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von Kobyletzki LB, Ulriksdotter J, von Kobyletzki E, Mowitz M, Jendle J, Svedman C. Insulin Pump Therapy and Adverse Skin Reactions With Focus on Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Individuals Living With Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Clinical-Based Update. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024:19322968241252613. [PMID: 38853748 DOI: 10.1177/19322968241252613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of insulin pumps (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII]) in individuals living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) improves disease control. However, adverse skin reactions may hamper compliance. We aimed to assess the relationship of insulin pumps, particularly that of infusion set therapy, used in children and adults with T1D and dermatitis including allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, and EMBASE, of full-text studies reporting dermatitis in persons with diabetes using a CSII was conducted from 2020 to 2023. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess study quality. The inventory performed at the Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Malmö, Sweden (YMDA) was also performed highlighting the diagnostic process. RESULTS Among the 391 screened abstracts, 21 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Seven studies included data on children only, four studies were on adults, and nine studies reported data on both children and adults. Participants were exposed to a broad range of pumps. Dermatitis was rarely specified. Up to 60% of those referred to a university hospital due to skin reactions possibly related to insulin pumps had an ACD. CONCLUSIONS The review and our findings indicate that there is not sufficient focus on contact allergy in the primary toxicological evaluations of substances used also for insulin pump therapy products and that possible adverse skin reactions are not correctly followed up in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beate von Kobyletzki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Josefin Ulriksdotter
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisa von Kobyletzki
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Jendle
- School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Passanisi S, Galletta F, Bombaci B, Cherubini V, Tiberi V, Minuto N, Bassi M, Iafusco D, Piscopo A, Mozzillo E, Di Candia F, Rabbone I, Pozzi E, Franceschi R, Cauvin V, Maffeis C, Piona CA, Salzano G. Device-Related Skin Reactions Increase Emotional Burden in Youths With Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024:19322968241253285. [PMID: 38804535 DOI: 10.1177/19322968241253285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin reactions due to technological devices pose a significant concern in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D). This multicentric, comparative cross-sectional study aimed to assess the psychological impact of device-related skin issues on youths with T1D and their parents. METHODS Participants with skin reactions were matched in a 1:1 ratio with a control group. Diabetes-related emotional distress was evaluated using the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Teen version (PAID-T) for participants aged 11 to 19 years and the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Parent Revised version (PAID-PR) completed by parents. In addition, glucose control was assessed through glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics. RESULTS A total of 102 children and adolescents were consecutively recruited. Adolescents with skin issues had higher PAID-T scores compared to those without (79.6 ± 21.1 vs 62 ± 16.8; P = .004). Parents of youths with skin reactions also reported higher PAID-PR scores than the control group (34.0 ± 11.0 vs 26.9 ± 12.3; P = .015). No differences were observed in HbA1c levels (6.9 ± 0.8% vs 6.8 ± 0.8%, P = .555) or CGM glucose metrics between the two groups. Remarkably, 25.5% were forced to discontinue insulin pumps and/or glucose sensors (21.5% and 5.9%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our study highlighted the increased emotional burden experienced by youths with T1D and their parents due to device-related skin reactions, emphasizing the need for further research and interventions in this crucial aspect of diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Galletta
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Bruno Bombaci
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Valentino Cherubini
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, "G. Salesi" Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Tiberi
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche, "G. Salesi" Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Marta Bassi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Iafusco
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetology "G.Stoppoloni," University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Piscopo
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetology "G.Stoppoloni," University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Mozzillo
- Section of Pediatrics, Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetes, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Candia
- Section of Pediatrics, Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetes, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivana Rabbone
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Erica Pozzi
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberto Franceschi
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Chiara Hospital of Trento, APSS, Trento, Italy
| | - Vittoria Cauvin
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Chiara Hospital of Trento, APSS, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Maffeis
- Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, Regional Center for Pediatric Diabetes, University City Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudia Anita Piona
- Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, Regional Center for Pediatric Diabetes, University City Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Passanisi S, Berg AK, Chobot A, Dos Santos TJ, Piona CA, Messer L, Lombardo F. First International Survey on Diabetes Providers' Assessment of Skin Reactions in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Using Technological Devices. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023:19322968231206155. [PMID: 37846755 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231206155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in diabetes technological devices led to optimization of diabetes care; however, long-lasting skin exposure to devices may be accompanied by an increasing occurrence of cutaneous reactions. METHODS We used an open-link web-based survey to evaluate diabetes-care providers' viewpoint on prevalence, management practices, and knowledge related to skin reactions with the use of diabetes technological devices. A post hoc analysis was applied to investigate differences in the level of awareness on this topic in relation to the experience in diabetes technology. RESULTS One hundred twenty-five responses from 39 different countries were collected. Most respondents (69%) routinely examine patients' skin at each visit. All the preventive measures are not clear and, mainly, homogenously put into clinical practice. Contact dermatitis was the most frequently reported cutaneous complication due to diabetes devices, and its most common provocative causes are not yet fully known by diabetes-care providers. Almost half of the respondents (42%) had discussed the presence of harmful allergens contained in adhesives with device manufacturers. There is general agreement on the need to strengthen knowledge on dermatological complications. CONCLUSIONS Although diabetes-care providers are quite aware of the chance to develop skin reactions in people with diabetes using technological devices, there are still some unmet needs. Large follow-up studies and further dissemination tools are awaited to address the gaps revealed by our survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Korsgaard Berg
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Agata Chobot
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Claudia Anita Piona
- Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, Regional Center for Pediatric Diabetes, University City Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laurel Messer
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Fortunato Lombardo
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Holt E, Nguyen H, Bispham J, Liu J, Chapman K, Grady M. Perceptions of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems in the T1D Exchange Diabetes Registry: Satisfaction, Concerns, and Areas for Future Improvement. Clin Diabetes 2023; 42:104-115. [PMID: 38230340 PMCID: PMC10788666 DOI: 10.2337/cd23-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Manufacturers continue to improve performance and usability of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems. As CGM becomes a standard of care, especially for people on insulin therapy, it is important to routinely gauge how satisfied people with diabetes are with this technology. This article describes survey feedback from a large cohort of people with diabetes using older and current CGM systems and highlights areas of current satisfaction, concern, and future system improvement.
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Diedisheim M, Pecquet C, Julla JB, Carlier A, Potier L, Hartemann A, Jacqueminet S, Vidal-Trecan T, Gautier JF, Dubois Laforgue D, Fagherazzi G, Roussel R, Larger E, Sola-Gazagnes A, Riveline JP. Prevalence and Description of the Skin Reactions Associated with Adhesives in Diabetes Technology Devices in an Adult Population: Results of the CUTADIAB Study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2023; 25:279-286. [PMID: 36763338 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2022.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) devices adhering to the skin can lead to skin reactions. The objective was to determine the prevalence and consequences of skin reactions at CGM or CSII sites in a large unbiased population. Research Design and Methods: This is a cross-sectional multicenter study. All adult patients with diabetes seen in consultation over a period of 7 months and using or having used a system with skin adhesives (in the last 10 years) were included and filled out a self-assessment questionnaire. Results: Among 851 patients, skin reaction was reported in 28% with CGM and 29% with CSII. Patients reporting reactions were more frequently women using CGM and CSII, and CGM users had type 1 more often than type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001). Manifestations were similar for reactions to CGM and CSII: redness and pruritus in 70%-75% of patients with reactions, pain in 20%-25%, and vesicles and desquamation in 12%-15%. Manifestations occurred within the first 24 h of first use in 22%-24% of patients with reactions to CGM and CSII, but after more than 6 months in 38% and 47% of patients with reactions to CGM and CSII, respectively. Device use was definitively stopped in 12% of patients with reactions to CGM (3.2% of all users) and 7% with reactions to CSII (2.1% of all users). Conclusions: Skin reactions were common, with similar presentations in CGM and CSII users. Manifestations suggested skin irritation rather than allergies. These reactions rarely led to the definitive discontinuation of the use of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Diedisheim
- Diabetology Department, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Julla
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
- Diabetology and Endocrinology Department, Lariboisière Hospital, Féderation de Diabétologie, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Carlier
- Diabetology Department, Bichat Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Louis Potier
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
- Diabetology Department, Bichat Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Hartemann
- Diabetology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Tiphaine Vidal-Trecan
- Diabetology and Endocrinology Department, Lariboisière Hospital, Féderation de Diabétologie, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
- Diabetology and Endocrinology Department, Lariboisière Hospital, Féderation de Diabétologie, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Deep Digital Phenotyping Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Ronan Roussel
- Diabetology Department, Bichat Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Larger
- Diabetology Department, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Riveline
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université Paris Cité, IMMEDIAB Laboratory, Paris, France
- Diabetology and Endocrinology Department, Lariboisière Hospital, Féderation de Diabétologie, APHP, Paris, France
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Xu NY, Nguyen KT, DuBord AY, Pickup J, Sherr JL, Teymourian H, Cengiz E, Ginsberg BH, Cobelli C, Ahn D, Bellazzi R, Bequette BW, Gandrud Pickett L, Parks L, Spanakis EK, Masharani U, Akturk HK, Melish JS, Kim S, Kang GE, Klonoff DC. Diabetes Technology Meeting 2021. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1016-1056. [PMID: 35499170 PMCID: PMC9264449 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221090279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes Technology Society hosted its annual Diabetes Technology Meeting on November 4 to November 6, 2021. This meeting brought together speakers to discuss various developments within the field of diabetes technology. Meeting topics included blood glucose monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring, novel sensors, direct-to-consumer telehealth, metrics for glycemia, software for diabetes, regulation of diabetes technology, diabetes data science, artificial pancreas, novel insulins, insulin delivery, skin trauma, metabesity, precision diabetes, diversity in diabetes technology, use of diabetes technology in pregnancy, and green diabetes. A live demonstration on a mobile app to monitor diabetic foot wounds was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Y. Xu
- Diabetes Technology Society,
Burlingame, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eda Cengiz
- University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David Ahn
- Mary & Dick Allen Diabetes Center
at Hoag, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Linda Parks
- University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elias K. Spanakis
- Baltimore VA Medical Center,
Baltimore, MD, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore,
MD, USA
| | - Umesh Masharani
- University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Halis K. Akturk
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes,
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Sarah Kim
- University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gu Eon Kang
- The University of Texas at Dallas,
Richardson, TX, USA
| | - David C. Klonoff
- Diabetes Research Institute,
Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA
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Alves da Silva C, Bregnhøj A, Mowitz M, Bruze M, Andersen KE, Sommerlund M. Contact dermatitis in children caused by diabetes devices. Contact Dermatitis 2022; 87:406-413. [PMID: 35634681 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin pump and glucose monitoring devices improve diabetes mellitus (DM) control and enhance patients' quality of life. However, a growing number of adverse cutaneous reactions related to the use of these devices has been reported. OBJECTIVE To investigate the culprits of localized contact dermatitis in pediatric patients with diabetes caused by insulin pump and glucose monitoring devices. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 15 pediatric patients patch tested as part of a clinical investigation for skin reactions associated with insulin pump and glucose monitoring devices RESULTS: Seven patients had positive patch test reactions to isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and five had positive reactions to benzoyl peroxide (BP). Positive patch test reactions to materials from the glucose sensor and/or insulin pump were seen in 10 of the 15 patients. Three had positive reactions to adhesive remover wipe from Smith and Nephew Remove and four had reactions to EMLA plaster. CONCLUSION A high share of patients showed positive reactions to IBOA and/or their medical devices (insulin pumps or glucose devices). A third of patients showed positive reactions to benzoyl peroxide. The presence of additional unidentified allergens cannot be excluded, highlighting the importance of access to a full description of the chemical composition of the devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Bregnhøj
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Klaus Ejner Andersen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Allergic Contact Dermatitis, an Important Skin Reaction in Diabetes Device Users: A Systematic Review. Dermatitis 2022; 33:110-115. [PMID: 35245221 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Diabetes management has undergone many advances over the years, including the introduction of devices that allow patients to monitor blood glucose and administer insulin. Although these devices have improved patients' quality of life, they are associated with adverse reactions.A systematic literature search was performed up to May 2020 in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases, with no temporal restrictions. Articles were screened by title, abstract, and full text as needed. A manual search among the references of the included articles was also performed.Two hundred sixty-five articles were identified, and 50 studies met inclusion criteria. Several cases of allergic contact dermatitis due to the use of insulin infusion systems and blood glucose monitoring have been reported. Acrylates, methacrylates, and colophonium, as well as, in particular, isobornyl acrylate, represent the main allergens responsible.Skin reactions, in particular allergic contact dermatitis, are a very common adverse event caused by insulin pumps and glucose sensors, which may lead to discontinue the usage of these devices with serious consequences for the patients. Collaboration between specialists, specifically between dermatologists and diabetologists, with patients and manufacturers is essential for the correct management of diabetes devices and potential related skin reactions.
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Alvarenga CS, La Banca RO, Neris RR, de Cássia Sparapani V, Fuentealba-Torres M, Cartagena-Ramos D, Leal CL, Esper MV, Nascimento LC. Use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic mapping review. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:43. [PMID: 35183150 PMCID: PMC8858488 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-00950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the treatments for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) is a device that infuses insulin through the subcutaneous tissue in an uninterrupted manner and that comes closest to the physiological secretion of insulin. The use of CSII can provide the family with greater security and children and adolescents have more autonomy in relation to the treatment of T1DM. There is a lack of reviews that systematically gather the mounting evidence about the use of CSII in children and adolescents with T1DM. Therefore, the aim of this review was to group and describe primary and secondary studies on the use of CSII in children and adolescents with T1DM. METHODS A systematic mapping review was performed based on searches in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Lilacs and PsycINFO, using a combination of descriptors and keywords. The screening of the studies was carried out with the aid of the Rayyan software and reading in full was conducted independently by two reviewers. The data extraction of the studies was performed using an extraction tool adapted and validated by researchers specialized in diabetes. The data were analyzed according to the content analysis technique. The map from geocoding of the studies was produced using the ArcGis 10.5 software. RESULTS A total of 113 studies were included in the review, including primary studies, literature reviews and gray literature publications. The content analysis of the results of the studies allowed for the identification of four categories: 1) metabolic control; 2) support networks; 3) benefits of using CSII; and 4) challenges of using CSII, each category having its respective subcategories. The review also made it possible to conduct a rigorous mapping of the literature on the use of CSII considering the location of development and the design of the studies. CONCLUSIONS The use of CSII should be indicated by health professionals able to prepare children, adolescents, and their families for the treatment of T1DM, and, despite being a technological device, it may not be suitable for the entire pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Spinelli Alvarenga
- Public Health Nursing Graduate Program, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | | | - Rhyquelle Rhibna Neris
- Public Health Nursing Graduate Program, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Lima Leal
- Public Health Nursing Graduate Program, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Marcos Venicio Esper
- Interunit Doctoral Program in Nursing, University of São Paulo College of Nursing and the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Lucila Castanheira Nascimento
- Maternal-Infant and Public Health Nursing Department, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, 3900 Av. Bandeirantes, Campus Universitário - Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-902 Brazil
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Manasa G, Mascarenhas RJ, Shetti NP, Malode SJ, Mishra A, Basu S, Aminabhavi TM. Skin Patchable Sensor Surveillance for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:945-970. [PMID: 35170319 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a physiological and metabolic disorder affecting millions of people worldwide, associated with global morbidity, mortality, and financial expenses. Long-term complications can be avoided by frequent, continuous self-monitoring of blood glucose. Therefore, this review summarizes the current state-of-art glycemic control regimes involving measurement approaches and basic concepts. Following an introduction to the significance of continuous glucose sensing, we have tracked the evolution of glucose monitoring devices from minimally invasive to non-invasive methods to present an overview of the spectrum of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technologies. The conveniences, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of the real-time CGM systems (rt-CGMs) are the factors considered for discussion. Transdermal biosensing and drug delivery routes have recently emerged as an innovative approach to substitute hypodermal needles. This work reviews skin-patchable glucose monitoring sensors for the first time, providing specifics of all the major findings in the past 6 years. Skin patch sensors and their progressive form, i.e., microneedle (MN) array sensory and delivery systems, are elaborated, covering self-powered, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic devices. The critical aspects reviewed are material design and assembly techniques focusing on flexibility, sensitivity, selectivity, biocompatibility, and user-end comfort. The review highlights the advantages of patchable MNs' multi-sensor technology designed to maintain precise blood glucose levels and administer diabetes drugs or insulin through a "sense and act" feedback loop. Subsequently, the limitations and potential challenges encountered from the MN array as rt-CGMs are listed. Furthermore, the current statuses of working prototype glucose-responsive "closed-loop" insulin delivery systems are discussed. Finally, the expected future developments and outlooks in clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manasa
- Electrochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Lalbagh Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560027, India
| | - Ronald J Mascarenhas
- Electrochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Lalbagh Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560027, India
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Shweta J Malode
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab 147004, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Vidyanagar, Hubballi, Karnataka 580031, India
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11
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Passanisi S, Salzano G, Galletta F, Aramnejad S, Caminiti L, Pajno GB, Lombardo F. Technologies for Type 1 Diabetes and Contact Dermatitis: Therapeutic Tools and Clinical Outcomes in a Cohort of Pediatric Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:846137. [PMID: 35370980 PMCID: PMC8965381 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.846137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of technological devices for the management of diabetes is related to the prolonged exposure of patients' skin to chemical and mechanical agents and, consequently, to the increased risk of developing dermatological complications. Among these, contact dermatitis is the most insidious skin disorder. Despite the magnitude of the issue, no universally accepted recommendations on the management of this common complication are currently available. Our observational study aimed to describe all the solutions adopted by patients and their caregivers to treat and prevent the appearance of contact dermatitis and to describe the clinical impact of this cutaneous complication. Twenty-one pediatric patients (mean age 12.1 ± 3.7 years) with type 1 diabetes were recruited in the study. The most common treatment used to treat acute skin lesions was the application of topical corticosteroids, sometimes associated with topical antibiotics (9.5%). In order to prevent the further appearance of dermatitis, the most frequently adopted measure was the use of hydrocolloid and/or silicone-based adhesives, followed by the application of protective barrier films. One patient reported benefit from the off-label use of fluticasone propionate nasal spray. However, only 52.4% of the study participants achieved a definitive resolution of the skin issue, and 38.1% of patients were forced to discontinue insulin pump therapy and/or continuous glucose monitoring. No differences were observed in glycated hemoglobin values between the period before and after the onset of contact dermatitis. Our study confirms the severity of this dermatological complication that may hinder the spread of new technologies for the management of diabetes. Finally, our findings highlight the importance of establishing close collaboration both with pediatric allergy specialists to prescribe the most suitable treatment and with manufacturing companies to ensure that adhesives of technological devices are free of harmful well-known sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- *Correspondence: Stefano Passanisi,
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Galletta
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Allergy Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Aramnejad
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Lucia Caminiti
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Allergy Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni B. Pajno
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, Allergy Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fortunato Lombardo
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Passanisi S, Salzano G, Lombardo F. Skin Involvement in Paediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e030921196145. [PMID: 34477525 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210903153837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin involvement is an overlooked aspect in the management of paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. A comprehensive search of published literature using the PubMed database was carried out using the following key terms: "children," "pediatric/paediatric patients," "skin," "skin disorders," "type 1 diabetes." Dermatological side effects are frequently observed among diabetic children and adolescents. Insulin-induced lipodystrophies and allergic contact dermatitis caused by insulin pumps or glycaemic sensors are the most common skin reactions in these patients. Furthermore, several diabetes-associated skin diseases such as necrobiosis lipoidica, granuloma annulare, vitiligo, and bullosis diabeticorum may already be present in paediatric patients. Paediatric diabetes specialists should pay attention to their patients' skin to recognize these disorders, identify the potential causes, and choose the most suitable treatment. Finally, the evaluation of skin concentrations of advanced glycation end-products using non-invasive diagnostic techniques may be used to assess the risk of chronic complications of diabetes as early as adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fortunato Lombardo
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Kamann S, Wagner N, Oppel E. Moderne Sensortechnik zur kontinuierlichen Glukosemessung: Anwendungseinschränkungen durch Kontaktallergien. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:1715-1722. [PMID: 34894186 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14621_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinik Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen
| | - Eva Oppel
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München
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14
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Kamann S, Wagner N, Oppel E. Modern diabetes devices for continuous blood sugar measuring: Limitations due to contact allergies. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19:1715-1721. [PMID: 34751512 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the past years, diabetes diseases have increased significantly worldwide. However, new technologies such as continuous glucose measurement using a subcutaneous sensor are developing just as rapidly. A continuous improvement in insulin pump therapy is also contributing to an improved quality of life. A common feature of these modern devices for diabetes therapy is that they remain fixed in place on the skin for several days. In recent years, skin reactions, in particular pronounced contact dermatitis due to the devices and their adhesives have been increasingly reported. In particular, isobornyl acrylate, which used to be included in a glucose measurement sensor set, was identified as a main allergen. Development of contact allergy can result both in a necessity to quit the measuring system and in allergic cross-reactions to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kamann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Feldafing, Germany
| | - Nicola Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Oppel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Lombardo F, Passanisi S, Tinti D, Messina MF, Salzano G, Rabbone I. High Frequency of Dermatological Complications in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Web-Based Survey. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:1377-1381. [PMID: 32757778 PMCID: PMC8655296 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820947072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite advances in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D), there is an increasing incidence of skin reactions related to diabetes devices such as patch pumps and glucose sensors. Aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of dermatological complications in pediatric patients with T1D using technological devices. METHODS Online survey regarding skin reactions related to the use of patch pumps and/or glucose sensors was administered to families of children and adolescents (0-17 years) with T1D. Data were collected on demographic characteristics, duration of diabetes, and clinical features of dermatological complications if present. RESULTS Our study population consisted of 139 patients (female 51.8%) aged 11.1 ± 3.3 years. More than half (51.1%) experienced skin reactions due to patch pumps or glucose sensors. Dermatological complications were mainly caused by continuous glucose monitoring (56.3% of total). Timing of appearance of dermatological reactions varied from a few days to several months after the introduction of the device. The application of hypoallergenic barrier bandages was the most frequently adopted measure to solve the issue. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed high frequency of dermatological complications among pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Well-designed studies are awaited to provide clear recommendations to minimize the burden of skin issues related to technological devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Lombardo
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult
and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult
and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Stefano Passanisi, Department of Human
Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Via Consolare
Valeria 1, Messina, 98124, Italy.
| | - Davide Tinti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of
Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Messina
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult
and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult
and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ivana Rabbone
- Department of Pediatrics, University of
Turin, Torino, Italy
- Department of Science of Health, Hub
Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetology, University of Oriental Piemonte, Novara,
Italy
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Ferrito L, Passanisi S, Bonfanti R, Cherubini V, Minuto N, Schiaffini R, Scaramuzza A. Efficacy of advanced hybrid closed loop systems for the management of type 1 diabetes in children. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2021; 73:474-485. [PMID: 34309344 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.21.06531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years significant advances have been achieved in the development of technologies for diabetes management. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), predictive low glucose management (PLGM), hybrid closed loop (HCL) and advanced hybrid closed loop (AHCL) systems allow better diabetes management, thus reducing the burden of the disease and the risk of chronic complications. This review summarizes the main characteristics of the currently available HCL and AHCL systems and their primary effects in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The findings of trials assessing the glucose control (time in range, HbA1c values, hypoglycemic events), the health-related quality of life and the existing limits of the use of these technologies are reported. The most recent data clearly confirm the ability of the HCL and AHCL insulin delivery systems to safely achieve a significant improvement of glucose control and quality of life in the pediatric population with T1D. Further studies are underway to overcame current barriers and future improvements in the usability of these technologies are awaited to facilitate their use in the routine clinical practice. The HCL and AHCL algorithms are the key features of today's insulin delivery systems that mark a crucial step towards fully automated closed loop systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ferrito
- Division of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Senigallia Hospital, Senigallia, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bonfanti
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentino Cherubini
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, G. Salesi Hospital, Ancona, Italy
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Salzano G, Galletta F, Caminiti L, Lonia P, Donia V, Pajno GB, Passanisi S, Lombardo F. Vulvar contact dermatitis caused by sensitization to colophonium in a patient with type 1 diabetes. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:364-366. [PMID: 33797079 PMCID: PMC8453717 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Galletta
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Lucia Caminiti
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolina Lonia
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittoria Donia
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Pajno
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fortunato Lombardo
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Wolkowicz KL, Aiello EM, Vargas E, Teymourian H, Tehrani F, Wang J, Pinsker JE, Doyle FJ, Patti M, Laffel LM, Dassau E. A review of biomarkers in the context of type 1 diabetes: Biological sensing for enhanced glucose control. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 6:e10201. [PMID: 34027090 PMCID: PMC8126822 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As wearable healthcare monitoring systems advance, there is immense potential for biological sensing to enhance the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of this work is to describe the ongoing development of biomarker analytes in the context of T1D. Technological advances in transdermal biosensing offer remarkable opportunities to move from research laboratories to clinical point-of-care applications. In this review, a range of analytes, including glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, lactate, epinephrine, and alcohol, as well as ketones such as beta-hydroxybutyrate, will be evaluated to determine the current status and research direction of those analytes specifically relevant to T1D management, using both in-vitro and on-body detection. Understanding state-of-the-art developments in biosensing technologies will aid in bridging the gap from bench-to-clinic T1D analyte measurement advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelilah L. Wolkowicz
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Sansum Diabetes Research InstituteSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eleonora M. Aiello
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Sansum Diabetes Research InstituteSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eva Vargas
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hazhir Teymourian
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Farshad Tehrani
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Francis J. Doyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Sansum Diabetes Research InstituteSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Lori M. Laffel
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Eyal Dassau
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Sansum Diabetes Research InstituteSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Huang C, DeKoven J. An unexpected source of glucose monitor-associated allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:235-236. [PMID: 33598976 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Ahrensbøll-Friis U, Simonsen AB, Zachariae C, Thyssen JP, Johansen JD. Contact dermatitis caused by glucose sensors, insulin pumps, and tapes: Results from a 5-year period. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:75-81. [PMID: 32677709 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of patients with contact dermatitis from glucose sensors and insulin infusion sets is increasing. Patch testing is challenging because of a lack of information concerning the constituent materials of medical devices. OBJECTIVES To report on products and causes of allergic reactions to glucose sensors or insulin infusion sets over a 5-year period and suggest a short screening series. METHODS Analysis of patch test data from consecutive patients suspected of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to glucose sensors and/or insulin infusion sets from 2015-2019. RESULTS Patient numbers increased from 4 to 15 per year; 30/38 (78.9%) were children. In 29 (76.3%), a diagnosis of allergic/probable ACD was established, mostly due to the tapes of the device or allergens in these tapes (n = 23) followed by allergens in the device housing (n = 10). Isobornyl acrylate, abitol, and colophonium were the most common allergens. Information from manufacturers was often difficult to obtain and, if accessible, inadequate. For this reason, the diagnosis was delayed for more than 1.5 years in 12 (31%) patients. CONCLUSIONS The increasing number of patients, mostly children, with ACD from devices used in treatment of type 1 diabetes demonstrates the importance of this problem. Allergies can easily be overlooked, due to the lack of mandatory labeling of the constituent materials of the devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Ahrensbøll-Friis
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne Birgitte Simonsen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne D Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
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Abstract
The design and development of insulin pumps and various glucose sensor systems has an enormous impact on life quality of diabetic patients. Surveillance and therapy of diabetes has improved due to the new diabetic devices, which are affixed to the patients' skin for several days. Since their introduction, irritant and allergic contact dermatitis have been frequently reported. Patients often acquire contact sensitization to isobornyl acrylate, N,N-dimethylacrylamide or formerly to 2‑ethyl-cyanoacrylate. These contact allergens were found in the patch, in the glue to affix the box on the patch or in the casing of the system itself. Development of contact allergy to substances of these systems may result in the need to abandon modern diabetic devices.
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