels that promote growth. Anticancer therapies are exploring inducing supranormal, cytotoxic oxidative stress levels either inhibiting antioxidative capacity or promoting excess ROS to selectively destroy cancer cells, triggering mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, or ferroptosis. This review exemplifies pro-oxidants (natural/synthetic/repurposed drugs) and their clinical significance as cancer therapies providing revolutionary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mani
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India.
| | - Geeta Swargiary
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Stephen J Ralph
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.
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5
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Huang J, Wang C, Lin M, Zeng F, Wu S. Synthesis of NQO1-activatable Optoacoustic Probe and Its Imaging of Breast Cancer. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a20100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Serum deprivation initiates adaptation and survival to oxidative stress in prostate cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12505. [PMID: 32719369 PMCID: PMC7385110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate nutrient intake leads to oxidative stress disrupting homeostasis, activating signaling, and altering metabolism. Oxidative stress serves as a hallmark in developing prostate lesions, and an aggressive cancer phenotype activating mechanisms allowing cancer cells to adapt and survive. It is unclear how adaptation and survival are facilitated; however, literature across several organisms demonstrates that a reversible cellular growth arrest and the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), contribute to cancer cell survival and therapeutic resistance under oxidative stress. We examined adaptability and survival to oxidative stress following nutrient deprivation in three prostate cancer models displaying varying degrees of tumorigenicity. We observed that reducing serum (starved) induced reactive oxygen species which provided an early oxidative stress environment and allowed cells to confer adaptability to increased oxidative stress (H2O2). Measurement of cell viability demonstrated a low death profile in stressed cells (starved + H2O2), while cell proliferation was stagnant. Quantitative measurement of apoptosis showed no significant cell death in stressed cells suggesting an adaptive mechanism to tolerate oxidative stress. Stressed cells also presented a quiescent phenotype, correlating with NF-κB nuclear translocation, suggesting a mechanism of tolerance. Our data suggests that nutrient deprivation primes prostate cancer cells for adaptability to oxidative stress and/or a general survival mechanism to anti-tumorigenic agents.
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Lee SY, Ju MK, Jeon HM, Lee YJ, Kim CH, Park HG, Han SI, Kang HS. Reactive oxygen species induce epithelial‑mesenchymal transition, glycolytic switch, and mitochondrial repression through the Dlx‑2/Snail signaling pathways in MCF‑7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2339-2346. [PMID: 31322179 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important cellular second messengers involved in various aspects of cell signaling. ROS are elevated in multiple types of cancer cells, and this elevation is known to be involved in pathological processes of cancer. Although high levels of ROS exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cells, low levels of ROS stimulate cell proliferation and survival by inducing several pro‑survival signaling pathways. In addition, ROS have been shown to induce epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is essential for the initiation of metastasis. However, the precise mechanism of ROS‑induced EMT remains to be elucidated. In the present study, it was indicated that ROS induce EMT by activating Snail expression, which then represses E‑cadherin expression in MCF‑7 cells. It was further indicated that distal‑less homeobox‑2 (Dlx‑2), one of the human Dlx gene family proteins involved in embryonic development, acts as an upstream regulator of ROS‑induced Snail expression. It was also revealed that ROS treatment induces the glycolytic switch, a phenomenon whereby cancer cells primarily rely on glycolysis instead of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production, even in the presence of oxygen. In addition, ROS inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and caused cytochrome c oxidase inhibition via the Dlx‑2/Snail cascade. These results suggest that ROS induce EMT, the glycolytic switch and mitochondrial repression by activating the Dlx‑2/Snail axis, thereby playing crucial roles in MCF‑7 cancer cell progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yig Ji Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- Division of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Gyeonggi 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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8
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Cho MK, Juvekar V, Lim CS, Noh C, Shin SJ, Kim HM. A Highly Sensitive Two‐Photon Ratiometric Probe for Rapid Detection of the hNQO1 Enzyme in Colon Cancer Tissue. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Ki Cho
- Department of Energy System Research and Department of ChemistryAjou University Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Vinayak Juvekar
- Department of Energy System Research and Department of ChemistryAjou University Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Su Lim
- Department of Energy System Research and Department of ChemistryAjou University Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Choong‐Kyun Noh
- Department of GastroenterologyAjou University School of Medicine Suwon 443-721 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of GastroenterologyAjou University School of Medicine Suwon 443-721 Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Kim
- Department of Energy System Research and Department of ChemistryAjou University Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-749 Republic of Korea
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9
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Zhang J, Sun H, Salvi R, Ding D. Paraquat initially damages cochlear support cells leading to anoikis-like hair cell death. Hear Res 2018; 364:129-141. [PMID: 29563067 PMCID: PMC5984146 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), one of the most widely used herbicides, is extremely dangerous because it generates the highly toxic superoxide radical. When paraquat was applied to cochlear organotypic cultures, it not only damaged the outer hair cells (OHCs) and inner hair cells (IHCs), but also caused dislocation of the hair cell rows. We hypothesized that the dislocation arose from damage to the support cells (SCs) that anchors hair cells within the epithelium. To test this hypothesis, rat postnatal cochlear cultures were treated with PQ. Shortly after PQ treatment, the rows of OHCs separated from one another and migrated radially away from IHCs suggesting loss of cell-cell adhesion that hold the hair cells in proper alignment. Hair cells dislocation was associated with extensive loss of SCs in the organ of Corti, loss of tympanic border cells (TBCs) beneath the basilar membrane, the early appearance of superoxide staining and caspase-8 labeling in SCs below the OHCs and disintegration of E-cadherin and β-catenin in the organ of Corti. Damage to the TBCs and SCs occurred prior to loss of OHC or IHC loss suggesting a form of detachment-induced apoptosis referred to as anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Richard Salvi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dalian Ding
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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10
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Lipoamide Inhibits NF1 Deficiency-induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Murine Schwann Cells. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:498-505. [PMID: 29198560 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is one of the most common neurocutaneous syndromes characterized by development of adult neurofibromas which is mainly made up of Schwann cells. The disease is generally accepted to be caused by inactivation mutation of Nf1 gene. And Nf1 deficiency had been reported to lead to ROS overproduction and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. This study was designed to investigate whether excessive ROS conferred to Nf1 deficiency-induced EMT in Schwann cells. METHODS Colony formation, wound healing assay and transwell assay was used to evaluate the effects of stable Nf1 knockdown in SW10 Schwann cells. Western blot and ROS assay was conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms of Nf1 inactivation in tumorigenesis. Animal experiments were performed to assess the inhibitory effects of lipoamide, which is the neutral amide of α-lipoic acid and functions as a potent antioxidant to scavenge ROS, on Nf1-deficiency tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS Nf1 knockdown enhanced the cellular capacities of proliferation, migration and invasion, promoted ROS generation, decreased the expression of epithelial surface marker E-cadherin, and up-regulated several EMT-associated molecules in Schwann cells. Moreover, lipoamide dose-dependently inhibited not only Nf1 deficiency-induced EMT but also spontaneous EMT. Furthermore, lipoamide markedly suppresses tumor growth in a mouse model of NF1-associated neurofibroma. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly reveal that ROS overproduction is responsible for Nf1 deficiency-induced EMT and plays a crucial role in NF1 tumor growth. The findings presented herein shed light on the potential of antioxidant therapy to prevent the progression of NF1-associated neurofibroma.
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11
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Moloney JN, Cotter TG. ROS signalling in the biology of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:50-64. [PMID: 28587975 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1117] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been detected in various cancers and has been shown to have several roles, for example, they can activate pro-tumourigenic signalling, enhance cell survival and proliferation, and drive DNA damage and genetic instability. Counterintuitively ROS can also promote anti-tumourigenic signalling, initiating oxidative stress-induced tumour cell death. Tumour cells express elevated levels of antioxidant proteins to detoxify elevated ROS levels, establish a redox balance, while maintaining pro-tumourigenic signalling and resistance to apoptosis. Tumour cells have an altered redox balance to that of their normal counterparts and this identifies ROS manipulation as a potential target for cancer therapies. This review discusses the generation and sources of ROS within tumour cells, the regulation of ROS by antioxidant defence systems, as well as the effect of elevated ROS production on their signalling targets in cancer. It also provides an insight into how pro- and anti-tumourigenic ROS signalling pathways could be manipulated in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Moloney
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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12
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Shen Z, Prasai B, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi H, Jackson MS, McCarley RL. A Near-Infrared, Wavelength-Shiftable, Turn-on Fluorescent Probe for the Detection and Imaging of Cancer Tumor Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1121-1132. [PMID: 28240865 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fast, selective, and noninvasive reporting of intracellular cancer-associated events and species will lead to a better understanding of tumorigenesis at the molecular level and development of precision medicine approaches in oncology. Overexpressed reductase presence in solid tumor cells is key to cancer progression and protection of those diseased cells from the oxidative effects of therapeutics meant to kill them. Human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase isozyme I (hNQO1), a cytoprotective 2-electron-specific reductase found at unusually high activity levels in cancer cells of multiple origins, has attracted significant attention due to its major role in metastatic pathways and its link to low survival rates in patients, as well as its ability to effectively activate quinone-based, anticancer drugs. Accurate assessment of hNQO1 activities in living tumor models and ready differentiation of metastases from healthy tissue by fluorescent light-based protocols requires creation of hNQO1-responsive, near-infrared probes that offer deep tissue penetration and low background fluorescence. Herein, we disclose a quinone-trigger-based, near-infrared probe whose fluorescence is effectively turned on several hundred-fold through highly selective reduction of the quinone trigger group by hNQO1, with unprecedented, catalytically efficient formation of a fluorescent reporter. hNQO1 activity-specific production of a fluorescence signal in two-dimensional cultures of respiring human cancer cells that harbor the reductase enzyme allows for their quick (30 min) high-integrity recognition. The characteristics of the near-infrared probe make possible the imaging of clinically relevant three-dimensional colorectal tumor models possessing spatially heterogeneous hNQO1 activities and provide for fluorescence-assisted identification of submillimeter dimension metastases in a preclinical mouse model of human ovarian serous adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Shen
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, United States
| | - Bijeta Prasai
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, United States
| | - Yuko Nakamura
- Molecular
Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, United States National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular
Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, United States National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Milcah S. Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, United States
| | - Robin L. McCarley
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, United States
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13
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Ye ZW, Zhang J, Ancrum T, Manevich Y, Townsend DM, Tew KD. Glutathione S-Transferase P-Mediated Protein S-Glutathionylation of Resident Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteins Influences Sensitivity to Drug-Induced Unfolded Protein Response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:247-261. [PMID: 26838680 PMCID: PMC5312626 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS S-glutathionylation of cysteine residues, catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP), alters structure/function characteristics of certain targeted proteins. Our goal is to characterize how S-glutathionylation of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) impact cell sensitivity to ER-stress inducing drugs. RESULTS We identify GSTP to be an ER-resident protein where it demonstrates both chaperone and catalytic functions. Redox based proteomic analyses identified a cluster of proteins cooperatively involved in the regulation of ER stress (immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein [BiP], protein disulfide isomerase [PDI], calnexin, calreticulin, endoplasmin, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase [SERCA]) that individually co-immunoprecipitated with GSTP (implying protein complex formation) and were subject to reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced S-glutathionylation. S-glutathionylation of each of these six proteins was attenuated in cells (liver, embryo fibroblasts or bone marrow dendritic) from mice lacking GSTP (Gstp1/p2-/-) compared to wild type (Gstp1/p2+/+). Moreover, Gstp1/p2-/- cells were significantly more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of the ER-stress inducing drugs, thapsigargin (7-fold) and tunicamycin (2-fold). INNOVATION Within the family of GST isozymes, GSTP has been ascribed the broadest range of catalytic and chaperone functions. Now, for the first time, we identify it as an ER resident protein that catalyzes S-glutathionylation of critical ER proteins within this organelle. Of note, this can provide a nexus for linkage of redox based signaling and pathways that regulate the unfolded protein response (UPR). This has novel importance in determining how some drugs kill cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Contextually, these results provide mechanistic evidence that GSTP can exert redox regulation in the oxidative ER environment and indicate that, within the ER, GSTP influences the cellular consequences of the UPR through S-glutathionylation of a series of key interrelated proteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 247-261.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Ye
- 1 Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jie Zhang
- 1 Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Tiffany Ancrum
- 1 Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yefim Manevich
- 1 Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- 1 Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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14
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Lee SY, Jeong EK, Ju MK, Jeon HM, Kim MY, Kim CH, Park HG, Han SI, Kang HS. Induction of metastasis, cancer stem cell phenotype, and oncogenic metabolism in cancer cells by ionizing radiation. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28137309 PMCID: PMC5282724 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the major tools of cancer treatment, and is widely used for a variety of malignant tumours. Radiotherapy causes DNA damage directly by ionization or indirectly via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby destroying cancer cells. However, ionizing radiation (IR) paradoxically promotes metastasis and invasion of cancer cells by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Metastasis is a major obstacle to successful cancer therapy, and is closely linked to the rates of morbidity and mortality of many cancers. ROS have been shown to play important roles in mediating the biological effects of IR. ROS have been implicated in IR-induced EMT, via activation of several EMT transcription factors—including Snail, HIF-1, ZEB1, and STAT3—that are activated by signalling pathways, including those of TGF-β, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, G-CSF, EGFR/PI3K/Akt, and MAPK. Cancer cells that undergo EMT have been shown to acquire stemness and undergo metabolic changes, although these points are debated. IR is known to induce cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, including dedifferentiation and self-renewal, and to promote oncogenic metabolism by activating these EMT-inducing pathways. Much accumulated evidence has shown that metabolic alterations in cancer cells are closely associated with the EMT and CSC phenotypes; specifically, the IR-induced oncogenic metabolism seems to be required for acquisition of the EMT and CSC phenotypes. IR can also elicit various changes in the tumour microenvironment (TME) that may affect invasion and metastasis. EMT, CSC, and oncogenic metabolism are involved in radioresistance; targeting them may improve the efficacy of radiotherapy, preventing tumour recurrence and metastasis. This study focuses on the molecular mechanisms of IR-induced EMT, CSCs, oncogenic metabolism, and alterations in the TME. We discuss how IR-induced EMT/CSC/oncogenic metabolism may promote resistance to radiotherapy; we also review efforts to develop therapeutic approaches to eliminate these IR-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Eui Kyong Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (DIRAMS), Pusan, 619-953, Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.,DNA Identification Center, National Forensic Service, Seoul, 158-707, Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- The Division of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
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15
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Best QA, Prasai B, Rouillere A, Johnson AE, McCarley RL. Efficacious fluorescence turn-on probe for high-contrast imaging of human cells overexpressing quinone reductase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:783-786. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08306d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A turn-on substrate probe is activated by an oxidoreductase, offering fluorescence images of cancer cells with unprecedented positive signal-to-negative background ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A. Best
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Bijeta Prasai
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
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16
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Deng W, Wang Y, Gu L, Duan B, Cui J, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Sun S, Dong J, Du J. MICAL1 controls cell invasive phenotype via regulating oxidative stress in breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:489. [PMID: 27430308 PMCID: PMC4950114 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecules Interacting with CasL (MICAL1), a multidomain flavoprotein monoxygenase, is strongly involved in the mechanisms that promote cancer cell proliferation and survival. Activation of MICAL1 causes an up-regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HeLa cells. ROS can function as a signaling molecule that modulates protein phosphorylation, leading to malignant phenotypes of cancer cells such as invasion and metastasis. Herein, we tested whether MICAL1 could control cell migration and invasion through regulating ROS in breast cancer cell lines. Methods The effects of depletion/overexperssion of MICAL1 on cell invasion rate were measured by matrigel-based transwell assays. The contents of ROS in breast cancer cells were evaluated by CM2-DCFHDA staining and enhanced lucigenin chemiluminescence method. RAB35 activity was assessed by pulldown assay. The relationship of RAB35 and MICAL1 was evaluated by immunofluorescence, coimmunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and co-transfection techniques. Immunoblotting assays were also used to analyze Akt phosphorylation level. Results In this study, we found that depletion of MICAL1 reduced cell migration and invasion as well as ROS generation. Phosphorylation of Akt was also attenuated by MICAL1 depletion. Likewise, the over-expression of MICAL1 augmented the generation of ROS, increased Akt phosphorylation, and favored invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells. Moreover, we investigated the effect of EGF signaling on MICAL1 function. We demonstrated that EGF increased RAB35 activation and activated form of RAB35 could bind to MICAL1. Silencing of RAB35 repressed ROS generation, prevented Akt phosphorylation and inhibited cell invasion in response to EGF. Conclusions Taken together, our results provide evidence that MICAL1 plays an essential role in the activation of ROS/Akt signaling and cell invasive phenotype and identify a novel link between RAB35 and MICAL1 in regulating breast cancer cell invasion. These findings may provide a basis for designing future therapeutic strategy for blocking breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Deng
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yueyuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Luo Gu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Biao Duan
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shixiu Sun
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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17
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Seebacher N, Lane DJR, Richardson DR, Jansson PJ. Turning the gun on cancer: Utilizing lysosomal P-glycoprotein as a new strategy to overcome multi-drug resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:432-45. [PMID: 27154979 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a role in the development of drug resistance in cancer cells. Cancer cells must constantly and rapidly adapt to changes in the tumor microenvironment, due to alterations in the availability of nutrients, such as glucose, oxygen and key transition metals (e.g., iron and copper). This nutrient flux is typically a consequence of rapid growth, poor vascularization and necrosis. It has been demonstrated that stress factors, such as hypoxia and glucose deprivation up-regulate master transcription factors, namely hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which transcriptionally regulate the multi-drug resistance (MDR), transmembrane drug efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Interestingly, in addition to the established role of plasma membrane Pgp in MDR, a new paradigm of intracellular resistance has emerged that is premised on the ability of lysosomal Pgp to transport cytotoxic agents into this organelle. This mechanism is enabled by the topological inversion of Pgp via endocytosis resulting in the transporter actively pumping agents into the lysosome. In this way, classical Pgp substrates, such as doxorubicin (DOX), can be actively transported into this organelle. Within the lysosome, DOX becomes protonated upon acidification of the lysosomal lumen, causing its accumulation. This mechanism efficiently traps DOX, preventing its cytotoxic interaction with nuclear DNA. This review discusses these effects and highlights a novel mechanism by which redox-active and protonatable Pgp substrates can utilize lysosomal Pgp to gain access to this compartment, resulting in catastrophic lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death. Hence, a key MDR mechanism that utilizes Pgp (the "gun") to sequester protonatable drug substrates safely within lysosomes can be "turned on" MDR cancer cells to destroy them from within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Seebacher
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, Blackburn Building (D06), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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18
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Rodolfo C, Di Bartolomeo S, Cecconi F. Autophagy in stem and progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:475-96. [PMID: 26502349 PMCID: PMC11108450 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process, responsible for the degradation and recycling of damaged and/or outlived proteins and organelles. This is the major cellular pathway, acting throughout the formation of cytosolic vesicles, called autophagosomes, for the delivering to lysosome. Recycling of cellular components through autophagy is a crucial step for cell homeostasis as well as for tissue remodelling during development. Impairment of this process has been related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, to the response to bacterial and viral infections, and to ageing. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into the mature cells of the body renders this unique type of cell highly crucial to development and tissue renewal, not least in various diseases. During the last two decades, extensive knowledge about autophagy roles and regulation in somatic cells has been acquired; however, the picture about the role and the regulation of autophagy in the different types of stem cells is still largely unknown. Autophagy is a major player in the quality control and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, both crucial factors for stem cells during an organism's life. In this review, we have highlighted the most significant advances in the comprehension of autophagy regulation in embryonic and tissue stem cells, as well as in cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rodolfo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy.
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Liu CC, Teh R, Mozar CA, Baxter RC, Rasmussen HH. Silencing overexpression of FXYD3 protein in breast cancer cells amplifies effects of doxorubicin and γ-radiation on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and cell survival. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 155:203-13. [PMID: 26740212 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
FXYD3, also known as mammary tumor protein 8, is overexpressed in several common cancers, including in many breast cancers. We examined if such overexpression might protect Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and cancer cells against the high levels of oxidative stress characteristic of many tumors and often induced by cancer treatments. We measured FXYD3 expression, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and glutathionylation of the β1 subunit of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, a reversible oxidative modification that inhibits the ATPase, in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Expression of FXYD3 was suppressed by transfection with FXYD3 siRNA. A colorimetric end-point assay was used to estimate cell viability. Apoptosis was estimated by caspase 3/7 (DEVDase) activation using a Caspase fluorogenic substrate kit. Expression of FXYD3 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells was ~eightfold and ~twofold higher than in non-cancer MCF-10A cells and MDA-MB-468 cancer cells, respectively. A ~50 % reduction in FXYD3 expression increased glutathionylation of the β1 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase subunit and reduced Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity by ~50 %, consistent with the role of FXYD3 to facilitate reversal of glutathionylation of the β1 subunit of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and glutathionylation-induced inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Treatment of MCF-7 and MDA-MB- 468 cells with doxorubicin or γ-radiation decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis. The treatments upregulated FXYD3 expression in MCF-7 but not in MDA-MB-468 cells and suppression of FXYD3 in MCF-7 but not in MDA-MB-468 cells amplified effects of treatments on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and treatment-induced cell death and apoptosis. Overexpression of FXYD3 may be a marker of resistance to cancer treatments and a potentially important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Liu
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Teh
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christine A Mozar
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert C Baxter
- Hormones and Cancer Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helge H Rasmussen
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,The Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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20
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Redox Regulation in Cancer Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:750798. [PMID: 26273424 PMCID: PMC4529979 DOI: 10.1155/2015/750798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-dependent (redox regulation) signaling pathways and transcriptional activities are thought to be critical in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation during growth and organogenesis. Aberrant ROS burst and dysregulation of those ROS-dependent cellular processes are strongly associated with human diseases including many cancers. ROS levels are elevated in cancer cells partially due to their higher metabolism rate. In the past 15 years, the concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been gaining ground as the subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell-like properties and characteristics have been identified in various cancers. CSCs possess low levels of ROS and are responsible for cancer recurrence after chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Unfortunately, how CSCs control ROS production and scavenging and how ROS-dependent signaling pathways contribute to CSCs function remain poorly understood. This review focuses on the role of redox balance, especially in ROS-dependent cellular processes in cancer stem cells (CSCs). We updated recent advances in our understanding of ROS generation and elimination in CSCs and their effects on CSC self-renewal and differentiation through modulating signaling pathways and transcriptional activities. The review concludes that targeting CSCs by manipulating ROS metabolism/dependent pathways may be an effective approach for improving cancer treatment.
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21
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Yang W, Zou L, Huang C, Lei Y. Redox regulation of cancer metastasis: molecular signaling and therapeutic opportunities. Drug Dev Res 2015; 75:331-41. [PMID: 25160073 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related mortality. Accumulated evidence has shown that high-metastasis potential cancer cells have more reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation compared with low-metastasis potential cancer cells. ROS can function as second messengers to regulate multiple cancer metastasis-related signaling pathways via reversible oxidative posttranslational modifications of cysteine in key redox-sensitive proteins, which leads to the structural and functional change of these proteins. Because ROS can promote cancer metastasis, therapeutic strategies aiming at inducing/reducing cellular ROS level or targeting redox sensors involved in metastasis hold great potential in developing new efficient approaches for anticancer therapy. In this review, we summarize recent findings on regulation of tumor metastasis by key redox sensors and describe the potential of targeting redox signaling pathways for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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22
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Tesori V, Piscaglia AC, Samengo D, Barba M, Bernardini C, Scatena R, Pontoglio A, Castellini L, Spelbrink JN, Maulucci G, Puglisi MA, Pani G, Gasbarrini A. The multikinase inhibitor Sorafenib enhances glycolysis and synergizes with glycolysis blockade for cancer cell killing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9149. [PMID: 25779766 PMCID: PMC4361992 DOI: 10.1038/srep09149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the only effective drug against primary hepatocarcinoma, the multikinase inhibitor Sorafenib (SFB) usually fails to eradicate liver cancer. Since SFB targets mitochondria, cell metabolic reprogramming may underlie intrinsic tumor resistance. To characterize cancer cell metabolic response to SFB, we measured oxygen consumption, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP content in rat LCSC (Liver Cancer Stem Cells) -2 cells exposed to the drug. Genome wide analysis of gene expression was performed by Affymetrix technology. SFB cytotoxicity was evaluated by multiple assays in the presence or absence of metabolic inhibitors, or in cells genetically depleted of mitochondria. We found that low concentrations (2.5-5 μM) of SFB had a relatively modest effect on LCSC-2 or 293 T cell growth, but damaged mitochondria and increased intracellular ROS. Gene expression profiling of SFB-treated cells was consistent with a shift toward aerobic glycolysis and, accordingly, SFB cytotoxicity was dramatically increased by glucose withdrawal or the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG. Under metabolic stress, activation of the AMP dependent Protein Kinase (AMPK), but not ROS blockade, protected cells from death. We conclude that mitochondrial damage and ROS drive cell killing by SFB, while glycolytic cell reprogramming may represent a resistance strategy potentially targetable by combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tesori
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Anna Chiara Piscaglia
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Daniela Samengo
- Institute of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Marta Barba
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Camilla Bernardini
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Roberto Scatena
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Alessandro Pontoglio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Laura Castellini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Johannes N Spelbrink
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedical Technology &Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Institute of Physics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Maria Ausiliatrice Puglisi
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Giovambattista Pani
- Institute of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine
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23
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Siani A, Tirelli N. Myofibroblast differentiation: main features, biomedical relevance, and the role of reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:768-85. [PMID: 24279926 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Myofibroblasts are prototypical fibrotic cells, which are involved in a number of more or less pathological conditions, from foreign body reactions to scarring, from liver, kidney, or lung fibrosis to neoplastic phenomena. The differentiation of precursor cells (not only of fibroblastic nature) is characterized by a complex interplay between soluble factors (growth factors such as transforming growth factor β1, reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and material properties (matrix stiffness). RECENT ADVANCES The last 15 years have seen very significant advances in the identification of appropriate differentiation markers, in the understanding of the differentiation mechanism, and above all, the involvement of ROS as causative and persistence factors. CRITICAL ISSUES The specific mechanisms of action of ROS remain largely unknown, although evidence suggests that both intracellular and extracellular phenomena play a role. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Approaches based on antioxidant (ROS-scavenging) principles and on the potentiation of nitric oxide signaling hold much promise in view of a pharmacological therapy of fibrotic phenomena. However, how to make the active principles available at the target sites is yet a largely neglected issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Siani
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) is an enzyme that oxidizes thiols during protein folding, reducing molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Tumor cells may take advantage of oxidative environments at different stages of tumorigenesis, but QSOX1 may also serve additional functions in tumors. RECENT ADVANCES Several groups have reported the over-expression of QSOX1 in breast, pancreas, and prostate cancers. A consensus is building that QSOX1 over-expression is important during tumor cell invasion, facilitating tumor cell migration at the tumor-stroma interface. As such, QSOX1 may be considered a prognostic indicator of metastatic potential or even indicate that cancer is present in a host. CRITICAL ISSUES However, some controversy exists between QSOX1 as a marker of poor or favorable outcome in breast cancer. More studies are required to reveal what advantage QSOX1 provides to breast and other types of cancer. More specifically, it is critical to learn which tumor types over-express QSOX1 and use its enzymatic activity to their advantage. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As interest increases in understanding the mechanisms of tumorigenesis within the extracellular matrix and how tumor cells influence fibroblasts and other stromal cells, QSOX1 may be revealed as an important player in cancer detection and prognosis. Defining the mechanism(s) of QSOX1 activity in tumors and in in vivo models will provide important insights into how to target QSOX1 with anti-neoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Lake
- 1 School of Life Sciences, ASU/Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona
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25
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Li C, Liu VWS, Chiu PM, Yao KM, Ngan HYS, Chan DW. Reduced expression of AMPK-β1 during tumor progression enhances the oncogenic capacity of advanced ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:49. [PMID: 24602453 PMCID: PMC4016028 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key energy sensor that is involved in regulating cell metabolism. Our previous study revealed that the subunits of the heterotimeric AMPK enzyme are diversely expressed during ovarian cancer progression. However, the impact of the variable expression of these AMPK subunits in ovarian cancer oncogenesis remains obscure. Here, we provide evidence to show that reduced expression of the AMPK-β1 subunit during tumor progression is associated with the increased oncogenic capacity of advanced ovarian cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AMPK-β1 levels were reduced in advanced-stage (P = 0.008), high-grade (P = 0.013) and metastatic ovarian cancers (P = 0.008). Intriguingly, down-regulation of AMPK-β1 was progressively reduced from tumor stages 1 to 3 of ovarian cancer. Functionally, enforced expression of AMPK-β1 inhibited ovarian-cancer-cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell growth, cell migration and invasion. Conversely, depletion of AMPK-β1 by siRNA enhanced the oncogenic capacities of ovarian cancer cells, suggesting that the loss of AMPK-β1 favors the aggressiveness of ovarian cancer. Mechanistically, enforced expression of AMPK-β1 increased AMPK activity, which, in turn, induced cell-cycle arrest via inhibition of AKT/ERK signaling activity as well as impaired cell migration/invasion through the suppression of JNK signaling in ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that the reduced expression of AMPK-β1 confers lower AMPK activity, which enhances the oncogenic capacity of advanced-stage ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hextan Y S Ngan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, 6th Floor, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Abstract
DNA damage response genes play vital roles in the maintenance of a healthy genome. Defects in cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair genes, especially mutation or aberrant downregulation, are associated with a wide spectrum of human disease, including a predisposition to the development of neurodegenerative conditions and cancer. On the other hand, upregulation of DNA damage response and repair genes can also cause cancer, as well as increase resistance of cancer cells to DNA damaging therapy. In recent years, it has become evident that many of the genes involved in DNA damage repair have additional roles in tumorigenesis, most prominently by acting as transcriptional (co-)factors. Although defects in these genes are causally connected to tumor initiation, their role in tumor progression is more controversial and it seems to depend on tumor type. In some tumors like melanoma, cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair gene upregulation is associated with tumor metastasis, whereas in a number of other cancers the opposite has been observed. Several genes that participate in the DNA damage response, such as RAD9, PARP1, BRCA1, ATM and TP53 have been associated with metastasis by a number of in vitro biochemical and cellular assays, by examining human tumor specimens by immunohistochemistry or by DNA genome-wide gene expression profiling. Many of these genes act as transcriptional effectors to regulate other genes implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. Furthermore, they are aberrantly expressed in numerous human tumors and are causally related to tumorigenesis. However, whether the DNA damage repair function of these genes is required to promote metastasis or another activity is responsible (e.g., transcription control) has not been determined. Importantly, despite some compelling in vitro evidence, investigations are still needed to demonstrate the role of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair genes in regulating metastatic phenotypes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Howard B. Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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Liu W, Beck BH, Vaidya KS, Nash KT, Feeley KP, Ballinger SW, Pounds KM, Denning WL, Diers AR, Landar A, Dhar A, Iwakuma T, Welch DR. Metastasis suppressor KISS1 seems to reverse the Warburg effect by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis. Cancer Res 2013; 74:954-63. [PMID: 24351292 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells tend to utilize aerobic glycolysis even under normoxic conditions, commonly called the "Warburg effect." Aerobic glycolysis often directly correlates with malignancy, but its purpose, if any, in metastasis remains unclear. When wild-type KISS1 metastasis suppressor is expressed, aerobic glycolysis decreases and oxidative phosphorylation predominates. However, when KISS1 is missing the secretion signal peptide (ΔSS), invasion and metastasis are no longer suppressed and cells continue to metabolize using aerobic glycolysis. KISS1-expressing cells have 30% to 50% more mitochondrial mass than ΔSS-expressing cells, which are accompanied by correspondingly increased mitochondrial gene expression and higher expression of PGC1α, a master coactivator that regulates mitochondrial mass and metabolism. PGC1α-mediated downstream pathways (i.e., fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation) are differentially regulated by KISS1, apparently reliant upon direct KISS1 interaction with NRF1, a major transcription factor involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Since the downstream effects could be reversed using short hairpin RNA to KISS1 or PGC1α, these data appear to directly connect changes in mitochondria mass, cellular glucose metabolism, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Cancer Biology; The University of Kansas Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Xie G, Diehl AM. Evidence for and against epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G881-90. [PMID: 24157970 PMCID: PMC3882441 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00289.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of liver injury is determined by the success of repair. Liver repair involves replacement of damaged liver tissue with healthy liver epithelial cells (including both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes) and reconstruction of normal liver structure and function. Current dogma posits that replication of surviving mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes drives the regeneration of liver epithelium after injury, whereas failure of liver repair commonly leads to fibrosis, a scarring condition in which hepatic stellate cells, the main liver-resident mesenchymal cells, play the major role. The present review discusses other mechanisms that might be responsible for the regeneration of new liver epithelial cells and outgrowth of matrix-producing mesenchymal cells during hepatic injury. This theory proposes that, during liver injury, some epithelial cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), acquire myofibroblastic phenotypes/features, and contribute to fibrogenesis, whereas certain mesenchymal cells (namely hepatic stellate cells and stellate cell-derived myofibroblasts) undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), revert to epithelial cells, and ultimately differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. Although this theory is highly controversial, it suggests that the balance between EMT and MET modulates the outcome of liver injury. This review summarizes recent advances that support or refute the concept that certain types of liver cells are capable of phenotype transition (i.e., EMT and MET) during both culture conditions and chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke Univ., Snyderman Bldg., Suite 1073, 595 LaSalle St., Durham, NC 27710.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE We herein review recent advances on the role exerted by protein redox machines engaged in tumor progression, focusing on cell adhesion and migration, regulation of transcriptional response, and tumor metabolic reprogramming, all features belonging to the new hallmarks of cancer. RECENT ADVANCES Several recent insights have reported that oxidative stress, either due to intracellular sources of oxidants, which are frequently deregulated in cancers or to microenvironment factors as hypoxia or stromal cell contact, plays a key role in tumor malignancy, as well as in metabolic pathways control. Indeed, many proteins behave as sensors of intracellular oxidative stress, including protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, transcription factors as p53, forkhead box class-Os, nuclear respiratory factor-2, nuclear factor-kB, hypoxia inducible factor, enzymes involved in glycolysis or penthose phosphate pathway as pyruvate kinase-M2 and adenylate monophosphate kinase, or DNA repair enzymes as Ataxia Teleangectasia Mutated. All these proteins have been reported to play essential roles during cancer progression and their sensitivity to oxidative stress has added new levels of complexity to the cancer field. CRITICAL ISSUES Main significant issues that need to be addressed in redox cancer biology are (i) sensitivity to a different level of oxidative stress of sensors, that is, they can respond to different oxidative insults/signals, and (ii) the real susceptibility of cancer cells to redox-based therapies due to the acknowledged plasticity of cancer cells to develop adoptive strategies. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Definitely, redox machines have the potentiality to develop into novel biomarkers and related target therapies should attain the goal of personalized medicine in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Parri
- 1 Department of Biochemical Science, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
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Bellone M, Calcinotto A. Ways to enhance lymphocyte trafficking into tumors and fitness of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Front Oncol 2013; 3:231. [PMID: 24062984 PMCID: PMC3769630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor is a hostile microenvironment for T lymphocytes. Indeed, irregular blood flow, and endothelial cell (EC) anergy that characterize most solid tumors hamper leukocyte adhesion, extravasation, and infiltration. In addition, hypoxia and reprograming of energy metabolism within cancer cells transform the tumor mass in a harsh environment that limits survival and effector functions of T cells, regardless of being induced in vivo by vaccination or adoptively transferred. In this review, we will summarize on recent advances in our understanding of the characteristics of tumor-associated neo-angiogenic vessels as well as of the tumor metabolism that may impact on T cell trafficking and fitness of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. In particular, we will focus on how advances in knowledge of the characteristics of tumor ECs have enabled identifying strategies to normalize the tumor-vasculature and/or overcome EC anergy, thus increasing leukocyte-vessel wall interactions and lymphocyte infiltration in tumors. We will also focus on drugs acting on cells and their released molecules to transiently render the tumor microenvironment more suitable for tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes, thus increasing the therapeutic effectiveness of both active and adoptive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Transplantation, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
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31
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Policastro LL, Ibañez IL, Notcovich C, Duran HA, Podhajcer OL. The tumor microenvironment: characterization, redox considerations, and novel approaches for reactive oxygen species-targeted gene therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:854-95. [PMID: 22794113 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system that involves the interaction between malignant and neighbor stromal cells embedded in a mesh of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial, and inflammatory cells) are co-opted at different stages to help malignant cells invade the surrounding ECM and disseminate. Malignant cells have developed adaptive mechanisms to survive under the extreme conditions of the tumor microenvironment such as restricted oxygen supply (hypoxia), nutrient deprivation, and a prooxidant state among others. These conditions could be eventually used to target drugs that will be activated specifically in this microenvironment. Preclinical studies have shown that modulating cellular/tissue redox state by different gene therapy (GT) approaches was able to control tumor growth. In this review, we describe the most relevant features of the tumor microenvironment, addressing reactive oxygen species-generating sources that promote a prooxidative microenvironment inside the tumor mass. We describe different GT approaches that promote either a decreased or exacerbated prooxidative microenvironment, and those that make use of the differential levels of ROS between cancer and normal cells to achieve tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Laura Policastro
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
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Paoli P, Giannoni E, Chiarugi P. Anoikis molecular pathways and its role in cancer progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3481-3498. [PMID: 23830918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 733] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anoikis is a programmed cell death induced upon cell detachment from extracellular matrix, behaving as a critical mechanism in preventing adherent-independent cell growth and attachment to an inappropriate matrix, thus avoiding colonizing of distant organs. As anchorage-independent growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, two features associated with anoikis resistance, are vital steps during cancer progression and metastatic colonization, the ability of cancer cells to resist anoikis has now attracted main attention from the scientific community. Cancer cells develop anoikis resistance due to several mechanisms, including change in integrins' repertoire allowing them to grow in different niches, activation of a plethora of inside-out pro-survival signals as over-activation of receptors due to sustained autocrine loops, oncogene activation, growth factor receptor overexpression, or mutation/upregulation of key enzymes involved in integrin or growth factor receptor signaling. In addition, tumor microenvironment has also been acknowledged to contribute to anoikis resistance of bystander cancer cells, by modulating matrix stiffness, enhancing oxidative stress, producing pro-survival soluble factors, triggering epithelial-mesenchymal transition and self-renewal ability, as well as leading to metabolic deregulations of cancer cells. All these events help cancer cells to inhibit the apoptosis machinery and sustain pro-survival signals after detachment, counteracting anoikis and constituting promising targets for anti-metastatic pharmacological therapy. This article is part of a Special Section entitled: Cell Death Pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; Tuscany Tumor Institute and "Center for Research, Transfer and High Education, DENOTHE", 50134 Florence, Italy.
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Fiaschi T, Giannoni E, Taddei ML, Cirri P, Marini A, Pintus G, Nativi C, Richichi B, Scozzafava A, Carta F, Torre E, Supuran CT, Chiarugi P. Carbonic anhydrase IX from cancer-associated fibroblasts drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate carcinoma cells. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1791-801. [PMID: 23656776 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular acidification, a mandatory feature of several malignancies, has been mainly correlated with metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells toward Warburg metabolism, as well as to the expression of carbonic anydrases or proton pumps by malignant tumor cells. We report herein that for aggressive prostate carcinoma, acknowledged to be reprogrammed toward an anabolic phenotype and to upload lactate to drive proliferation, extracellular acidification is mainly mediated by stromal cells engaged in a molecular cross-talk circuitry with cancer cells. Indeed, cancer-associated fibroblasts, upon their activation by cancer delivered soluble factors, rapidly express carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX). While expression of CAIX in cancer cells has already been correlated with poor prognosis in various human tumors, the novelty of our findings is the upregulation of CAIX in stromal cells upon activation. The de novo expression of CA IX, which is not addicted to hypoxic conditions, is driven by redox-based stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Extracellular acidification due to carbonic anhydrase IX is mandatory to elicit activation of stromal fibroblasts delivered metalloprotease-2 and -9, driving in cancer cells the epithelial-mesenchymal transition epigenetic program, a key event associated with increased motility, survival and stemness. Both genetic silencing and pharmacological inhibition of CA IX (with sulfonamide/sulfamides potent inhibitors) or metalloprotease-9 are sufficient to impede epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells induced by contact with cancer-associated fibroblasts. We also confirmed in vivo the upstream hierarchical role of stromal CA IX to drive successful metastatic spread of prostate carcinoma cells. These data include stromal cells, as cancer-associated fibroblasts as ideal targets for carbonic anhydrase IX-directed anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Fiaschi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Tuscany, Italy
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Wei L, Dai Q, Zhou Y, Zou M, Li Z, Lu N, Guo Q. Oroxylin A sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to anoikis via glucose-deprivation-like mechanisms: c-Src and hexokinase II. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3835-45. [PMID: 23500080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular metabolism, particularly glycolysis, is altered during the metastatic process and is highly associated with tumor progression and apoptosis resistance. Oroxylin A, a natural plant flavonoid, exhibits chemopreventive and therapeutic anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential. However, the anticancer effects of oroxylin A on non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) remain poorly understood. METHODS In vitro studies were performed using 2D and 3D conditions. The effects on anoikis-sensitization and glycolysis-inhibition of oroxylin A in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells were examined. In vivo murine lung metastasis experiments were utilized to assess the anti-metastatic capacity of oroxylin A. RESULTS ROS-mediated activation of c-Src following detachment caused anoikis resistance in A549 cells. Oroxylin A sensitized A549 cells to anoikis by inactivating the c-Src/AKT/HK II pathway in addition to inducing the dissociation of HK II from mitochondria. Prior to sensitizing A549 cells to anoikis, oroxylin A decreased the ATP level and inhibited glycolysis. Furthermore, oroxylin A inhibited lung metastasis of A549 cells in vivo in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Oroxylin A sensitized anoikis, which underlies distinct glucose-deprivation-like mechanisms that involved c-Src and HK II. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The findings in this study indicated that oroxylin A could potentially be utilized in the development of improved metastatic cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wei
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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35
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Guan JL, Simon AK, Prescott M, Menendez JA, Liu F, Wang F, Wang C, Wolvetang E, Vazquez-Martin A, Zhang J. Autophagy in stem cells. Autophagy 2013; 9:830-49. [PMID: 23486312 DOI: 10.4161/auto.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. As a major intracellular degradation and recycling pathway, autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis as well as remodeling during normal development, and dysfunctions in autophagy have been associated with a variety of pathologies including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative disease. Stem cells are unique in their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cells in the body, which are important in development, tissue renewal and a range of disease processes. Therefore, it is predicted that autophagy would be crucial for the quality control mechanisms and maintenance of cellular homeostasis in various stem cells given their relatively long life in the organisms. In contrast to the extensive body of knowledge available for somatic cells, the role of autophagy in the maintenance and function of stem cells is only beginning to be revealed as a result of recent studies. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in embryonic stem cells, several tissue stem cells (particularly hematopoietic stem cells), as well as a number of cancer stem cells. We discuss how recent studies of different knockout mice models have defined the roles of various autophagy genes and related pathways in the regulation of the maintenance, expansion and differentiation of various stem cells. We also highlight the many unanswered questions that will help to drive further research at the intersection of autophagy and stem cell biology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Lin Guan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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36
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Alterations in the redox state and liver damage: hints from the EASL Basic School of Hepatology. J Hepatol 2013; 58:365-74. [PMID: 23023012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of a correct balance between oxidative and reductive events has been shown to have a paramount effect on cell function for quite a long time. However, in spite of this body of rapidly growing evidence, the implication of the alteration of the redox state in human disease has been so far much less appreciated. Liver diseases make no exception. Although not fully comprehensive, this article reports what discussed during an EASL Basic School held in 2012 in Trieste, Italy, where the effect of the alteration of the redox state was addressed in different experimental and human models. This translational approach resulted in further stressing the concept that this topic should be expanded in the future not only to better understand how oxidative stress may be linked to a liver damage but also, perhaps more important, how this may be the target for better, more focused treatments. In parallel, understanding how alteration of the redox balance may be associated with liver damage may help define sensitive and ideally early biomarkers of the disorder.
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37
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Taddei ML, Giannoni E, Comito G, Chiarugi P. Microenvironment and tumor cell plasticity: an easy way out. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:80-96. [PMID: 23376253 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo genetic changes allowing their adaptation to environmental changes, thereby obtaining an advantage during the long metastatic route, disseminated of several changes in the surrounding environment. In particular, plasticity in cell motility, mainly due to epigenetic regulation of cancer cells by environmental insults, engage adaptive strategies aimed essentially to survive in hostile milieu, thereby escaping adverse sites. This review is focused on tumor microenvironment as a collection of structural and cellular elements promoting plasticity and adaptive programs. We analyze the role of extracellular matrix stiffness, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, acidity, as well as different cell populations of tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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38
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Xu HN, Nioka S, Li LZ. Imaging heterogeneity in the mitochondrial redox state of premalignant pancreas in the pancreas-specific PTEN-null transgenic mouse model. Biomark Res 2013; 1:6. [PMID: 24252270 PMCID: PMC3776248 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic alteration is one of the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. We aimed to identify certain metabolic biomarkers for the early detection of pancreatic cancer (PC) using the transgenic PTEN-null mouse model. Pancreas-specific deletion of PTEN in mouse caused progressive premalignant lesions such as highly proliferative ductal metaplasia. We imaged the mitochondrial redox state of the pancreases of the transgenic mice approximately eight months old using the redox scanner, i.e., the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/oxidized flavoproteins (NADH/Fp) fluorescence imager at low temperature. Two different approaches, the global averaging of the redox indices without considering tissue heterogeneity along tissue depth and the univariate analysis of multi-section data using tissue depth as a covariate were adopted for the statistical analysis of the multi-section imaging data. The standard deviations of the redox indices and the histogram analysis with Gaussian fit were used to determine the tissue heterogeneity. RESULTS All methods show consistently that the PTEN deficient pancreases (Pdx1-Cre;PTENlox/lox) were significantly more heterogeneous in their mitochondrial redox state compared to the controls (PTENlox/lox). Statistical analysis taking into account the variations of the redox state with tissue depth further shows that PTEN deletion significantly shifted the pancreatic tissue to an overall more oxidized state. Oxidization of the PTEN-null group was not seen when the imaging data were analyzed by global averaging without considering the variation of the redox indices along tissue depth, indicating the importance of taking tissue heterogeneity into account for the statistical analysis of the multi-section imaging data. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a possible link between the mitochondrial redox state alteration of the pancreas and its malignant transformation and may be further developed for establishing potential metabolic biomarkers for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He N Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shoko Nioka
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Z Li
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
Cellular redox states can regulate cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, motility, apoptosis, signaling pathways, and gene expressions etc. A growing body of literature suggest the importance of redox status for cancer progression. While most studies on redox state were done on cells and tissue lysates, it is important to understand the role of redox state in a tissue in vivo/ex vivo and image its heterogeneity. Redox scanning is a clinical-translatable method for imaging tissue mitochondrial redox potential with a submillimeter resolution. Redox scanning data in mouse models of human cancers demonstrate a correlation between mitochondrial redox state and tumor metastatic potential. I will discuss the significance of this correlation and possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Z Li
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Britton Chance Laboratory of Redox Imaging, Johnson Research Foundation, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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40
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Ramamurthy CH, Kumar MS, Suyavaran VSA, Mareeswaran R, Thirunavukkarasu C. Evaluation of Antioxidant, Radical Scavenging Activity and Polyphenolics Profile in Solanum torvum L. Fruits. J Food Sci 2012; 77:C907-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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41
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Fiaschi T, Marini A, Giannoni E, Taddei ML, Gandellini P, De Donatis A, Lanciotti M, Serni S, Cirri P, Chiarugi P. Reciprocal metabolic reprogramming through lactate shuttle coordinately influences tumor-stroma interplay. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5130-40. [PMID: 22850421 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) engage in tumor progression by promoting the ability of cancer cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and also by enhancing stem cells traits and metastatic dissemination. Here we show that the reciprocal interplay between CAFs and prostate cancer cells goes beyond the engagement of EMT to include mutual metabolic reprogramming. Gene expression analysis of CAFs cultured ex vivo or human prostate fibroblasts obtained from benign prostate hyperplasia revealed that CAFs undergo Warburg metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative stress. This metabolic reprogramming toward a Warburg phenotype occurred as a result of contact with prostate cancer cells. Intercellular contact activated the stromal fibroblasts, triggering increased expression of glucose transporter GLUT1, lactate production, and extrusion of lactate by de novo expressed monocarboxylate transporter-4 (MCT4). Conversely, prostate cancer cells, upon contact with CAFs, were reprogrammed toward aerobic metabolism, with a decrease in GLUT1 expression and an increase in lactate upload via the lactate transporter MCT1. Metabolic reprogramming of both stromal and cancer cells was under strict control of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1), which drove redox- and SIRT3-dependent stabilization of HIF1 in normoxic conditions. Prostate cancer cells gradually became independent of glucose consumption, while developing a dependence on lactate upload to drive anabolic pathways and thereby cell growth. In agreement, pharmacologic inhibition of MCT1-mediated lactate upload dramatically affected prostate cancer cell survival and tumor outgrowth. Hence, cancer cells allocate Warburg metabolism to their corrupted CAFs, exploiting their byproducts to grow in a low glucose environment, symbiotically adapting with stromal cells to glucose availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Fiaschi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Tuscany Tumor Institute and Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Fitzpatrick AM, Jones DP, Brown LAS. Glutathione redox control of asthma: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:375-408. [PMID: 22304503 PMCID: PMC3353819 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with airway hyper-responsiveness and airflow limitation in response to specific triggers. Whereas inflammation is important for tissue regeneration and wound healing, the profound and sustained inflammatory response associated with asthma may result in airway remodeling that involves smooth muscle hypertrophy, epithelial goblet-cell hyperplasia, and permanent deposition of airway extracellular matrix proteins. Although the specific mechanisms responsible for asthma are still being unraveled, free radicals such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are important mediators of airway tissue damage that are increased in subjects with asthma. There is also a growing body of literature implicating disturbances in oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions and impaired antioxidant defenses as a risk factor for asthma development and asthma severity. Ultimately, these redox-related perturbations result in a vicious cycle of airway inflammation and injury that is not always amenable to current asthma therapy, particularly in cases of severe asthma. This review will discuss disruptions of redox signaling and control in asthma with a focus on the thiol, glutathione, and reduced (thiol) form (GSH). First, GSH synthesis, GSH distribution, and GSH function and homeostasis are discussed. We then review the literature related to GSH redox balance in health and asthma, with an emphasis on human studies. Finally, therapeutic opportunities to restore the GSH redox balance in subjects with asthma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Giannoni E, Parri M, Chiarugi P. EMT and oxidative stress: a bidirectional interplay affecting tumor malignancy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1248-63. [PMID: 21929373 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is emerging as a driving force in tumor progression, enabling cancer cells to evade their "homeland" and to colonize remote locations. In this review, we focus on the emerging views dealing with a redox control of EMT and with the importance of a pro-oxidant environment, both in cancer and stromal cells, to attain an improvement in tumor malignancy. RECENT ADVANCES The variety of signals able to promote EMT is large and continuously growing, ranging from soluble factors to components of the extracellular matrix. Compelling evidence highlights reactive oxygen species (ROS) as crucial conspirators in EMT engagement. CRITICAL ISSUES Tumor microenvironment exploits a fascinating role in ensuring EMT outcome within the primary tumor, granting for the achievement of an essential selective advantage for cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, and hypoxia are major players in this scenario, exerting a propelling role for EMT, as well as for invasiveness, stemness, and dissemination of metastatic cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future research focused on EMT should address some key points that are still unclear. They include: i) the role of the reverse phenomenon (i.e., mesenchymal-epithelial transition) that is likely regulated in the final stages of tumor progression, or that of mesenchymal-amoeboid transition, a plasticity program of cancer cells, which often follows EMT and offers a further metastatic advantage, and ii) the molecular basis of the correlation between stemness, EMT and ROS content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, Tuscany Tumor Institute, and Center for Research, Transfer and High Education DenoTHE, Florence, Italy.
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Oxidative stress, tumor microenvironment, and metabolic reprogramming: a diabolic liaison. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:762825. [PMID: 22666258 PMCID: PMC3361160 DOI: 10.1155/2012/762825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversely to normal cells, where deregulated oxidative stress drives the activation of death pathways, malignant cells exploit oxidative milieu for its advantage. Cancer cells are located in a very complex microenvironment together with stromal components that participate to enhance oxidative stress to promote tumor progression. Indeed, convincing experimental and clinical evidence underline the key role of oxidative stress in several tumor aspects thus affecting several characteristics of cancer cells. Oxidants influence the DNA mutational potential, intracellular signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation and survival and cell motility and invasiveness as well as control the reactivity of stromal components that is fundamental for cancer development and dissemination, inflammation, tissue repair, and de novo angiogenesis. This paper is focused on the role of oxidant species in the acquisition of two mandatory features for aggressive neoplastic cells, recently defined by Hanahan and Weinberg as new “hallmarks of cancer”: tumor microenvironment and metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells.
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Nutt LK. The Xenopus oocyte: a model for studying the metabolic regulation of cancer cell death. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:412-8. [PMID: 22507445 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal metabolism and the evasion of apoptosis are both considered hallmarks of cancer. A remarkable biochemical model system, the Xenopus laevis oocyte, exhibits altered metabolism coupled to its apoptotic machinery in a similar fashion to cancer cells. This review considers the theory that these two hallmarks of cancer are coupled in tumor cells and provides strong proof that the Xenopus laevis oocyte system is an appropriate model in which to dissect the biochemical events underlying the connection between the two hallmarks. By further elucidating the mechanisms through which metabolism suppresses apoptotic machinery, we may gain a better understanding about how normal cells transform into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leta K Nutt
- Department of Biochemistry, MS 340, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Brohem CA, Massaro RR, Tiago M, Marinho CE, Jasiulionis MG, de Almeida RL, Rivelli DP, Albuquerque RC, de Oliveira TF, de Melo Loureiro AP, Okada S, Soengas MS, de Moraes Barros SB, Maria-Engler SS. Proteasome inhibition and ROS generation by 4-nerolidylcatechol induces melanoma cell death. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:354-69. [PMID: 22372875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Brohem
- Department of Clinical Chemistry & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Du Y, Le W, Wang K, Kieffer N, Zhang J. Redox control of the survival of healthy and diseased cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2867-908. [PMID: 21457107 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Cellular redox homeostasis is the first line of defense against diverse stimuli and is crucial for various biological processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), byproducts of numerous cellular events, may serve in turn as signaling molecules to regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, when overproduced ROS fail to be scavenged by the antioxidant system, they may damage cellular components, giving rise to senescent, degenerative, or fatal lesions in cells. Accordingly, this review not only covers general mechanisms of ROS production under different conditions, but also focuses on various types of ROS-involved diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. In addition, potentially therapeutic agents and approaches are reviewed in a relatively comprehensive manner. However, due to the complexity of ROS and their cellular impacts, we believe that the goal to design more effective approaches or agents may require a better understanding of mechanisms of ROS production, particularly their multifaceted impacts in disease at biochemical, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic levels. Thus, it requires additional tools of omics in systems biology to achieve such a goal. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 15, 2867-2908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, China
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Comito G, Calvani M, Giannoni E, Bianchini F, Calorini L, Torre E, Migliore C, Giordano S, Chiarugi P. HIF-1α stabilization by mitochondrial ROS promotes Met-dependent invasive growth and vasculogenic mimicry in melanoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:893-904. [PMID: 21703345 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The "angiogenic switch" during tumor progression is increasingly recognized as a milestone event in tumorigenesis, although the surprising prometastatic effect of antiangiogenic therapies has recently shaken the scientific community. Tumor hypoxia has been singled out as a possible responsible factor in this prometastatic effect, although the molecular pathways are completely unknown. We report herein that human melanoma cells respond to hypoxia through a deregulation of the mitochondrial release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the electron transfer chain complex III. These ROS are mandatory to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), the master transcriptional regulator of the hypoxic response. We found that melanoma cells sense hypoxia-enhancing expression/activation of the Met proto-oncogene, which drives a motogenic escape program. Silencing analyses revealed a definite hierarchy of this process, in which mitochondrial ROS drive HIF-1α stabilization, which in turn activates the Met proto-oncogene. This pathway elicits a clear metastatic program of melanoma cells, enhancing spreading on extracellular matrix, motility, and invasion of 3D matrices, as well as growth of metastatic colonies and the ability to form capillary-like structures by vasculogenic mimicry. Both pharmacological and genetic interference with mitochondrial ROS delivery or Met expression block the hypoxia-driven metastatic program. Hence, we propose that hypoxia-driven ROS act as a primary driving force to elicit an invasive program exploited by aggressive melanoma cells to escape from a hypoxic hostile environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Comito
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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Pinzani M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chronic liver disease: fibrogenesis or escape from death? J Hepatol 2011; 55:459-65. [PMID: 21320559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) could contribute to hepatic fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases as reported in other organs, particularly the kidney, reinforced the concept that activated hepatic stellate cells were not the only key players in the hepatic fibrogenic process and that other cell types, either hepatic (i.e. portal fibroblast) or extrahepatic (bone marrow-derived cells and circulating fibrocytes) could contribute to this process. The possibility of the rapid mobilization of a large amount of fibrogenic cells by EMT after liver tissue injury made this phenomenon a relevant and suitable target for anti-fibrogenic strategies. Following an initial enthusiasm for the discovery of this novel pathway in fibrogenesis and the publication of a several highly quoted papers, more recent research has started to cast serious doubts upon the real relevance of this phenomenon in human fibrogenetic disorders. The debate on the authenticity of EMT or at least on its real contribution to the fibrogenic process has become very animated, sometimes reaching levels of "religious" integralism. The overall result is a general confusion on the meaning and on the definition of several key aspects. The aim of this article is to analyze and discuss the evidence supporting or confuting this possibility in order to reach reasonable and useful conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pinzani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Center for Research, High Education and Transfer "DENOThe", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 85, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
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