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Gulati M, Thomas JM, Ennis CL, Hernday AD, Rawat M, Nobile CJ. The bacillithiol pathway is required for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106657. [PMID: 38649100 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that can cause infections that range from superficial skin and mucosal infections to life threatening disseminated infections. S. aureus can attach to medical devices and host tissues and form biofilms that allow the bacteria to evade the host immune system and provide protection from antimicrobial agents. To counter host-generated oxidative and nitrosative stress mechanisms that are part of the normal host responses to invading pathogens, S. aureus utilizes low molecular weight (LMW) thiols, such as bacillithiol (BSH). Additionally, S. aureus synthesizes its own nitric oxide (NO), which combined with its downstream metabolites may also protect the bacteria against specific host responses. We have previously shown that LMW thiols are required for biofilm formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we show that the S. aureus bshC mutant strain, which is defective in the last step of the BSH pathway and lacks BSH, is impaired in biofilm formation. We also identify a possible S-nitrosobacillithiol reductase (BSNOR), similar in sequence to an S-nitrosomycothiol reductase found in M. smegmatis and show that the putative S. aureus bsnoR mutant strain has reduced levels of BSH and decreased biofilm formation. Our studies also show that NO plays an important role in biofilm formation and that acidified sodium nitrite severely reduces biofilm thickness. These studies provide insight into the roles of oxidative and nitrosative stress mechanisms on biofilm formation and indicate that BSH and NO are key players in normal biofilm formation in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gulati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Thomas
- Department of Biology, California State University-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Craig L Ennis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Aaron D Hernday
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Mamta Rawat
- Department of Biology, California State University-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA.
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
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El Husseini N, Mekonnen SA, Hall CL, Cole SJ, Carter JA, Belew AT, El-Sayed NM, Lee VT. Characterization of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa catheter-associated urinary tract infections. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0036123. [PMID: 38047680 PMCID: PMC10809998 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00361-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen responsible for a subset of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). In a murine model of P. aeruginosa CAUTI, we previously demonstrated that urea within urine suppresses quorum sensing and induces the Entner-Doudoroff (E-D) pathway. The E-D pathway consists of the genes zwf, pgl, edd, and eda. Zwf and Pgl convert glucose-6-phosphate into 6-phosphogluconate. Edd hydrolyzes 6-phosphogluconate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG). Finally, Eda cleaves KDPG to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate, which enters the citric acid cycle. Here, we generated in-frame E-D mutants in the strain PA14 and assessed their growth phenotypes on chemically defined and complex media. These E-D mutants have a growth defect when grown on glucose or gluconate as the sole carbon source, which is similar to results previously reported for PAO1 mutants lacking E-D genes. RNA-sequencing following short exposure to urine revealed minimal gene regulation differences compared to the wild type. In a murine CAUTI model, virulence testing of E-D mutants revealed that two mutants lacking zwf and pgl showed minor fitness defects. Infection with the ∆pgl strain exhibited a 20% increase in host survival, and the ∆zwf strain displayed decreased colonization of the catheter and kidneys. Consequently, our findings suggest that the E-D pathway in P. aeruginosa is dispensable in this model of CAUTI. IMPORTANCE Prior studies have shown that the Entner-Doudoroff pathway is up-regulated when Pseudomonas aeruginosa is grown in urine. Pseudomonads use the Entner-Doudoroff (E-D) pathway to metabolize glucose instead of glycolysis, which led us to ask whether this pathway is required for urinary tract infection. Here, single-deletion mutants of each gene in the pathway were tested for growth on chemically defined media with single-carbon sources as well as complex media. The effect of each mutant on global gene expression in laboratory media and urine was characterized. The virulence of these mutants in a murine model of catheter-associated urinary tract infection revealed that these mutants had similar levels of colonization indicating that glucose is not the primary carbon source utilized in the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour El Husseini
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Solomon A. Mekonnen
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Cherisse L. Hall
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Cole
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jared A. Carter
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashton T. Belew
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Najib M. El-Sayed
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent T. Lee
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA
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3
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Husseini NE, Mekonnen SA, Hall CL, Cole SJ, Carter JA, Belew AT, El-Sayed N, Lee VT. Characterization of the Entner-Douderoff Pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.567044. [PMID: 38014081 PMCID: PMC10680737 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.567044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen responsible for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). In a murine model of P. aeruginosa CAUTI, we previously demonstrated that urea within urine suppresses quorum sensing and induces the Entner-Douderoff (E-D) pathway. The E-D pathway consists of the genes zwf, pgl, edd, and eda. Zwf and Pgl convert glucose-6-phosphate into 6-phosphogluconate. Edd hydrolyzes 6-phosphogluconate to 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG). Finally, Eda cleaves KDPG to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate, which enters the citric acid cycle. Here, we generated in-frame E-D mutants in strain PA14 and assessed their growth phenotypes on chemically defined media. These E-D mutants have a growth defect when grown on glucose or gluconate as sole carbon source which are similar to results previously reported for PAO1 mutants lacking E-D genes. RNA-sequencing following short exposure to urine revealed minimal gene regulation differences compared to the wild type. In a murine CAUTI model, virulence testing of E-D mutants revealed that two mutants lacking zwf and pgl showed minor fitness defects. Infection with the ∆pgl strain exhibited a 20% increase in host survival, and the ∆zwf strain displayed decreased colonization of the catheter and kidneys. Consequently, our findings suggest that the E-D pathway in P. aeruginosa is dispensable in this model of CAUTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour El Husseini
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742
| | - Solomon A. Mekonnen
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742
| | - Cherisse L. Hall
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742
| | - Stephanie J. Cole
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742
| | - Jared A. Carter
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742
| | - Ashton T. Belew
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742
| | - Najib El-Sayed
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Vincent T. Lee
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland at College Park, MD 20742
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4
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Loi VV, Busche T, Kuropka B, Müller S, Methling K, Lalk M, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. Staphylococcus aureus adapts to the immunometabolite itaconic acid by inducing acid and oxidative stress responses including S-bacillithiolations and S-itaconations. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:859-876. [PMID: 37793500 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen, which has to defend against reactive oxygen and electrophilic species encountered during infections. Activated macrophages produce the immunometabolite itaconate as potent electrophile and antimicrobial upon pathogen infection. In this work, we used transcriptomics, metabolomics and shotgun redox proteomics to investigate the specific stress responses, metabolic changes and redox modifications caused by sublethal concentrations of itaconic acid in S. aureus. In the RNA-seq transcriptome, itaconic acid caused the induction of the GlnR, KdpDE, CidR, SigB, GraRS, PerR, CtsR and HrcA regulons and the urease-encoding operon, revealing an acid and oxidative stress response and impaired proteostasis. Neutralization using external urea as ammonium source improved the growth and decreased the expression of the glutamine synthetase-controlling GlnR regulon, indicating that S. aureus experienced ammonium starvation upon itaconic acid stress. In the extracellular metabolome, the amounts of acetate and formate were decreased, while secretion of pyruvate and the neutral product acetoin were strongly enhanced to avoid intracellular acidification. Exposure to itaconic acid affected the amino acid uptake and metabolism as revealed by the strong intracellular accumulation of lysine, threonine, histidine, aspartate, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, cysteine and methionine. In the proteome, itaconic acid caused widespread S-bacillithiolation and S-itaconation of redox-sensitive antioxidant and metabolic enzymes, ribosomal proteins and translation factors in S. aureus, supporting its oxidative and electrophilic mode of action in S. aureus. In phenotype analyses, the catalase KatA, the low molecular weight thiol bacillithiol and the urease provided protection against itaconic acid-induced oxidative and acid stress in S. aureus. Altogether, our results revealed that under physiological infection conditions, such as in the acidic phagolysome, itaconic acid is a highly effective antimicrobial against multi-resistant S. aureus isolates, which acts as weak acid causing an acid, oxidative and electrophilic stress response, leading to S-bacillithiolation and itaconation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Müller
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Methling
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolomics, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lalk
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolomics, University of Greifswald, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Xiong Z, Zhang X, White JC, Liu L, Sun W, Zhang S, Zeng J, Deng S, Liu D, Zhao X, Wu F, Zhao Q, Xing B. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Growth Promotion Mechanism of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Induced by Black Phosphorus Nanosheets. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3574-3586. [PMID: 36602915 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the extensive production and application of black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets, release to the environment is inevitable, which raises concerns about the fate and effects of this two-dimensional (2D) material on sensitive receptors such as environmental microbes. Although the bacterial toxicity of BP nanosheets has been demonstrated, whether the biological response differs in pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of a microorganism is unknown. Here, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli DH5α (E. coli DH5α), Escherichia coli k12 (E. coli k12), and Bacillus tropicus (B. tropicus) are used to comparatively study the microbial toxicity of BP nanosheets. Upon exposure to BP nanosheets across a range of doses from 10 to 100 μg mL-1 for 12 h, EPEC experienced enhanced growth and E. coli DH5α and E. coli k12 were not affected, whereas B. tropicus exhibited clear toxicity. By combining transcriptome sequencing, proteome analysis, and other sensitive biological techniques, the mechanism of BP-induced growth promotion for EPEC was uncovered. Briefly, BP nanosheets activate the antioxidation system to resist oxidative stress, promote protein synthesis and secretion to attenuate membrane damage, enhance the energy supply, and activate growth-related pathways. None of these impacts were evident with nonpathogenic strains. By describing the mechanism of strain-dependent microbial effects, this study not only highlights the potential risks of BP nanosheets to the environment and to human health but also calls attention to the importance of model strain selection when evaluating the hazard and toxicity of emerging nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xiong
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jason C White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Liwei Liu
- Li Dak Sum Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daxu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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6
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M S, N RP, Rajendrasozhan S. Bacterial redox response factors in the management of environmental oxidative stress. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:11. [PMID: 36369499 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria evolved to survive in the available environmental chemosphere via several cellular mechanisms. A rich pool of antioxidants and stress regulators plays a significant role in the survival of bacteria in unfavorable environmental conditions. Most of the microbes exhibit resistant phenomena in toxic environment niches. Naturally, bacteria possess efficient thioredoxin reductase, glutaredoxin, and peroxiredoxin redox systems to handle environmental oxidative stress. Further, an array of transcriptional regulators senses the oxidative stress conditions. Transcription regulators, such as OxyR, SoxRS, PerR, UspA, SsrB, MarA, OhrR, SarZ, etc., sense and transduce bacterial oxidative stress responses. The redox-sensitive transcription regulators continuously recycle the utilized antioxidant enzymes during oxidative stress. These regulators promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxides that overcome oxidative insults. Therefore, the transcriptional regulations maintain steady-state activities of antioxidant enzymes representing the resistance against host cell/environmental oxidative insults. Further, the redox system provides reducing equivalents to synthesize biomolecules, thereby contributing to cellular repair mechanisms. The inactive transcriptional regulators in the undisturbed cells are activated by oxidative stress. The oxidized transcriptional regulators modulate the expression of antioxidant and cellular repair enzymes to survive in extreme environmental conditions. Therefore, targeting these antioxidant systems and response regulators could alter cellular redox homeostasis. This review presents the mechanisms of different redox systems that favor bacterial survival in extreme environmental oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsan M
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad N
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India.
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7
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Aribisala JO, Sabiu S. Redox Impact on Bacterial Macromolecule: A Promising Avenue for Discovery and Development of Novel Antibacterials. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1545. [PMID: 36358894 PMCID: PMC9688007 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has remained a serious public health concern, resulting in substantial deaths and morbidity each year. Factors such as mutation and abuse of currently available antibiotics have contributed to the bulk of the menace. Hence, the introduction and implementation of new therapeutic strategies are imperative. Of these strategies, data supporting the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bacterial lethality are intriguing, with several antimicrobials, including antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, β-lactams, and aminoglycosides, as well as natural plant compounds, being remarkably implicated. Following treatment with ROS-inducing antimicrobials, ROS such as O2•-, •OH, and H2O2 generated in bacteria, which the organism is unable to detoxify, damage cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and results in cell death. Despite the unique mechanism of action of ROS-inducing antibacterials and significant studies on ROS-mediated means of bacterial killing, the field remains a topical one, with contradicting viewpoints that require frequent review. Here, we appraised the antibacterial agents (antibiotics, natural and synthetic compounds) implicated in ROS generation and the safety concerns associated with their usage. Further, background information on the sources and types of ROS in bacteria, the mechanism of bacterial lethality via oxidative stress, as well as viewpoints on the ROS hypothesis undermining and solidifying this concept are discussed.
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Meireles DA, da Silva Neto JF, Domingos RM, Alegria TGP, Santos LCM, Netto LES. Ohr - OhrR, a neglected and highly efficient antioxidant system: Structure, catalysis, phylogeny, regulation, and physiological roles. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 185:6-24. [PMID: 35452809 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ohrs (organic hydroperoxide resistance proteins) are antioxidant enzymes that play central roles in the response of microorganisms to organic peroxides. Here, we describe recent advances in the structure, catalysis, phylogeny, regulation, and physiological roles of Ohr proteins and of its transcriptional regulator, OhrR, highlighting their unique features. Ohr is extremely efficient in reducing fatty acid peroxides and peroxynitrite, two oxidants relevant in host-pathogen interactions. The highly reactive Cys residue of Ohr, named peroxidatic Cys (Cp), composes together with an arginine and a glutamate the catalytic triad. The catalytic cycle of Ohrs involves a condensation between a sulfenic acid (Cp-SOH) and the thiol of the second conserved Cys, leading to the formation of an intra-subunit disulfide bond, which is then reduced by dihydrolipoamide or lipoylated proteins. A structural switch takes place during catalysis, with the opening and closure of the active site by the so-called Arg-loop. Ohr is part of the Ohr/OsmC super-family that also comprises OsmC and Ohr-like proteins. Members of the Ohr, OsmC and Ohr-like subgroups present low sequence similarities among themselves, but share a high structural conservation, presenting two Cys residues in their active site. The pattern of gene expression is also distinct among members of the Ohr/OsmC subfamilies. The expression of ohr genes increases upon organic hydroperoxides treatment, whereas the signals for the upregulation of osmC are entry into the stationary phase and/or osmotic stress. For many ohr genes, the upregulation by organic hydroperoxides is mediated by OhrR, a Cys-based transcriptional regulator that only binds to its target DNAs in its reduced state. Since Ohrs and OhrRs are involved in virulence of some microorganisms and are absent in vertebrate and vascular plants, they may represent targets for novel therapeutic approaches based on the disruption of this key bacterial organic peroxide defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Meireles
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos (LFBM) da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - José F da Silva Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Brazil
| | | | - Thiago G P Alegria
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lene Clara M Santos
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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9
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Zhou Y, Pu Q, Chen J, Hao G, Gao R, Ali A, Hsiao A, Stock AM, Goulian M, Zhu J. Thiol-based functional mimicry of phosphorylation of the two-component system response regulator ArcA promotes pathogenesis in enteric pathogens. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110147. [PMID: 34936880 PMCID: PMC8728512 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria can rapidly respond to stresses such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) using reversible redox-sensitive oxidation of cysteine thiol (-SH) groups in regulators. Here, we use proteomics to profile reversible ROS-induced thiol oxidation in Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent of cholera, and identify two modified cysteines in ArcA, a regulator of global carbon oxidation that is phosphorylated and activated under low oxygen. ROS abolishes ArcA phosphorylation but induces the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond that promotes ArcA-ArcA interactions and sustains activity. ArcA cysteines are oxidized in cholera patient stools, and ArcA thiol oxidation drives in vitro ROS resistance, colonization of ROS-rich guts, and environmental survival. In other pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica, oxidation of conserved cysteines of ArcA orthologs also promotes ROS resistance, suggesting a common role for ROS-induced ArcA thiol oxidation in modulating ArcA activity, allowing for a balance of expression of stress- and pathogenesis-related genetic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qinqin Pu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jiandong Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guijuan Hao
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rong Gao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Afsar Ali
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ann M Stock
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mark Goulian
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Rapacka-Zdończyk A, Woźniak A, Michalska K, Pierański M, Ogonowska P, Grinholc M, Nakonieczna J. Factors Determining the Susceptibility of Bacteria to Antibacterial Photodynamic Inactivation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:642609. [PMID: 34055830 PMCID: PMC8149737 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms (aPDI) is an excellent method to destroy antibiotic-resistant microbial isolates. The use of an exogenous photosensitizer or irradiation of microbial cells already equipped with endogenous photosensitizers makes aPDI a convenient tool for treating the infections whenever technical light delivery is possible. Currently, aPDI research carried out on a vast repertoire of depending on the photosensitizer used, the target microorganism, and the light delivery system shows efficacy mostly on in vitro models. The search for mechanisms underlying different responses to photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms is an essential issue in aPDI because one niche (e.g., infection site in a human body) may have bacterial subpopulations that will exhibit different susceptibility. Rapidly growing bacteria are probably more susceptible to aPDI than persister cells. Some subpopulations can produce more antioxidant enzymes or have better performance due to efficient efflux pumps. The ultimate goal was and still is to identify and characterize molecular features that drive the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation. To this end, we examined several genetic and biochemical characteristics, including the presence of individual genetic elements, protein activity, cell membrane content and its physical properties, the localization of the photosensitizer, with the result that some of them are important and others do not appear to play a crucial role in the process of aPDI. In the review, we would like to provide an overview of the factors studied so far in our group and others that contributed to the aPDI process at the cellular level. We want to challenge the question, is there a general pattern of molecular characterization of aPDI effectiveness? Or is it more likely that a photosensitizer-specific pattern of molecular characteristics of aPDI efficacy will occur?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Woźniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Michalska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Pierański
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Ogonowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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11
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Lee IG, Lee BJ. How Bacterial Redox Sensors Transmit Redox Signals via Structural Changes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040502. [PMID: 33804871 PMCID: PMC8063818 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria, like humans, face diverse kinds of stress during life. Oxidative stress, which is produced by cellular metabolism and environmental factors, can significantly damage cellular macromolecules, ultimately negatively affecting the normal growth of the cell. Therefore, bacteria have evolved a number of protective strategies to defend themselves and respond to imposed stress by changing the expression pattern of genes whose products are required to convert harmful oxidants into harmless products. Structural biology combined with biochemical studies has revealed the mechanisms by which various bacterial redox sensor proteins recognize the cellular redox state and transform chemical information into structural signals to regulate downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Gyun Lee
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Bong-Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence:
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12
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Zang T, Wu H, Zhang Y, Wei C. The response of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in coking wastewater treatment after bioaugmentation with biosurfactant-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa S5. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:1017-1027. [PMID: 33724933 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that accumulate during the coking wastewater treatment process are hazardous for the surrounding environment. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs account for more than 85% of the total PAHs in coking wastewater and sludge, respectively. The degradation of total PAHs increased by 18.97% due to the increased bioavailability of PAHs, after the biosurfactant-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa S5 was added. The toxicity of total PAHs to humans was reduced by 26.66% after inoculation with S5. The results suggest biosurfactant-producing bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa S5 not only increase the biodegradation of PAHs significantly, but also have a better effect on reducing the human toxicity of PAHs. Kinetic analyses show that PAHs biodegradation fits to first-order kinetics. The degradation rate constant (k) value decreases as the number of PAH rings increases, indicating that HMW PAHs are more difficult to be biodegraded than low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs. The results indicate the bioaugmentation with the biosurfactant-producing strain has significant potential and utility in remediation of PAHs-polluted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China E-mail: ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haizhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China E-mail: ; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China E-mail: ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaohai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China E-mail: ; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Linzner N, Loi VV, Fritsch VN, Antelmann H. Thiol-based redox switches in the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Chem 2020; 402:333-361. [PMID: 33544504 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, which encounters reactive oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, electrophile and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RCS, RES and RSS) by the host immune system, during cellular metabolism or antibiotics treatments. To defend against redox active species and antibiotics, S. aureus is equipped with redox sensing regulators that often use thiol switches to control the expression of specific detoxification pathways. In addition, the maintenance of the redox balance is crucial for survival of S. aureus under redox stress during infections, which is accomplished by the low molecular weight (LMW) thiol bacillithiol (BSH) and the associated bacilliredoxin (Brx)/BSH/bacillithiol disulfide reductase (YpdA)/NADPH pathway. Here, we present an overview of thiol-based redox sensors, its associated enzymatic detoxification systems and BSH-related regulatory mechanisms in S. aureus, which are important for the defense under redox stress conditions. Application of the novel Brx-roGFP2 biosensor provides new insights on the impact of these systems on the BSH redox potential. These thiol switches of S. aureus function in protection against redox active desinfectants and antimicrobials, including HOCl, the AGXX® antimicrobial surface coating, allicin from garlic and the naphthoquinone lapachol. Thus, thiol switches could be novel drug targets for the development of alternative redox-based therapies to combat multi-drug resistant S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Linzner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
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Shao X, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ding Y, Wu M, Wang X, Deng X. Novel therapeutic strategies for treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1403-1423. [PMID: 32880507 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1803274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persistent infections caused by the superbug Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents are huge threats to patients with cystic fibrosis as well as those with compromised immune systems. Multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa has posed a major challenge to conventional antibiotics and therapeutic approaches, which show limited efficacy and cause serious side effects. The public demand for new antibiotics is enormous; yet, drug development pipelines have started to run dry with limited targets available for inventing new antibacterial drugs. Consequently, it is important to uncover potential therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED The authors review the current state of drug development strategies that are promising in terms of the development of novel and potent drugs to treat P. aeruginosa infection. EXPERT OPINION The prevention of P. aeruginosa infection is increasingly challenging. Furthermore, targeting key virulence regulators has great potential for developing novel anti-P. aeruginosa drugs. Additional promising strategies include bacteriophage therapy, immunotherapies, and antimicrobial peptides. Additionally, the authors believe that in the coming years, the overall network of molecular regulatory mechanism of P. aeruginosa virulence will be fully elucidated, which will provide more novel and promising drug targets for treating P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Shao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingui Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiqing Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota , Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, China
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15
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Shi X, Gao Z, Lin Q, Zhao L, Ma Q, Kang Y, Yu J. Meta-analysis Reveals Potential Influence of Oxidative Stress on the Airway Microbiomes of Cystic Fibrosis Patients. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 17:590-602. [PMID: 32171662 PMCID: PMC7212475 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lethal chronic airway infection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is predisposed by colonization of specific CF-philic pathogens or the CF microbiomes, but key processes and reasons of the microbiome settlement in the patients are yet to be fully understood, especially their survival and metabolic dynamics from normal to diseased status under treatment. Here, we report our meta-analysis results on CF airway microbiomes based on metabolic networks reconstructed from genome information at species level. The microbiomes of CF patients appear to engage much more redox-related activities than those of controls, and by constructing a large dataset of anti-oxidative stress (anti-OS) genes, our quantitative evaluation of the anti-OS capacity of each bacterial species in the CF microbiomes confirms strong conservation of the anti-OS responses within genera and also shows that the CF pathogens have significantly higher anti-OS capacity than commensals and other typical respiratory pathogens. In addition, the anti-OS capacity of a relevant species correlates with its relative fitness for the airways of CF patients over that for the airways of controls. Moreover, the total anti-OS capacity of the respiratory microbiome of CF patients is collectively higher than that of controls, which increases with disease progression, especially after episodes of acute exacerbation and antibiotic treatment. According to these results, we propose that the increased OS in the airways of CF patients may play an important role in reshaping airway microbiomes to a more resistant status that favors the pre-infection colonization of the CF pathogens for a higher anti-OS capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhancheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Bioinformatics and Mathematical Biosciences Lab, Department of Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yu Kang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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16
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Mai B, Jia M, Liu S, Sheng Z, Li M, Gao Y, Wang X, Liu Q, Wang P. Smart Hydrogel-Based DVDMS/bFGF Nanohybrids for Antibacterial Phototherapy with Multiple Damaging Sites and Accelerated Wound Healing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10156-10169. [PMID: 32027477 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Burn infection is one of the commonest causes of death in severely burned patients. Developing multifunctional biological nanomaterials has a great significance for the comprehensive treatment of burn infection. In this paper, we developed a hydrogel-based nanodelivery system with antibacterial activity and skin regeneration function, which was used for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) in the treatment of burns. The treatment system is mainly composed of porphyrin photosensitizer sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-encapsulated basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) nanospheres that are embedded in carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)-sodium alginate to form CSDP hybrid hydrogel. We systematically evaluated the inherent antibacterial performance, rheological properties, fluorescence imaging, and biocompatibility of the CSDP nanosystem. Under mild photoirradiation (30 J/cm2, 5 min), 10 μg/mL CSDP showed excellent antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities, which eradicated almost 99.99% of Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus in vitro. KEGG analysis identified that multiple signaling pathways were changed in MDR S. aureus after PACT. In the burn-infection model, CSDP-PACT successfully inhibited bacteria growth and concurrently promoted wound healing. Moreover, several regenerative factors were increased and some proinflammatory factors were reduced in the burn wounds of CSDP hydrogel treatment. These results suggest that the multifunctional CSDP hydrogel is a portable, light-triggered, antibacterial theranostic-platform and CSDP-PACT provides a promising strategy or the mechanically based synergistic treatment of burn infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Mai
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shupei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zonghai Sheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiru Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Tung QN, Busche T, Van Loi V, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. The redox-sensing MarR-type repressor HypS controls hypochlorite and antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:252-261. [PMID: 31887453 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MarR-family transcription factors often control antioxidant enzymes, multidrug efflux pumps or virulence factors in bacterial pathogens and confer resistance towards oxidative stress and antibiotics. In this study, we have characterized the function and redox-regulatory mechanism of the MarR-type regulator HypS in Mycobacterium smegmatis. RNA-seq transcriptomics and qRT-PCR analyses of the hypS mutant revealed that hypS is autoregulated and represses transcription of the co-transcribed hypO gene which encodes a multidrug efflux pump. DNA binding activity of HypS to the 8-5-8 bp inverted repeat sequence upstream of the hypSO operon was inhibited under NaOCl stress. However, the HypSC58S mutant protein was not impaired in DNA-binding under NaOCl stress in vitro, indicating an important role of Cys58 in redox sensing of NaOCl stress. HypS was shown to be inactivated by Cys58-Cys58' intersubunit disulfide formation under HOCl stress, resulting in derepression of hypO transcription. Phenotype results revealed that the HypS regulon confers resistance towards HOCl, rifampicin and erythromycin stress. In conclusion, HypS was identified as a novel redox-sensitive repressor that contributes to mycobacterial resistance towards HOCl stress and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quach Ngoc Tung
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Veskoukis AS. Redox signaling and antioxidant defense in pathogenic microorganisms: a link to disease and putative therapy. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Abo‐zeid Y, Williams GR. The potential anti‐infective applications of metal oxide nanoparticles: A systematic review. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1592. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Abo‐zeid
- School of Pharmacy Helwan University Cairo Egypt
- UCL School of Pharmacy University College London London UK
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20
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Loi VV, Huyen NTT, Busche T, Tung QN, Gruhlke MCH, Kalinowski J, Bernhardt J, Slusarenko AJ, Antelmann H. Staphylococcus aureus responds to allicin by global S-thioallylation - Role of the Brx/BSH/YpdA pathway and the disulfide reductase MerA to overcome allicin stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 139:55-69. [PMID: 31121222 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of methicillin-resitant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals and the community poses an increasing health burden, which requires the discovery of alternative antimicrobials. Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) from garlic exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against many multidrug resistant bacteria. The thiol-reactive mode of action of allicin involves its S-thioallylations of low molecular weight (LMW) thiols and protein thiols. To investigate the mode of action and stress response caused by allicin in S. aureus, we analyzed the transcriptome signature, the targets for S-thioallylation in the proteome and the changes in the bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential (EBSH) under allicin stress. Allicin caused a strong thiol-specific oxidative and sulfur stress response and protein damage as revealed by the induction of the PerR, HypR, QsrR, MhqR, CstR, CtsR, HrcA and CymR regulons in the RNA-seq transcriptome. Allicin also interfered with metal and cell wall homeostasis and caused induction of the Zur, CsoR and GraRS regulons. Brx-roGFP2 biosensor measurements revealed a strongly increased EBSH under allicin stress. In the proteome, 57 proteins were identified with S-thioallylations under allicin treatment, including translation factors (EF-Tu, EF-Ts), metabolic and redox enzymes (AldA, GuaB, Tpx, KatA, BrxA, MsrB) as well as redox-sensitive MarR/SarA-family regulators (MgrA, SarA, SarH1, SarS). Phenotype and biochemical analyses revealed that BSH and the HypR-controlled disulfide reductase MerA are involved in allicin detoxification in S. aureus. The reversal of protein S-thioallylation was catalyzed by the Brx/BSH/YpdA pathway. Finally, the BSSB reductase YpdA was shown to use S-allylmercaptobacillithiol (BSSA) as substrate to regenerate BSH in S. aureus. In conclusion, allicin results in an oxidative shift of EBSH and protein S-thioallylation, which can be reversed by YpdA and the Brx/BSH/YpdA electron pathways in S. aureus to regenerate thiol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alan John Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa Regulatory Protein AnvM Controls Pathogenicity in Anaerobic Environments and Impacts Host Defense. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01362-19. [PMID: 31337721 PMCID: PMC6650552 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01362-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the most frequently isolated human pathogens, can create huge financial burdens. However, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa remains elusive. We identified AnvM as a novel regulator of virulence in P. aeruginosa. Deletion of anvM altered the expression levels of more than 700 genes under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, including quorum sensing system genes and oxidative stress resistance genes. AnvM directly interacted with MvfR and Anr, thus regulating their downstream genes. More importantly, AnvM directly bound to TLR2 and TLR5, which turn on the host immune response. These findings provide insights into the significance of AnvM homologs in pathogenic bacteria and suggest a potential drug target against bacterial infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the most common pathogens in hospital-acquired infections, is tightly controlled by a multilayered regulatory network, including the quorum sensing system (QS), the type VI secretion system (T6SS), and resistance to host immunity. We found that the P. aeruginosa 3880 (PA3880) gene, which encodes an unknown protein, acts as a regulator of anaerobic metabolism in response to oxidative stress and virulence in P. aeruginosa. More than 30 PA3880 homologs were found in other bacterial genomes, indicating that PA3880 is widely distributed in the Bacteria kingdom as a highly conserved gene. Deletion of the PA3880 gene changed the expression levels of more than 700 genes, including a group of virulence genes, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. To further study the mechanisms of PA3880-mediated regulation in virulence, we utilized a bacterial two-hybrid assay and found that the PA3880 protein interacted directly with QS regulator MvfR and anaerobic regulator Anr. Loss of the PA3880 protein significantly blunted the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa, resulting in increased host survival, decreased bacterial burdens, reduced inflammatory responses, and fewer lung injuries in challenged mice hosts. Mechanistically, we found that Cys44 was a critical site for the full function of PA3880 in influencing alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and bacterial clearance. We also found that AnvM directly interacted with host receptors Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR5, which might lead to activation of the host immune response. Hence, we gave the name AnvM (anaerobic and virulence modulator) to the PA3880 protein. This characterization of AnvM could help to uncover new targets and strategies to treat P. aeruginosa infections.
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Petkowski JJ, Bains W, Seager S. Natural Products Containing 'Rare' Organophosphorus Functional Groups. Molecules 2019; 24:E866. [PMID: 30823503 PMCID: PMC6429109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorous-containing molecules are essential constituents of all living cells. While the phosphate functional group is very common in small molecule natural products, nucleic acids, and as chemical modification in protein and peptides, phosphorous can form P⁻N (phosphoramidate), P⁻S (phosphorothioate), and P⁻C (e.g., phosphonate and phosphinate) linkages. While rare, these moieties play critical roles in many processes and in all forms of life. In this review we thoroughly categorize P⁻N, P⁻S, and P⁻C natural organophosphorus compounds. Information on biological source, biological activity, and biosynthesis is included, if known. This review also summarizes the role of phosphorylation on unusual amino acids in proteins (N- and S-phosphorylation) and reviews the natural phosphorothioate (P⁻S) and phosphoramidate (P⁻N) modifications of DNA and nucleotides with an emphasis on their role in the metabolism of the cell. We challenge the commonly held notion that nonphosphate organophosphorus functional groups are an oddity of biochemistry, with no central role in the metabolism of the cell. We postulate that the extent of utilization of some phosphorus groups by life, especially those containing P⁻N bonds, is likely severely underestimated and has been largely overlooked, mainly due to the technological limitations in their detection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz J Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - William Bains
- Rufus Scientific, 37 The Moor, Melbourn, Royston, Herts SG8 6ED, UK.
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Loi VV, Busche T, Preuß T, Kalinowski J, Bernhardt J, Antelmann H. The AGXX® Antimicrobial Coating Causes a Thiol-Specific Oxidative Stress Response and Protein S-bacillithiolation in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3037. [PMID: 30619128 PMCID: PMC6299908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose an increasing health burden and demand alternative antimicrobials to treat bacterial infections. The surface coating AGXX® is a novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial composed of two transition metals, silver and ruthenium that can be electroplated on various surfaces, such as medical devices and implants. AGXX® has been shown to kill nosocomial and waterborne pathogens by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the effect of AGXX® on the bacterial redox balance has not been demonstrated. Since treatment options for MRSA infections are limited, ROS-producing agents are attractive alternatives to combat multi-resistant strains. In this work, we used RNA-seq transcriptomics, redox biosensor measurements and phenotype analyses to study the mode of action of AGXX® microparticles in S. aureus USA300. Using growth and survival assays, the growth-inhibitory amount of AGXX® microparticles was determined as 5 μg/ml. In the RNA-seq transcriptome, AGXX® caused a strong thiol-specific oxidative stress response and protein damage as revealed by the induction of the PerR, HypR, QsrR, MhqR, CstR, CtsR, and HrcA regulons. The derepression of the Fur, Zur, and CsoR regulons indicates that AGXX® also interferes with the metal ion homeostasis inducing Fe2+- and Zn2+-starvation responses as well as export systems for toxic Ag+ ions. The induction of the SigB and GraRS regulons reveals also cell wall and general stress responses. AGXX® stress was further shown to cause protein S-bacillithiolation, protein aggregation and an oxidative shift in the bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential. In phenotype assays, BSH and the HypR-controlled disulfide reductase MerA were required for protection against ROS produced under AGXX® stress in S. aureus. Altogether, our study revealed a strong thiol-reactive mode of action of AGXX® in S. aureus USA300 resulting in an increased BSH redox potential and protein S-bacillithiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thalia Preuß
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Barroso KCM, Previato-Mello M, Batista BB, Batista JH, da Silva Neto JF. EmrR-Dependent Upregulation of the Efflux Pump EmrCAB Contributes to Antibiotic Resistance in Chromobacterium violaceum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2756. [PMID: 30498484 PMCID: PMC6249546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is an environmental Gram-negative bacterium that causes infections in humans. Treatment of C. violaceum infections is difficult and little is known about the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in this bacterium. In this work, we identified mutations in the MarR family transcription factor EmrR and in the protein GyrA as key determinants of quinolone resistance in C. violaceum, and we defined EmrR as a repressor of the MFS-type efflux pump EmrCAB. Null deletion of emrR caused increased resistance to nalidixic acid, but not to other quinolones or antibiotics of different classes. Moreover, the ΔemrR mutant showed decreased production of the purple pigment violacein. Importantly, we isolated C. violaceum spontaneous nalidixic acid-resistant mutants with a point mutation in the DNA-binding domain of EmrR (R92H), with antibiotic resistance profile similar to that of the ΔemrR mutant. Other spontaneous mutants with high MIC values for nalidixic acid and increased resistance to fluoroquinolones presented point mutations in the gene gyrA. Using DNA microarray, Northern blot and EMSA assays, we demonstrated that EmrR represses directly a few dozen genes, including the emrCAB operon and other genes related to transport, oxidative stress and virulence. This EmrR repression on emrCAB was relieved by salicylate. Although mutation of the C. violaceum emrCAB operon had no effect in antibiotic susceptibility or violacein production, deletion of emrCAB in an emrR mutant background restored antibiotic susceptibility and violacein production in the ΔemrR mutant. Using a biosensor reporter strain, we demonstrated that the lack of pigment production in ΔemrR correlates with the accumulation of quorum-sensing molecules in the cell supernatant of this mutant strain. Therefore, our data revealed that overexpression of the efflux pump EmrCAB via mutation and/or derepression of EmrR confers quinolone resistance and alters quorum-sensing signaling in C. violaceum, and that point mutation in emrR can contribute to emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C M Barroso
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maristela Previato-Mello
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca B Batista
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana H Batista
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José F da Silva Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Loi VV, Busche T, Tedin K, Bernhardt J, Wollenhaupt J, Huyen NTT, Weise C, Kalinowski J, Wahl MC, Fulde M, Antelmann H. Redox-Sensing Under Hypochlorite Stress and Infection Conditions by the Rrf2-Family Repressor HypR in Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:615-636. [PMID: 29237286 PMCID: PMC6067689 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen and has to cope with reactive oxygen and chlorine species (ROS, RCS) during infections, which requires efficient protection mechanisms to avoid destruction. Here, we have investigated the changes in the RNA-seq transcriptome by the strong oxidant sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in S. aureus USA300 to identify novel redox-sensing mechanisms that provide protection under infection conditions. RESULTS NaOCl stress caused an oxidative stress response in S. aureus as indicated by the induction of the PerR, QsrR, HrcA, and SigmaB regulons in the RNA-seq transcriptome. The hypR-merA (USA300HOU_0588-87) operon was most strongly upregulated under NaOCl stress, which encodes for the Rrf2-family regulator HypR and the pyridine nucleotide disulfide reductase MerA. We have characterized HypR as a novel redox-sensitive repressor that controls MerA expression and directly senses and responds to NaOCl and diamide stress via a thiol-based mechanism in S. aureus. Mutational analysis identified Cys33 and the conserved Cys99 as essential for NaOCl sensing, while Cys99 is also important for repressor activity of HypR in vivo. The redox-sensing mechanism of HypR involves Cys33-Cys99 intersubunit disulfide formation by NaOCl stress both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the HypR-controlled flavin disulfide reductase MerA was shown to protect S. aureus against NaOCl stress and increased survival in J774A.1 macrophage infection assays. Conclusion and Innovation: Here, we identified a new member of the widespread Rrf2 family as redox sensor of NaOCl stress in S. aureus that uses a thiol/disulfide switch to regulate defense mechanisms against the oxidative burst under infections in S. aureus. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 615-636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany .,2 Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University , Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- 3 Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- 4 Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Wollenhaupt
- 5 Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- 6 Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- 2 Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University , Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- 5 Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- 3 Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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26
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Imber M, Huyen NTT, Pietrzyk-Brzezinska AJ, Loi VV, Hillion M, Bernhardt J, Thärichen L, Kolšek K, Saleh M, Hamilton CJ, Adrian L, Gräter F, Wahl MC, Antelmann H. Protein S-Bacillithiolation Functions in Thiol Protection and Redox Regulation of the Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gap in Staphylococcus aureus Under Hypochlorite Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:410-430. [PMID: 27967218 PMCID: PMC5791933 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Bacillithiol (BSH) is the major low-molecular-weight thiol of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we used OxICAT and Voronoi redox treemaps to quantify hypochlorite-sensitive protein thiols in S. aureus USA300 and analyzed the role of BSH in protein S-bacillithiolation. RESULTS The OxICAT analyses enabled the quantification of 228 Cys residues in the redox proteome of S. aureus USA300. Hypochlorite stress resulted in >10% increased oxidation of 58 Cys residues (25.4%) in the thiol redox proteome. Among the highly oxidized sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)-sensitive proteins are five S-bacillithiolated proteins (Gap, AldA, GuaB, RpmJ, and PpaC). The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase Gap represents the most abundant S-bacillithiolated protein contributing 4% to the total Cys proteome. The active site Cys151 of Gap was very sensitive to overoxidation and irreversible inactivation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or NaOCl in vitro. Treatment with H2O2 or NaOCl in the presence of BSH resulted in reversible Gap inactivation due to S-bacillithiolation, which could be regenerated by the bacilliredoxin Brx (SAUSA300_1321) in vitro. Molecular docking was used to model the S-bacillithiolated Gap active site, suggesting that formation of the BSH mixed disulfide does not require major structural changes. Conclusion and Innovation: Using OxICAT analyses, we identified 58 novel NaOCl-sensitive proteins in the pathogen S. aureus that could play protective roles against the host immune defense and include the glycolytic Gap as major target for S-bacillithiolation. S-bacillithiolation of Gap did not require structural changes, but efficiently functions in redox regulation and protection of the active site against irreversible overoxidation in S. aureus. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 410-430.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Imber
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Vu Van Loi
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Hillion
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- 3 Institute for Microbiology , Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lena Thärichen
- 4 Molecular Biomechanics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany .,5 Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical Studies , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katra Kolšek
- 5 Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical Studies , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malek Saleh
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris J Hamilton
- 6 School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- 7 Department Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frauke Gräter
- 4 Molecular Biomechanics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany .,5 Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical Studies , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- 2 Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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27
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Since the discovery and structural characterization of bacillithiol (BSH), the biochemical functions of BSH-biosynthesis enzymes (BshA/B/C) and BSH-dependent detoxification enzymes (FosB, Bst, GlxA/B) have been explored in Bacillus and Staphylococcus species. It was shown that BSH plays an important role in detoxification of reactive oxygen and electrophilic species, alkylating agents, toxins, and antibiotics. Recent Advances: More recently, new functions of BSH were discovered in metal homeostasis (Zn buffering, Fe-sulfur cluster, and copper homeostasis) and virulence control in Staphylococcus aureus. Unexpectedly, strains of the S. aureus NCTC8325 lineage were identified as natural BSH-deficient mutants. Modern mass spectrometry-based approaches have revealed the global reach of protein S-bacillithiolation in Firmicutes as an important regulatory redox modification under hypochlorite stress. S-bacillithiolation of OhrR, MetE, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gap) functions, analogous to S-glutathionylation, as both a redox-regulatory device and in thiol protection under oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES Although the functions of the bacilliredoxin (Brx) pathways in the reversal of S-bacillithiolations have been recently addressed, significantly more work is needed to establish the complete Brx reduction pathway, including the major enzyme(s), for reduction of oxidized BSH (BSSB) and the targets of Brx action in vivo. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite the large number of identified S-bacillithiolated proteins, the physiological relevance of this redox modification was shown for only selected targets and should be a subject of future studies. In addition, many more BSH-dependent detoxification enzymes are evident from previous studies, although their roles and biochemical mechanisms require further study. This review of BSH research also pin-points these missing gaps for future research. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 445-462.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Chandrangsu
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Vu Van Loi
- 2 Institute for Biology-Microbiology , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- 2 Institute for Biology-Microbiology , Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John D Helmann
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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28
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Global Transcriptional Response to Organic Hydroperoxide and the Role of OhrR in the Control of Virulence Traits in Chromobacterium violaceum. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00017-17. [PMID: 28507067 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00017-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major pathway for the detoxification of organic hydroperoxides, such as cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), involves the MarR family transcriptional regulator OhrR and the peroxidase OhrA. However, the effect of these peroxides on the global transcriptome and the contribution of the OhrA/OhrR system to bacterial virulence remain poorly explored. Here, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles of Chromobacterium violaceum exposed to CHP and after the deletion of ohrR, and we show that OhrR controls the virulence of this human opportunistic pathogen. DNA microarray and Northern blot analyses of CHP-treated cells revealed the upregulation of genes related to the detoxification of peroxides (antioxidant enzymes and thiol-reducing systems), the degradation of the aromatic moiety of CHP (oxygenases), and protection against other secondary stresses (DNA repair, heat shock, iron limitation, and nitrogen starvation responses). Furthermore, we identified two upregulated genes (ohrA and a putative diguanylate cyclase with a GGDEF domain for cyclic di-GMP [c-di-GMP] synthesis) and three downregulated genes (hemolysin, chitinase, and collagenase) in the ohrR mutant by transcriptome analysis. Importantly, we show that OhrR directly repressed the expression of the putative diguanylate cyclase. Using a mouse infection model, we demonstrate that the ohrR mutant was attenuated for virulence and showed a decreased bacterial burden in the liver. Moreover, an ohrR-diguanylate cyclase double mutant displayed the same virulence as the wild-type strain. In conclusion, we have defined the transcriptional response to CHP, identified potential virulence factors such as diguanylate cyclase as members of the OhrR regulon, and shown that C. violaceum uses the transcriptional regulator OhrR to modulate its virulence.
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29
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Piggott MJ, Attwood PV. Focus on O-phosphohydroxylysine, O-phosphohydroxyproline, N 1-phosphotryptophan and S-phosphocysteine. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1309-1323. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Loi VV, Harms M, Müller M, Huyen NTT, Hamilton CJ, Hochgräfe F, Pané-Farré J, Antelmann H. Real-Time Imaging of the Bacillithiol Redox Potential in the Human Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus Using a Genetically Encoded Bacilliredoxin-Fused Redox Biosensor. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:835-848. [PMID: 27462976 PMCID: PMC5444506 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Bacillithiol (BSH) is utilized as a major thiol-redox buffer in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Under oxidative stress, BSH forms mixed disulfides with proteins, termed as S-bacillithiolation, which can be reversed by bacilliredoxins (Brx). In eukaryotes, glutaredoxin-fused roGFP2 biosensors have been applied for dynamic live imaging of the glutathione redox potential. Here, we have constructed a genetically encoded bacilliredoxin-fused redox biosensor (Brx-roGFP2) to monitor dynamic changes in the BSH redox potential in S. aureus. RESULTS The Brx-roGFP2 biosensor showed a specific and rapid response to low levels of bacillithiol disulfide (BSSB) in vitro that required the active-site Cys of Brx. Dynamic live imaging in two methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) USA300 and COL strains revealed fast and dynamic responses of the Brx-roGFP2 biosensor under hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stress and constitutive oxidation of the probe in different BSH-deficient mutants. Furthermore, we found that the Brx-roGFP2 expression level and the dynamic range are higher in S. aureus COL compared with the USA300 strain. In phagocytosis assays with THP-1 macrophages, the biosensor was 87% oxidized in S. aureus COL. However, no changes in the BSH redox potential were measured after treatment with different antibiotics classes, indicating that antibiotics do not cause oxidative stress in S. aureus. Conclusion and Innovation: This Brx-roGFP2 biosensor catalyzes specific equilibration between the BSH and roGFP2 redox couples and can be applied for dynamic live imaging of redox changes in S. aureus and other BSH-producing Firmicutes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 835-848.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Harms
- 2 Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marret Müller
- 3 Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris J Hamilton
- 4 School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Falko Hochgräfe
- 2 Junior Research Group Pathoproteomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Pané-Farré
- 3 Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- 1 Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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31
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Chen Z, Wang X, Yang F, Hu Q, Tong H, Dong X. Molecular Insights into Hydrogen Peroxide-sensing Mechanism of the Metalloregulator MntR in Controlling Bacterial Resistance to Oxidative Stresses. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5519-5531. [PMID: 28223356 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese contributes to anti-oxidative stress particularly in catalase-devoid bacteria, and DtxR family metalloregulators, through sensing cellular Mn2+ content, regulate its homeostasis. Here, we show that metalloregulator MntR (So-MntR) functions dually as Mn2+ and H2O2 sensors in mediating H2O2 resistance by an oral streptococcus. H2O2 disrupted So-MntR binding to Mn2+ transporter mntABC promoter and induced disulfide-linked dimerization of the protein. Mass spectrometry identified Cys-11/Cys-156 and Cys-11/Cys-11 disulfide-linked peptides in H2O2-treated So-MntR. Site mutagenesis of Cys-11 and Cys-156 and particularly Cys-11 abolished H2O2-induced disulfide-linked dimers and weakened H2O2 damage on So-MntR binding, indicating that H2O2 inactivates So-MntR via disulfide-linked dimerization. So-MntR C123S mutant was extremely sensitive to H2O2 oxidization in dimerization/oligomerization, probably because the mutagenesis caused a conformational change that facilitates Cys-11/Cys-156 disulfide linkage. Intermolecular Cys-11/Cys-11 disulfide was detected in C123S/C156S double mutant. Redox Western blot detected So-MntR oligomers in air-exposed cells but remarkably decreased upon H2O2 pulsing, suggesting a proteolysis of the disulfide-linked So-MntR oligomers. Remarkably, elevated C11S and C156S but much lower C123S proteins were detected in H2O2-pulsed cells, confirming Cys-11 and Cys-156 contributed to H2O2-induced oligomerization and degradation. Accordingly, in the C11S and C156S mutants, expression of mntABC and cellular Mn2+ decreased, but H2O2 susceptibility increased. In the C123S mutant, increased mntABC expression, cellular Mn2+ content, and manganese-mediated H2O2 survival were determined. Given the wide distribution of Cys-11 in streptococcal DtxR-like metalloregulators, the disclosed redox regulatory function and mechanism of So-MntR can be employed by the DtxR family proteins in bacterial resistance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Xinhui Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Fan Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Huichun Tong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China, .,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Xiuzhu Dong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China, .,School of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China, and
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Kafle P, Amoh AN, Reaves JM, Suneby EG, Tutunjian KA, Tyson RL, Schneider TL. Molecular Insights into the Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Quorum-Sensing Regulator Protein LasR. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11776-86. [PMID: 27053110 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The LasR regulator protein functions at the top of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing hierarchy and is implicated in promoting bacterial virulence. Of note is recent evidence that this transcription factor may also respond to oxidative stress. Here, all cysteines in LasR were inspected to deduce their redox sensitivity and to probe the connection between stress response and LasR activity using purified LasR and individual LasR domains. Cys(79) in the ligand binding domain of LasR appears to be important for ligand recognition and folding of this domain to potentiate DNA binding but does not seem to be sensitive to oxidative stress when bound to its native ligand. Two cysteines in the DNA binding domain of LasR do form a disulfide bond when treated with hydrogen peroxide, and formation of this Cys(201)-Cys(203) disulfide bond appears to disrupt the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor. Mutagenesis of either of these cysteines leads to expression of a protein that no longer binds DNA. A cell-based reporter assay linking LasR function with β-galactosidase activity gave results consistent with those obtained with purified LasR. This work provides a possible mechanism for oxidative stress response by LasR and indicates that multiple cysteines within the protein may prove to be useful targets for disabling its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Kafle
- From the Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut 06320
| | - Amanda N Amoh
- From the Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut 06320
| | - Jocelyn M Reaves
- From the Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut 06320
| | - Emma G Suneby
- From the Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut 06320
| | - Kathryn A Tutunjian
- From the Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut 06320
| | - Reed L Tyson
- From the Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut 06320
| | - Tanya L Schneider
- From the Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut 06320
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Netto LES, de Oliveira MA, Tairum CA, da Silva Neto JF. Conferring specificity in redox pathways by enzymatic thiol/disulfide exchange reactions. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:206-45. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1120864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Liu Z, Wang H, Zhou Z, Naseer N, Xiang F, Kan B, Goulian M, Zhu J. Differential Thiol-Based Switches Jump-Start Vibrio cholerae Pathogenesis. Cell Rep 2015; 14:347-54. [PMID: 26748713 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens utilize gene expression versatility to adapt to environmental changes. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, encounters redox-potential changes when it transitions from oxygen-rich aquatic reservoirs to the oxygen-limiting human gastrointestinal tract. We previously showed that the virulence regulator AphB uses thiol-based switches to sense the anoxic host environment and transcriptionally activate the key virulence activator tcpP. Here, by performing a high-throughput transposon sequencing screen in vivo, we identified OhrR as another regulator that enables V. cholerae rapid anoxic adaptation. Like AphB, reduced OhrR binds to and regulates the tcpP promoter. OhrR and AphB displayed differential dynamics in response to redox-potential changes: OhrR is reduced more rapidly than AphB. Furthermore, OhrR thiol modification is required for rapid activation of virulence and successful colonization. This reveals a mechanism whereby bacterial pathogens employ posttranslational modifications of multiple transcription factors to sense and adapt to dynamic environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nawar Naseer
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fu Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mark Goulian
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Steady-state hydrogen peroxide induces glycolysis in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2014; 196:2499-513. [PMID: 24769698 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01538-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be readily inhibited by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated direct oxidation of their catalytic active cysteines. Because of the rapid degradation of H2O2 by bacterial catalase, only steady-state but not one-dose treatment with H2O2 rapidly induces glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). We conducted transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses to globally profile the bacterial transcriptomes in response to a steady level of H2O2, which revealed profound transcriptional changes, including the induced expression of glycolytic genes in both bacteria. Our results revealed that the inactivation of GAPDH by H2O2 induces metabolic levels of glycolysis and the PPP; the elevated levels of fructose 1,6-biphosphate (FBP) and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) lead to dissociation of their corresponding glycolytic repressors (GapR and HexR, respectively) from their cognate promoters, thus resulting in derepression of the glycolytic genes to overcome H2O2-stalled glycolysis in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Both GapR and HexR may directly sense oxidative stresses, such as menadione.
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Berger A, Dohnt K, Tielen P, Jahn D, Becker J, Wittmann C. Robustness and plasticity of metabolic pathway flux among uropathogenic isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88368. [PMID: 24709961 PMCID: PMC3977821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human pathogen that frequently causes urinary tract and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Here, using 13C-metabolic flux analysis, we conducted quantitative analysis of metabolic fluxes in the model strain P. aeruginosa PAO1 and 17 clinical isolates. All P. aeruginosa strains catabolized glucose through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway with fully respiratory metabolism and no overflow. Together with other NADPH supplying reactions, this high-flux pathway provided by far more NADPH than needed for anabolism: a benefit for the pathogen to counteract oxidative stress imposed by the host. P. aeruginosa recruited the pentose phosphate pathway exclusively for biosynthesis. In contrast to glycolytic metabolism, which was conserved among all isolates, the flux through pyruvate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the glyoxylate shunt was highly variable, likely caused by adaptive processes in individual strains during infection. This aspect of metabolism was niche-specific with respect to the corresponding flux because strains isolated from the urinary tract clustered separately from those originating from catheter-associated infections. Interestingly, most glucose-grown strains exhibited significant flux through the glyoxylate shunt. Projection into the theoretical flux space, which was computed using elementary flux-mode analysis, indicated that P. aeruginosa metabolism is optimized for efficient growth and exhibits significant potential for increasing NADPH supply to drive oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Berger
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katrin Dohnt
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Tielen
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Martinac B, Nomura T, Chi G, Petrov E, Rohde PR, Battle AR, Foo A, Constantine M, Rothnagel R, Carne S, Deplazes E, Cornell B, Cranfield CG, Hankamer B, Landsberg MJ. Bacterial mechanosensitive channels: models for studying mechanosensory transduction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:952-69. [PMID: 23834368 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sensations of touch and hearing are manifestations of mechanical contact and air pressure acting on touch receptors and hair cells of the inner ear, respectively. In bacteria, osmotic pressure exerts a significant mechanical force on their cellular membrane. Bacteria have evolved mechanosensitive (MS) channels to cope with excessive turgor pressure resulting from a hypo-osmotic shock. MS channel opening allows the expulsion of osmolytes and water, thereby restoring normal cellular turgor and preventing cell lysis. RECENT ADVANCES As biological force-sensing systems, MS channels have been identified as the best examples of membrane proteins coupling molecular dynamics to cellular mechanics. The bacterial MS channel of large conductance (MscL) and MS channel of small conductance (MscS) have been subjected to extensive biophysical, biochemical, genetic, and structural analyses. These studies have established MscL and MscS as model systems for mechanosensory transduction. CRITICAL ISSUES In recent years, MS ion channels in mammalian cells have moved into focus of mechanotransduction research, accompanied by an increased awareness of the role they may play in the pathophysiology of diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy, muscular dystrophy, or Xerocytosis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A recent exciting development includes the molecular identification of Piezo proteins, which function as nonselective cation channels in mechanosensory transduction associated with senses of touch and pain. Since research on Piezo channels is very young, applying lessons learned from studies of bacterial MS channels to establishing the mechanism by which the Piezo channels are mechanically activated remains one of the future challenges toward a better understanding of the role that MS channels play in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Martinac
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division/Mechanosensory Biophysics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, Australia
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Grasberger H, El-Zaatari M, Merchant JL, Merchant JL. Dual oxidases control release of hydrogen peroxide by the gastric epithelium to prevent Helicobacter felis infection and inflammation in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1045-54. [PMID: 23860501 PMCID: PMC3805753 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dual oxidases (DUOX) are conserved reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases that produce H2O2 at the epithelial cell surface. The DUOX enzyme comprises the DUOX and DUOX maturation factor (DUOXA) subunits. Mammalian genomes encode 2 DUOX isoenzymes (DUOX1/DUOXA1 and DUOX2/DUOXA2). Expression of these genes is up-regulated during bacterial infections and chronic inflammatory diseases of the luminal gastrointestinal tract. The roles of DUOX in cellular interactions with microbes have not been determined in higher vertebrates. METHODS Mice with disruptions of Duoxa1 and Duoxa2 genes (Duoxa(-/-) mice) and control mice were infected with Helicobacter felis to create a model of Helicobacter pylori infection--the most common human chronic infection. RESULTS Infection with H. felis induced expression of Duox2 and Duoxa2 in the stomachs of wild-type mice, and DUOX protein specifically localized to the apical surface of epithelial cells. H. felis colonized the mucus layer in the stomachs of Duoxa(-/-) mice to a greater extent than in control mice. The increased colonization persisted into the chronic phase of infection and correlated with an increased, yet ineffective, inflammatory response. H. felis colonization also was increased in Duoxa(+/-) mice, compared with controls. We observed reduced expression of the H2O2-inducible katA gene in H. felis that colonized Duoxa(-/-) mice, compared with that found in controls (P = .0002), indicating that Duox causes oxidative stress in these bacteria. In vitro, induction of oxidative defense by H. felis failed to prevent a direct bacteriostatic effect at sustained levels of H2O2 as low as 30 μmol/L. CONCLUSIONS Based on studies of Duoxa(-/-) mice, the DUOX enzyme complex prevents gastric colonization by H. felis and the inflammatory response. These findings indicate the nonredundant function of epithelial production of H2O2 in restricting microbial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Grasberger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Mohamad El-Zaatari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Juanita L. Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Vatansever F, de Melo WCMA, Avci P, Vecchio D, Sadasivam M, Gupta A, Chandran R, Karimi M, Parizotto NA, Yin R, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial strategies centered around reactive oxygen species--bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic therapy, and beyond. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:955-89. [PMID: 23802986 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can attack a diverse range of targets to exert antimicrobial activity, which accounts for their versatility in mediating host defense against a broad range of pathogens. Most ROS are formed by the partial reduction in molecular oxygen. Four major ROS are recognized comprising superoxide (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and singlet oxygen ((1)O2), but they display very different kinetics and levels of activity. The effects of O2•- and H2O2 are less acute than those of •OH and (1)O2, because the former are much less reactive and can be detoxified by endogenous antioxidants (both enzymatic and nonenzymatic) that are induced by oxidative stress. In contrast, no enzyme can detoxify •OH or (1)O2, making them extremely toxic and acutely lethal. The present review will highlight the various methods of ROS formation and their mechanism of action. Antioxidant defenses against ROS in microbial cells and the use of ROS by antimicrobial host defense systems are covered. Antimicrobial approaches primarily utilizing ROS comprise both bactericidal antibiotics and nonpharmacological methods such as photodynamic therapy, titanium dioxide photocatalysis, cold plasma, and medicinal honey. A brief final section covers reactive nitrogen species and related therapeutics, such as acidified nitrite and nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Vatansever
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kim H, Choe J. The X-ray crystal structure of PA1374 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a putative oxidative-stress sensing transcriptional regulator. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 431:376-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barh D, Gupta K, Jain N, Khatri G, León-Sicairos N, Canizalez-Roman A, Tiwari S, Verma A, Rahangdale S, Shah Hassan S, Rodrigues dos Santos A, Ali A, Carlos Guimarães L, Thiago Jucá Ramos R, Devarapalli P, Barve N, Bakhtiar M, Kumavath R, Ghosh P, Miyoshi A, Silva A, Kumar A, Narayan Misra A, Blum K, Baumbach J, Azevedo V. Conserved host–pathogen PPIs Globally conserved inter-species bacterial PPIs based conserved host-pathogen interactome derived novel target inC. pseudotuberculosis,C. diphtheriae,M. tuberculosis,C. ulcerans,Y. pestis, andE. colitargeted byPiper betelcompounds. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:495-509. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debmalya Barh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Jnan Bigyan Vihar, Balasore, Orissa, India
| | - Krishnakant Gupta
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore, MP, India
| | - Neha Jain
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
| | - Gourav Khatri
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore, MP, India
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- Unidad de investigacion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Cedros y Sauces, Fraccionamiento Fresnos, Culiacán Sinaloa 80246, México
| | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- Unidad de investigacion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Cedros y Sauces, Fraccionamiento Fresnos, Culiacán Sinaloa 80246, México
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
| | - Ankit Verma
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore, MP, India
| | - Sachin Rahangdale
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore, MP, India
| | - Syed Shah Hassan
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Amjad Ali
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Guimarães
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Pratap Devarapalli
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Riverside Transit Campus, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Neha Barve
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore, MP, India
| | - Marriam Bakhtiar
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Riverside Transit Campus, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
- Department of Computer Science and Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, Room E4234, P.O. Box 843019, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3019, USA
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Artur Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Anil Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore, MP, India
| | - Amarendra Narayan Misra
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Jnan Bigyan Vihar, Balasore, Orissa, India
- Center for Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand State, India
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal-721172, India. Fax: +91-944 955 0032; Tel: +91-944 955 0032
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Global Integrated Services Unit University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
- Dominion Diagnostics LLC, North Kingstown, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Computational Biology Group Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Bhat SA, Singh N, Trivedi A, Kansal P, Gupta P, Kumar A. The mechanism of redox sensing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1625-41. [PMID: 22921590 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis epidemics have defied constraint despite the availability of effective treatment for the past half-century. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, is continually exposed to a number of redox stressors during its pathogenic cycle. The mechanisms used by Mtb to sense redox stress and to maintain redox homeostasis are central to the success of Mtb as a pathogen. Careful analysis of the Mtb genome has revealed that Mtb lacks classical redox sensors such as FNR, FixL, and OxyR. Recent studies, however, have established that Mtb is equipped with various sophisticated redox sensors that can detect diverse types of redox stress, including hypoxia, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and the intracellular redox environment. Some of these sensors, such as heme-based DosS and DosT, are unique to mycobacteria, whereas others, such as the WhiB proteins and anti-σ factor RsrA, are unique to actinobacteria. This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on these redox-sensory modules in the context of TB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Bhat
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
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Brugarolas P, Movahedzadeh F, Wang Y, Zhang N, Bartek IL, Gao YN, Voskuil MI, Franzblau SG, He C. The oxidation-sensing regulator (MosR) is a new redox-dependent transcription factor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37703-12. [PMID: 22992749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.388611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis thrives in oxidative environments such as the macrophage. To survive, the bacterium must sense and adapt to the oxidative conditions. Several antioxidant defenses including a thick cell wall, millimolar concentrations of small molecule thiols, and protective enzymes are known to help the bacterium withstand the oxidative stress. However, oxidation-sensing regulators that control these defenses have remained elusive. In this study, we report a new oxidation-sensing regulator, Rv1049 or MosR (M. tuberculosis oxidation-sensing regulator). MosR is a transcriptional repressor of the MarR family, which, similarly to Bacillus subtilis OhrR and Staphylococcus aureus MgrA, dissociates from DNA in the presence of oxidants, enabling transcription. MosR senses oxidation through a pair of cysteines near the N terminus (Cys-10 and Cys-12) that upon oxidation forms a disulfide bond. Disulfide formation rearranges a network of hydrogen bonds, which leads to a large conformational change of the protein and dissociation from DNA. MosR has been shown previously to play an important role in survival of the bacterium in the macrophage. In this study, we show that the main role of MosR is to up-regulate expression of rv1050 (a putative exported oxidoreductase that has not yet been characterized) in response to oxidants and propose that it is through this role that MosR contributes to the bacterium survival in the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Brugarolas
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Protein cysteine phosphorylation of SarA/MgrA family transcriptional regulators mediates bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:15461-6. [PMID: 22927394 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205952109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs), particularly phosphorylation, dramatically expand the complexity of cellular regulatory networks. Although cysteine (Cys) in various proteins can be subject to multiple PTMs, its phosphorylation was previously considered a rare PTM with almost no regulatory role assigned. We report here that phosphorylation occurs to a reactive cysteine residue conserved in the staphylococcal accessary regulator A (SarA)/MarR family global transcriptional regulator A (MgrA) family of proteins, and is mediated by the eukaryotic-like kinase-phosphatase pair Stk1-Stp1 in Staphylococcus aureus. Cys-phosphorylation is crucial in regulating virulence determinant production and bacterial resistance to vancomycin. Cell wall-targeting antibiotics, such as vancomycin and ceftriaxone, inhibit the kinase activity of Stk1 and lead to decreased Cys-phosphorylation of SarA and MgrA. An in vivo mouse model of infection established that the absence of stp1, which results in elevated protein Cys-phosphorylation, significantly reduces staphylococcal virulence. Our data indicate that Cys-phosphorylation is a unique PTM that can play crucial roles in bacterial signaling and regulation.
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Quorum-sensing agr mediates bacterial oxidation response via an intramolecular disulfide redox switch in the response regulator AgrA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9095-100. [PMID: 22586129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200603109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation sensing and quorum sensing significantly affect bacterial physiology and host-pathogen interactions. However, little attention has been paid to the cross-talk between these two seemingly orthogonal signaling pathways. Here we show that the quorum-sensing agr system has a built-in oxidation-sensing mechanism through an intramolecular disulfide switch possessed by the DNA-binding domain of the response regulator AgrA. Biochemical and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that oxidation induces the intracellular disulfide bond formation between Cys-199 and Cys-228, thus leading to dissociation of AgrA from DNA. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest that the disulfide bond formation generates a steric clash responsible for the abolished DNA binding of the oxidized AgrA. Mutagenesis studies further established that Cys-199 is crucial for oxidation sensing. The oxidation-sensing role of Cys-199 is further supported by the observation that the mutant Staphylococcus aureus strain expressing AgrAC199S is more susceptible to H(2)O(2) owing to repression of the antioxidant bsaA gene under oxidative stress. Together, our results show that oxidation sensing is a component of the quorum-sensing agr signaling system, which serves as an intrinsic checkpoint to ameliorate the oxidation burden caused by intense metabolic activity and potential host immune response.
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Gaupp R, Ledala N, Somerville GA. Staphylococcal response to oxidative stress. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:33. [PMID: 22919625 PMCID: PMC3417528 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are a versatile genus of bacteria that are capable of causing acute and chronic infections in diverse host species. The success of staphylococci as pathogens is due in part to their ability to mitigate endogenous and exogenous oxidative and nitrosative stress. Endogenous oxidative stress is a consequence of life in an aerobic environment; whereas, exogenous oxidative and nitrosative stress are often due to the bacteria's interaction with host immune systems. To overcome the deleterious effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress, staphylococci have evolved protection, detoxification, and repair mechanisms that are controlled by a network of regulators. In this review, we summarize the cellular targets of oxidative stress, the mechanisms by which staphylococci sense oxidative stress and damage, oxidative stress protection and repair mechanisms, and regulation of the oxidative stress response. When possible, special attention is given to how the oxidative stress defense mechanisms help staphylococci control oxidative stress in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosmarie Gaupp
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln NE, USA
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Palm GJ, Khanh Chi B, Waack P, Gronau K, Becher D, Albrecht D, Hinrichs W, Read RJ, Antelmann H. Structural insights into the redox-switch mechanism of the MarR/DUF24-type regulator HypR. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:4178-92. [PMID: 22238377 PMCID: PMC3351151 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis encodes redox-sensing MarR-type regulators of the OhrR and DUF24-families that sense organic hydroperoxides, diamide, quinones or aldehydes via thiol-based redox-switches. In this article, we characterize the novel redox-sensing MarR/DUF24-family regulator HypR (YybR) that is activated by disulphide stress caused by diamide and NaOCl in B. subtilis. HypR controls positively a flavin oxidoreductase HypO that confers protection against NaOCl stress. The conserved N-terminal Cys14 residue of HypR has a lower pK(a) of 6.36 and is essential for activation of hypO transcription by disulphide stress. HypR resembles a 2-Cys-type regulator that is activated by Cys14-Cys49' intersubunit disulphide formation. The crystal structures of reduced and oxidized HypR proteins were resolved revealing structural changes of HypR upon oxidation. In reduced HypR a hydrogen-bonding network stabilizes the reactive Cys14 thiolate that is 8-9 Å apart from Cys49'. HypR oxidation breaks these H-bonds, reorients the monomers and moves the major groove recognition α4 and α4' helices ∼4 Å towards each other. This is the first crystal structure of a redox-sensing MarR/DUF24 family protein in bacteria that is activated by NaOCl stress. Since hypochloric acid is released by activated macrophages, related HypR-like regulators could function to protect pathogens against the host immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried J Palm
- Institute for Biochemistry, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Aiassa V, Barnes AI, Smania AM, Albesa I. Sublethal ciprofloxacin treatment leads to resistance via antioxidant systems in Proteus mirabilis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 327:25-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Aiassa
- Departamento de Farmacia; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba; Argentina
| | - Ana I. Barnes
- Departamento de Farmacia; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba; Argentina
| | - Andrea M. Smania
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC); CONICET; Departamento de Química Biológica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba; Argentina
| | - Inés Albesa
- Departamento de Farmacia; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba; Argentina
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Chi BK, Gronau K, Mäder U, Hessling B, Becher D, Antelmann H. S-bacillithiolation protects against hypochlorite stress in Bacillus subtilis as revealed by transcriptomics and redox proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.009506. [PMID: 21749987 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.009506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-thiolation is a post-translational thiol-modification that controls redox-sensing transcription factors and protects active site cysteine residues against irreversible oxidation. In Bacillus subtilis the MarR-type repressor OhrR was shown to sense organic hydroperoxides via formation of mixed disulfides with the redox buffer bacillithiol (Cys-GlcN-Malate, BSH), termed as S-bacillithiolation. Here we have studied changes in the transcriptome and redox proteome caused by the strong oxidant hypochloric acid in B. subtilis. The expression profile of NaOCl stress is indicative of disulfide stress as shown by the induction of the thiol- and oxidative stress-specific Spx, CtsR, and PerR regulons. Thiol redox proteomics identified only few cytoplasmic proteins with reversible thiol-oxidations in response to NaOCl stress that include GapA and MetE. Shotgun-liquid chromatography-tandem MS analyses revealed that GapA, Spx, and PerR are oxidized to intramolecular disulfides by NaOCl stress. Furthermore, we identified six S-bacillithiolated proteins in NaOCl-treated cells, including the OhrR repressor, two methionine synthases MetE and YxjG, the inorganic pyrophosphatase PpaC, the 3-D-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase SerA, and the putative bacilliredoxin YphP. S-bacillithiolation of the OhrR repressor leads to up-regulation of the OhrA peroxiredoxin that confers together with BSH specific protection against NaOCl. S-bacillithiolation of MetE, YxjG, PpaC and SerA causes hypochlorite-induced methionine starvation as supported by the induction of the S-box regulon. The mechanism of S-glutathionylation of MetE has been described in Escherichia coli also leading to enzyme inactivation and methionine auxotrophy. In summary, our studies discover an important role of the bacillithiol redox buffer in protection against hypochloric acid by S-bacillithiolation of the redox-sensing regulator OhrR and of four enzymes of the methionine biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Khanh Chi
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
This review focuses on thiol/disulfide redox switches that regulate heme binding to proteins and modulate their activities. The importance of redox switches in metabolic regulation and the general mechanism by which redox switches modulate activity are discussed. Methods are described to characterize heme-binding sites and to assess their physiological relevance. For thiol/disulfide interconversion to regulate activity of a system, the redox process must be reversible at the ambient redox potentials found within the cell; thus, methods (and their limitations) are discussed that can address the physiological relevance of a redox switch. We review recent results that define a mechanism for how thiol/disulfide redox switches that control heme binding can regulate the activities of an enzyme, heme oxygenase-2, and an ion channel, the BK potassium channel. The redox switches on these proteins are composed of different types of Cys-containing motifs that have opposite effects on heme affinity, yet have complementary effects on hypoxia sensing. Finally, a model is proposed to describe how the redox switches on heme oxygenase-2 and the BK channel form an interconnected system that is poised to sense oxygen levels in the bloodstream and to elicit the hypoxic response when oxygen levels drop below a threshold value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Ragsdale
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0606, USA.
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