1
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Geng S, Zhang Y, Lu R, Irimia D, Li L. Resolving neutrophils through genetic deletion of TRAM attenuate atherosclerosis pathogenesis. iScience 2024; 27:110097. [PMID: 38883832 PMCID: PMC11179630 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic neutrophil dysregulation contributes to atherosclerosis pathogenesis, and restoring neutrophil homeostasis may be beneficial for treating atherosclerosis. Herein, we report that a homeostatic resolving subset of neutrophils exists in mice and humans characterized by the low expression of TRAM, correlated with reduced expression of inflammatory mediators (leukotriene B4 [LTB4] and elastase) and elevated expression of anti-inflammatory resolving mediators (resolvin D1 [RvD1] and CD200R). TRAM-deficient neutrophils can potently improve vascular integrity and suppress atherosclerosis pathogenesis when adoptively transfused into recipient atherosclerotic animals. Mechanistically, we show that TRAM deficiency correlates with reduced expression of 5-lipoxygenase (LOX5) activating protein (LOX5AP), dislodges nuclear localization of LOX5, and switches the lipid mediator secretion from pro-inflammatory LTB4 to pro-resolving RvD1. TRAM also serves as a stress sensor of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and/or free cholesterol and triggers inflammatory signaling processes that facilitate elastase release. Together, our study defines a unique neutrophil population characterized by reduced TRAM, capable of homeostatic resolution and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine & Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA 24061, USA
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2
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Duan Y, Yao RQ, Ling H, Zheng LY, Fan Q, Li Q, Wang L, Zhou QY, Wu LM, Dai XG, Yao YM. Organellophagy regulates cell death:A potential therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00203-0. [PMID: 38740259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated alterations in organelle structure and function have a significant connection with cell death, as well as the occurrence and development of inflammatory diseases. Maintaining cell viability and inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines are essential measures to treat inflammatory diseases. Recently, many studies have showed that autophagy selectively targets dysfunctional organelles, thereby sustaining the functional stability of organelles, alleviating the release of multiple cytokines, and maintaining organismal homeostasis. Organellophagy dysfunction is critically engaged in different kinds of cell death and inflammatory diseases. AIM OF REVIEW We summarized the current knowledge of organellophagy (e.g., mitophagy, reticulophagy, golgiphagy, lysophagy, pexophagy, nucleophagy, and ribophagy) and the underlying mechanisms by which organellophagy regulates cell death. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW We outlined the potential role of organellophagy in the modulation of cell fate during the inflammatory response to develop an intervention strategy for the organelle quality control in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Chenzhou Hospital (the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou), Southern Medical University, Chenzhou 423000, China; Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ren-Qi Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Hua Ling
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Chenzhou Hospital (the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou), Southern Medical University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Li-Yu Zheng
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qi Fan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Chenzhou Hospital (the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou), Southern Medical University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Emergency, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Le-Min Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Chenzhou Hospital (the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou), Southern Medical University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Xin-Gui Dai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Chenzhou Hospital (the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou), Southern Medical University, Chenzhou 423000, China.
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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3
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Xing H, Li S, Fu Y, Wan X, Zhou A, Cao F, Sun Q, Hu N, Ma M, Li W, Cao C. HYAL1 deficiency attenuates lipopolysaccharide-triggered renal injury and endothelial glycocalyx breakdown in septic AKI in mice. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2188966. [PMID: 37563795 PMCID: PMC10424626 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2188966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal dysfunction and disruption of renal endothelial glycocalyx are two important events during septic acute kidney injury (AKI). Here, the role and mechanism of hyaluronidase 1 (HYAL1) in regulating renal injury and renal endothelial glycocalyx breakdown in septic AKI were explored for the first time. METHODS BALB/c mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg) to induce AKI. HYAL1 was blocked in vivo using lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA targeting HYAL1 (LV-sh-HYAL1). Biochemical assays were performed to measure the levels and concentrations of biochemical parameters associated with AKI as well as levels of inflammatory cytokines. Renal pathological lesions were determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Cell apoptosis in the kidney was detected using terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining assays were used to examine the levels of hyaluronic acid in the kidney. The protein levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, endothelial glycocalyx, and autophagy-associated indicators were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS The knockdown of HYAL1 in LPS-subjected mice by LV-sh-HYAL1 significantly reduced renal inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and kidney dysfunction in AKI, as well as alleviated renal endothelial glycocalyx disruption by preventing the release of hyaluronic acid to the bloodstream. Additionally, autophagy-related protein analysis indicated that knockdown of HYAL1 significantly enhanced autophagy in LPS mice. Furthermore, the beneficial actions of HYAL1 blockade were closely associated with the AMPK/mTOR signaling. CONCLUSION HYAL1 deficiency attenuates LPS-triggered renal injury and endothelial glycocalyx breakdown in septic AKI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Xing
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Shensen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Yongchao Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Annan Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Feifei Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Nana Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Mengqing Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Wenwen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
| | - Changchun Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, ChinaNanjing
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4
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Bhatia D, Choi ME. Autophagy and mitophagy: physiological implications in kidney inflammation and diseases. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F1-F21. [PMID: 37167272 PMCID: PMC10292977 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00012.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous intracellular cytoprotective quality control program that maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling superfluous cytoplasmic components (lipid droplets, protein, or glycogen aggregates) and invading pathogens. Mitophagy is a selective form of autophagy that by recycling damaged mitochondrial material, which can extracellularly act as damage-associated molecular patterns, prevents their release. Autophagy and mitophagy are indispensable for the maintenance of kidney homeostasis and exert crucial functions during both physiological and disease conditions. Impaired autophagy and mitophagy can negatively impact the pathophysiological state and promote its progression. Autophagy helps in maintaining structural integrity of the kidney. Mitophagy-mediated mitochondrial quality control is explicitly critical for regulating cellular homeostasis in the kidney. Both autophagy and mitophagy attenuate inflammatory responses in the kidney. An accumulating body of evidence highlights that persistent kidney injury-induced oxidative stress can contribute to dysregulated autophagic and mitophagic responses and cell death. Autophagy and mitophagy also communicate with programmed cell death pathways (apoptosis and necroptosis) and play important roles in cell survival by preventing nutrient deprivation and regulating oxidative stress. Autophagy and mitophagy are activated in the kidney after acute injury. However, their aberrant hyperactivation can be deleterious and cause tissue damage. The findings on the functions of autophagy and mitophagy in various models of chronic kidney disease are heterogeneous and cell type- and context-specific dependent. In this review, we discuss the roles of autophagy and mitophagy in the kidney in regulating inflammatory responses and during various pathological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhatia
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Mary E Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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5
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Pant A, Yao X, Lavedrine A, Viret C, Dockterman J, Chauhan S, Chong-Shan Shi, Manjithaya R, Cadwell K, Kufer TA, Kehrl JH, Coers J, Sibley LD, Faure M, Taylor GA, Chauhan S. Interactions of Autophagy and the Immune System in Health and Diseases. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2022; 1:438-515. [PMID: 37425656 PMCID: PMC10327624 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2119743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that utilizes lysosomes to selectively degrade a variety of intracellular cargo, thus providing quality control over cellular components and maintaining cellular regulatory functions. Autophagy is triggered by multiple stimuli ranging from nutrient starvation to microbial infection. Autophagy extensively shapes and modulates the inflammatory response, the concerted action of immune cells, and secreted mediators aimed to eradicate a microbial infection or to heal sterile tissue damage. Here, we first review how autophagy affects innate immune signaling, cell-autonomous immune defense, and adaptive immunity. Then, we discuss the role of non-canonical autophagy in microbial infections and inflammation. Finally, we review how crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation influences infectious, metabolic, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Pant
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Jake Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chong-Shan Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John H. Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell biology and Infectious diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, Telangana
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6
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Ravichandran R, PriyaDharshini LC, Sakthivel KM, Rasmi RR. Role and regulation of autophagy in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166400. [PMID: 35341960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative mechanism which responds to cellular conditions like stress or starvation and plays a key role in regulating cell metabolism, energy homeostasis, starvation adaptation, development and cell death. Numerous studies have stipulated the participation of autophagy in cancer, but the role of autophagy either as tumor suppressor or tumor promoter is not clearly understood. However, mechanisms by which autophagy promotes cancer involves a diverse range of modifications of autophagy associated proteins such as ATGs, Beclin-1, mTOR, p53, KRAS etc. and autophagy pathways like mTOR, PI3K, MAPK, EGFR, HIF and NFκB. Furthermore, several researches have highlighted a context-dependent, cell type and stage-dependent regulation of autophagy in cancer. Alongside this, the interaction between tumor cells and their microenvironment including hypoxia has a great potential in modulating autophagy response in favour to substantiate cancer cell metabolism, self-proliferation and metastasis. In this review article, we highlight the mechanism of autophagy and their contribution to cancer cell proliferation and development. In addition, we discuss about tumor microenvironment interaction and their consequence on selective autophagy pathways and the involvement of autophagy in various tumor types and their therapeutic interventions concentrated on exploiting autophagy as a potential target to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Ravichandran
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kunnathur Murugesan Sakthivel
- Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajan Radha Rasmi
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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7
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Li H, Lismont C, Revenco I, Hussein MAF, Costa CF, Fransen M. The Peroxisome-Autophagy Redox Connection: A Double-Edged Sword? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:814047. [PMID: 34977048 PMCID: PMC8717923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.814047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes harbor numerous enzymes that can produce or degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Depending on its local concentration and environment, this oxidant can function as a redox signaling molecule or cause stochastic oxidative damage. Currently, it is well-accepted that dysfunctional peroxisomes are selectively removed by the autophagy-lysosome pathway. This process, known as "pexophagy," may serve a protective role in curbing peroxisome-derived oxidative stress. Peroxisomes also have the intrinsic ability to mediate and modulate H2O2-driven processes, including (selective) autophagy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena are multifaceted and have only recently begun to receive the attention they deserve. This review provides a comprehensive overview of what is known about the bidirectional relationship between peroxisomal H2O2 metabolism and (selective) autophagy. After introducing the general concepts of (selective) autophagy, we critically examine the emerging roles of H2O2 as one of the key modulators of the lysosome-dependent catabolic program. In addition, we explore possible relationships among peroxisome functioning, cellular H2O2 levels, and autophagic signaling in health and disease. Finally, we highlight the most important challenges that need to be tackled to understand how alterations in peroxisomal H2O2 metabolism contribute to autophagy-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celien Lismont
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iulia Revenco
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed A. F. Hussein
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Cláudio F. Costa
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Laboratory of Peroxisome Biology and Intracellular Communication, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Guo L, Cao W, Niu Y, He S, Chai R, Yang J. Autophagy Regulates the Survival of Hair Cells and Spiral Ganglion Neurons in Cases of Noise, Ototoxic Drug, and Age-Induced Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:760422. [PMID: 34720884 PMCID: PMC8548757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.760422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inner ear hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are the core components of the auditory system. However, they are vulnerable to genetic defects, noise exposure, ototoxic drugs and aging, and loss or damage of HCs and SGNs results in permanent hearing loss due to their limited capacity for spontaneous regeneration in mammals. Many efforts have been made to combat hearing loss including cochlear implants, HC regeneration, gene therapy, and antioxidant drugs. Here we review the role of autophagy in sensorineural hearing loss and the potential targets related to autophagy for the treatment of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuguang Niu
- Department of Ambulatory Medicine, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangba He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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9
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Guan H, Guo Y, Zhu L, Jiao Y, Liu X. Peroxisome Deficiency Dysregulates Fatty Acid Oxidization and Exacerbates Lipotoxicity in β Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7726058. [PMID: 34471469 PMCID: PMC8405300 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7726058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An adverse intrauterine environment impairs the development of pancreatic islets in the fetus and leads to insufficient β cell mass and β cell dysfunction. We previously reported that Pex14, a peroxin protein involved in the biogenesis and degradation of peroxisomes, is markedly reduced in the pancreas of an intrauterine growth restriction fetus and last into adulthood. Peroxisomes function in a wide range of metabolic processes including fatty acid oxidization, ROS detoxification, and anti-inflammatory responses. To elucidate the impact of downregulation of the Pex14 gene on β cell, Pex14 was knocked down by siRNA in INS-1 cells. Pex14 knockdown disturbed peroxisomal biogenesis and dysregulated fatty acid metabolism and lipid storage capability, thereby increased ROS level and blunted insulin secretion. Moreover, Pex14 knockdown upregulated inflammation factors and regulators of endoplasmic reticulum stress. The lipotoxicity of fatty acid (including palmitic acid and linoleic acid) in β cells was exacerbated by knockdown of Pex14, as indicated by H2O2 accumulation and increased programmed cell death. The present results demonstrate the vital role of Pex14 in maintaining normal peroxisome function and β cell viability and highlight the importance of a functional peroxisomal metabolism for the detoxification of excess FAs in β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Guan
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yanyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yisheng Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
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10
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Yi M, Ma Y, Zhu S, Luo C, Chen Y, Wang Q, Deng H. Comparative proteomic analysis identifies biomarkers for renal aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21890-21903. [PMID: 33159023 PMCID: PMC7695359 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics have long been applied into characterization of molecular signatures in aging. Due to different methods and instrumentations employed for proteomic analysis, inter-dataset validation needs to be performed to identify potential biomarkers for aging. In this study, we used comparative proteomics analysis to profile age-associated changes in proteome and glutathionylome in mouse kidneys. We identified 108 proteins that were differentially expressed in young and aged mouse kidneys in three different datasets; from these, 27 proteins were identified as potential renal aging biomarkers, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck1), CD5 antigen-like protein (Cd5l), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (Aldh1a1), and uromodulin. Our results also showed that peroxisomal proteins were significantly downregulated in aged mice, whereas IgGs were upregulated, suggesting that peroxisome deterioration might be a hallmark for renal aging. Glutathionylome analysis demonstrated that downregulation of catalase and glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx1) significantly increased protein glutathionylation in aged mice. In addition, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) administration significantly increased the number of peroxisomes in aged mouse kidneys, indicating that NMN enhanced peroxisome biogenesis, and suggesting that it might be beneficial to reduce kidney injuries. Together, our data identify novel potential biomarkers for renal aging, and provide a valuable resource for understanding the age-associated changes in kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Songbiao Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengting Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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11
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Xu W, Ocak U, Gao L, Tu S, Lenahan CJ, Zhang J, Shao A. Selective autophagy as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1369-1392. [PMID: 33067655 PMCID: PMC7904548 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neurological diseases primarily include acute injuries, chronic neurodegeneration, and others (e.g., infectious diseases of the central nervous system). Autophagy is a housekeeping process responsible for the bulk degradation of misfolded protein aggregates and damaged organelles through the lysosomal machinery. Recent studies have suggested that autophagy, particularly selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, pexophagy, ER-phagy, ribophagy, lipophagy, etc., is closely implicated in neurological diseases. These forms of selective autophagy are controlled by a group of important proteins, including PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, p62, optineurin (OPTN), neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1), and nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 1 (NUFIP1). This review highlights the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of different types of selective autophagy, and their implications in various forms of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Umut Ocak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 16310, Bursa, Turkey.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Bursa City Hospital, 16110, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Liansheng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Rawat D, Shrivastava S, Naik RA, Chhonker SK, Koiri RK. SIRT1-mediated amelioration of oxidative stress in kidney of alcohol-aflatoxin-B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma by resveratrol is catalase dependent and GPx independent. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22576. [PMID: 32640115 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of primary liver cancer and dietary exposure to aflatoxins is a major risk factor of HCC. The current study aimed to assess the role of resveratrol and nicotinamide in renal toxicity during alcohol-aflatoxin-B1-induced HCC. The results revealed that resveratrol treatment normalized the level of urea, lipid peroxidation, lactate and lactate dehydrogenase, which were increased in HCC. It also downregulated the increased expression of sirtuin 1 in HCC kidney. Furthermore, amelioration of oxidative stress in kidney of HCC rats by resveratrol was observed to be catalase dependent and glutathione peroxidase independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Rawat
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
| | - Somi Shrivastava
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
| | - Rayees Ahmad Naik
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Chhonker
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
| | - Raj Kumar Koiri
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
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13
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Yang T, Feng X, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Cui H, Wei M, Yang H, Fan H. Dexmedetomidine Enhances Autophagy via α2-AR/AMPK/mTOR Pathway to Inhibit the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Subsequently Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:790. [PMID: 32670056 PMCID: PMC7326938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication of sepsis; however, no effective drugs have been found. Activation of the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a major pathogenic mechanism of AKI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Autophagy, a process of intracellular degradation related to renal homeostasis, effectively restricts inflammatory responses. Herein, we explored the potential protective mechanisms of dexmedetomidine (DEX), which has confirmed anti-inflammatory effects, on LPS-induced AKI. Methods AKI was induced in rats by injecting 10 mg/kg of LPS intraperitoneally (i.p.). Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of DEX (30 µg/kg) 30 min before an intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Atipamezole (ATI) (250 µg/kg) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) (15 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected 30 min before the DEX injection. Results DEX significantly attenuated renal injury. Furthermore, DEX decreased activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and expression of interleukins 1β and 18. In addition, autophagy-related protein and gene analysis indicated that DEX could significantly enhance autophagy. Finally, we verified the pharmacological effects of DEX on the 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Atip and 3-MA significantly reversed the protective effects of DEX. Conclusions Our results suggest that the protective effects of DEX were mediated by enhanced autophagy via the α2-adrenoreceptor/AMPK/mTOR pathway, which decreased activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Above all, we verified the renal protective effects of DEX and offer a new treatment strategy for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiujing Feng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hailin Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mian Wei
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Haotian Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Honggang Fan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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14
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Li Y, Long J, Chen J, Zhang J, Qin Y, Zhong Y, Liu F, Peng Z. Analysis of Spatiotemporal Urine Protein Dynamics to Identify New Biomarkers for Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Front Physiol 2020; 11:139. [PMID: 32194432 PMCID: PMC7063463 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of sepsis and contributes to increased mortality. Discovery of reliable biomarkers could enable identification of individuals with high AKI risk as well as early AKI detection and AKI progression monitoring. However, the current methods are insensitive and non-specific. This study aimed to identify new biomarkers through label-free mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of a sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Urine samples were collected from septic rats at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Protein isolated from urine was subjected to MS. Immunoregulatory biological processes, including immunoglobin production and wounding and defense responses, were upregulated at early time points. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses identified 77 significantly changed pathways. We further examined the consistently differentially expressed proteins to seek biomarkers that can be used for early diagnosis. Notably, the expression of PARK7 and CDH16 were changed in a continuous manner and related to the level of Scr in urine from patients. Therefore, PARK7 and CDH16 were confirmed to be novel biomarkers after validation in sepsis human patients. In summary, our study analyzed the proteomics of AKI at multiple time points, elucidated the related biological processes, and identified novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of sepsis-induced AKI, and our findings provide a theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junke Long
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- ICU Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Furong, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Center of Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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15
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Yao RQ, Ren C, Xia ZF, Yao YM. Organelle-specific autophagy in inflammatory diseases: a potential therapeutic target underlying the quality control of multiple organelles. Autophagy 2020; 17:385-401. [PMID: 32048886 PMCID: PMC8007140 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1725377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity and functional stability of organelles are prerequisites for the viability and responsiveness of cells. Dysfunction of multiple organelles is critically involved in the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, those organelles synchronously present with evident structural derangement and aberrant function under exposure to different stimuli, which might accelerate the corruption of cells. Therefore, the quality control of multiple organelles is of great importance in maintaining the survival and function of cells and could be a potential therapeutic target for human diseases. Organelle-specific autophagy is one of the major subtypes of autophagy, selectively targeting different organelles for quality control. This type of autophagy includes mitophagy, pexophagy, reticulophagy (endoplasmic reticulum), ribophagy, lysophagy, and nucleophagy. These kinds of organelle-specific autophagy are reported to be beneficial for inflammatory disorders by eliminating damaged organelles and maintaining homeostasis. In this review, we summarized the recent findings and mechanisms covering different kinds of organelle-specific autophagy, as well as their involvement in various diseases, aiming to arouse concern about the significance of the quality control of multiple organelles in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.Abbreviations: ABCD3: ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 3; AD: Alzheimer disease; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ARIH1: ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; ATF: activating transcription factor; ATG: autophagy related; ATM: ATM serine/threonine kinase; BCL2: BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BCL2L11/BIM: BCL2 like 11; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BECN1: beclin 1; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CANX: calnexin; CAT: catalase; CCPG1: cell cycle progression 1; CHDH: choline dehydrogenase; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CSE: cigarette smoke exposure; CTSD: cathepsin D; DDIT3/CHOP: DNA-damage inducible transcript 3; DISC1: DISC1 scaffold protein; DNM1L/DRP1: dynamin 1 like; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EIF2S1/eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EMD: emerin; EPAS1/HIF-2α: endothelial PAS domain protein 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated degradation; ERN1/IRE1α: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; FBXO27: F-box protein 27; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; G3BP1: G3BP stress granule assembly factor 1; GBA: glucocerebrosidase beta; HIF1A/HIF1: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane; LCLAT1/ALCAT1: lysocardiolipin acyltransferase 1; LGALS3/Gal3: galectin 3; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LMNA: lamin A/C; LMNB1: lamin B1; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAPK8/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MAMs: mitochondria-associated membranes; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MFN1: mitofusin 1; MOD: multiple organelles dysfunction; MTPAP: mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase; MUL1: mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NUFIP1: nuclear FMR1 interacting protein 1; OMM: outer mitochondrial membrane; OPTN: optineurin; PD: Parkinson disease; PARL: presenilin associated rhomboid like; PEX3: peroxisomal biogenesis factor 3; PGAM5: PGAM family member 5; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RETREG1/FAM134B: reticulophagy regulator 1; RHOT1/MIRO1: ras homolog family member T1; RIPK3/RIP3: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RTN3: reticulon 3; SEC62: SEC62 homolog, preprotein translocation factor; SESN2: sestrin2; SIAH1: siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; SNCA: synuclein alpha; SNCAIP: synuclein alpha interacting protein; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TICAM1/TRIF: toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TNKS: tankyrase; TOMM: translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane; TRIM: tripartite motif containing; UCP2: uncoupling protein 2; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPR: unfolded protein response; USP10: ubiquitin specific peptidase 10; VCP/p97: valosin containing protein; VDAC: voltage dependent anion channels; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis; ZNHIT3: zinc finger HIT-type containing 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Qi Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ren
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Fan Xia
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Tomsa AM, Alexa AL, Junie ML, Rachisan AL, Ciumarnean L. Oxidative stress as a potential target in acute kidney injury. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8046. [PMID: 31741796 PMCID: PMC6858818 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major problem for health systems being directly related to short and long-term morbidity and mortality. In the last years, the incidence of AKI has been increasing. AKI and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are closely interconnected, with a growing rate of CKD linked to repeated and severe episodes of AKI. AKI and CKD can occur also secondary to imbalanced oxidative stress (OS) reactions, inflammation, and apoptosis. The kidney is particularly sensitive to OS. OS is known as a crucial pathogenetic factor in cellular damage, with a direct role in initiation, development, and progression of AKI. The aim of this review is to focus on the pathogenetic role of OS in AKI in order to gain a better understanding. We exposed the potential relationships between OS and the perturbation of renal function and we also presented the redox-dependent factors that can contribute to early kidney injury. In the last decades, promising advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of AKI and its consequences, but more studies are needed in order to develop new therapies that can address OS and oxidative damage in early stages of AKI. Methods We searched PubMed for relevant articles published up to May 2019. In this review we incorporated data from different types of studies, including observational and experimental, both in vivo and in vitro, studies that provided information about OS in the pathophysiology of AKI. Results The results show that OS plays a major key role in the initiation and development of AKI, providing the chance to find new targets that can be therapeutically addressed. Discussion Acute kidney injury represents a major health issue that is still not fully understood. Research in this area still provides new useful data that can help obtain a better management of the patient. OS represents a major focus point in many studies, and a better understanding of its implications in AKI might offer the chance to fight new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Magdalena Tomsa
- Department of Pediatrics II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Leonard Alexa
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care I, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Lia Junie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Liana Rachisan
- Department of Pediatrics II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lorena Ciumarnean
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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17
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Molecular Interactions Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Autophagy in Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153791. [PMID: 31382550 PMCID: PMC6696055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive signaling molecules that maintain redox homeostasis in mammalian cells. Dysregulation of redox homeostasis under pathological conditions results in excessive generation of ROS, culminating in oxidative stress and the associated oxidative damage of cellular components. ROS and oxidative stress play a vital role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, and it is well documented that increased oxidative stress in patients enhances the progression of renal diseases. Oxidative stress activates autophagy, which facilitates cellular adaptation and diminishes oxidative damage by degrading and recycling intracellular oxidized and damaged macromolecules and dysfunctional organelles. In this review, we report the current understanding of the molecular regulation of autophagy in response to oxidative stress in general and in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. We summarize how the molecular interactions between ROS and autophagy involve ROS-mediated activation of autophagy and autophagy-mediated reduction of oxidative stress. In particular, we describe how ROS impact various signaling pathways of autophagy, including mTORC1-ULK1, AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1, and Keap1-Nrf2-p62, as well as selective autophagy including mitophagy and pexophagy. Precise elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of interactions between ROS and autophagy in the pathogenesis of renal diseases may identify novel targets for development of drugs for preventing renal injury.
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18
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Deori NM, Kale A, Maurya PK, Nagotu S. Peroxisomes: role in cellular ageing and age related disorders. Biogerontology 2018; 19:303-324. [PMID: 29968207 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles essential for optimum functioning of a eukaryotic cell. Biogenesis of these organelles and the diverse functions performed by them have been extensively studied in the past decade. Their ability to perform functions depending on the cell type and growth conditions is unique and remarkable. Oxidation of fatty acids and reactive oxygen species metabolism are the two most important functions of these ubiquitous organelles. They are often referred to as both source and sink of reactive oxygen species in a cell. Recent research connects peroxisome dysfunction to fatal oxidative damage associated with ageing-related diseases/disorders. It is now widely accepted that mitochondria and peroxisomes are required to maintain oxidative balance in a cell. However, our understanding on the inter-dependence of these organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species is still in its infancy. Herein, we summarize findings that highlight the role of peroxisomes in cellular reactive oxygen species metabolism, ageing and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan M Deori
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Avinash Kale
- UM-DAE, Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Health Centre, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, 400098, India
| | - Pawan K Maurya
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo-UNIFESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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19
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Intracellular organelles in health and kidney disease. Nephrol Ther 2018; 15:9-21. [PMID: 29887266 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Subcellular organelles consist of smaller substructures called supramolecular assemblies and these in turn consist of macromolecules. Various subcellular organelles have critical functions that consist of genetic disorders of organelle biogenesis and several metabolic disturbances that occur during non-genetic diseases e.g. infection, intoxication and drug treatments. Mitochondrial damage can cause renal dysfunction as ischemic acute renal injury, chronic kidney disease progression. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event in aldosterone-induced podocyte injury and cardiovascular disease due to oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease. Elevated production of reactive oxygen species could be able to activate NLRP3 inflammasome representing new deregulated biological machinery and a novel therapeutic target in hemodialysis patients. Peroxisomes are actively involved in apoptosis and inflammation, innate immunity, aging and in the pathogenesis of age related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and cancer. Peroxisomal catalase causes alterations of mitochondrial membrane proteins and stimulates generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. High concentrations of hydrogen peroxide exacerbate organelles and cellular aging. The importance of proper peroxisomal function for the biosynthesis of bile acids has been firmly established. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pathological diseases in kidney cause glomerular injury and tubulointerstitial injury. Furthermore, there is a link between oxidative stress and inflammations in pathological states are associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress. Proteinuria and hyperglycemia in diabetic nephropathy may induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in tubular cells of the kidney. Due to the accumulation in the proximal tubule lysosomes, impaired function of these organelles may be an important mechanism leading to proximal tubular toxicity.
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20
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Kim KA, Shin D, Kim JH, Shin YJ, Rajanikant GK, Majid A, Baek SH, Bae ON. Role of Autophagy in Endothelial Damage and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2018; 49:1571-1579. [PMID: 29724893 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-A Kim
- From the College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea (K.-A.K., D.S., J.-H.K., Y.-J.S., O.-N.B.)
| | - Donggeun Shin
- From the College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea (K.-A.K., D.S., J.-H.K., Y.-J.S., O.-N.B.)
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Kim
- From the College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea (K.-A.K., D.S., J.-H.K., Y.-J.S., O.-N.B.)
| | - Young-Jun Shin
- From the College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea (K.-A.K., D.S., J.-H.K., Y.-J.S., O.-N.B.)
| | - G K Rajanikant
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India (G.K.R.)
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, England (A.M.)
| | - Seung-Hoon Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.-H.B.)
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- From the College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea (K.-A.K., D.S., J.-H.K., Y.-J.S., O.-N.B.)
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21
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Cho DH, Kim YS, Jo DS, Choe SK, Jo EK. Pexophagy: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Health and Diseases. Mol Cells 2018; 41:55-64. [PMID: 29370694 PMCID: PMC5792714 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway for large protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Recent studies have indicated that autophagy targets cargoes through a selective degradation pathway called selective autophagy. Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles that are crucial for health and development. Pexophagy is selective autophagy that targets peroxisomes and is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis of peroxisomes, which is necessary in the prevention of various peroxisome-related disorders. However, the mechanisms by which pexophagy is regulated and the key players that induce and modulate pexophagy are largely unknown. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of how pexophagy is induced and regulated, and the selective adaptors involved in mediating pexophagy. Furthermore, we discuss current findings on the roles of pexophagy in physiological and pathological responses, which provide insight into the clinical relevance of pexophagy regulation. Understanding how pexophagy interacts with various biological functions will provide fundamental insights into the function of pexophagy and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics against peroxisomal dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyung Cho
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104,
Korea
| | - Yi Sak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
| | - Doo Sin Jo
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104,
Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538,
Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
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22
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Walker CL, Pomatto LCD, Tripathi DN, Davies KJA. Redox Regulation of Homeostasis and Proteostasis in Peroxisomes. Physiol Rev 2017; 98:89-115. [PMID: 29167332 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic intracellular organelles involved in a variety of metabolic functions essential for the metabolism of long-chain fatty acids, d-amino acids, and many polyamines. A byproduct of peroxisomal metabolism is the generation, and subsequent detoxification, of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Because of its relatively low reactivity (as a mild oxidant), H2O2 has a comparatively long intracellular half-life and a high diffusion rate, all of which makes H2O2 an efficient signaling molecule. Peroxisomes also have intricate connections to mitochondria, and both organelles appear to play important roles in regulating redox signaling pathways. Peroxisomal proteins are also subject to oxidative modification and inactivation by the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species they generate, but the peroxisomal LonP2 protease can selectively remove such oxidatively damaged proteins, thus prolonging the useful lifespan of the organelle. Peroxisomal homeostasis must adapt to the metabolic state of the cell, by a combination of peroxisome proliferation, the removal of excess or badly damaged organelles by autophagy (pexophagy), as well as by processes of peroxisome inheritance and motility. More recently the tumor suppressors ataxia telangiectasia mutate (ATM) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), which regulate mTORC1 signaling, have been found to regulate pexophagy in response to variable levels of certain reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It is now clear that any significant loss of peroxisome homeostasis can have devastating physiological consequences. Peroxisome dysregulation has been implicated in several metabolic diseases, and increasing evidence highlights the important role of diminished peroxisomal functions in aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura C D Pomatto
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Durga Nand Tripathi
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Center for Precision Environmental Health and Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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23
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Abstract
During sepsis, the alarmin HMGB1 is released from tissues and promotes systemic inflammation that results in multi-organ damage, with the kidney particularly susceptible to injury. The severity of inflammation and pro-damage signaling mediated by HMGB1 appears to be dependent on the alarmin's redox state. Therefore, we examined HMGB1 redox in kidney cells during sepsis. Using intravital microscopy, CellROX labeling of kidneys in live mice indicated increased ROS generation in the kidney perivascular endothelium and tubules during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. Subsequent CellROX and MitoSOX labeling of LPS-stressed endothelial and kidney proximal tubule cells demonstrated increased ROS generation in these cells as sepsis worsens. Consequently, HMGB1 oxidation increased in the cytoplasm of kidney cells during its translocation from the nucleus to the circulation, with the degree of oxidation dependent on the severity of sepsis, as measured in in vivo mouse samples using a thiol assay and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The greater the oxidation of HMGB1, the greater the ability of the alarmin to stimulate pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokine release (measured by Luminex Multiplex) and alter mitochondrial ATP generation (Luminescent ATP Detection Assay). Administration of glutathione and thioredoxin inhibitors to cell cultures enhanced HMGB1 oxidation during sepsis in endothelial and proximal tubule cells, respectively. In conclusion, as sepsis worsens, ROS generation and HMGB1 oxidation increases in kidney cells, which enhances HMGB1's pro-inflammatory signaling. Conversely, the glutathione and thioredoxin systems work to maintain the protein in its reduced state. Endotoxins (LPS) increase cellular oxidative stress during sepsis. During its translocation, HMGB1 gets oxidized in the cytoplasm. Thioredoxin and glutathione keep HMGB1 in a reduced redox state during sepsis. HMGB1 oxidation enhances its stimulation of inflammatory cyto-/chemokine release.
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24
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The Peroxisome-Mitochondria Connection: How and Why? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061126. [PMID: 28538669 PMCID: PMC5485950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, peroxisomes have emerged as key regulators in overall cellular lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism. In mammals, these organelles have also been recognized as important hubs in redox-, lipid-, inflammatory-, and innate immune-signaling networks. To exert these activities, peroxisomes must interact both functionally and physically with other cell organelles. This review provides a comprehensive look of what is currently known about the interconnectivity between peroxisomes and mitochondria within mammalian cells. We first outline how peroxisomal and mitochondrial abundance are controlled by common sets of cis- and trans-acting factors. Next, we discuss how peroxisomes and mitochondria may communicate with each other at the molecular level. In addition, we reflect on how these organelles cooperate in various metabolic and signaling pathways. Finally, we address why peroxisomes and mitochondria have to maintain a healthy relationship and why defects in one organelle may cause dysfunction in the other. Gaining a better insight into these issues is pivotal to understanding how these organelles function in their environment, both in health and disease.
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25
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Cipolla CM, Lodhi IJ. Peroxisomal Dysfunction in Age-Related Diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:297-308. [PMID: 28063767 PMCID: PMC5366081 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes carry out many key functions related to lipid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. The fundamental importance of peroxisomes for health in humans is underscored by the existence of devastating genetic disorders caused by impaired peroxisomal function or lack of peroxisomes. Emerging studies suggest that peroxisomal function may also be altered with aging and contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including diabetes and its related complications, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. With increasing evidence connecting peroxisomal dysfunction to the pathogenesis of these acquired diseases, the possibility of targeting peroxisomal function in disease prevention or treatment becomes intriguing. Here, we review recent developments in understanding the pathophysiological implications of peroxisomal dysfunctions outside the context of inherited peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Cipolla
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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26
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Peroxisomes are organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. The organs with the highest density of peroxisomes are the liver and kidneys. Peroxisomes possess more than fifty enzymes and fulfill a multitude of biological tasks. They actively participate in apoptosis, innate immunity, and inflammation. In recent years, a considerable amount of evidence has been collected to support the involvement of peroxisomes in the pathogenesis of kidney injury. RECENT ADVANCES The nature of the two most important peroxisomal tasks, beta-oxidation of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide turnover, functionally relates peroxisomes to mitochondria. Further support for their communication and cooperation is furnished by the evidence that both organelles share the components of their division machinery. Until recently, the majority of studies on the molecular mechanisms of kidney injury focused primarily on mitochondria and neglected peroxisomes. CRITICAL ISSUES The aim of this concise review is to introduce the reader to the field of peroxisome biology and to provide an overview of the evidence about the contribution of peroxisomes to the development and progression of kidney injury. The topics of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, endotoxin-induced kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, as well as the potential therapeutic implications of peroxisome activation, are addressed in this review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite recent progress, further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms induced by dysfunctional peroxisomes and the role of the dysregulated mitochondria-peroxisome axis in the pathogenesis of renal injury. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 217-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Vasko
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A common link between all forms of acute and chronic kidney injuries, regardless of species, is enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) during injury/disease progression. While low levels of ROS and RNS are required for prosurvival signaling, cell proliferation and growth, and vasoreactivity regulation, an imbalance of ROS and RNS generation and elimination leads to inflammation, cell death, tissue damage, and disease/injury progression. RECENT ADVANCES Many aspects of renal oxidative stress still require investigation, including clarification of the mechanisms which prompt ROS/RNS generation and subsequent renal damage. However, we currently have a basic understanding of the major features of oxidative stress pathology and its link to kidney injury/disease, which this review summarizes. CRITICAL ISSUES The review summarizes the critical sources of oxidative stress in the kidney during injury/disease, including generation of ROS and RNS from mitochondria, NADPH oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The review next summarizes the renal antioxidant systems that protect against oxidative stress, including superoxide dismutase and catalase, the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, and others. Next, we describe how oxidative stress affects kidney function and promotes damage in every nephron segment, including the renal vessels, glomeruli, and tubules. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite the limited success associated with the application of antioxidants for treatment of kidney injury/disease thus far, preventing the generation and accumulation of ROS and RNS provides an ideal target for potential therapeutic treatments. The review discusses the shortcomings of antioxidant treatments previously used and the potential promise of new ones. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 119-146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Ratliff
- 1 Department of Medicine, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.,2 Department of Physiology, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Wasan Abdulmahdi
- 2 Department of Physiology, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Rahul Pawar
- 1 Department of Medicine, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Michael S Wolin
- 2 Department of Physiology, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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28
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Zientara-Rytter K, Subramani S. Autophagic degradation of peroxisomes in mammals. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:431-40. [PMID: 27068951 PMCID: PMC4958620 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential organelles required for proper cell function in all eukaryotic organisms. They participate in a wide range of cellular processes including the metabolism of lipids and generation, as well as detoxification, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Therefore, peroxisome homoeostasis, manifested by the precise and efficient control of peroxisome number and functionality, must be tightly regulated in response to environmental changes. Due to the existence of many physiological disorders and diseases associated with peroxisome homoeostasis imbalance, the dynamics of peroxisomes have been widely examined. The increasing volume of reports demonstrating significant involvement of the autophagy machinery in peroxisome removal leads us to summarize current knowledge of peroxisome degradation in mammalian cells. In this review we present current models of peroxisome degradation. We particularly focus on pexophagy-the selective clearance of peroxisomes through autophagy. We also critically discuss concepts of peroxisome recognition for pexophagy, including signalling and selectivity factors. Finally, we present examples of the pathological effects of pexophagy dysfunction and suggest promising future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zientara-Rytter
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University California, San Diego, CA 92093-0322, U.S.A
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University California, San Diego, CA 92093-0322, U.S.A.
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29
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Kaushal GP, Shah SV. Autophagy in acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2016; 89:779-91. [PMID: 26924060 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved multistep pathway that degrades and recycles damaged organelles and macromolecules to maintain intracellular homeostasis. The autophagy pathway is upregulated under stress conditions including cell starvation, hypoxia, nutrient and growth-factor deprivation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidant injury, most of which are involved in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent studies demonstrate that basal autophagy in the kidney is vital for the normal homeostasis of the proximal tubules. Deletion of key autophagy proteins impaired renal function and increased p62 levels and oxidative stress. In models of AKI, autophagy deletion in proximal tubules worsened tubular injury and renal function, highlighting that autophagy is renoprotective in models of AKI. In addition to nonselective sequestration of autophagic cargo, autophagy can facilitate selective degradation of damaged organelles, particularly mitochondrial degradation through the process of mitophagy. Damaged mitochondria accumulate in autophagy-deficient kidneys of mice subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, but the precise mechanisms of regulation of mitophagy in AKI are not yet elucidated. Recent progress in identifying the interplay of autophagy, apoptosis, and regulated necrosis has revived interest in examining shared pathways/molecules in this crosstalk during the pathogenesis of AKI. Autophagy and its associated pathways pose potentially unique targets for therapeutic interventions in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur P Kaushal
- Renal Section, Medicine Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Sudhir V Shah
- Renal Section, Medicine Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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30
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Gatticchi L, Bellezza I, Del Sordo R, Peirce MJ, Sidoni A, Roberti R, Minelli A. The Tm7sf2 Gene Deficiency Protects Mice against Endotoxin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141885. [PMID: 26540160 PMCID: PMC4635018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for diverse cellular functions and cellular and whole-body cholesterol homeostasis is highly controlled. Cholesterol can also influence cellular susceptibility to injury. The connection between cholesterol metabolism and inflammation is exemplified by the Tm7sf2 gene, the absence of which reveals an essential role in cholesterol biosynthesis under stress conditions but also results in an inflammatory phenotype, i.e. NF-κB activation and TNFα up-regulation. Here, by using Tm7sf2+/+and Tm7sf2−/− mice, we investigated whether the Tm7sf2 gene, through its role in cholesterol biosynthesis under stress conditions, is involved in the renal failure induced by the administration of LPS. We found that the loss of Tm7sf2 gene results in significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen levels accompanied by decreased renal inflammatory response and neutral lipid accumulation. The increased expression of fatty acids catabolic enzymes reduces the need of the renal autophagy, a known crucial nutrient-sensing pathway in lipid metabolism. Moreover, we observed that the Tm7sf2 insufficiency is responsible for the inhibition of the NF-κB signalling thus dampening the inflammatory response and leading to a reduced renal damage. These results suggest a pivotal role for Tm7sf2 in renal inflammatory and lipotoxic response under endotoxemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Gatticchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rachele Del Sordo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Matthew J. Peirce
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Roberti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alba Minelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 06124 Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
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31
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Huang Y, Tan Q, Chen R, Cao B, Li W. Sevoflurane prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced barrier dysfunction in human lung microvascular endothelial cells: Rho-mediated alterations of VE-cadherin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:119-24. [PMID: 26529544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) mainly occurs as increased permeability of lung tissue and pleural effusion. Inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane has been demonstrated to alleviate lung permeability by upregulating junction proteins after ischemia-reperfusion. However, the exact mechanisms of its protective effect on reperfusion injury remain elusive. The aim of this study was to assess possible preconditioning with sevoflurane in an in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced barrier dysfunction in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-Ls). In this study, HMVEC-Ls were exposed to minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for 2 h. LPS significantly increased the permeability of HMVEC-L. Moreover, the distribution of junction protein, vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, in cell-cell junction area and the total expression in HMVEC-Ls were significantly decreased by LPS treatment. However, the abnormal distribution and decreased expression of VE-cadherin and hyperpermeability of HMVEC-Ls were significantly reversed by pretreatment with sevoflurane. Furthermore, LPS-induced activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was significantly inhibited with sevoflurane. Such activation, abnormal distribution and decreased expression of VE-cadherin and hyperpermeability of HMVEC-Ls were significantly inhibited with sevoflurane pretreatment or knockdown of RhoA or ROCK-2. In conclusion, sevoflurane prevented LPS-induced rupture of HMVEC-L monolayers by suppressing the RhoA/ROCK-mediated VE-cadherin signaling pathway. Our results may explain, at least in part, some beneficial effects of sevoflurane on pulmonary dysfunction such as ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 157 Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510510, PR China.
| | - Qindong Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 157 Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510510, PR China
| | - Biao Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 157 Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510510, PR China
| | - Wenhong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 157 Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510510, PR China
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32
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El-Achkar TM, Dagher PC. Tubular cross talk in acute kidney injury: a story of sense and sensibility. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F1317-23. [PMID: 25877507 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00030.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian kidney is an organ composed of numerous functional units or nephrons. Beyond the filtering glomerulus of each nephron, various tubular segments with distinct populations of epithelial cells sequentially span the kidney from cortex to medulla. The highly organized folding of the tubules results in a spatial distribution that allows intimate contact between various tubular subsegments. This unique arrangement can promote a newly recognized type of horizontal epithelial-to-epithelial cross talk. In this review, we discuss the importance of this tubular cross talk in shaping the response of the kidney to acute injury in a sense and sensibility model. We propose that injury-resistant tubules such as S1 proximal segments and thick ascending limbs (TAL) can act as "sensors" and thus modulate the responsiveness or "sensibility" of the S2-S3 proximal segments to injury. We also discuss new findings that highlight the importance of tubular cross talk in regulating homeostasis and inflammation not only in the kidney, but also systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M El-Achkar
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
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33
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Burnett SF, Farré JC, Nazarko TY, Subramani S. Peroxisomal Pex3 activates selective autophagy of peroxisomes via interaction with the pexophagy receptor Atg30. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8623-31. [PMID: 25694426 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pexophagy is a process that selectively degrades peroxisomes by autophagy. The Pichia pastoris pexophagy receptor Atg30 is recruited to peroxisomes under peroxisome proliferation conditions. During pexophagy, Atg30 undergoes phosphorylation, a prerequisite for its interactions with the autophagy scaffold protein Atg11 and the ubiquitin-like protein Atg8. Atg30 is subsequently shuttled to the vacuole along with the targeted peroxisome for degradation. Here, we defined the binding site for Atg30 on the peroxisomal membrane protein Pex3 and uncovered a role for Pex3 in the activation of Atg30 via phosphorylation and in the recruitment of Atg11 to the receptor protein complex. Pex3 is classically a docking protein for other proteins that affect peroxisome biogenesis, division, and segregation. We conclude that Pex3 has a role beyond simple docking of Atg30 and that its interaction with Atg30 regulates pexophagy in the yeast P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Burnett
- From the Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0322
| | - Jean-Claude Farré
- From the Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0322
| | - Taras Y Nazarko
- From the Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0322
| | - Suresh Subramani
- From the Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0322
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34
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Hato T, Dagher PC. How the Innate Immune System Senses Trouble and Causes Trouble. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 10:1459-69. [PMID: 25414319 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04680514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense in response to nonself and danger signals from microbial invasion or tissue injury. It is increasingly recognized that each organ uses unique sets of cells and molecules that orchestrate regional innate immunity. The cells that execute the task of innate immunity are many and consist of not only "professional" immune cells but also nonimmune cells, such as renal epithelial cells. Despite a high level of sophistication, deregulated innate immunity is common and contributes to a wide range of renal diseases, such as sepsis-induced kidney injury, GN, and allograft dysfunction. This review discusses how the innate immune system recognizes and responds to nonself and danger signals. In particular, the roles of renal epithelial cells that make them an integral part of the innate immune apparatus of the kidney are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hato
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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35
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Liu Y, Long J, Liu J. Mitochondrial free radical theory of aging: who moved my premise? Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14:740-9. [PMID: 24750368 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
First proposed by D Harman in the 1950s, the Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging (MFRTA) has become one of the most tested and well-known theories in aging research. Its core statement is that aging results from the accumulation of oxidative damage, which is closely linked with the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria. Although MFRTA has been well acknowledged for more than half a century, conflicting evidence is piling up in recent years querying the causal effect of ROS in aging. A critical idea thus emerges that contrary to their conventional image only as toxic agents, ROS at a non-toxic level function as signaling molecules that induce protective defense in responses to age-dependent damage. Furthermore, the peroxisome, another organelle in eukaryotic cells, might have a say in longevity modulation. Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two organelles closely related to each other, and their interaction has major implications for the regulation of aging. The present review particularizes the questionable sequiturs of the MFRTA, and recommends peroxisome, similarly as mitochondrion, as a possible candidate for the regulation of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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36
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Lakhani R, Vogel KR, Till A, Liu J, Burnett SF, Gibson KM, Subramani S. Defects in GABA metabolism affect selective autophagy pathways and are alleviated by mTOR inhibition. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:551-66. [PMID: 24578415 PMCID: PMC3992080 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201303356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to key roles in embryonic neurogenesis and myelinogenesis, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) serves as the primary inhibitory mammalian neurotransmitter. In yeast, we have identified a new role for GABA that augments activity of the pivotal kinase, Tor1. GABA inhibits the selective autophagy pathways, mitophagy and pexophagy, through Sch9, the homolog of the mammalian kinase, S6K1, leading to oxidative stress, all of which can be mitigated by the Tor1 inhibitor, rapamycin. To confirm these processes in mammals, we examined the succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH)-deficient mouse model that accumulates supraphysiological GABA in the central nervous system and other tissues. Mutant mice displayed increased mitochondrial numbers in the brain and liver, expected with a defect in mitophagy, and morphologically abnormal mitochondria. Administration of rapamycin to these mice reduced mTOR activity, reduced the elevated mitochondrial numbers, and normalized aberrant antioxidant levels. These results confirm a novel role for GABA in cell signaling and highlight potential pathomechanisms and treatments in various human pathologies, including SSADH deficiency, as well as other diseases characterized by elevated levels of GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Lakhani
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Dodson M, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Cellular metabolic and autophagic pathways: traffic control by redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:207-21. [PMID: 23702245 PMCID: PMC3729625 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that the key metabolic pathways of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are intimately related to redox biology through control of cell signaling. Under physiological conditions glucose metabolism is linked to control of the NADH/NAD redox couple, as well as providing the major reductant, NADPH, for thiol-dependent antioxidant defenses. Retrograde signaling from the mitochondrion to the nucleus or cytosol controls cell growth and differentiation. Under pathological conditions mitochondria are targets for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and are critical in controlling apoptotic cell death. At the interface of these metabolic pathways, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway functions to maintain mitochondrial quality and generally serves an important cytoprotective function. In this review we will discuss the autophagic response to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are generated from perturbations of cellular glucose metabolism and bioenergetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dodson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
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Nordgren M, Wang B, Apanasets O, Fransen M. Peroxisome degradation in mammals: mechanisms of action, recent advances, and perspectives. Front Physiol 2013; 4:145. [PMID: 23785334 PMCID: PMC3682127 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are remarkably dynamic organelles that participate in a diverse array of cellular processes, including the metabolism of lipids and reactive oxygen species. In order to regulate peroxisome function in response to changing nutritional and environmental stimuli, new organelles need to be formed and superfluous and dysfunctional organelles have to be selectively removed. Disturbances in any of these processes have been associated with the etiology and progression of various congenital neurodegenerative and age-related human disorders. The aim of this review is to critically explore our current knowledge of how peroxisomes are degraded in mammalian cells and how defects in this process may contribute to human disease. Some of the key issues highlighted include the current concepts of peroxisome removal, the peroxisome quality control mechanisms, the initial triggers for peroxisome degradation, the factors for dysfunctional peroxisome recognition, and the regulation of peroxisome homeostasis. We also dissect the functional and mechanistic relationship between different forms of selective organelle degradation and consider how lysosomal dysfunction may lead to defects in peroxisome turnover. In addition, we draw lessons from studies on other organisms and extrapolate this knowledge to mammals. Finally, we discuss the potential pathological implications of dysfunctional peroxisome degradation for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Nordgren
- Laboratory of Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium
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