1
|
Mokni Baizig N, Ben ElHadj M, Hsairi M, Fourati A, Kamoun S, Houcine Y, Gritli S, Driss M. Circulating levels of FoxP3, M2 (sCD163) and IGF-1 as potential biomarkers associated with Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Tunisian patients. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2024; 45:79-92. [PMID: 37936281 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2023.2275802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We aim to assess the clinical impact of circulating levels of sCD163, FoxP3, IGF-1 in LSCC patients (Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma). The concentrations of sCD163, FoxP3, and IGF-1 were measured using ELISA test in the serum samples collected from 70 pretreatment LSCC patients and 70 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA to compare the two groups, and the correlation between markers and clinical parameters. Receiver-Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to determine the optimal cutoff values and evaluate the diagnostic impact of these markers. Significant differences in the levels of sCD163, FoxP3, and IGF-1 were observed between LSCC patients and the control group, with respective p-values of 0.01, 0.022, <0.0001. The determined cutoff values for sCD163, FoxP3, IGF-1 concentrations were 314.55 ng/mL, 1.69 ng/mL, and 1.69 ng/mL, respectively. The corresponding area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.57-0.76), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61-0.80), 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76-0.92), respectively. Furthermore, it was found that IGF-1 concentrations exceeding 125.20 ng/mL were positively correlated with lymph node metastasis. Elevated serum levels of sCD163, FoxP3 and IGF-1 are associated with the diagnosis of LSCC. IGF-1 appears to be the most promising indicator for the LSCC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nehla Mokni Baizig
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Ben ElHadj
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hsairi
- Department of Epidemiology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asma Fourati
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Salma Kamoun
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yoldz Houcine
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Said Gritli
- Department of ORL, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maha Driss
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baci D, Cekani E, Imperatori A, Ribatti D, Mortara L. Host-Related Factors as Targetable Drivers of Immunotherapy Response in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914890. [PMID: 35874749 PMCID: PMC9298844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite some significant therapeutic breakthroughs leading to immunotherapy, a high percentage of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) do not respond to treatment on relapse, thus experiencing poor prognosis and survival. The unsatisfying results could be related to the features of the tumor immune microenvironment and the dynamic interactions between a tumor and immune infiltrate. Host-tumor interactions strongly influence the course of disease and response to therapies. Thus, targeting host-associated factors by restoring their physiologic functions altered by the presence of a tumor represents a new therapeutic approach to control tumor development and progression. In NSCLC, the immunogenic tumor balance is shifted negatively toward immunosuppression due to the release of inhibitory factors as well as the presence of immunosuppressive cells. Among these cells, there are myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells that can generate a tumor-permissive milieu by reprogramming the cells of the hosts such as tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells that acquire tumor-supporting phenotypes and functions. This review highlights the current knowledge of the involvement of host-related factors, including innate and adaptive immunity in orchestrating the tumor cell fate and the primary resistance mechanisms to immunotherapy in NSCLC. Finally, we discuss combinational therapeutic strategies targeting different aspects of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to prime the host response. Further research dissecting the characteristics and dynamic interactions within the interface host-tumor is necessary to improve a patient fitness immune response and provide answers regarding the immunotherapy efficacy, with the aim to develop more successful treatments for NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Baci
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.,Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Elona Cekani
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Imperatori
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu L, Zou C, Zhang S, Chu TSM, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhao C, Yang L, Xu Z, Dong S, Yu H, Li B, Guan X, Hou Y, Kong FM. Reshaping the systemic tumor immune environment (STIE) and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in solid tumors. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:87. [PMID: 35799264 PMCID: PMC9264569 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of combination immunotherapy based on the mediation of regulatory mechanisms of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is promising. However, a deep understanding of tumor immunology must involve the systemic tumor immune environment (STIE) which was merely illustrated previously. Here, we aim to review recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics and spatial transcriptomics for the studies of STIE, TIME, and their interactions, which may reveal heterogeneity in immunotherapy responses as well as the dynamic changes essential for the treatment effect. We review the evidence from preclinical and clinical studies related to TIME, STIE, and their significance on overall survival, through different immunomodulatory pathways, such as metabolic and neuro-immunological pathways. We also evaluate the significance of the STIE, TIME, and their interactions as well as changes after local radiotherapy and systemic immunotherapy or combined immunotherapy. We focus our review on the evidence of lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, aiming to reshape STIE and TIME to enhance immunotherapy efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - Chang Zou
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China.,Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Education Ministry, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646100, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Life and Marine Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Timothy Shun Man Chu
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caining Zhao
- Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China
| | - Shaowei Dong
- Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xinyuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, Guangdong, 528200, China.
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Feng-Ming Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518053, China. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Popper H. Primary tumor and metastasis-sectioning the different steps of the metastatic cascade. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:2277-2300. [PMID: 33209649 PMCID: PMC7653118 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with lung cancer in the majority die of metastases. Treatment options include surgery, chemo- and radiotherapy, targeted therapy by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and immuno-oncologic treatment. Despite the success with these treatment options, cure of lung cancer is achieved in only a very small proportion of patients. In most patients’ recurrence and metastasis will occur, and finally kill the patient. Metastasis is a multistep procedure. It requires a change in adhesion of tumor cells for detachment from their neighboring cells. The next step is migration either as single cells [epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)], or as cell clusters (hybrid-EMT or bulk migration). A combination of genetic changes is required to facilitate migration. Then tumor cells have to orient themselves along matrix proteins, detect oxygen concentrations, prevent attacks by immune cells, and induce a tumor-friendly switch of stroma cells (macrophages, myofibroblasts, etc.). Having entered the blood stream tumor cells need to adapt to shear stress, avoid being trapped by coagulation, but also use coagulation in small veins for adherence to endothelia, and express homing molecules for extravasation. Within a metastatic site, tumor cells need a well-prepared niche to establish a metastatic focus. Tumor cells again have to establish a vascular net for maintaining nutrition and oxygen supply, communicate with stroma cells, grow out and set further metastases. In this review the different steps will be discussed with a focus on pulmonary carcinomas. The vast amount of research manuscripts published so far are not easy to analyze: in most reports’ single steps of the metastatic cascade are interpreted as evidence for the whole process; for example, migration is interpreted as evidence for metastasis. In lung cancer most often latency periods are shorter, in between 1–5 years. In other cases, despite widespread migration occurs, tumor cells die within the circulation and do not reach a metastatic site. Therefore, migration is a requisite, but does not necessarily predict metastasis. The intention of this review is to point to these different aspects and hopefully provoke research directed into a more functional analysis of the metastatic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Popper
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stec DE, Gordon DM, Hipp JA, Hong S, Mitchell ZL, Franco NR, Robison JW, Anderson CD, Stec DF, Hinds TD. Loss of hepatic PPARα promotes inflammation and serum hyperlipidemia in diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R733-R745. [PMID: 31483154 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00153.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Agonists for PPARα are used clinically to reduce triglycerides and improve high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. Whether the mechanism of PPARα activation to lower serum lipids occurs in the liver or other tissues is unknown. To determine the function of hepatic PPARα on lipid profiles in diet-induced obese mice, we placed hepatocyte-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) knockout (PparaHepKO) and wild-type (Pparafl/fl) mice on high-fat diet (HFD) or normal fat diet (NFD) for 12 wk. There was no significant difference in weight gain, percent body fat mass, or percent body lean mass between the groups of mice in response to HFD or NFD. Interestingly, the PparaHepKO mice on HFD had worsened hepatic inflammation and a significant shift in the proinflammatory M1 macrophage population. These changes were associated with higher hepatic fat mass and decreased hepatic lean mass in the PparαHepKO on HFD but not in NFD as measured by Oil Red O and noninvasive EchoMRI analysis (31.1 ± 2.8 vs. 20.2 ± 1.5, 66.6 ± 2.5 vs. 76.4 ± 1.5%, P < 0.05). We did find that this was related to significantly reduced peroxisomal gene function and lower plasma β-hydroxybutyrate in the PparaHepKO on HFD, indicative of reduced metabolism of fats in the liver. Together, these provoked higher plasma triglyceride and apolipoprotein B100 levels in the PparaHepKO mice compared with Pparafl/fl on HFD. These data indicate that hepatic PPARα functions to control inflammation and liver triglyceride accumulation that prevent hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Darren M Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Jennifer A Hipp
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Stephen Hong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Zachary L Mitchell
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Natalia R Franco
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - J Walker Robison
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Donald F Stec
- Small Molecule NMR Facility Core, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Misra P, Singh S. Role of cytokines in combinatorial immunotherapeutics of non-small cell lung cancer through systems perspective. Cancer Med 2019; 8:1976-1995. [PMID: 30997737 PMCID: PMC6536974 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of deaths related to cancer and accounts for more than a million deaths per year. Various new strategies have been developed and adapted for treatment; still the survival for 5 years is just 16% in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Most of these strategies to combat NSCLC whether it is a drug molecule or immunotherapy/vaccine candidate require a big cost and time. Integration of computational modeling with systems biology has opened new avenues for understanding complex cancer biology. Resolving the complex interactions of various pathways and their crosstalk leading to oncogenic changes could identify new therapeutic targets with lesser cost and time. Herein, this review provides an overview of various aspects of NSCLC along with available strategies for its cure concluding with our insight into how systems approach could serve as a therapeutic intervention dissecting the immunologic parameters and cross talk between various pathways involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Misra
- National Centre for Cell ScienceSP Pune University CampusPuneIndia
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell ScienceSP Pune University CampusPuneIndia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Riemann D, Cwikowski M, Turzer S, Giese T, Grallert M, Schütte W, Seliger B. Blood immune cell biomarkers in lung cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:179-189. [PMID: 30246868 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of host immune cell parameters prior to treatment is expected to identify biomarkers predictive of clinical outcome as well as to elucidate why some patients fail to respond to immunotherapy. We monitored blood immune cells from 58 patients with non-small- cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing surgery of the primary tumor and from 50 age-matched healthy volunteers. Complete leukocyte blood count, the number of circulating dendritic cells (DC), HLA-DRlow monocytes and several lymphocytic subpopulations were determined by eight-color flow cytometry. Furthermore, the prognostic value of the immune cell parameters investigated was evaluated by patients' survival analysis. Compared to the control group, blood of NSCLC patients contained more neutrophils resulting in a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), but a lower number of blood DC, in particular of plasmacytoid DC (pDC), natural killer (NK) cells and naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, a higher frequency of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and HLA-DRlow monocytes was detected, and smoking had a significant impact on these values. HLA-DRlow monocytes were positively correlated to the number of neutrophils, monocytes and NLR, but negatively associated with the number of pDC and naive CD4+ T cells. The frequency of Treg, HLA-DRlow monocytes and naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as the ratios of CD4/HLA-DRlow monocytes and HLA-DRlow monocytes/pDC correlated with patient's overall survival. Next to Treg, HLA-DRlow monocytes and naive T cells represent prognostic markers for NSCLC patients and might be useful for monitoring of patients' responses to immunotherapies in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Riemann
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - M Cwikowski
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - S Turzer
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - T Giese
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - M Grallert
- Department of Thorax Surgery of the Hospital Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau, Halle, Germany
| | - W Schütte
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Hospital Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau, Halle, Germany
| | - B Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Webb ES, Liu P, Baleeiro R, Lemoine NR, Yuan M, Wang Y. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy. J Biomed Res 2018; 32:317-326. [PMID: 28866656 PMCID: PMC6163118 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years immune checkpoint inhibitors have garnered attention as being one of the most promising types of immunotherapy on the horizon. There has been particular focus on the immune checkpoint molecules, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) which have been shown to have potent immunomodulatory effects through their function as negative regulators of T cell activation. CTLA-4, through engagement with its ligands B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), plays a pivotal role in attenuating the activation of naïve and memory T cells. In contrast, PD-1 is primarily involved in modulating T cell activity in peripheral tissues via its interaction with PD-L1 and PD-L2. The discovery of these negative regulators of the immune response was crucial in the development of checkpoint inhibitors. This shifted the focus from developing therapies that targeted activation of the host immune system against cancer to checkpoint inhibitors, which aimed to mediate tumor cell destruction through the removal of coinhibitory signals blocking anti-tumor T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eika S. Webb
- . Center for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Peng Liu
- . Center for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Renato Baleeiro
- . Center for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Nicholas R. Lemoine
- . Center for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- . Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- . Center for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Yaohe Wang
- . Center for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- . Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Center for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jindal V, Gupta S. Expected Paradigm Shift in Brain Metastases Therapy-Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7072-7078. [PMID: 29383686 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BM) is one of the dreadful complications of malignancies. The prognosis after BM is extremely poor and life expectancy is meager. Currently, our treatment modalities are limited to radiotherapy and surgical resection, which also has poor outcomes and leads to various neurological deficits and affects the quality of life of patients. New treatment modality, i.e., immune checkpoint inhibitors, has brought revolution in management of melanoma, renal cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors basically enhance the immune response of the body to fight against cancers. Immune response in the brain is highly regulated; therefore, it is challenging to use immune-modulator drugs in BM. The microenvironment of BM is rich in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and which is the target of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Few studies have shown some hope regarding use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in management of BM. It works through inhibiting immune check point gates, i.e., CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein) and PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed cell death protein-1/program death ligand-1). This article explains the basic mechanism of immune check point inhibitors, rationale behind their usage in BM, and some of the clinical studies which have shown the efficacy of immune check point inhibitors in BM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Jindal
- St. Vincent Hospital, 123 Summer Street, Worcester, 01608, USA.
| | - Sorab Gupta
- Einstein Medical Center, 5501 Old York Rd, Philadelphia, 19141, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hinds TD, Hosick PA, Chen S, Tukey RH, Hankins MW, Nestor-Kalinoski A, Stec DE. Mice with hyperbilirubinemia due to Gilbert's syndrome polymorphism are resistant to hepatic steatosis by decreased serine 73 phosphorylation of PPARα. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E244-E252. [PMID: 28096081 PMCID: PMC5406988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00396.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gilbert's syndrome in humans is derived from a polymorphism (TA repeat) in the hepatic UGT1A1 gene that results in decreased conjugation and increased levels of unconjugated bilirubin. Recently, we have shown that bilirubin binds directly to the fat-burning nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα). Additionally, we have shown that serine 73 phosphorylation [Ser(P)73] of PPARα decreases activity by reducing its protein levels and transcriptional activity. The aim of this study was to determine whether humanized mice with the Gilbert's polymorphism (HuUGT*28) have increased PPARα activation and reduced hepatic fat accumulation. To determine whether humanized mice with Gilbert's mutation (HuUGT*28) have reduced hepatic lipids, we placed them and C57BL/6J control mice on a high-fat (60%) diet for 36 wk. Body weights, fat and lean mass, and fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were measured every 6 wk throughout the investigation. At the end of the study, hepatic lipid content was measured and PPARα regulated genes as well as immunostaining of Ser(P)73 PPARα from liver sections. The HuUGT*28 mice had increased serum bilirubin, lean body mass, decreased fat mass, and hepatic lipid content as well as lower serum glucose and insulin levels. Also, the HuUGT*28 mice had reduced Ser(P)73 PPARα immunostaining in livers and increased PPARα transcriptional activity compared with controls. A chronic but mild endogenous increase in unconjugated hyperbiliubinemia protects against hepatic steatosis through a reduction in Ser(P)73 PPARα, causing an increase in PPARα transcriptional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Hinds
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Peter A Hosick
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Michael W Hankins
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Andrea Nestor-Kalinoski
- Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yan X, Jiao SC, Zhang GQ, Guan Y, Wang JL. Tumor-associated immune factors are associated with recurrence and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:57-63. [PMID: 28084319 PMCID: PMC5339429 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic interaction between tumor cells and the microenvironment is critical for tumorigenesis, and cancer immunosurveillance plays an important role in the tumor evolution. In some tumors (such as esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer), studies have shown that the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has a significant relationship with the prognosis, but there is little research on the prognosis of TILs and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been performed. Therefore, it is necessary to discover the relationship between the TILs and cytokines with NSCLC prognosis and metastasis in patients. Tumor samples were carefully examined for tissue preservation and complete follow-up. A total of 107 tumor samples from NSCLC patients with radical surgical resection were enrolled for the analysis. All samples were subjected to immunohistochemistry for detection of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4, cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2), transforming growth factor β 1, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-12 receptor and hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a). The number, function and location of the targets were analyzed to determine their correlation with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Immunhistochemical results from 107 samples indicated that the FoxP3+ regulatory TIL (HR=1.336, P=0.031), IL-2 (HR=0.595, P=0.007) and HIF-1a (HR=1.510, P=0.002) levels in tumor cells closely correlated with DFS in a COX analysis model. FoxP3+ regulatory TILs (HR=1.566, P=0.002) significantly correlated with OS and tumor node metastasis staging. The patients were divided into two groups due to the coexpression pattern of the IL-2, FoxP3+ and HIF-1a. The high-risk group had an overall worse survival than those at low risk. We confirmed that Foxp3 expression in lymphocyte and IL-2 expression in tumor cells were associated with recurrence or transfer. Furthermore, we also observed that HIF-1a expression significantly correlated with DFS and OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Yan
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - S-C Jiao
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - G-Q Zhang
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y Guan
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J-L Wang
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Metastasis in lung cancer is a multifaceted process. In this review, we will dissect the process in several isolated steps such as angiogenesis, hypoxia, circulation, and establishment of a metastatic focus. In reality, several of these processes overlap and occur even simultaneously, but such a presentation would be unreadable. Metastasis requires cell migration toward higher oxygen tension, which is based on changing the structure of the cell (epithelial-mesenchymal transition), orientation within the stroma and stroma interaction, and communication with the immune system to avoid attack. Once in the blood stream, cells have to survive trapping by the coagulation system, to survive shear stress in small blood vessels, and to find the right location for extravasation. Once outside in the metastatic locus, tumor cells have to learn the communication with the “foreign” stroma cells to establish vascular supply and again express molecules, which induce immune tolerance.
Collapse
|
13
|
Prognostic value of circulating regulatory T cell subsets in untreated non-small cell lung cancer patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39247. [PMID: 27976733 PMCID: PMC5157012 DOI: 10.1038/srep39247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the different circulating regulatory T-cells (Treg) subsets, as well as their correlation with clinical outcome of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is poorly understood. Peripheral blood from 156 stage III/IV chemotherapy-naive NSCLC patients and 31 healthy donors (HD) was analyzed with flow cytometry for the presence and functionality of CD4+ Treg subsets (naive, effector and terminal effector). Their frequencies were correlated with the clinical outcome. All CD4+ Treg subsets exhibited highly suppressive activity by TGF-β and IL-10 production. The percentages of naive Treg were found elevated in NSCLC patients compared to HD and were associated with poor clinical outcome, whereas the percentage of terminal effector Treg was lower compared to HD and higher levels were correlated with improved clinical response. At baseline, normal levels of naive and effector Treg were associated with longer overall survival (OS) compared to high levels, while the high frequency of the terminal effector Treg was correlated with longer Progression-Free Survival and OS. It is demonstrated, for first time, that particular CD4+ Treg subtypes are elevated in NSCLC patients and their levels are associated to the clinical outcome. The blocking of their migration to the tumor site may be an effective therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Aldarouish M, Wang C. Trends and advances in tumor immunology and lung cancer immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:157. [PMID: 27686848 PMCID: PMC5043622 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among several types of tumor, lung cancer is considered one of the most fatal and still the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Although chemotherapeutic agents can improve survival and quality of life compared with symptomatic treatment, cancers usually still progress after chemotherapy and are often aggravated by serious side effects. In the last few years there has been a growing interest in immunotherapy for lung cancer based on promising preliminary results in achieving meaningful and durable treatments responses with minimal manageable toxicity. This article is divided into two parts, the first part discusses the role of human immune system in controlling and eradicating cancer and the mechanisms of immune response evasion by tumor. The second part reviews the recent progress made in immunotherapy for lung cancer with results from trials evaluating therapeutic vaccines in addition to immune checkpoint blockade, specifically cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4, programmed death receptor 1 pathway, using monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Aldarouish
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cailian Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Qin A, Coffey DG, Warren EH, Ramnath N. Mechanisms of immune evasion and current status of checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2567-78. [PMID: 27416962 PMCID: PMC5055165 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past several years, immunotherapy has emerged as a viable treatment option for patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without actionable driver mutations that have progressed on standard chemotherapy. We are also beginning to understand the methods of immune evasion employed by NSCLC which likely contribute to the 20% response rate to immunotherapy. It is also yet unclear what tumor or patient factors predict response to immunotherapy. The objectives of this review are (1) review the immunogenicity of NSCLC (2) describe the mechanisms of immune evasion (3) summarize efforts to target the anti‐program death‐1 (PD‐1) and anti‐program death‐ligand 1(PD‐L1) pathway (4) outline determinants of response to PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy and (5) discuss potential future areas for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Qin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - David G Coffey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Edus H Warren
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dwivedi M, Kumar P, Laddha NC, Kemp EH. Induction of regulatory T cells: A role for probiotics and prebiotics to suppress autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:379-92. [PMID: 26774011 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells that play a vital role in suppressing inflammation and maintaining immune tolerance. Given the crucial role of Tregs in maintaining immune homeostasis, it is probably not surprising that many microbial species and their metabolites have the potential to induce Tregs. There is now great interest in the therapeutic potential of probiotics and prebiotics based strategies for a range of autoimmune disorders. This review will summarise recent findings concerning the role of probiotics and prebiotics in induction of Tregs to ameliorate the autoimmune conditions. In addition, the article is focused to explain the different mechanisms of Treg induction and function by these probiotics and prebiotics, based on the available studies till date. The article further proposes that induction of Tregs by probiotics and prebiotics could lead to the development of new therapeutic approach towards curbing the autoimmune response and as an alternative to detrimental immunosuppressive drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, Gujarat -394350, India
| | - Prasant Kumar
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, Gujarat -394350, India
| | - Naresh C Laddha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Unipath Specialty Laboratory Ltd., Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - E Helen Kemp
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rossi A, Sacco PC, Sgambato A, Casaluce F, Santabarbara G, Palazzolo G, Maione P, Gridelli C. Optimal drugs for second-line treatment of patients with small-cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:969-76. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2016.1154539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
18
|
Phillips JD, Knab LM, Blatner NR, Haghi L, DeCamp MM, Meyerson SL, Heiferman MJ, Heiferman JR, Gounari F, Bentrem DJ, Khazaie K. Preferential expansion of pro-inflammatory Tregs in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1185-91. [PMID: 26047578 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) normally function to temper immune responses and decrease inflammation. Previous research has demonstrated different subsets of Tregs with contrasting anti- or pro-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine Treg subset distributions and characteristics present in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from healthy controls (HC) and NSCLC patients preceding surgical resection, and mononuclear cells were isolated, stained, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Tregs were defined by expression of CD4 and CD25 and classified into CD45RA(+)Foxp3(int) (naïve, Fr. I) or CD45RA(-)Foxp3(hi) (activated Fr. II). Activated conventional T cells were CD4(+)CD45RA(-)Foxp3(int) (Fr. III). RESULTS Samples from 23 HC and 26 NSCLC patients were collected. Tregs isolated from patients with NSCLC were found to have enhanced suppressive function on naive T cells. Cancer patients had significantly increased frequencies of activated Tregs (fraction II: FrII), 17.5 versus 3.2% (P < 0.001). FrII Tregs demonstrated increased RORγt and IL17 expression and decreased IL10 expression compared to Tregs from HC, indicating pro-inflammatory characteristics. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a novel subset of Tregs with pro-inflammatory characteristics preferentially expand in NSCLC patients. This Treg subset appears identical to previously reported pro-inflammatory Tregs in human colon cancer patients and in mouse models of polyposis. We expect the pro-inflammatory Tregs in lung cancer to contribute to the immune pathogenesis of disease and propose that targeting this Treg subset may have protective benefits in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Suite 650, 676 N St. Clair, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ying G, Zhang Y, Tang G, Chen S. Functions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in non-allergic diseases. Cell Immunol 2015; 295:144-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
Despite the availability of radiotherapy, cytotoxic agents, and targeted agents, a high unmet medical need remains for novel therapies that improve treatment outcomes in patients with lung cancer who are ineligible for surgical resection. Building upon the early promise shown with general immunostimulatory agents, immuno-oncology is at the forefront of research in this field, with several novel agents currently under investigation. In particular, agents targeting immune checkpoints, such as the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) receptor and programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor, have shown in early clinical trials potential for improving tumor responses and survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we examine the rationale for targeting immune checkpoints in lung cancer and review the clinical data from studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors currently in development. The challenges associated with optimizing treatment with these agents in lung cancer also are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reck
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla - IBIS (Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC), Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Creelan
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Expression of CTLA-4 and Foxp3 in peripheral blood T cells of patients with squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2013; 17:370-7. [PMID: 24592125 PMCID: PMC3934045 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2013.37219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4, CD152) and Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) are receptors present on T cells which play a critical role in the down-regulation of antigen-activated immune responses. To evaluate the potential influences of CTLA-4 and Foxp3 on cancer invasiveness, a case-control study was conducted in 86 patients treated for squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma. The abundance of CTLA-4 and Foxp3 gene transcripts in the purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was determined. The analysis of proteins by Western blot was performed. The relationships between CTLA-4 and Foxp3 gene and protein expression as well as the aggressiveness of tumor determined on pT, type and depth of invasion were investigated. Our work revealed a significant dependence of mRNA CTLA-4 on tumor front grading (TFG) total score (p = 0.04) as well as CTLA-4 protein expression on pT (p = = 0.03) and type of invasion (p = 0.03). Advanced pT3-pT4 tumors with diffuse infiltration and > 14 TFG points were characterized by higher average values of CTLA-4 protein in PBMCs. Our data also demonstrated significant differences between Foxp3 protein levels in relation to pT (p = 0.04), depth of invasion (p = = 0.02) and type of invasion (p = 0.03). In tumors with the highest invasiveness identified by the pT3-pT4 status, deep invasion with involvement of cartilage and diffuse infiltration, the highest Foxp3 protein level was observed. In conclusion, these results suggest an impact of CTLA-4 and Foxp3 in determining proliferative and aggressive potential of laryngeal carcinoma, highlighting the significance of CTLA-4 and Foxp3 as potential predictive indicators.
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu CZ, Zhang L, Chang XH, Cheng YX, Cheng HY, Ye X, Fu TY, Chen J, Cui H. Overexpression and immunosuppressive functions of transforming growth factor 1, vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-10 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 24:130-7. [PMID: 23359769 DOI: 10.1007/s11670-012-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-β1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) may be critical cytokines in the microenvironment of a tumor, playing roles in immune suppression. This study was conducted to elucidate the roles and immunosuppressive functions of these cytokines in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS The expression levels of TGF-β1, VEGF and IL-10 in malignant tissue were evaluated by immune- histochemistry and compared with corresponding borderline, benign, and tumor-free tissues. Moreover, relationships among the levels of these cytokines and correlations between expression and the prognosis of EOC were analyzed by Pearson rank correlations and multi-factor Logistic regression. The roles of TGF-β1, VEGF, and IL-10 in the immunosuppressive microenvironment of ovarian cancer were studied through dendritic cell (DC) maturation and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg generation in vitro experiments. RESULTS TGF-β1, VEGF, and IL-10 were expressed in 100%, 74.69%, and 54.96% of EOC patients, respectively. TGF-β1 was an independent prognostic factor for EOC. IL-10 was significantly co-expressed with VEGF. In vitro, VEGF and TGF-β1 strongly interfered with DC maturation and consequently led to immature DCs, which secreted high levels of IL-10 that accumulated around the tumor site. TGF-β1 and IL-10 induced Treg generation without antigen presentation in DCs. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1, VEGF and IL-10 play important roles in EOC and can lead to frequent immune evasion events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Zhen Liu
- Gynecology Oncology Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ye N, Zhang GB, Gao N, Huang YY, Qian YT, Li FC, Zhu YF, Chen WC. Clinical significance of number of Th17 and Foxp3 +Treg cells in peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:3689-3694. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i36.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the clinical significance of the number of Th17 and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells in peripheral blood of patients with gastric carcinoma.
METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with gastric cancer (n = 77) and healthy volunteers (n = 20) and used to separate PBMCs. The number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg was determined by flow cytometry, and the number of CD4+IL-17+Th17 was determined after co-stimulation with PMA and ionomycin. The clinical significance of the number of Treg and Th17 cells in patients with gastric carcinoma was then analyzed.
RESULTS: The numbers of Th17 and Treg cells in peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer were significantly higher than those in normal controls (both P < 0.05). The number of Treg cells, not Th17 cells, was closely related to degree of tumor infiltration, lymph node metastasis, and tumor clinical stage.
CONCLUSION: Although the numbers of both Th17 and Treg cells are significantly higher in patients with gastric cancer, only the latter is related to tumor infiltration.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ibrahim L, Salah M, Rahman AAE, Zeidan A, Ragb M. Crucial Role of CD4+CD 25+ FOXP3+ T Regulatory Cell, Interferon-γ and Interleukin-16 in Malignant and Tuberculous Pleural Effusions. Immunol Invest 2012; 42:122-36. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.736116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
26
|
Hansen W, Hutzler M, Abel S, Alter C, Stockmann C, Kliche S, Albert J, Sparwasser T, Sakaguchi S, Westendorf AM, Schadendorf D, Buer J, Helfrich I. Neuropilin 1 deficiency on CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells impairs mouse melanoma growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2001-16. [PMID: 23045606 PMCID: PMC3478934 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 mediates anti-tumor control by promoting regulatory T cell infiltration. Infiltration of Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells is considered to be a critical step during tumor development and progression. T reg cells supposedly suppress locally an effective anti-tumor immune response within tumor tissues, although the precise mechanism by which T reg cells infiltrate the tumor is still unclear. We provide evidence that Neuropilin 1 (Nrp-1), highly expressed by Foxp3+ T reg cells, regulates the immunological anti-tumor control by guiding T reg cells into the tumor in response to tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We demonstrate for the first time that T cell–specific ablation of Nrp-1 expression results in a significant breakdown in tumor immune escape in various transplantation models and in a spontaneous, endogenously driven melanoma model associated with strongly reduced tumor growth and prolonged tumor-free survival. Strikingly, numbers of tumor-infiltrating Foxp3+ T reg cells were significantly reduced accompanied by enhanced activation of CD8+ T cells within tumors of T cell–specific Nrp-1–deficient mice. This phenotype can be reversed by adoptive transfer of Nrp-1+ T reg cells from wild-type mice. Thus, our data strongly suggest that Nrp-1 acts as a key mediator of Foxp3+ T reg cell infiltration into the tumor site resulting in a dampened anti-tumor immune response and enhanced tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yan X, Zhao X, Jiao S, Sun S, Wu L, Wu Z. [Clinical significance of T lymphocyte subset changes after first line chemotherapy in peripheral blood from patients with advanced stage adenocarcinoma cell lung cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2012; 15:164-71. [PMID: 22429580 PMCID: PMC5999878 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2012.03.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 机体的免疫功能异常与恶性肿瘤的发生、发展、转移及预后密切相关。T淋巴细胞亚群是反映细胞免疫功能的重要指标之一。本实验研究晚期肺腺癌患者一线化疗后外周血T淋巴细胞数量的动态变化,探讨化疗后机体免疫状态变化的动态过程,为制定化疗联合免疫治疗方案提供实验依据。 方法 49例经病理学确诊的Ⅲb期-Ⅳ期肺腺癌患者,与33例正常人比较外周血T淋巴细胞数量。然后患者随机进入2个实验组,分别采用培美曲塞、顺铂联合方案及多西他赛、顺铂联合方案化疗,应用流式细胞仪检测化疗前后不同时间点淋巴细胞的组成。 结果 肺癌患者的CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD4+CD25+等T细胞的数量与健康对照组比较存在差异,P值分别为0.012,0.034和0.006;化疗后第4天及第7-10天CD3+、CD3+CD4+比例升高,至第21天逐渐恢复至治疗前水平;2个化疗组比较CD3+细胞比例均升高,而培美曲塞组第4天CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD4+/CD8+升高,CD3+CD8+及CD8+CD28-比例降低,差异均具有统计学意义。部分缓解患者较早期疾病进展患者的第4天及第7-10天CD3+CD4+细胞升高;第4天CD3+CD8+、CD8+CD28-细胞降低。 结论 晚期肺腺癌患者免疫功能处于抑制状态。化疗后第4天免疫功能得到一定程度恢复,至第21天恢复至治疗前水平。培美曲塞似乎对化疗后短期内免疫功能的改善有更明显的作用。化疗后免疫格局的改变可能与预后有关。
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang ZK, Yang B, Liu H, Hu Y, Yang JL, Wu LL, Zhou ZH, Jiao SC. Regulatory T cells increase in breast cancer and in stage IV breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:911-6. [PMID: 22116346 PMCID: PMC11029076 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression levels of VEGF and Her-2, levels of T-regulatory (Treg) cells, levels of CD3+ cells, and ratios of Th (CD4+ T cells)/Tr (Treg) cells were compared between stage I, II, III, and IV breast cancer patients (n = 120) prior to chemotherapy and healthy women (n = 30). Cells from peripheral blood were counted by flow cytometry, Her-2 and VEGF expression was detected by pathological examination, and Her-2 was detected by FISH. Breast cancer patients had more Treg cells and a lower ratio of Th/Tr cells than the healthy women. Stage IV breast cancer patients had more Treg cells and a lower ratio of Th/Tr cells than stage I, II, or III breast cancer patients. Patients positive for VEGF had a lower ratio of Th/Tr cells compared with patients negative for VEGF, and those positive for both VEGF and Her-2 also had a lower ratio of Th/Tr cells compared with patients not positive for both VEGF and Her-2. The decreased Th/Tr cells ratio indicates impaired immune function, suggesting that the stage IV breast cancer and the Her-2/VEGF-positive breast cancer patients have lower immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-kuan Wang
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Bo Yang
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Hui Liu
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yi Hu
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jun-lan Yang
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Liang-liang Wu
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Zhen-hong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Shun-chang Jiao
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li H, Zhao H, Yu J, Su Y, Cao S, An X, Ren X. Increased prevalence of regulatory T cells in the lung cancer microenvironment: a role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1587-96. [PMID: 21681373 PMCID: PMC11028680 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in tumor microenvironment was one of the mechanisms by which cancer cells escaped host defense. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) contributes to the generation of natural Tregs in thymus. Therefore, the purpose of this report was to investigate the role of TSLP in the increasing prevalence of Tregs in lung cancer microenvironment. The expression ratio of TSLP protein in tumor tissues was significantly increased compared with that in benign lesion and non-cancer lung tissue. The prevalence of Tregs in tumor microenvironment was correlated with the expression of TSLP in lung cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) were induced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from lung cancer patients and left unstimulated (imDCs) or exposed to hTSLP (TSLP-DCs) or LPS (LPS-DCs). TSLP-DCs expressed intermediate levels of CD83 and high levels of CD86, CD11C, and HLA-DR, which showed a characteristic of less mature DCs. TSLP-DCs secreted low levels of IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ, and high levels of TGF-β and MDC. The percentage of Tregs in CD4+CD25- T cells cocultured with TSLP-DCs group was statistically higher than that of LPS-DCs and imDCs. Transwell assays showed that TSLP-DCs exhibited increased ability to attract the migration of CD4+CD25- Tregs, when compared with imDCs. These results indicated that TSLP proteins were expressed in lung tumor tissue and correlated with the prevalence of Tregs. TSLP-DCs could induce CD4+CD25- T cells to differentiate into CD4+CD25+foxp3+ T cells and the migration of CD4+CD25+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinpu Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Su
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shui Cao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiumei An
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, 300060 Tianjin People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Suzuki K, Kachala SS, Kadota K, Shen R, Mo Q, Beer DG, Rusch VW, Travis WD, Adusumilli PS. Prognostic immune markers in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5247-56. [PMID: 21659461 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated immune responses have polarized effects in regulating tumor growth. Although a clear association has been shown between the tumor immune response and clinical outcome in colorectal and ovarian cancers, the role of immune markers for stratifying prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is less defined. Herein, we review the prognostic significance of published immune markers in the tumor microenvironment and peripheral blood of NSCLC patients. To identify prognostic immune genes, we reviewed all published gene-profiling studies in NSCLC and delineated the significance of immune genes by doing subanalysis on the microarray database of the NIH Director's Challenge study. This first comprehensive review of prognostic immune markers provides a foundation for further investigating immune responses in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Suzuki
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kar UK, Srivastava MK, Andersson Å, Baratelli F, Huang M, Kickhoefer VA, Dubinett SM, Rome LH, Sharma S. Novel CCL21-vault nanocapsule intratumoral delivery inhibits lung cancer growth. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18758. [PMID: 21559281 PMCID: PMC3086906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Based on our preclinical findings, we are assessing the efficacy of intratumoral injection of dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral vector expressing the secondary lymphoid chemokine (CCL21) gene (Ad-CCL21-DC) in a phase I trial in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While this approach shows immune enhancement, the preparation of autologous DC for CCL21 genetic modification is cumbersome, expensive and time consuming. We are evaluating a non-DC based approach which utilizes vault nanoparticles for intratumoral CCL21 delivery to mediate antitumor activity in lung cancer. Principal Findings Here we describe that vault nanocapsule platform for CCL21 delivery elicits antitumor activity with inhibition of lung cancer growth. Vault nanocapsule packaged CCL21 (CCL21-vaults) demonstrated functional activity in chemotactic and antigen presenting activity assays. Recombinant vaults impacted chemotactic migration of T cells and this effect was predominantly CCL21 dependent as CCL21 neutralization abrogated the CCL21 mediated enhancement in chemotaxis. Intratumoral administration of CCL21-vaults in mice bearing lung cancer enhanced leukocytic infiltrates (CXCR3+T, CCR7+T, IFNγ+T lymphocytes, DEC205+ DC), inhibited lung cancer tumor growth and reduced the frequencies of immune suppressive cells [myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), T regulatory cells (Treg), IL-10 T cells]. CCL21-vaults induced systemic antitumor responses by augmenting splenic T cell lytic activity against parental tumor cells. Significance This study demonstrates that the vault nanocapsule can efficiently deliver CCL21 to sustain antitumor activity and inhibit lung cancer growth. The vault nanocapsule can serve as an “off the shelf” approach to deliver antitumor cytokines to treat a broad range of malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upendra K. Kar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Minu K. Srivastava
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Åsa Andersson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Felicita Baratelli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Min Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Dubinett
- University of California Los Angeles Lung Cancer Research Program of the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (SMD); (LHR)
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (SMD); (LHR)
| | - Sherven Sharma
- University of California Los Angeles Lung Cancer Research Program of the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (SMD); (LHR)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
The consequence of immune suppressive cells in the use of therapeutic cancer vaccines and their importance in immune monitoring. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:182413. [PMID: 21318157 PMCID: PMC3034984 DOI: 10.1155/2011/182413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the number, phenotypic characteristics, and function of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment and peripheral blood could elucidate the antitumor immune response and provide information to evaluate the efficacy of cancer vaccines. Further studies are needed to evaluate the correlation between changes in immunosuppressive cells and clinical outcomes of patients in cancer vaccine clinical trials. This paper focuses on the role of T-regulatory cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages in cancer and cancer immunotherapy and their role in immune monitoring.
Collapse
|
33
|
Udyavar A, Geiger TL. Rebalancing immune specificity and function in cancer by T-cell receptor gene therapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:335-46. [PMID: 20680493 PMCID: PMC2928402 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with tumor-specific T lymphocytes has demonstrated clinical benefit in some cancers, particularly melanoma. Yet isolating and expanding tumor-specific cells from patients is challenging and there is limited ability to control T-cell affinity and response characteristics. T-cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy, in which T lymphocytes for immunotherapy are redirected using an introduced rearranged TCR, has emerged as an important alternative. Successful TCR gene therapy requires consideration of a number of issues, including TCR specificity and affinity, optimal gene therapy constructs, types of T cells administered, and the survival and activity of the modified cells. In this review we highlight the rationale for and experience with TCR gene therapy as well as new approaches to enhancing it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshata Udyavar
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Terrence L. Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lekka E, Gritzapis AD, Perez SA, Tsavaris N, Missitzis I, Mamalaki A, Papamichail M, Baxevanis CN. Identification and characterization of a HER-2/neu epitope as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:715-27. [PMID: 19904532 PMCID: PMC11030771 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our aim is to develop peptide vaccines that stimulate tumor antigen-specific T-lymphocyte responses against frequently detected cancers. We describe herein a novel HLA-A*0201-restricted epitope, encompassing amino acids 828-836 (residues QIAKGMSYL), which is naturally presented by various HER-2/neu (+) tumor cell lines. HER-2/neu(828-836), [HER-2(9(828))], possesses two anchor residues and stabilized HLA-A*0201 on T2 cells in a concentration-dependent Class I binding assay. This peptide was stable for 3.5 h in an off-kinetic assay. HER-2(9(828)) was found to be immunogenic in HLA-A*0201 transgenic (HHD) mice inducing peptide-specific and functionally potent CTL and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Most important, using HLA-A*0201 pentamer analysis we could detect increased ex vivo frequencies of CD8(+) T-lymphocytes specifically recognizing HER-2(9(828)) in 8 out of 20 HLA-A*0201(+) HER-2/neu (+) breast cancer patients. Moreover, HER-2(9(828))-specific human CTL recognized the tumor cell line SKOV3.A2 as well as the primary RS.A2.1.DR1 tumor cell line both expressing HER-2/neu and HLA-A*0201. Finally, therapeutic vaccination with HER-2(9(828)) in HHD mice was proven effective against established transplantable ALC.A2.1.HER tumors, inducing complete tumor regression in 50% of mice. Our data encourage further exploitation of HER-2(9(828)) as a promising candidate for peptide-based cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Lekka
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|