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Castro H, Rocha MI, Duarte M, Vilurbina J, Gomes-Alves AG, Leao T, Dias F, Morgan B, Deponte M, Tomás AM. The cytosolic hyperoxidation-sensitive and -robust Leishmania peroxiredoxins cPRX1 and cPRX2 are both dispensable for parasite infectivity. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103122. [PMID: 38490068 PMCID: PMC10955670 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Typical two-cysteine peroxiredoxins (2-Cys-PRXs) are H2O2-metabolizing enzymes whose activity relies on two cysteine residues. Protists of the family Trypanosomatidae invariably express one cytosolic 2-Cys-PRX (cPRX1). However, the Leishmaniinae sub-family features an additional isoform (cPRX2), almost identical to cPRX1, except for the lack of an elongated C-terminus with a Tyr-Phe (YF) motif. Previously, cytosolic PRXs were considered vital components of the trypanosomatid antioxidant machinery. Here, we shed new light on the properties, functions and relevance of cPRXs from the human pathogen Leishmania infantum. We show first that LicPRX1 is sensitive to inactivation by hyperoxidation, mirroring other YF-containing PRXs participating in redox signaling. Using genetic fusion constructs with roGFP2, we establish that LicPRX1 and LicPRX2 can act as sensors for H2O2 and oxidize protein thiols with implications for signal transduction. Third, we show that while disrupting the LicPRX-encoding genes increases susceptibility of L. infantum promastigotes to external H2O2in vitro, both enzymes are dispensable for the parasites to endure the macrophage respiratory burst, differentiate into amastigotes and initiate in vivo infections. This study introduces a novel perspective on the functions of trypanosomatid cPRXs, exposing their dual roles as both peroxidases and redox sensors. Furthermore, the discovery that Leishmania can adapt to the absence of both enzymes has significant implications for our understanding of Leishmania infections and their treatment. Importantly, it questions the conventional notion that the oxidative response of macrophages during phagocytosis is a major barrier to infection and the suitability of cPRXs as drug targets for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Rocha
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Duarte
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi Vilurbina
- Fachbereich Chemie, Abteilung Biochemie, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ana Georgina Gomes-Alves
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Leao
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Dias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Institut für Biochemie, Zentrum für Human und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Fachbereich Chemie, Abteilung Biochemie, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ana Maria Tomás
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Xu GL, Ye XL, Vashisth MK, Zhao WZ. Correlation between PRDX2 and spermatogenesis under oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 656:139-145. [PMID: 36963350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is one of the world's diseases that endanger human health, causing systemic inflammation caused by excessive reactive oxygen damage. An increase in the proportion of obese people with reduced sperm motility has been reported. But the mechanism behind it remains unclear. Peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) is a member of the peroxidase family that effectively removes hydrogen peroxide. This study is to clarify the expression of PRDX2 in the testes of obese mice and lay a foundation for further exploration of the regulatory and protective effects of PRDX2 on spermatogenesis. METHOD A model of high-fat-induced obesity in animals was constructed, and the expression of PRDX2 in the testes of the two groups was detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting, immunofluorescence and other techniques. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cholesterol were co-cultured in testicular support cells for 48 h to observe the expression of PRDX2. RESULT PRDX2 expression was reduced in the testes of the obese group, and immunohistochemistry showed that it was mainly localized to supporting cells. H2O2 inhibits the expression of PRDX2 in Sertoli cells, and high cholesterol upregulates the expression of PRDX2 in Sertoli cells. CONCLUSION PRDX2 has some antioxidant properties against changes in the testicular environment caused by HFD. And under short-term oxidative stress to enhance its antioxidant capacity. PRDX2 may be involved in maintaining the oxidative balance of the spermatogenesis environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Lin Ye
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Manoj Kumar Vashisth
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Wen-Zhen Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, PR China.
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3
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Quintin S, Aspert T, Ye T, Charvin G. Distinct mechanisms underlie H2O2 sensing in C. elegans head and tail. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274226. [PMID: 36173997 PMCID: PMC9521893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental oxidative stress threatens cellular integrity and should therefore be avoided by living organisms. Yet, relatively little is known about environmental oxidative stress perception. Here, using microfluidics, we showed that like I2 pharyngeal neurons, the tail phasmid PHA neurons function as oxidative stress sensing neurons in C. elegans, but display different responses to H2O2 and light. We uncovered that different but related receptors, GUR-3 and LITE-1, mediate H2O2 signaling in I2 and PHA neurons. Still, the peroxiredoxin PRDX-2 is essential for both, and might promote H2O2-mediated receptor activation. Our work demonstrates that C. elegans can sense a broad range of oxidative stressors using partially distinct H2O2 signaling pathways in head and tail sensillae, and paves the way for further understanding of how the integration of these inputs translates into the appropriate behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Quintin
- Department of Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Théo Aspert
- Department of Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Gilles Charvin
- Department of Developmental Biology and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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4
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Meng J, Fu L, Liu K, Tian C, Wu Z, Jung Y, Ferreira RB, Carroll KS, Blackwell TK, Yang J. Global profiling of distinct cysteine redox forms reveals wide-ranging redox regulation in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1415. [PMID: 33658510 PMCID: PMC7930113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational changes in the redox state of cysteine residues can rapidly and reversibly alter protein functions, thereby modulating biological processes. The nematode C. elegans is an ideal model organism for studying cysteine-mediated redox signaling at a network level. Here we present a comprehensive, quantitative, and site-specific profile of the intrinsic reactivity of the cysteinome in wild-type C. elegans. We also describe a global characterization of the C. elegans redoxome in which we measured changes in three major cysteine redox forms after H2O2 treatment. Our data revealed redox-sensitive events in translation, growth signaling, and stress response pathways, and identified redox-regulated cysteines that are important for signaling through the p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway. Our in-depth proteomic dataset provides a molecular basis for understanding redox signaling in vivo, and will serve as a valuable and rich resource for the field of redox biology. Reversible cysteine oxidative modifications have emerged as important mechanisms that alter protein function. Here the authors globally assess the cysteine reactivity and an array of cysteine oxidative modifications in C. elegans, providing insights into redox signaling at the organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Meng
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,Innovation Institute of Medical School, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Caiping Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyun Wu
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Youngeun Jung
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Renan B Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kate S Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - T Keith Blackwell
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China. .,Innovation Institute of Medical School, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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5
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Liu Y, Li M, Du X, Huang Z, Quan N. Sestrin 2, a potential star of antioxidant stress in cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:56-68. [PMID: 33310138 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cellular signal transduction. However, excessive ROS is an important pathological mechanism in most cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as myocardial aging, cardiomyopathy, ischemia/reperfusion injury (e.g., myocardial infarction) and heart failure. Programmed cell death, hypertrophy and fibrosis may be due to oxidative stress. Sestrin 2 (Sesn2), a stress-inducible protein associated with various stress conditions, is a potential antioxidant. Sesn2 can suppress the process of heart damage caused by oxidative stress, promote cell survival and play a key role in a variety of CVDs. This review discusses the effect of Sesn2 on the redox signal, mainly via participation in the signaling pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. It also discusses the effect of Sesn2's antioxidant activity on different CVDs. We speculate that Sesn2 plays an important role in CVDs by stimulating the process of antioxidation and promoting the adaptation of cells to stress conditions and/or the environment, opening a new avenue for related therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Meina Li
- Department of Infection Control, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Zhehao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China.
| | - Nanhu Quan
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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6
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Ro SH, Fay J, Cyuzuzo CI, Jang Y, Lee N, Song HS, Harris EN. SESTRINs: Emerging Dynamic Stress-Sensors in Metabolic and Environmental Health. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:603421. [PMID: 33425907 PMCID: PMC7794007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.603421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper timely management of various external and internal stresses is critical for metabolic and redox homeostasis in mammals. In particular, dysregulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) triggered from metabolic stress and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from environmental and genotoxic stress are well-known culprits leading to chronic metabolic disease conditions in humans. Sestrins are one of the metabolic and environmental stress-responsive groups of proteins, which solely have the ability to regulate both mTORC activity and ROS levels in cells, tissues and organs. While Sestrins are originally reported as one of several p53 target genes, recent studies have further delineated the roles of this group of stress-sensing proteins in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, glucose and fat metabolism, and redox-function in metabolic disease and aging. In this review, we discuss recent studies that investigated and manipulated Sestrins-mediated stress signaling pathways in metabolic and environmental health. Sestrins as an emerging dynamic group of stress-sensor proteins are drawing a spotlight as a preventive or therapeutic mechanism in both metabolic stress-associated pathologies and aging processes at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Ro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Julianne Fay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Cesar I Cyuzuzo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Yura Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Naeun Lee
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Hyun-Seob Song
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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7
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Kumar A, Dhiman D, Shaha C. Sestrins: Darkhorse in the regulation of mitochondrial health and metabolism. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8049-8060. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Liu Y, Du X, Huang Z, Zheng Y, Quan N. Sestrin 2 controls the cardiovascular aging process via an integrated network of signaling pathways. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101096. [PMID: 32544433 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an inevitable biological process, cardiovascular aging is the greatest risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Sestrin 2 (Sesn2), a stress-inducible and age-related protein associated with various stress conditions, plays a pivotal role in slowing this process. It acts as an anti-aging agent, mainly through its antioxidant enzymatic activity and regulation of antioxidant signaling pathways, as well as by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. In this review, we first introduce the biochemical functions of Sesn2 in the cardiovascular aging process, and describe how Sesn2 expression is regulated under various stress conditions. Next, we emphasize the role of Sesn2 signal transduction in a series of age-related CVDs, including hypertension, myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, atherosclerosis, and heart failure, as well as provide potential mechanisms for the association of Sesn2 with CVDs. Finally, we present the potential therapeutic applications of Sesn2-directed therapy and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Liu
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Zhehao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Nanhu Quan
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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9
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Ferguson GD, Bridge WJ. The glutathione system and the related thiol network in Caenorhabditis elegans. Redox Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1110.1016/j.redox.2019.101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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10
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Ferguson GD, Bridge WJ. The glutathione system and the related thiol network in Caenorhabditis elegans. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101171. [PMID: 30901603 PMCID: PMC6429583 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of redox biology have contributed to the understanding of the complexity of the thiol-based system in mediating signal transduction. The redox environment is the overall spatiotemporal balance of oxidation-reduction systems within the integrated compartments of the cell, tissues and whole organisms. The ratio of the reduced to disulfide glutathione redox couple (GSH:GSSG) is a key indicator of the redox environment and its associated cellular health. The reaction mechanisms of glutathione-dependent and related thiol-based enzymes play a fundamental role in the function of GSH as a redox regulator. Glutathione homeostasis is maintained by the balance of GSH synthesis (de novo and salvage pathways) and its utilization through its detoxification, thiol signalling, and antioxidant defence functions via GSH-dependent enzymes and free radical scavenging. As such, GSH acts in concert with the entire redox network to maintain reducing conditions in the cell. Caenorhabditis elegans offers a simple model to facilitate further understanding at the multicellular level of the physiological functions of GSH and the GSH-dependent redox network. This review discusses the C. elegans studies that have investigated glutathione and related systems of the redox network including; orthologs to the protein-encoding genes of GSH synthesis; glutathione peroxidases; glutathione-S-transferases; and the glutaredoxin, thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Douglas Ferguson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Wallace John Bridge
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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11
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Cytoplasmic and Mitochondrial NADPH-Coupled Redox Systems in the Regulation of Aging. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030504. [PMID: 30818813 PMCID: PMC6471790 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) protects against redox stress by providing reducing equivalents to antioxidants such as glutathione and thioredoxin. NADPH levels decline with aging in several tissues, but whether this is a major driving force for the aging process has not been well established. Global or neural overexpression of several cytoplasmic enzymes that synthesize NADPH have been shown to extend lifespan in model organisms such as Drosophila suggesting a positive relationship between cytoplasmic NADPH levels and longevity. Mitochondrial NADPH plays an important role in the protection against redox stress and cell death and mitochondrial NADPH-utilizing thioredoxin reductase 2 levels correlate with species longevity in cells from rodents and primates. Mitochondrial NADPH shuttles allow for some NADPH flux between the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Since a decline of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is linked with aging and because NADP+ is exclusively synthesized from NAD+ by cytoplasmic and mitochondrial NAD+ kinases, a decline in the cytoplasmic or mitochondrial NADPH pool may also contribute to the aging process. Therefore pro-longevity therapies should aim to maintain the levels of both NAD+ and NADPH in aging tissues.
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12
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Reichmann D, Voth W, Jakob U. Maintaining a Healthy Proteome during Oxidative Stress. Mol Cell 2019; 69:203-213. [PMID: 29351842 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most challenging stress conditions that organisms encounter during their lifetime involve the transient accumulation of reactive oxygen and chlorine species. Extremely reactive to amino acid side chains, these oxidants cause widespread protein unfolding and aggregation. It is therefore not surprising that cells draw on a variety of different strategies to counteract the damage and maintain a healthy proteome. Orchestrated largely by direct changes in the thiol oxidation status of key proteins, the response strategies involve all layers of protein protection. Reprogramming of basic biological functions helps decrease nascent protein synthesis and restore redox homeostasis. Mobilization of oxidative stress-activated chaperones and production of stress-resistant non-proteinaceous chaperones prevent irreversible protein aggregation. Finally, redox-controlled increase in proteasome activity removes any irreversibly damaged proteins. Together, these systems pave the way to restore protein homeostasis and enable organisms to survive stress conditions that are inevitable when living an aerobic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Reichmann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Safra Campus Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Wilhelm Voth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
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13
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Romanello KS, Teixeira KKL, Silva JPMO, Nagamatsu ST, Bezerra MAC, Domingos IF, Martins DAP, Araujo AS, Lanaro C, Breyer CA, Ferreira RA, Franco-Penteado C, Costa FF, Malavazi I, Netto LES, de Oliveira MA, Cunha AF. Global analysis of erythroid cells redox status reveals the involvement of Prdx1 and Prdx2 in the severity of beta thalassemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208316. [PMID: 30521599 PMCID: PMC6283586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemia is a worldwide distributed monogenic red cell disorder, characterized by an absent or reduced beta globin chain synthesis. The unbalance of alpha-gamma chain and the presence of pathological free iron promote severe oxidative damage, playing crucial a role in erythrocyte hemolysis, exacerbating ineffective erythropoiesis and decreasing the lifespan of red blood cells (RBC). Catalase, glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxins act together to protect RBCs from hydrogen peroxide insult. Among them, peroxiredoxins stand out for their overall abundance and reactivity. In RBCs, Prdx2 is the third most abundant protein, although Prdxs 1 and 6 isoforms are also found in lower amounts. Despite the importance of these enzymes, Prdx1 and Prdx2 may have their peroxidase activity inactivated by hyperoxidation at high hydroperoxide concentrations, which also promotes the molecular chaperone activity of these proteins. Some studies have demonstrated the importance of Prdx1 and Prdx2 for the development and maintenance of erythrocytes in hemolytic anemia. Now, we performed a global analysis comparatively evaluating the expression profile of several antioxidant enzymes and their physiological reducing agents in patients with beta thalassemia intermedia (BTI) and healthy individuals. Furthermore, increased levels of ROS were observed not only in RBC, but also in neutrophils and mononuclear cells of BTI patients. The level of transcripts and the protein content of Prx1 were increased in reticulocyte and RBCs of BTI patients and the protein content was also found to be higher when compared to beta thalassemia major (BTM), suggesting that this peroxidase could cooperate with Prx2 in the removal of H2O2. Furthermore, Prdx2 production is highly increased in RBCs of BTM patients that present high amounts of hyperoxidized species. A significant increase in the content of Trx1, Srx1 and Sod1 in RBCs of BTI patients suggested protective roles for these enzymes in BTI patients. Finally, the upregulation of Nrf2 and Keap1 transcription factors found in BTI patients may be involved in the regulation of the antioxidant enzymes analyzed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Romanello
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Karina K. L. Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - João Pedro M. O. Silva
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Sheila T. Nagamatsu
- Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Igor F. Domingos
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Genética, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diego A. P. Martins
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Departamento de Genética, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Aderson S. Araujo
- Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do estado de Pernambuco (HEMOPE), Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lanaro
- Hemocentro da Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Breyer
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)–Campus Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Iran Malavazi
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luis E. S. Netto
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Departamento de Genética, Biologia Evolutiva, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson F. Cunha
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Departamento de Genética e Evolução, São Carlos, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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14
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), a family of thiol-associated peroxidases, are purported to play a major role in sensing and managing hydrogen peroxide concentrations and transducing peroxide-derived signals. Recent Advances: Prxs can act as detoxifying factors and impart effects to cells that can be either sparing or suicidal. Advances have been made to address the qualitative changes in Prx function in response to quantitative changes in the signal level and to understand how Prx activity could be affected by their own substrates. Here we rationalize the basis for both positive and negative effects on signaling pathways and cell physiology, summarizing data from model organisms, including invertebrates. CRITICAL ISSUES Resolving the relationship between the promiscuous behavior of reactive oxygen species and the specificity of Prxs toward different targets in redox-sensitive signaling pathways is a key area of research. Attempts to understand Prx function and underlying mechanisms were conducted in vitro or in vivo under nonphysiological conditions, leaving the physiological relevance yet to be defined. Other issues: Why despite the high degree of homology and similarities in subcellular and tissue distribution between Prxs do they display differential effects on signaling? How is the specificity of post-translational protein modifications determined? Other than chaperone-like activity, how do hyperoxidized Prxs function? FUTURE DIRECTIONS Genetic models with mutated catalytic and resolving cysteines should be further exploited to dissect the functional significance of individual Prxs in their different states together with their alternative reducing partners. Such an analysis may then be extended to help identify Prx-specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Radyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University , Dallas, Texas
| | - William C Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University , Dallas, Texas
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15
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Detienne G, De Haes W, Mergan L, Edwards SL, Temmerman L, Van Bael S. Beyond ROS clearance: Peroxiredoxins in stress signaling and aging. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 44:33-48. [PMID: 29580920 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants were long predicted to have lifespan-promoting effects, but in general this prediction has not been well supported. While some antioxidants do seem to have a clear effect on longevity, this may not be primarily as a result of their role in the removal of reactive oxygen species, but rather mediated by other mechanisms such as the modulation of intracellular signaling. In this review we discuss peroxiredoxins, a class of proteinaceous antioxidants with redox signaling and chaperone functions, and their involvement in regulating longevity and stress resistance. Peroxiredoxins have a clear role in the regulation of lifespan and survival of many model organisms, including the mouse, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Recent research on peroxiredoxins - in these models and beyond - has revealed surprising new insights regarding the interplay between peroxiredoxins and longevity signaling, which will be discussed here in detail. As redox signaling is emerging as a potentially important player in the regulation of longevity and aging, increased knowledge of these fascinating antioxidants and their mode(s) of action is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giel Detienne
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wouter De Haes
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lucas Mergan
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Samantha L Edwards
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liesbet Temmerman
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sven Van Bael
- Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Wang Y, Liu J, Liu Z, Chen J, Hu X, Hu Y, Yuan Y, Wu G, Dai Z, Xu Y. Sall2 knockdown exacerbates palmitic acid induced dysfunction and apoptosis of pancreatic NIT-1 beta cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:375-382. [PMID: 29783189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spalt-like (Sall) proteins are a class of transcription factors. The role of Sall2 in beta cells remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to explore whether Sall2 involved in lipotoxicity-mediated dysfunction and apoptosis in pancreatic NIT-1 beta cells. Our results showed that high concentrations of palmitic acid (PA) led to impaired cell viability and decreased Sall2 expression in NIT-1 cells. Knocking down of Sall2 in NIT-1 cells resulted in increased sensitivity to lipotoxicity and caused higher rates of cell apoptosis following PA treatment. Additionally, Sall2 Knockdown impaired insulin synthesis and secretion in response to glucose. Further research indicated Sall2 knockdown attenuate antioxidant capacity and decreased expression level of Peroxiredoxin 2 in NIT-1 cells. These finding implicate that Sall2 may play a significant role in NIT-1 cell function and cell apoptosis under lipotoxic conditions. Therefore, the study of Sall2 in NIT-1 cells provided a new perspective for molecular mechanism of lipotoxicity mediating dysfunction and apoptosis of beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006,China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Integrated Wards, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yimeng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Guijun Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Zhe Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
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17
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Veal EA, Underwood ZE, Tomalin LE, Morgan BA, Pillay CS. Hyperoxidation of Peroxiredoxins: Gain or Loss of Function? Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:574-590. [PMID: 28762774 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE In 2003, structural studies revealed that eukaryotic 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prx) have evolved to be sensitive to inactivation of their thioredoxin peroxidase activity by hyperoxidation (sulfinylation) of their peroxide-reacting catalytic cysteine. This was accompanied by the unexpected discovery, that the sulfinylation of this cysteine was reversible in vivo and the identification of a new enzyme, sulfiredoxin, that had apparently co-evolved specifically to reduce hyperoxidized 2-Cys Prx, restoring their peroxidase activity. Together, these findings have provided the impetus for multiple studies investigating the purpose of this reversible, Prx hyperoxidation. Recent Advances: It has been suggested that inhibition of the thioredoxin peroxidase activity by hyperoxidation can both promote and inhibit peroxide signal transduction, depending on the context. Prx hyperoxidation has also been proposed to protect cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage, by preserving reduced thioredoxin and/or by increasing non-peroxidase chaperone or signaling activities of Prx. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we will review the evidence in support of each of these proposed functions, in view of the in vivo contexts in which Prx hyperoxidation occurs, and the role of sulfiredoxin. Thus, we will attempt to explain the basis for seemingly contradictory roles for Prx hyperoxidation in redox signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We provide a rationale, based on modeling and experimental studies, for why Prx hyperoxidation should be considered a suitable, early biomarker for damaging levels of ROS. We discuss the implications that this has for the role of Prx in aging and the detection of hyperoxidized Prx as a conserved feature of circadian rhythms. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 574-590.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Veal
- 1 Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom .,2 Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe E Underwood
- 1 Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom .,2 Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis E Tomalin
- 1 Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom .,2 Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Brian A Morgan
- 1 Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ché S Pillay
- 3 School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermartizburg, South Africa
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18
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated externally and during aerobic metabolism, are a potent cause of cell damage. Oxidative damage is a feature of many diseases and ageing, including age-associated diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, this association helped lead to the widely expounded 'Free Radical Theory of Aging', proposing that the accumulation of ROS-induced damage is the underlying cause of ageing. In the last decade, it has become apparent that ROS play more complex roles in ageing than simply causing damage. This includes the induction of signalling pathways that protect against/repair cell damage. Cells encode a variety of enzymes that metabolise ROS, some of which reduce them to less reactive species. In this chapter, we review the evidence that manipulating the levels of these enzymes has any effect/s on ageing. We will also highlight a few examples illustrating why it is an over-simplification to describe the activities of some of these enzymes as 'antioxidants'. We discuss how these studies have helped refine our view of how ROS and ROS-metabolising enzymes contribute to the ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Veal
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Tyne, UK.
| | - Thomas Jackson
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Tyne, UK
| | - Heather Latimer
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Tyne, UK
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19
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Federti E, Matté A, Ghigo A, Andolfo I, James C, Siciliano A, Leboeuf C, Janin A, Manna F, Choi SY, Iolascon A, Beneduce E, Melisi D, Kim DW, Levi S, De Franceschi L. Peroxiredoxin-2 plays a pivotal role as multimodal cytoprotector in the early phase of pulmonary hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:376-386. [PMID: 28801243 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary-artery-hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening and highly invalidating chronic disorder. Chronic oxidation contributes to lung damage and disease progression. Peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx2) is a typical 2-cysteine (Cys) peroxiredoxin but its role on lung homeostasis is yet to be fully defined. Here, we showed that Prx2-/- mice displayed chronic lung inflammatory disease associated with (i) abnormal pulmonary vascular dysfunction; and (ii) increased markers of extracellular-matrix remodeling. Hypoxia was used to induce PAH. We focused on the early phase PAH to dissect the role of Prx2 in generation of PAH. Hypoxic Prx2-/-mice showed (i) amplified inflammatory response combined with cytokine storm; (ii) vascular activation and dysfunction; (iii) increased PDGF-B lung levels, as marker of extracellular-matrix deposition and remodeling; and (iv) ER stress with activation of UPR system and autophagy. Rescue experiments with in vivo the administration of fused-recombinant-PEP-Prx2 show a reduction in pulmonary inflammatory vasculopathy and in ER stress with down-regulation of autophagy. Thus, we propose Prx2 plays a pivotal role in the early stage of PAH as multimodal cytoprotector, targeting oxidation, inflammatory vasculopathy and ER stress with inhibition of autophagy. Collectively, our data indicate that Prx2 is able to interrupt the hypoxia induced vicious cycle involving oxidation-inflammation-autophagy in the pathogenesis of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Federti
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Matté
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Cimino James
- Molecular Biotechnology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Angela Siciliano
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Anne Janin
- Inserm, U1165, Paris F-75010, France; Université Paris 7- Denis Diderot, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Francesco Manna
- CEINGE and Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Achille Iolascon
- CEINGE and Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Davide Melisi
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonia Levi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
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20
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The Architecture of Thiol Antioxidant Systems among Invertebrate Parasites. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020259. [PMID: 28208651 PMCID: PMC6155587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oxygen as the final electron acceptor in aerobic organisms results in an improvement in the energy metabolism. However, as a byproduct of the aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species are produced, leaving to the potential risk of an oxidative stress. To contend with such harmful compounds, living organisms have evolved antioxidant strategies. In this sense, the thiol-dependent antioxidant defense systems play a central role. In all cases, cysteine constitutes the major building block on which such systems are constructed, being present in redox substrates such as glutathione, thioredoxin, and trypanothione, as well as at the catalytic site of a variety of reductases and peroxidases. In some cases, the related selenocysteine was incorporated at selected proteins. In invertebrate parasites, antioxidant systems have evolved in a diversity of both substrates and enzymes, representing a potential area in the design of anti-parasite strategies. The present review focus on the organization of the thiol-based antioxidant systems in invertebrate parasites. Differences between these taxa and its final mammal host is stressed. An understanding of the antioxidant defense mechanisms in this kind of parasites, as well as their interactions with the specific host is crucial in the design of drugs targeting these organisms.
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21
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Heppner DE, Janssen-Heininger YMW, van der Vliet A. The role of sulfenic acids in cellular redox signaling: Reconciling chemical kinetics and molecular detection strategies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 616:40-46. [PMID: 28126370 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reversible oxidation of protein cysteine residues is well recognized as an important regulatory mechanism in redox-dependent cell signaling. Cysteine oxidation is diverse in nature and involves various post-translational modifications (sulfenic acids, disulfides, etc.) and the specific functional or structural impact of these specific oxidative events is still poorly understood. The proximal product of protein cysteine oxidation by biological reactive oxygen species (ROS) is sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH), and experimental evidence is accruing for the formation of Cys-SOH as intermediate in protein cysteine oxidation in various biological settings. However, the plausibility of protein Cys-SH oxidation by ROS has often been put in question because of slow reaction kinetics compared to more favorable reactions with abundant thiol-based reductants such as peroxiredoxins (Prx) or glutathione (GSH). This commentary aims to address this controversy by highlighting the unique physical properties in cells that may restrict ROS diffusion and allow otherwise less favorable cysteine oxidation of proteins. Some limitations of analytical tools to assess Cys-SOH are also discussed. We conclude that formation of Cys-SOH in biological systems cannot always be predicted based on kinetic analyses in homogenous solution, and may be facilitated by unique structural and physical properties of Cys-containing proteins within e.g. signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Heppner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | | | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States.
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22
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Yadetie F, Bjørneklett S, Garberg HK, Oveland E, Berven F, Goksøyr A, Karlsen OA. Quantitative analyses of the hepatic proteome of methylmercury-exposed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) suggest oxidative stress-mediated effects on cellular energy metabolism. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:554. [PMID: 27496535 PMCID: PMC4974784 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylmecury (MeHg) is a widely distributed environmental pollutant with considerable risk to both human health and wildlife. To gain better insight into the underlying mechanisms of MeHg-mediated toxicity, we have used label-free quantitative mass spectrometry to analyze the liver proteome of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed in vivo to MeHg (0, 0.5, 2 mg/kg body weight) for 2 weeks. RESULTS Out of a toltal of 1143 proteins quantified, 125 proteins were differentially regulated between MeHg-treated samples and controls. Using various bioinformatics tools, we performed gene ontology, pathway and network enrichment analysis, which indicated that proteins and pathways mainly related to energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, cytoskeleton remodeling, and protein synthesis were regulated in the hepatic proteome after MeHg exposure. Comparison with previous gene expression data strengthened these results, and further supported that MeHg predominantly affects many energy metabolism pathways, presumably through its strong induction of oxidative stress. Some enzymes known to have functionally important oxidation-sensitive cysteine residues in other animals are among the differentially regulated proteins, suggesting their modulations by MeHg-induced oxidative stress. Integrated analysis of the proteomics dataset combined with previous gene expression dataset showed a more pronounced effect of MeHg on amino acid, glucose and fatty acid metabolic pathways, and suggested possible interactions of the cellular energy metabolism and antioxidant defense pathways. CONCLUSIONS MeHg disrupts mainly redox homeostasis and energy generating metabolic pathways in cod liver. The energy pathways appear to be modulated through MeHg-induced oxidative stress, possibly mediated by oxidation sensitive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silje Bjørneklett
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde Kristin Garberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit (PROBE) at the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eystein Oveland
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit (PROBE) at the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Berven
- Department of Biomedicine, Proteomics Unit (PROBE) at the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
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23
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Pillay CS, Eagling BD, Driscoll SRE, Rohwer JM. Quantitative measures for redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:290-303. [PMID: 27151506 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Redox signaling is now recognized as an important regulatory mechanism for a number of cellular processes including the antioxidant response, phosphokinase signal transduction and redox metabolism. While there has been considerable progress in identifying the cellular machinery involved in redox signaling, quantitative measures of redox signals have been lacking, limiting efforts aimed at understanding and comparing redox signaling under normoxic and pathogenic conditions. Here we have outlined some of the accepted principles for redox signaling, including the description of hydrogen peroxide as a signaling molecule and the role of kinetics in conferring specificity to these signaling events. Based on these principles, we then develop a working definition for redox signaling and review a number of quantitative methods that have been employed to describe signaling in other systems. Using computational modeling and published data, we show how time- and concentration- dependent analyses, in particular, could be used to quantitatively describe redox signaling and therefore provide important insights into the functional organization of redox networks. Finally, we consider some of the key challenges with implementing these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa.
| | - Beatrice D Eagling
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
| | - Scott R E Driscoll
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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24
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Ho A, Cho CS, Namkoong S, Cho US, Lee JH. Biochemical Basis of Sestrin Physiological Activities. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:621-632. [PMID: 27174209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chronic activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) are well-characterized promoters of aging and age-associated degenerative pathologies. Sestrins, a family of highly conserved stress-inducible proteins, are important negative regulators of both ROS and mTORC1 signaling pathways; however, the mechanistic basis of how Sestrins suppress these pathways remains elusive. In the past couple of years, breakthrough discoveries about Sestrin signaling and its molecular nature have markedly increased our biochemical understanding of Sestrin function. These discoveries have also uncovered new potential therapeutic strategies that may eventually enable us to attenuate aging and age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Ho
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chun-Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sim Namkoong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Uhn-Soo Cho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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25
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Matte A, De Falco L, Iolascon A, Mohandas N, An X, Siciliano A, Leboeuf C, Janin A, Bruno M, Choi SY, Kim DW, De Franceschi L. The Interplay Between Peroxiredoxin-2 and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2 Is Important in Limiting Oxidative Mediated Dysfunction in β-Thalassemic Erythropoiesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1284-97. [PMID: 26058667 PMCID: PMC4677567 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS β-Thalassemia is a common inherited red cell disorder characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and severe oxidative stress. Peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx2), a typical 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin, is upregulated during β-thalassemic erythropoiesis, but its contribution to stress erythropoiesis, a common feature of thalassemia, is yet to be fully defined. RESULTS Here, we showed that Prx2(-/-) mice displayed reactive oxygen species related abnormalities in erythropoiesis similar to that of Hbb(th3/+) mice associated with activation of redox response transcriptional factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (Nrf2). We generated β-thalassemic mice genetically lacking Prx2 (Prx2(-/-)Hbb(th3/+)) and documented a worsened β-thalassemic hematological phenotype with severe ineffective erythropoiesis. To further validate a key role of Prx2 in stress erythropoiesis, we administrated fused recombinant PEP1Prx2 to Hbb(th3/+) mice and documented a decrease in ineffective erythropoiesis. We further show that Prx2 effects are mediated by activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of genes that protect against oxidative damage such as gluthatione S-transferase, heme-oxygenase-1, and NADPH dehydrogenase quinone-1. INNOVATION We propose Prx2 as a key antioxidant system and Nrf2 activation is a cellular adaptive process in response to oxidative stress, resulting in upregulation of antioxidant (antioxidant responsive element) genes required to ensure cell survival. CONCLUSION Our data shed new light on adaptive mechanisms against oxidative damage through the interplay of Prx2 and Nrf2 during stress erythropoiesis and suggest new therapeutic options to decrease ineffective erythropoiesis by modulation of endogenous antioxidant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Matte
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Luigia De Falco
- 2 CEINGE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Naples , Naples, Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- 2 CEINGE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Naples , Naples, Italy
| | | | - Xiuli An
- 3 New York Blood Center , New York, New York
| | - Angela Siciliano
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona , Verona, Italy
| | | | - Anne Janin
- 4 Inserm , U1165, Paris, France .,5 Université Paris 7 , Denis Diderot, Paris, France .,6 AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis , Paris, France
| | - Mariasole Bruno
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of Verona-AOUI Verona , Verona, Italy .,2 CEINGE and Department of Biochemistry, University of Naples , Naples, Italy
| | - Soo Young Choi
- 7 Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University , Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- 7 Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University , Chuncheon, Korea
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Kim H, An S, Ro SH, Teixeira F, Park GJ, Kim C, Cho CS, Kim JS, Jakob U, Lee JH, Cho US. Janus-faced Sestrin2 controls ROS and mTOR signalling through two separate functional domains. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10025. [PMID: 26612684 PMCID: PMC4674687 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sestrins are stress-inducible metabolic regulators with two seemingly unrelated but physiologically important functions: reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). How Sestrins fulfil this dual role has remained elusive so far. Here we report the crystal structure of human Sestrin2 (hSesn2), and show that hSesn2 is twofold pseudo-symmetric with two globular subdomains, which are structurally similar but functionally distinct from each other. While the N-terminal domain (Sesn-A) reduces alkylhydroperoxide radicals through its helix–turn–helix oxidoreductase motif, the C-terminal domain (Sesn-C) modified this motif to accommodate physical interaction with GATOR2 and subsequent inhibition of mTORC1. These findings clarify the molecular mechanism of how Sestrins can attenuate degenerative processes such as aging and diabetes by acting as a simultaneous inhibitor of ROS accumulation and mTORC1 activation. Sestrins are conserved stress-inducible metabolic regulators implicated in the prevention of agerelated diseases. Here, Kim et al. report the crystal structure of human Sestrin2 and propose a molecular mechanism for how Sestrin2 functions to prevent ROS accumulation and inhibit mTORC1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanseong Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sojin An
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Seung-Hyun Ro
- Department of Molecular &Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Filipa Teixeira
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Infection and Immunity Unit, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200 Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gyeong Jin Park
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea
| | - Cheal Kim
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Korea
| | - Chun-Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular &Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jeong-Sig Kim
- Department of Molecular &Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 140-743, Korea
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular &Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Uhn-Soo Cho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Yang Y, Cuevas S, Yang S, Villar VA, Escano C, Asico L, Yu P, Jiang X, Weinman EJ, Armando I, Jose PA. Sestrin2 decreases renal oxidative stress, lowers blood pressure, and mediates dopamine D2 receptor-induced inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. Hypertension 2014; 64:825-32. [PMID: 25024286 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) decreases renal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and regulates blood pressure, in part, via positive regulation of paraoxonase 2. Sestrin2, a highly conserved antioxidant protein, regulates intracellular ROS level by regenerating hyperoxidized peroxiredoxins. We hypothesized that sestrin2 may be involved in preventing excessive renal ROS production and thus contribute to the maintenance of normal blood pressure. Moreover, the D2R may decrease ROS production, in part, through the regulation of sestrin2. Renal sestrin2 expression was lower (-62±13%) in D2R(-/-) than in D2R(+/+) mice. Silencing D2R in human renal proximal tubule cells decreased sestrin2 expression (-53±3%) and increased hyperoxidized peroxiredoxins (2.9-fold). Stimulation of D2R in renal proximal tubule cells increased sestrin2 expression (1.6-fold), decreased hyperoxidized peroxiredoxins (-61±3%), and reduced ROS production (-31±4%). Silencing sestrin2 in renal proximal tubule cells increased hyperoxidized peroxiredoxins (2.1-fold) and ROS production (1.3-fold). Silencing sestrin2 also abolished D2R-induced decrease in peroxiredoxin hyperoxidation and partially prevented the inhibitory effect of D2R stimulation on ROS production. Silencing paraoxonase 2 increased sestrin2 ubiquitinylation (2.8-fold), decreased sestrin2 expression (-30±3%), and increased ROS production (1.3-fold), peroxiredoxin hyperoxidation (2.9-fold), and lipid peroxidation (2.3-fold), and blocked the increase in sestrin2 that occurs with D2R stimulation. In vivo renal selective silencing of sestrin2 by the renal subcapsular infusion of sestrin2 small interfering RNA (3 μg/day; 7 days) in mice increased renal oxidative stress (1.3-fold) and blood pressure. These results suggest that the D2R, via paraoxonase 2 and sestrin2, keeps normal renal redox balance, which contributes to the maintenance of normal blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.
| | - Santiago Cuevas
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Sufei Yang
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Van Anthony Villar
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Crisanto Escano
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Laureano Asico
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Peiying Yu
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Xiaoliang Jiang
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Edward J Weinman
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Ines Armando
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Pedro A Jose
- From the Division of Nephrology and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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28
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Metformin promotes lifespan through mitohormesis via the peroxiredoxin PRDX-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2501-9. [PMID: 24889636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321776111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiglycemic drug metformin, widely prescribed as first-line treatment of type II diabetes mellitus, has lifespan-extending properties. Precisely how this is achieved remains unclear. Via a quantitative proteomics approach using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, we gained molecular understanding of the physiological changes elicited by metformin exposure, including changes in branched-chain amino acid catabolism and cuticle maintenance. We show that metformin extends lifespan through the process of mitohormesis and propose a signaling cascade in which metformin-induced production of reactive oxygen species increases overall life expectancy. We further address an important issue in aging research, wherein so far, the key molecular link that translates the reactive oxygen species signal into a prolongevity cue remained elusive. We show that this beneficial signal of the mitohormetic pathway is propagated by the peroxiredoxin PRDX-2. Because of its evolutionary conservation, peroxiredoxin signaling might underlie a general principle of prolongevity signaling.
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29
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox biology is a rapidly developing area of research due to the recent evidence for general importance of redox control for numerous cellular functions under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Understanding of redox homeostasis is particularly relevant to the understanding of the aging process. The link between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accumulation of age-associated oxidative damage to macromolecules is well established, but remains controversial and applies only to a subset of experimental models. In addition, recent studies show that ROS may function as signaling molecules and that dysregulation of this process may also be linked to aging. RECENT ADVANCES Many protein factors and pathways that control ROS production and scavenging, as well as those that regulate cellular redox homeostasis, have been identified. However, much less is known about the mechanisms by which redox signaling pathways influence longevity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis for the role of redox signaling in aging. CRITICAL ISSUES Recent studies allowed identification of previously uncharacterized redox components and revealed complexity of redox signaling pathways. It would be important to identify functions of these components and elucidate how distinct redox pathways are integrated with each other to maintain homeostatic balance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further characterization of processes that coordinate redox signaling, redox homeostasis, and stress response pathways should allow researchers to dissect how their dysregulation contributes to aging and pathogenesis of various age-related diseases, such as diabetes, cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M Labunskyy
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Heidler J, Fysikopoulos A, Wempe F, Seimetz M, Bangsow T, Tomasovic A, Veit F, Scheibe S, Pichl A, Weisel F, Lloyd KCK, Jaksch P, Klepetko W, Weissmann N, von Melchner H. Sestrin-2, a repressor of PDGFRβ signalling, promotes cigarette-smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice and is upregulated in individuals with COPD. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1378-87. [PMID: 24046361 PMCID: PMC3820261 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.013482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. COPD is caused by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke and/or other environmental pollutants that are believed to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that gradually disrupt signalling pathways responsible for maintaining lung integrity. Here we identify the antioxidant protein sestrin-2 (SESN2) as a repressor of PDGFRβ signalling, and PDGFRβ signalling as an upstream regulator of alveolar maintenance programmes. In mice, the mutational inactivation of Sesn2 prevents the development of cigarette-smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema by upregulating PDGFRβ expression via a selective accumulation of intracellular superoxide anions (O2−). We also show that SESN2 is overexpressed and PDGFRβ downregulated in the emphysematous lungs of individuals with COPD and to a lesser extent in human lungs of habitual smokers without COPD, implicating a negative SESN2-PDGFRβ interrelationship in the pathogenesis of COPD. Taken together, our results imply that SESN2 could serve as both a biomarker and as a drug target in the clinical management of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Heidler
- Department of Molecular Haematology, Goethe University Medical School, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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31
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Wang Y, Lu H, Wang D, Li S, Sun K, Wan X, Taylor EW, Zhang J. Inhibition of glutathione synthesis eliminates the adaptive response of ascitic hepatoma 22 cells to nedaplatin that targets thioredoxin reductase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:342-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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32
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Nyström T, Yang J, Molin M. Peroxiredoxins, gerontogenes linking aging to genome instability and cancer. Genes Dev 2012; 26:2001-8. [PMID: 22987634 DOI: 10.1101/gad.200006.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age is the highest risk factor known for a large number of maladies, including cancers. However, it is unclear how aging mechanistically predisposes the organism to such diseases and which gene products are the primary targets of the aging process. Recent studies suggest that peroxiredoxins, antioxidant enzymes preventing tumor development, are targets of age-related deterioration and that bolstering their activity (e.g., by caloric restriction) extends cellular life span. This review focuses on how the peroxiredoxin functions (i.e., as peroxidases, signal transducers, and molecular chaperones) fit with contemporary theories of aging and whether peroxiredoxins could be targeted therapeutically in the treatment of age-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nyström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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33
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Gretes MC, Poole LB, Karplus PA. Peroxiredoxins in parasites. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:608-33. [PMID: 22098136 PMCID: PMC3373223 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parasite survival and virulence relies on effective defenses against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species produced by the host immune system. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous enzymes now thought to be central to such defenses and, as such, have potential value as drug targets and vaccine antigens. RECENT ADVANCES Plasmodial and kinetoplastid Prx systems are the most extensively studied, yet remain inadequately understood. For many other parasites our knowledge is even less well developed. Through parasite genome sequencing efforts, however, the key players are being discovered and characterized. Here we describe what is known about the biochemistry, regulation, and cell biology of Prxs in parasitic protozoa, helminths, and fungi. At least one Prx is found in each parasite with a sequenced genome, and a notable theme is the common patterns of expression, localization, and functionality among sequence-similar Prxs in related species. CRITICAL ISSUES The nomenclature of Prxs from parasites is in a state of disarray, causing confusion and making comparative inferences difficult. Here we introduce a systematic Prx naming convention that is consistent between organisms and informative about structural and evolutionary relationships. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The new nomenclature should stimulate the crossfertilization of ideas among parasitologists and with the broader redox research community. The diverse parasite developmental stages and host environments present complex systems in which to explore the variety of roles played by Prxs, with a view toward parlaying what is learned into novel therapies and vaccines that are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Gretes
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - P. Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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Ogasawara Y, Ohminato T, Nakamura Y, Ishii K. Structural and functional analysis of native peroxiredoxin 2 in human red blood cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1072-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Kowald A, Hamann A, Zintel S, Ullrich S, Klipp E, Osiewacz HD. A systems biological analysis links ROS metabolism to mitochondrial protein quality control. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:331-7. [PMID: 22449407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The analyses of previously generated Podospora anserina strains in which the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, PaSOD3, is increased in abundance, revealed unexpected results, which, at first glance, are contradictory to the 'free radical theory of aging' (FRTA). To re-analyze these results, we performed additional experiments and developed a mathematical model consisting of a set of differential equations describing the time course of various ROS (reactive oxygen species), components of the cellular antioxidant system (PaSOD3 and mitochondrial peroxiredoxin, PaPRX1), and PaCLPP, a mitochondrial matrix protease involved in protein quality control. Incorporating these components we could identify a positive feed-back loop and demonstrate that the role of superoxide as the primary ROS responsible for age-related molecular damage is more complicated than originally stated by the FRTA. Our study is a first step towards the integration of the various pathways known to be involved in the control of biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kowald
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Biology, Theoretical Biophysics, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Veal EA, Oláhová M. Translating a low-sugar diet into a longer life by maintaining thioredoxin peroxidase activity of a peroxiredoxin. Mol Cell 2011; 43:699-701. [PMID: 21884972 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Molin et al. (2011) reveal that caloric restriction alleviates PKA-dependent inhibition of sulfiredoxin translation, maintaining the thioredoxin peroxidase activity of a peroxiredoxin and increasing the hydrogen peroxide resistance and replicative life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Veal
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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