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Priolli DG, Abrantes AM, Neves S, Gonçalves AC, Lopes CO, Martinez NP, Cardinalli IA, Ribeiro ABS, Botelho MF. Microenvironment influence on human colon adenocarcinoma phenotypes and matrix metalloproteinase-2, p53 and β-catenin tumor expressions from identical monoclonal cell tumor in the orthotopic model in athymic nude rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:309-16. [PMID: 24325610 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.869350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to identify differences between left and right colon adenocarcinoma arising from identical clonal cell and to find out if microenvironment has any influence on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), p53 and β-catenin tumor expressions. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Rats (RNU) were submitted to cecostomy to obtain the orthotopic model of right colon tumor (n = 10), while for the left colon model (n = 10), a colon diversion and distal mucous fistula in the descending colon was used. Cultivated human colon adenocarcinoma cells (WiDr) were inoculated in stomas submucosa. Histopathological analysis, real-time reverse transcription-PCR for β-catenin, p53 and MMP2, as well as immunohistochemical analysis for p53 and β-catenin expression were conducted. Central tendency, variance analysis and the Livak delta-delta-CT method were used for statistical analysis, adopting a 5% significance level. RESULTS. All tumors from the left colon exhibited infiltrative ulceration, while in the right colon tumor growth was predominantly exophytic (67%). In the left colon, tumor growth was undifferentiated (100%), while it was moderately differentiated in the right colon (83%). In right colon tumors, MMP2, p53, and β-catenin gene expressions were higher than compared to left colon (p = 4.59354E-05, p = 0.0035179, p = 0.00093798, respectively, for MMP2, p53 and β-catenin). β-catenin and p53 results obtained by real-time polymerase chain reaction were confirmed by immunohistochemistry assay (p = 0.01 and p = 0.001, respectively, for β-catenin and p53). CONCLUSION. Left and right human colon adenocarcinomas developed in animal models have distinct phenotypes even when they have the same clonal origin. Microenvironment has influenced p53, β-catenin, and MMP2 expression in animal models of colon cancer.
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van de Ven AL, Wu M, Lowengrub J, McDougall SR, Chaplain MAJ, Cristini V, Ferrari M, Frieboes HB. Integrated intravital microscopy and mathematical modeling to optimize nanotherapeutics delivery to tumors. AIP ADVANCES 2012; 2:11208. [PMID: 22489278 PMCID: PMC3321519 DOI: 10.1063/1.3699060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient vascularization hinders the optimal transport of cell nutrients, oxygen, and drugs to cancer cells in solid tumors. Gradients of these substances maintain a heterogeneous cell-scale microenvironment through which drugs and their carriers must travel, significantly limiting optimal drug exposure. In this study, we integrate intravital microscopy with a mathematical model of cancer to evaluate the behavior of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems designed to circumvent biophysical barriers. We simulate the effect of doxorubicin delivered via porous 1000 x 400 nm plateloid silicon particles to a solid tumor characterized by a realistic vasculature, and vary the parameters to determine how much drug per particle and how many particles need to be released within the vasculature in order to achieve remission of the tumor. We envision that this work will contribute to the development of quantitative measures of nanoparticle design and drug loading in order to optimize cancer treatment via nanotherapeutics.
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3
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Kogan NM, Blázquez C, Alvarez L, Gallily R, Schlesinger M, Guzmán M, Mechoulam R. A cannabinoid quinone inhibits angiogenesis by targeting vascular endothelial cells. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:51-9. [PMID: 16571653 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.021089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings on the inhibition of angiogenesis and vascular endothelial cell proliferation by anthracycline antibiotics, which contain a quinone moiety, make this type of compound a very promising lead in cancer research/therapy. We have reported that a new cannabinoid anticancer quinone, cannabidiol hydroxyquinone (HU-331), is highly effective against tumor xenografts in nude mice. For evaluation of the antiangiogenic action of cannabinoid quinones, collagen-embedded rat aortic ring assay was used. The ability of cannabinoids to cause endothelial cell apoptosis was assayed by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry analysis. To examine the genes and pathways targeted by HU-331 in vascular endothelial cells, human cDNA microarrays and polymerase chain reaction were used. Immunostaining with anti-CD31 of tumors grown in nude mice served to indicate inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. HU-331 was found to be strongly antiangiogenic, significantly inhibiting angiogenesis at concentrations as low as 300 nM. HU-331 inhibited angiogenesis by directly inducing apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells without changing the expression of pro- and antiangiogenic cytokines and their receptors. A significant decrease in the total area occupied by vessels in HU-331-treated tumors was also observed. These data lead us to consider HU-331 to have high potential as a new antiangiogenic and anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya M Kogan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Medical Faculty, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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4
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Egami K, Murohara T, Shimada T, Sasaki KI, Shintani S, Sugaya T, Ishii M, Akagi T, Ikeda H, Matsuishi T, Imaizumi T. Role of host angiotensin II type 1 receptor in tumor angiogenesis and growth. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:67-75. [PMID: 12840060 PMCID: PMC162282 DOI: 10.1172/jci16645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a major regulator of vascular homeostasis, the role of the RAS in tumor angiogenesis is little understood. Here we show that host angiotensin II (ATII) type 1 (AT1) receptor plays an important role in angiogenesis and growth of tumor cells engrafted in mice. Subcutaneous B16-F1 melanoma-induced angiogenesis as assessed by tissue capillary density and microangiography was prominent in WT mice but was reduced in AT1a receptor-deficient (AT1a-/-) mice. Consequently, tumor growth rate was significantly slower, and the mouse survival rate was greater, in AT1a-/- mice than in WT mice. Tumor growth was also reduced in WT mice treated with TCV-116, a selective blocker of AT1 receptor. Because the beta-galactosidase gene was inserted into the AT1a gene locus in AT1a-/- mice, the site of beta-galactosidase expression represents the AT1a receptor expression in these mutant mice. In tumor-implanted AT1a-/- mice, the major site of the beta-galactosidase expression was macrophages in tissues surrounding tumors. Moreover, the number of infiltrated macrophages was significantly lower in AT1a-/- mice than in WT mice, and double-immunofluorescence staining revealed that these macrophages expressed VEGF protein intensively. Therefore, the host ATII-AT1 receptor pathway supports tumor-associated macrophage infiltration, which results in enhanced tissue VEGF protein levels. The host ATII-AT1 receptor pathway thereby plays important roles in tumor-related angiogenesis and growth in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Cyclohexanes
- Endothelial Growth Factors/analysis
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/analysis
- Lymphokines/analysis
- Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptors, Angiotensin/analysis
- Receptors, Angiotensin/physiology
- Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology
- Tetrazoles
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyasu Egami
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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5
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Myoung H, Hong SP, Yun PY, Lee JH, Kim MJ. Anti-cancer effect of genistein in oral squamous cell carcinoma with respect to angiogenesis and in vitro invasion. Cancer Sci 2003; 94:215-20. [PMID: 12708500 PMCID: PMC11160255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2003.tb01422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2002] [Revised: 12/09/2002] [Accepted: 12/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers. OSCC generally has a poor prognosis due to its tendency towards local invasion and subsequent metastasis, which is mediated by multiple proteolytic enzymes and angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of genistein, a soybean product known to be an effective natural anti-angiogenic agent, with respect to tumor growth, angiogenesis and in vitro invasion in an OSCC model. Northern blot analysis for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), in vitro invasion assay and gelatin zymography were carried out for HSC-3 cells treated with genistein (27.3 microg/ml). In the animal experiment, genistein (0.5 mg/kg) was injected into tumor (HSC-3)-bearing mice (male balb/c/nu). The tumor growth rate and metastasis to lymph node or lung were compared and the microvessel density (CD31) was subsequently analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The genistein-treated group showed a down-regulation in VEGF mRNA expression, but not in bFGF and MMP-2 mRNA expression. Genistein reduced in vitro invasion through the artificial basement membrane and gelatin zymography also showed a reduced gelatinolytic activity in the genistein-treated group. In the genistein-treated mice, a significantly lower CD31 immunoreactivity was found. However, the tumor growth and metastatic behavior in the experimental group and the control group were similar and there were no significant differences. These results suggest the possible use of genistein as an anti-cancer agent in oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, it appears from the present study that anti-angiogenic therapy consisting of a single application of genistein may not provide a satisfactory treatment for OSCC. As a result, further research is recommended to confirm that genistein may be employed as an adjunct treatment modality for OSCC.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Collagen
- Drug Combinations
- Endothelial Growth Factors/biosynthesis
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/biosynthesis
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Genistein/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Laminin
- Lymphokines/biosynthesis
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mouth Neoplasms/blood supply
- Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Proteoglycans
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Myoung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28-2, Yun-Gun dong, Chong-No gu, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Jung YD, Ahmad SA, Liu W, Reinmuth N, Parikh A, Stoeltzing O, Fan F, Ellis LM. The role of the microenvironment and intercellular cross-talk in tumor angiogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12:105-12. [PMID: 12027582 DOI: 10.1006/scbi.2001.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The expression of angiogenic factors in tumors is controlled by intrinsic factors in the tumor and by the host microenvironment. Endothelial cells within particular tumor microenvironments interact not only with tumor cells but also with immune cells, fibroblasts, pericytes, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The relationship and cross-talk among these cells determine gene expression, phenotypic distinction, and ultimately whether endothelial cells survive, proliferate, or undergo apoptosis. The diversity of angiogenic factor expression in tumors at different sites, combined with the fact that endothelial cells in different organs and tumors are phenotypically distinct, constitutes a formidable challenge for the development of effective anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young D Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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7
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Salven P, Anttonen K, Repo H, Joensuu H, Orpana A. Endotoxins induce and interferon alpha suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. FASEB J 2001; 15:1318-20. [PMID: 11344126 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0627fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Salven
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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8
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Myoung H, Hong SD, Kim YY, Hong SP, Kim MJ. Evaluation of the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effect of paclitaxel and thalidomide on the xenotransplanted oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2001; 163:191-200. [PMID: 11165754 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process for the growth and invasion of cancer. However, it is uncertain that anti-angiogenic effects can be a major treatment strategy of oral cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether thalidomide and paclitaxel, which are known to be potent inhibitors of angiogenesis, have inhibitory effects on the growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) xenotransplanted into nude mice and whether anti-angiogenesis can be included as a major treatment strategy of oral cancer. After human OSCC cell line, KB, was subcutaneously inoculated into 32 nude mice, the volume of tumor was measured every 3 days. When the tumor mass reached 300-500 mm3, thalidomide (200 mg/kg) and paclitaxel (13 mg/kg) were administered into the animals and tumor volume change was checked. The excised tumor masses on the 30th day after administration were frozen and processed for immunohistochemistry using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31, and for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We evaluated VEGF expression and the expression of its mRNA and CD31 for vessel density. Paclitaxel showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of transplanted human OSCC and reduced the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and CD31 and VEGF mRNA (P<0.01). Thalidomide also lowered remarkably VEGF expression (P<0.01) and CD31 (P<0.01) as well as VEGF mRNA (P<0.05), but it did not show statistically significant inhibitory effect on the tumor growth. These results suggest that the growth of human OSCC is not simply dependent on VEGF-induced angiogenesis and that anti-angiogenic therapy alone is not likely to be effective for the treatment of OSCC, but might be regarded as adjuvant chemotherapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/prevention & control
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mouth Neoplasms/blood supply
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Paclitaxel/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Thalidomide/therapeutic use
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- H Myoung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28-2, Yun-Gun dong, Chong-No gu, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Loukinova E, Dong G, Enamorado-Ayalya I, Thomas GR, Chen Z, Schreiber H, Van Waes C. Growth regulated oncogene-alpha expression by murine squamous cell carcinoma promotes tumor growth, metastasis, leukocyte infiltration and angiogenesis by a host CXC receptor-2 dependent mechanism. Oncogene 2000; 19:3477-86. [PMID: 10918606 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Growth Regulated Oncogene-alpha (GRO-alpha) is an autocrine growth factor in melanoma and is a member of the C-X-C family of chemokines which promote chemotaxis of granulocytes and endothelia through binding to CXC Receptor 2. We found previously that variants of murine squamous cell carcinoma PAM 212 which grow and metastasize more rapidly in vivo constitutively express increased levels of murine GRO-alpha, designated mGRO-alpha, or KC. We have examined the possible role of mGRO-alpha expression in malignant progression of squamous cell carcinoma PAM 212 in homologous BALB/c and BALB CXC Receptor-2 deficient mice. Transfection of the PAM 212 cell line which exhibits low expression of GRO-alpha and malignant potential with a pActin-KC vector encoding mGRO-alpha enabled isolation of PAM-KC expressing cell lines. These PAM-KC transfectants displayed an increased rate of growth and metastasis in BALB/c mice, similar to the highly malignant phenotype observed in spontaneously occurring metastatic variants. Furthermore, the PAM-KC tumors showed an increase in infiltration of host leukocytes and CD31+ blood vessels, consistent with increased CXC chemokine activity. The increased growth of PAM-KC cells was attenuated in CXCR-2 deficient mice, indicating that the increased growth was dependent in part upon host cells responsive to the CXC chemokine. Together, these results show that a CXC chemokine such as GRO-alpha can promote malignant growth of murine squamous cell carcinoma by a host CXCR-2 dependent pathway. Oncogene (2000) 19, 3477 - 3486
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokines, CXC
- Chemotactic Factors/biosynthesis
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/pathology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Metastasis/physiopathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- E Loukinova
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Rm 5D55, MSC-1419, Bethesda, MD 20892-1419, USA
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10
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Yoneda J, Kuniyasu H, Crispens MA, Price JE, Bucana CD, Fidler IJ. Expression of angiogenesis-related genes and progression of human ovarian carcinomas in nude mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:447-54. [PMID: 9521169 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.6.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By the time patients are diagnosed with ovarian carcinoma, peritoneal dissemination of the tumor often has occurred. The progressive growth and spread of ovarian carcinoma depend, in part, on the formation of an adequate blood supply. We determined whether the expression of genes that regulate distinct steps in angiogenesis (i.e., the formation of new blood vessels) was associated with the pattern and progressive growth of human ovarian carcinomas implanted in the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. METHODS Five different human ovarian carcinomas were injected individually into the peritoneal cavity of female NCr-nu/nu nude mice. The expression of basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and collagenase type IV (MMP-2 [matrix metalloproteinase-2] and MMP-9) was determined by northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization of messenger RNA, and immunohistochemical analysis. Blood vessel distribution and density, macrophage infiltration pattern, and stromal reaction were determined by immunohistochemical analysis with specific antibodies. RESULTS Three of the carcinomas produced both solid lesions and ascitic tumors, whereas the remaining two produced only solid lesions. Two of the carcinomas produced rapidly progressive disease, two produced slow disease, and one produced intermediate disease. The formation of ascites was directly associated with expression of VEGF/ VPF, and survival was inversely associated with expression of IL-8. In rapidly growing tumors, the number of blood vessels was high throughout the lesion; in contrast, in slow-growing tumors, most vessels (and infiltrating macrophages) were located at the periphery. CONCLUSIONS The expression of various genes that regulate angiogenesis in human ovarian carcinomas is associated with the pattern of the disease and its progression. Therefore, targeting specific genes that regulate angiogenesis could offer new approaches to the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yoneda
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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11
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Salven P, Heikkilä P, Joensuu H. Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer 1997; 76:930-4. [PMID: 9328154 PMCID: PMC2228068 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour growth is dependent on angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted endothelial cell-specific cytokine. VEGF is angiogenic in vivo and it also acts as a vascular permeability factor. VEGF is overexpressed in many skin disorders characterized by angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability. We investigated VEGF expression in 22 primary cutaneous melanomas, 33 melanoma metastases and six naevocellular naevi using immunohistochemistry. VEGF accumulated on the vascular endothelia in the normal dermis, suggesting that a constitutive low level of VEGF expression may regulate skin vessel function under normal physiological conditions. No VEGF was detected in the cells of naevocellular naevi or normal dermis. In contrast, 32% of the primary and 91% of the metastatic melanomas contained melanoma cells staining for VEGF. Expression of VEGF was more frequent in metastases than in primary melanomas (P <0.0001). Tumour-infiltrating inflammatory cells expressed VEGF in all melanomas. A high number of VEGF-expressing inflammatory cells was associated with high VEGF expression in melanoma cells (P = 0.003). Our results suggest that VEGF is up-regulated during the course of melanoma progression and dissemination and that tumour-infiltrating cells expressing VEGF may contribute to the progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salven
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ellis
- University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology, Houston 77030, USA
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13
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Singh RK, Fidler IJ. Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by organ-specific cytokines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 213 ( Pt 2):1-11. [PMID: 9053286 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-61109-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R K Singh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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