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Shrestha RD, Agunos A, Gow SP, Deckert AE, Varga C. Decrease in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates of Canadian turkey flocks driven by the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282897. [PMID: 37486902 PMCID: PMC10365295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms at the human-animal-environment interface has raised global concern prompting governments and various stakeholders to take action. As a part of the stewardship initiative, Canadian turkey producers have implemented an antimicrobial use (AMU) strategy to manage antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in their sector. This study evaluated farm-level AMU and AMR data collected between 2016 and 2021 in major turkey-producing provinces/regions through the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance to assess the progress of the strategy by characterizing the prevalence of homologous and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys. Multivariable mixed-effect logistic regression models assessed temporal and provincial/regional variations in AMR and MDR. Negative binomial regression models examined the temporal and regional variations in the total AMU. The total AMU (measured in mg/kg turkey biomass) significantly decreased in all provinces/regions in 2020 and 2021. Escherichia coli isolates from turkey flocks showed a significant decrease in resistance to gentamicin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracyclines during the six-year study period, consistent with the timing of the AMU reduction strategy. The prevalence of MDR isolates was significantly lower in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2016. Higher prevalence was observed in the Western region compared to Québec and Ontario. Two common AMR patterns were identified: ampicillin-streptomycin-tetracyclines and streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-tetracyclines. These AMR patterns indicate possible cross-resistances (same class), co-selection (unrelated classes) for resistance, or potential carryover of resistance determinants from previous production cycles. The decreasing prevalence of resistance to homologous antimicrobials, MDR, and AMU quantity are suggestive that the turkey sector's AMU strategy is achieving its desired impact. However, antimicrobials previously eliminated for preventive use in turkey flocks and the use of highly important antimicrobials in human medicine suggest that the AMU reduction strategy should be monitored and re-evaluated periodically to mitigate the emergence of MDR bacteria and safeguard animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima D Shrestha
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheryl P Gow
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Anne E Deckert
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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2
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Lee KY, Lavelle K, Huang A, Atwill ER, Pitesky M, Li X. Assessment of Prevalence and Diversity of Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli from Retail Meats in Southern California. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040782. [PMID: 37107144 PMCID: PMC10135137 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Retail meat products may serve as reservoirs and conduits for antimicrobial resistance, which is frequently monitored using Escherichia coli as indicator bacteria. In this study, E. coli isolation was conducted on 221 retail meat samples (56 chicken, 54 ground turkey, 55 ground beef, and 56 pork chops) collected over a one-year period from grocery stores in southern California. The overall prevalence of E. coli in retail meat samples was 47.51% (105/221), with E. coli contamination found to be significantly associated with meat type and season of sampling. From antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 51 isolates (48.57%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, 54 (51.34%) were resistant to at least 1 drug, 39 (37.14%) to 2 or more drugs, and 21 (20.00%) to 3 or more drugs. Resistance to ampicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline were significantly associated with meat type, with poultry counterparts (chicken or ground turkey) exhibiting higher odds for resistance to these drugs compared to non-poultry meats (beef and pork). From the 52 E. coli isolates selected to undergo whole-genome sequencing (WGS), 27 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were identified and predicted phenotypic AMR profiles with an overall sensitivity and specificity of 93.33% and 99.84%, respectively. Clustering assessment and co-occurrence networks revealed that the genomic AMR determinants of E. coli from retail meat were highly heterogeneous, with a sparsity of shared gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Yen Lee
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kurtis Lavelle
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anny Huang
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Edward Robert Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xunde Li
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Shay JA, Haniford LSE, Cooper A, Carrillo CD, Blais BW, Lau CHF. Exploiting a targeted resistome sequencing approach in assessing antimicrobial resistance in retail foods. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2023; 18:25. [PMID: 36991496 PMCID: PMC10052294 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-023-00482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the escalating risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), there are limited analytical options available that can comprehensively assess the burden of AMR carried by clinical/environmental samples. Food can be a potential source of AMR bacteria for humans, but its significance in driving the clinical spread of AMR remains unclear, largely due to the lack of holistic-yet-sensitive tools for surveillance and evaluation. Metagenomics is a culture-independent approach well suited for uncovering genetic determinants of defined microbial traits, such as AMR, present within unknown bacterial communities. Despite its popularity, the conventional approach of non-selectively sequencing a sample's metagenome (namely, shotgun-metagenomics) has several technical drawbacks that lead to uncertainty about its effectiveness for AMR assessment; for instance, the low discovery rate of resistance-associated genes due to their naturally small genomic footprint within the vast metagenome. Here, we describe the development of a targeted resistome sequencing method and demonstrate its application in the characterization of the AMR gene profile of bacteria associated with several retail foods. RESULT A targeted-metagenomic sequencing workflow using a customized bait-capture system targeting over 4,000 referenced AMR genes and 263 plasmid replicon sequences was validated against both mock and sample-derived bacterial community preparations. Compared to shotgun-metagenomics, the targeted method consistently provided for improved recovery of resistance gene targets with a much-improved target detection efficiency (> 300-fold). Targeted resistome analyses conducted on 36 retail-acquired food samples (fresh sprouts, n = 10; ground meat, n = 26) and their corresponding bacterial enrichment cultures (n = 36) reveals in-depth features regarding the identity and diversity of AMR genes, most of which were otherwise undetected by the whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing method. Furthermore, our findings suggest that foodborne Gammaproteobacteria could be the major reservoir of food-associated AMR genetic determinants, and that the resistome structure of the selected high-risk food commodities are, to a large extent, dictated by microbiome composition. CONCLUSIONS For metagenomic sequencing-based surveillance of AMR, the target-capture method presented herein represents a more sensitive and efficient approach to evaluate the resistome profile of complex food or environmental samples. This study also further implicates retail foods as carriers of diverse resistance-conferring genes indicating a potential impact on the dissemination of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Shay
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Laura S E Haniford
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley Cooper
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine D Carrillo
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Burton W Blais
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Calvin Ho-Fung Lau
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria—A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081079. [PMID: 36009947 PMCID: PMC9404765 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A global problem of multi-drug resistance (MDR) among bacteria is the cause of hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. In response to the significant increase of MDR bacteria, legislative measures have widely been taken to limit or eliminate the use of antibiotics, including in the form of feed additives for livestock, but also in metaphylaxis and its treatment, which was the subject of EU Regulation in 2019/6. Numerous studies have documented that bacteria use both phenotypis and gentic strategies enabling a natural defence against antibiotics and the induction of mechanisms in increasing resistance to the used antibacterial chemicals. The mechanisms presented in this review developed by the bacteria have a significant impact on reducing the ability to combat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Moreover, the high prevalence of multi-resistant strains in the environment and the ease of transmission of drug-resistance genes between the different bacterial species including commensal flora and pathogenic like foodborne pathogens (E. coli, Campylobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Staphylococcus spp.) favor the rapid spread of multi-resistance among bacteria in humans and animals. Given the global threat posed by the widespread phenomenon of multi-drug resistance among bacteria which are dangerous for humans and animals, the subject of this study is the presentation of the mechanisms of resistance in most frequent bacteria called as “foodborne pathoges” isolated from human and animals. In order to present the significance of the global problem related to multi-drug resistance among selected pathogens, especially those danger to humans, the publication also presents statistical data on the percentage range of occurrence of drug resistance among selected bacteria in various regions of the world. In addition to the phenotypic characteristics of pathogen resistance, this review also presents detailed information on the detection of drug resistance genes for specific groups of antibiotics. It should be emphasized that the manuscript also presents the results of own research i.e., Campylobacter spp., E. coli or Enetrococcus spp. This subject and the presentation of data on the risks of drug resistance among bacteria will contribute to initiating research in implementing the prevention of drug resistance and the development of alternatives for antimicrobials methods of controlling bacteria.
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Shrestha RD, Agunos A, Gow SP, Deckert AE, Varga C. Associations between antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates and antimicrobial use in Canadian turkey flocks. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:954123. [PMID: 35966666 PMCID: PMC9372513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.954123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in enteric bacteria continues to be detected in turkey flocks and retail products worldwide, including in Canada. However, studies assessing linkages between on-farm antimicrobial use (AMU) and the development of AMR are lacking. This study aims to identify AMU characteristics that impact the development of AMR in the indicator bacteria Escherichia coli in turkey flocks, building on the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance methodology for farm-level AMU and AMR data integration. Two analytic approaches were used: (1) multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models examined associations between AMU (any route, route-specific, and route-disease-specific indication) summarized as the number of defined daily doses in animals using Canadian standards ([nDDDvetCA]/1,000 kg-animal-days at risk) and AMR and (2) multivariable mixed-effects Poisson regression models studied the linkages between AMU and the number of classes to which an E. coli isolate was resistant (nCR E. coli ). A total of 1,317 E. coli isolates from a network of 16 veterinarians and 334 turkey producers across the five major turkey-producing provinces in Canada between 2016 and 2019 were used. Analysis indicated that AMR emerged with the use of related antimicrobials (e.g., tetracycline use-tetracycline resistance), however, the use of unrelated antimicrobial classes was also impacting AMR (e.g., aminoglycosides/streptogramins use-tetracycline resistance). As for studying AMU-nCR E. coli linkages, the most robust association was between the parenteral aminoglycosides use and nCR E. coli , though in-feed uses of four unrelated classes (bacitracin, folate pathway inhibitors, streptogramins, and tetracyclines) appear to be important, indicating that ongoing uses of these classes may slow down the succession from multidrug-resistant to a more susceptible E. coli populations. The analysis of AMU (route and disease-specific)-AMR linkages complemented the above findings, suggesting that treatment of certain diseases (enteric, late-stage septicemic conditions, and colibacillosis) are influential in the development of resistance to certain antimicrobial classes. The highest variances were at the flock level indicating that stewardship actions should focus on flock-level infection prevention practices. This study added new insights to our understanding of AMU-AMR linkages in turkeys and is useful in informing AMU stewardship in the turkey sector. Enhanced surveillance using sequencing technologies are warranted to explain molecular-level determinants of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima D. Shrestha
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Agnes Agunos
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sheryl P. Gow
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anne E. Deckert
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Tang B, Chang J, Luo Y, Jiang H, Liu C, Xiao X, Ji X, Yang H. Prevalence and characteristics of the mcr-1 gene in retail meat samples in Zhejiang Province, China. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY (SEOUL, KOREA) 2022; 60:610-619. [PMID: 35362896 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering the serious threat to food safety and public health posed by pathogens with colistin resistance, colistin was banned as a growth promoter in 2017 in China. In recent years, the resistance rate of Escherichia coli isolated from animal intestines or feces to colistin has decreased. However, the prevalence and characteristics of the mcr-1 gene in retail meat have not been well explored. Herein, 106 mcr-1-negative and 16 mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates were randomly recovered from 120 retail meat samples and screened using colistin. The 106 E. coli isolates showed maximum resistance to sulfafurazole (73.58%) and tetracycline (62.26%) but susceptibility to colistin (0.00%). All 16 mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates showed resistance to colistin, were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive and exhibited complex multidrug resistance (MDR). For these 16 isolates, 17 plasmid replicons and 42 antibiotic resistance genes were identified, and at least 7 antibiotic resistance genes were found in each isolate. Acquired disinfectant resistance genes were identified in 75.00% (12/16) of the isolates. Furthermore, comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis results indicated that these 16 mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates and the most prevalent mcr-1-harboring IncI2 plasmid in this study were closely related to other previously reported mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates and the IncI2 plasmid, respectively, showing their wide distribution. Taken together, our findings showed that retail meat products were a crucial reservoir of mcr-1 during the colistin ban period and should be continuously monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310004, P. R. China.
| | - Jiang Chang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Han Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Canying Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528225, P. R. China
| | - Xingning Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310004, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310004, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310004, P. R. China.
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Sacher-Pirklbauer A, Klein-Jöbstl D, Sofka D, Blanc-Potard AB, Hilbert F. Phylogenetic Groups and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli from Different Meat Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121543. [PMID: 34943755 PMCID: PMC8698590 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolated from meat of different animal species may harbour antimicrobial resistance genes and may thus be a threat to human health. The objectives of this study were to define antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli isolates from pork, beef, chicken- and turkey meat and analyse whether their resistance genotypes associated with phylogenetic groups or meat species. A total number of 313 E. coli samples were isolated using standard cultural techniques. In 98% of resistant isolates, a dedicated resistance gene could be identified by PCR. Resistance genes detected were tet(A) and tet(B) for tetracycline resistance, strA and aadA1 for streptomycin resistance, sulI and sulII for resistance against sulphonamides, dfr and aphA for kanamycin resistance and blaTEM for ampicillin resistance. One stx1 harbouring E. coli isolated from pork harboured the tet(A) gene and belonged to phylogenetic group B2, whilst another stx1 positive isolate from beef was multi-resistant and tested positive for blaTEM,aphA, strA–B, sulII, and tet(A) and belonged to phylogenetic group A. In conclusion, the distribution of resistance elements was almost identical and statistically indifferent in isolates of different meat species. Phylogenetic groups did not associate with the distribution of resistance genes and a rather low number of diverse resistance genes were detected. Most E. coli populations with different resistance genes against one drug often revealed statistically significant different MIC values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Sacher-Pirklbauer
- Institute of Food Safety, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.-P.); (D.S.)
| | - Daniela Klein-Jöbstl
- Section of Herd Management, Clinic for Ruminats, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dmitrij Sofka
- Institute of Food Safety, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.-P.); (D.S.)
| | - Anne-Béatrice Blanc-Potard
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), Université Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France;
- CNRS, UMR 5235, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Friederike Hilbert
- Institute of Food Safety, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.-P.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-125-0773-316
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Chonsin K, Changkwanyeun R, Siriphap A, Intarapuk A, Prapasawat W, Changkaew K, Pulsrikarn C, Isoda N, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Suthienkul O. Prevalence and Multidrug Resistance of Salmonella in Swine Production Chain in a Central Province, Thailand. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2174-2184. [PMID: 34410408 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella causes foodborne disease outbreaks worldwide and raises concerns about public health and economic losses. To determine prevalence, serovar, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in a cross-sectional study, 418 total samples from feces and carcasses (from three slaughterhouses) and pork and cutting boards (from four markets) were collected in a central Thailand province in 2017 and 2018. Of the 418 samples, 272 (65.1%) were positive for Salmonella. The prevalence of Salmonella-positive samples from markets (158 of 178; 88.8%) was significantly higher than that among samples from slaughterhouses (114 of 240; 47.5%) (P < 0.05). A total of 1,030 isolates were identified; 409 were assigned to 45 serovars, with Salmonella Rissen the most common (82 of 409; 20%). Two serovars, Salmonella Cannstatt and Salmonella Braubach, were identified for the first time in Thailand in market and slaughterhouse samples, respectively. Among 180 isolates representing 19 serovars, 133 (73.9%) exhibited multidrug resistance. Screening for ESBL production revealed that 41 (10.3%) of 399 isolates were ESBL positive. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Salmonella isolates was significantly higher among the market isolates (31 of 41; 75.6%) than among the slaughterhouse isolates in (10 of 41; 24.4%) (P < 0.05). In market samples, 24 (77.4%) of 31 isolates were recovered from pork and 7 (22.6%) were recovered from cutting boards. Nine ESBL-producing isolates carried single ESBL genes, either blaTEM (4 of 41 isolates; 9.8%) or blaCTX-M (5 of 41 isolates; 12.2%), whereas 11 (26.8%) carried both blaTEM and blaCTX-M. No ESBL-producing Salmonella isolate carried the blaSHV gene. These results suggest that pigs, their flesh, and cutting boards used for processing pork could be reservoirs for widespread ESBL-producing Salmonella isolates with multidrug resistance and outbreak potential across the food chain. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaknokrat Chonsin
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Thani 84100, Thailand
| | | | - Achiraya Siriphap
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000 Thailand
| | - Apiradee Intarapuk
- Department of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Watsawan Prapasawat
- Department of Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Changkaew
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasart University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Pulsrikarn
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan.,Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0808, Japan.,Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Orasa Suthienkul
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasart University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand.,Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Zhang Y, Schmidt JW, Arthur TM, Wheeler TL, Wang B. A Comparative Quantitative Assessment of Human Exposure to Various Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria among U.S. Ground Beef Consumers. J Food Prot 2021; 84:736-759. [PMID: 33270822 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of animal-derived meat products is suspected as an important exposure route to antimicrobial resistance, as the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) along the beef supply chain is well documented. A retail-to-fork quantitative exposure assessment was established to compare consumers' exposure to various ARB due to the consumption of ground beef with and without "raised without antibiotics" claims and to inform potential exposure mitigation strategies related to consumer practices. The microbial agents evaluated included Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TETr) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli,Salmonella enterica, TETrS. enterica, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant S. enterica, nalidixic acid-resistant S. enterica, Enterococcus spp., TETrEnterococcus spp., erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The final model outputs were the probability of exposure to at least 0 to 6 log CFU microorganisms per serving of ground beef at the time of consumption. It was estimated that tetracycline resistance was more prevalent in ground beef compared with other types of resistance, among which the predicted average probability of ingesting TETrEnterococcus was highest (6.2% of ingesting at least 0 log CFU per serving), followed by TETrE. coli (3.1%) and TETrSalmonella (0.0001%), given common product purchase preferences and preparation behaviors among beef consumers in the United States. The effectiveness of consumer-related interventions was estimated by simulating the differences in exposure as a result of changes in consumer practices in purchasing, handling, and preparing ground beef. The results indicated that proper use of recommended safe cooking and food preparation practices mitigates ARB exposure more effectively than choosing raised without antibiotics compared with conventional beef. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjunna Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - John W Schmidt
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-2252 [B.W.])
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10
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Shang D, Zhao H, Xu X, Arunachalam K, Chang J, Bai L, Shi C. Conjugative IncHI2 plasmid harboring novel class 1 integron mediated dissemination of multidrug resistance genes in Salmonella Typhimurium. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Athanasakopoulou Z, Tsilipounidaki K, Sofia M, Chatzopoulos DC, Giannakopoulos A, Karakousis I, Giannakis V, Spyrou V, Touloudi A, Satra M, Galamatis D, Diamantopoulos V, Mpellou S, Petinaki E, Billinis C. Poultry and Wild Birds as a Reservoir of CMY-2 Producing Escherichia coli: The First Large-Scale Study in Greece. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030235. [PMID: 33652621 PMCID: PMC7996950 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance mediated by β-lactamases is a globally spread menace. The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of Escherichia coli producing plasmid-encoded AmpC β-lactamases (pAmpC) in animals. Fecal samples from chickens (n = 159), cattle (n = 104), pigs (n = 214), and various wild bird species (n = 168), collected from different Greek regions during 2018-2020, were screened for the presence of pAmpC-encoding genes. Thirteen E. coli displaying resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and a positive AmpC confirmation test were detected. blaCMY-2 was the sole pAmpC gene identified in 12 chickens' and 1 wild bird (Eurasian magpie) isolates and was in all cases linked to an upstream ISEcp1-like element. The isolates were classified into five different sequence types: ST131, ST117, ST155, ST429, and ST1415. Four chickens' stains were assigned to ST131, while five chickens' strains and the one from the Eurasian magpie belonged to ST117. Seven pAmpC isolates co-harbored genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines (tetM, tetB, tetC, tetD), 3 carried sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI and sulII), and 10 displayed mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA (S83L+D87N) and parC (S80I+E84V). This report provides evidence of pAmpC dissemination, describing for the first time the presence of CMY-2 in chickens and wild birds from Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | | | - Marina Sofia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | | | | | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Antonia Touloudi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
| | - Maria Satra
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Galamatis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA (ELGO DIMITRA), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | - Spyridoula Mpellou
- Bioefarmoges Eleftheriou LP-Integrated Mosquito Control, 19007 Marathon, Greece;
| | - Efthymia Petinaki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (K.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (Z.A.); (M.S.); (D.C.C.); (A.G.); (A.T.)
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Kasimanickam V, Kasimanickam M, Kasimanickam R. Antibiotics Use in Food Animal Production: Escalation of Antimicrobial Resistance: Where Are We Now in Combating AMR? Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:14. [PMID: 33669981 PMCID: PMC7931007 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics has been very beneficial to human health, animal wellbeing, and food production, however, there are no alternatives to antimicrobials in treating infectious diseases. Their use can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance, but the world has realized the need to combat antimicrobial resistance in recent decades due to the continued escalation of the problem jeopardizing human and veterinary medicine and food and environmental safety. Understanding the AMR and judicious use of antimicrobials are critical, and one health approach involving several sectors and multiple disciplines is important to tackle the problem. National, regional, and global action plans have been instigated to tackle the escalation of AMR. Antimicrobials are frequently used in food animal production. Therefore, food animal producers are important participants to prevent overuse and misuse of antimicrobials. Recent regulations to address the challenges have not been perceived well in animal farming communities. More awareness regarding these action plans and understanding the impact of AMR are needed. A nationwide survey of perceptions of food animal producers regarding AMR mitigation approaches should be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the current policies regarding antibiotics use and AMR. These outcomes should be incorporated in future policies and awareness campaigns targeting food animal producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanmathy Kasimanickam
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
- AARVEE Animal Biotech, LLC, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Maadhanki Kasimanickam
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Ramanathan Kasimanickam
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
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13
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Awosile B, Eisnor J, Saab ME, Heider L, McClure JT. Occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in retail meat products from the Maritime Provinces, Canada. Can J Microbiol 2020; 67:537-547. [PMID: 33242259 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance to the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) in Escherichia coli isolates. The isolates were collected from retail meat products collected in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Our analyses involved the use of both selective and traditional culture methods; we also conducted genotype analyses using multiplex polymerase chain reactions. ESC-resistant (ESC-R) E. coli were detected in 33 of 559 samples (5.9%) using the traditional culture method, compared with 151 of 557 samples (27.1%) using the selective culture method. We recovered more isolates of ESC-R E. coli from poultry compared with beef and pork (P < 0.001). Multidrug resistance, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), and AmpC phenotypes were more common in chicken-derived isolates than other retail meat products (P < 0.001). From the 98 isolates examined, 76 isolates (77.6%) were positive for either ESBL and AmpC β-lactamases or both. Among the 76 isolates, blaCMY-2 (78.9%), blaCTXM (46.1%), blaTEM (21.1%), and blaSHV (1.3%) genes were detected. Among the blaCTXM-producing isolates, blaCTXM-1, blaCTXM-2, and blaCTXM-9 phylogenetic groups were detected. β-lactamase genes were more commonly detected in chicken-derived isolates compared with other meat types (P < 0.01). This study demonstrates the occurrence of ESBL- and AmpC-resistance genes in retail meat products in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. We found that selective culture significantly improved the recovery of ESC-R E. coli isolates from retail meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela Awosile
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Jessica Eisnor
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Luke Heider
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - J T McClure
- Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.,Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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14
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Yang H, Wei SH, Hobman JL, Dodd CER. Antibiotic and Metal Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Pig Slaughterhouses in the United Kingdom. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110746. [PMID: 33126748 PMCID: PMC7692696 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is currently an important concern, but there are few data on the co-presence of metal and antibiotic resistance in potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli entering the food chain from pork, which may threaten human health. We have examined the phenotypic and genotypic resistances to 18 antibiotics and 3 metals (mercury, silver, and copper) of E. coli from pig slaughterhouses in the United Kingdom. The results showed resistances to oxytetracycline, streptomycin, sulphonamide, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, ceftiofur, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, aztreonam, and nitrofurantoin. The top three resistances were oxytetracycline (64%), streptomycin (28%), and sulphonamide (16%). Two strains were resistant to six kinds of antibiotics. Three carried the blaTEM gene. Fifteen strains (18.75%) were resistant to 25 µg/mL mercury and five (6.25%) of these to 50 µg/mL; merA and merC genes were detected in 14 strains. Thirty-five strains (43.75%) showed resistance to silver, with 19 possessing silA, silB, and silE genes. Fifty-five strains (68.75%) were resistant to 8 mM copper or above. Seven contained the pcoE gene. Some strains were multi-resistant to antibiotics, silver, and copper. The results in this study, based on strains isolated between 2007 and 2010, will aid understanding about the effects of strategies to reduce resistance and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (S.-H.W.); (J.L.H.); (C.E.R.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Shao-Hung Wei
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (S.-H.W.); (J.L.H.); (C.E.R.D.)
- JHL Biotech, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302, Taiwan
| | - Jon L. Hobman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (S.-H.W.); (J.L.H.); (C.E.R.D.)
| | - Christine E. R. Dodd
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; (S.-H.W.); (J.L.H.); (C.E.R.D.)
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15
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Hassan ZM, Manyelo TG, Selaledi L, Mabelebele M. The Effects of Tannins in Monogastric Animals with Special Reference to Alternative Feed Ingredients. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204680. [PMID: 33066367 PMCID: PMC7587385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, the monogastric animal industry has witnessed an increase in feed prices due to several factors, and this trend is likely to continue. The hike in feed prices is mostly due to extreme competition over commonly used conventional ingredients. For this trend to be subdued, alternative ingredients of both plant and animal origin need to be sourced. These types of ingredients are investigated with the aim of substituting all or some of the conventional compounds. However, alternative ingredients often have a double-edged sword effect, in that they can supply animals with the necessary nutrients although they contain antinutritional factors such as tannins. Tannins are complex secondary metabolites commonly present in the plant kingdom, known to bind with protein and make it unavailable; however, recently they have been proven to have the potential to replace conventional ingredients, in addition to their health benefits, particularly the control of zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella. Thus, the purpose of this review is to (1) classify the types of tannins present in alternative feed ingredients, and (2) outline the effects and benefits of tannins in monogastric animals. Several processing methods have been reported to reduce tannins in diets for monogastric animals; furthermore, these need to be cost-effective. It can thus be concluded that the level of inclusion of tannins in diets will depend on the type of ingredient and the animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mohammed Hassan
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Tlou Grace Manyelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Letlhogonolo Selaledi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Monnye Mabelebele
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-471-3983
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16
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Dsani E, Afari EA, Danso-Appiah A, Kenu E, Kaburi BB, Egyir B. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolates from raw meat in Greater Accra region, Ghana. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:253. [PMID: 32795260 PMCID: PMC7427773 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typically, raw meat can be contaminated with antibiotic resistant pathogens at unhygienic slaughter and sale points. Consumption of meat contaminated with antibiotic resistant E. coli is associated with grave health care consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial quality of raw meat, the antimicrobial susceptibility and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates from raw meat. RESULTS Total Plate Counts exceeded the acceptable limit of 5.0 log CFU/ cm2 in 60.5% (124/205) of raw meat samples. Total Coliform Counts in 70.7% (145/205) of samples were in excess of the acceptable limit of 2.5 log CFU/cm2. E. coli was detected in about half of raw meat samples (48%), ranging from 9.5-79.0% among the slaughter sites. Isolates were susceptible to meropenem (100%), ceftriaxone (99%), cefotaxime (98%), chloramphenicol (97%), gentamycin (97%), ciprofloxacin (92%) and amikacin (92%), but resistant to ampicillin (57%), tetracycline (45%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (21%) and cefuroxime (17%). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was identified in 22% of the isolates. The blaTEM gene was detected in 4% (4/98) of E. coli isolates in this study. CONCLUSION The levels of microbial contamination of raw meat in this study were unacceptable. Meat handlers and consumers are at risk of foodborne infections from E. coli including ESBL producing E. coli that are resistant to most antibiotics in use. We recommend an enhanced surveillance for antibiotic resistance in food products for the early detection of emerging resistant bacteria species in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dsani
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Veterinary Services Directorate of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edwin Andrews Afari
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anthony Danso-Appiah
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ernest Kenu
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Basil Benduri Kaburi
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Beverly Egyir
- Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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17
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Adator EH, Narvaez-Bravo C, Zaheer R, Cook SR, Tymensen L, Hannon SJ, Booker CW, Church D, Read RR, McAllister TA. A One Health Comparative Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Generic and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Beef Production, Sewage and Clinical Settings. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060885. [PMID: 32545206 PMCID: PMC7355928 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant and generic Escherichia coli from a One Health continuum of the beef production system in Alberta, Canada. A total of 705 extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (ESCr) were obtained from: cattle feces (CFeces, n = 382), catch basins (CBasins, n = 137), surrounding streams (SStreams, n = 59), beef processing plants (BProcessing, n = 4), municipal sewage (MSewage; n = 98) and human clinical specimens (CHumans, n = 25). Generic isolates (663) included: CFeces (n = 142), CBasins (n = 185), SStreams (n = 81), BProcessing (n = 159) and MSewage (n = 96). All isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility to 9 antimicrobials and two clavulanic acid combinations. In ESCr, oxytetracycline (87.7%), ampicillin (84.4%) and streptomycin (73.8%) resistance phenotypes were the most common, with source influencing AMR prevalence (p < 0.001). In generic E. coli, oxytetracycline (51.1%), streptomycin (22.6%), ampicillin (22.5%) and sulfisoxazole (14.3%) resistance were most common. Overall, 88.8% of ESCr, and 26.7% of generic isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR). MDR in ESCr was high from all sources: CFeces (97.1%), MSewage (96.9%), CHumans (96%), BProcessing (100%), CBasins (70.5%) and SStreams (61.4%). MDR in generic E. coli was lower with CFeces (45.1%), CBasins (34.6%), SStreams (23.5%), MSewage (13.6%) and BProcessing (10.7%). ESBL phenotypes were confirmed in 24.7% (n = 174) ESCr and 0.6% of generic E. coli. Prevalence of bla genes in ESCr were blaCTXM (30.1%), blaCTXM-1 (21.6%), blaTEM (20%), blaCTXM-9 (7.9%), blaOXA (3.0%), blaCTXM-2 (6.4%), blaSHV (1.4%) and AmpC β-lactamase blaCMY (81.3%). The lower AMR in ESCr from SStreams and BProcessing and higher AMR in CHumans and CFeces likely reflects antimicrobial use in these environments. Although MDR levels were higher in ESCr as compared to generic E. coli, AMR to the same antimicrobials ranked high in both ESCr and generic E. coli sub-populations. This suggests that both sub-populations reflect similar AMR trends and are equally useful for AMR surveillance. Considering that MDR ESCr MSewage isolates were obtained without enrichment, while those from CFeces were obtained with enrichment, MSewage may serve as a hot spot for MDR emergence and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelia H. Adator
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (E.H.A.); (C.N.-B.)
| | - Claudia Narvaez-Bravo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (E.H.A.); (C.N.-B.)
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
| | - Shaun R. Cook
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada; (S.R.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Lisa Tymensen
- Irrigation and Farm Water Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada; (S.R.C.); (L.T.)
| | - Sherry J. Hannon
- Health Management Services Ltd, Okotoks, AB T1S 2A2, Canada; (S.J.H.); (C.W.B.)
| | - Calvin W. Booker
- Health Management Services Ltd, Okotoks, AB T1S 2A2, Canada; (S.J.H.); (C.W.B.)
| | - Deirdre Church
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (D.C.); (R.R.R.)
| | - Ron R. Read
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (D.C.); (R.R.R.)
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (E.H.A.); (C.N.-B.)
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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18
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de Alcântara Rodrigues I, Ferrari RG, Panzenhagen PHN, Mano SB, Conte-Junior CA. Antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria from animal-based foods. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 112:143-183. [PMID: 32762867 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health threat. Farm animals are important sources of bacteria containing antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Although the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture and livestock has been reduced in several countries, these compounds are still routinely applied in animal production, and contribute to ARGs emergence and spread among bacteria. ARGs are transmitted to humans mainly through the consumption of products of animal origin (PAO). Bacteria can present intrinsic resistance, and once antimicrobials are administered, this resistance may be selected and multiply. The exchange of genetic material is another mechanism used by bacteria to acquire resistance. Some of the main ARGs found in bacteria present in PAO are the bla, mcr-1, cfr and tet genes, which are directly associated to antibiotic resistance in the human clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora de Alcântara Rodrigues
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Sergio Borges Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio isolated from chicken, pork, buffalo and goat meat in eastern Nepal. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:766. [PMID: 31752992 PMCID: PMC6873459 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Food-borne pathogens are a major cause of illnesses, death and expenses. Their occurrence in meat and other food is considered a global health problem. The burden of food-borne disease is increasing due to antimicrobial resistance which represents a greater risk of treatment failure. However, very little is known about the antibiotic resistance profile of food-borne pathogens in Nepal. This study was conducted to examine the antibiotic resistance profile of common food-borne bacterial pathogens isolated from raw meat sold in Nepal. A total of 83 meat samples were collected from the market and analyzed. Results The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio were 68%, 53%, 35%, 6%, and 6% respectively. The resistance of Salmonella was most frequently observed to amoxicillin (100%), tetracycline (24%), chloramphenicol (11%), and nalidixic acid (11%). S. aureus was resistant to amoxicillin (100%) followed by tetracycline (63%), nalidixic acid (17%), and cefotaxime (13%) respectively. Vibrio isolates resisted amoxicillin (100%), tetracycline (40%) and chloramphenicol (20%). Shigella expressed the highest resistance to amoxicillin (100%), followed by chloramphenicol (80%), tetracycline (60%) and nalidixic acid (20%). E. coli exhibited the highest resistance to amoxicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline (93%), nalidixic acid (25%) and cefotaxime (19%).
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20
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Jamborova I, Janecko N, Halova D, Sedmik J, Mezerova K, Papousek I, Kutilova I, Dolejska M, Cizek A, Literak I. Molecular characterization of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase- and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among corvids (Corvus brachyrhynchos and Corvus corax) roosting in Canada. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:5078344. [PMID: 30137290 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the carriage of AmpC and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes and associated plasmids in faecal bacteria of Canadian corvids. Faecal samples from 449 birds in five roosting sites across Canada were analyzed using selective media, screening for AmpC and ESBL genes by PCR, and sequencing. Genomic relatedness was determined by PFGE and MLST. Plasmid mobility was studied by conjugation and transformation experiments, followed by plasmid typing. In total, 96 (21%, n = 449) cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli and three (0.7%) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were identified. ESBL genes blaCTX-M-1 (n = 3), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 2), blaCTX-M-32 (n = 2) and blaCTX-M-124 (n = 1) were detected in eight E. coli isolates, whereas blaSHV-2 (2) was found in two K. pneumoniae. E. coli isolates contained blaCMY-2 (n = 83) and blaCMY-42 (n = 1). The high genetic diversity of the isolates and presence of clinically important E. coli ST69 (n = 1), ST117 (n = 7) and ST131 (n = 1) was revealed. AmpC genes were predominantly carried by plasmids of incompatibility groups I1 (45 plasmids), A/C (10) and K (7). The plasmid IncI1/ST12 was most common and found in diverse E. coli STs in all sites. Highly diverse E. coli isolates containing AmpC and ESBL genes, including clinically important clones and emerging plasmids, are in circulation throughout Canadian wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jamborova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicol Janecko
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dana Halova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Mezerova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Papousek
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Kutilova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dolejska
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Cizek
- CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Literak
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kaesbohrer A, Bakran-Lebl K, Irrgang A, Fischer J, Kämpf P, Schiffmann A, Werckenthin C, Busch M, Kreienbrock L, Hille K. Diversity in prevalence and characteristics of ESBL/pAmpC producing E. coli in food in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:52-60. [PMID: 31176413 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli is a major public health issue and ESBL-producing bacteria are frequently reported in livestock. For the assessment of the role of the foodborne transmission pathway in Germany, detailed data on the prevalence and characteristics of isolates of food origin are necessary. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of cefotaxime resistant E. coli as well as ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli and their characteristics in foods in Germany. Out of 2256 food samples, the highest prevalence of cefotaxime resistant E. coli was observed in chicken meat (74.9%), followed by turkey meat (40.1%). Prevalence in beef, pork and minced meat was considerably lower (4.2-15.3%). Whereas 18.0% of the raw milk samples, collected at farm level were positive, this was true only for few cheese samples (1.3%). In one out of 399 vegetable samples a cefotaxime-resistant E. coli was isolated. ESBL resistance genes of the CTX-M-group (10.1% of all samples) were most frequently detected, followed by genes of the pAmpC (2.6%), SHV (2.0%) and TEM (0.8%) families. Distribution of ESBL/AmpC-encoding E. coli resistance genes and E. coli phylogroups was significantly different between the chicken related food samples and all other food items. Our study results reflect that consumers might get exposed to ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli through several food chains. These results together with those collected at primary production and in the human population in other studies will allow more detailed analysis of the foodborne pathways, considering transmission from livestock populations to food at retail and to consumers in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Kaesbohrer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany; Veterinary University Vienna, Institute for Veterinary Public Health, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Bakran-Lebl
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Irrgang
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennie Fischer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kämpf
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Werckenthin
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Busch
- Department 2, Official Food Analysis, Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Information Processing, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Hille
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Information Processing, Hannover, Germany
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Benameur Q, Tali-Maamar H, Assaous F, Guettou B, Rahal K, Ben-Mahdi MH. Detection of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli in the ovaries of healthy broiler breeders with emphasis on extended-spectrum β-lactamases producers. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:163-167. [PMID: 31174693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Escherichia coli have been detected in newborn chickens suggesting their vertical transmission from breeding birds to their offspring. However, little is known about the presence of AMR E. coli in the reproductive organs of broiler breeders. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of E. coli in the ovaries of healthy broiler breeders and to study their antimicrobial resistance. Samples from broiler breeders (n = 80) collected from 80 different broiler breeder flocks were included in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of five antimicrobial agents were determined by Etest. PCR and sequencing were used to detect the blaESBL genes. E. coli were detected in the ovaries of thirty seven out of 80 (46.25%) sampled flocks. High levels of resistance to various first-line antimicrobial agents were recorded in E. coli isolates. This study showed that 89.18% of E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Furthermore, MDR extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing E. coli were detected in the ovaries of four different broiler breeder flocks. Molecular characterization revealed that three isolates harboured blaCTX-M-1 gene and one isolate expressed blaSHV-12 gene. In addition, one blaCTX-M-1 -producing E. coli co-harboured the blaTEM-1 gene. These findings would contribute to a better epidemiological understanding of MDR E. coli for improve existing preventive strategies in order to reduce the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the broiler production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qada Benameur
- Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Abdelhamid Ibn Badis de Mostaganem, 27000, Mostaganem, Algeria; Laboratoire de Recherche « Santé et Production Animale », Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'El-Harrach, 16000, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Hassiba Tali-Maamar
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Farida Assaous
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Badia Guettou
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Kheira Rahal
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem-Hind Ben-Mahdi
- Laboratoire de Recherche « Santé et Production Animale », Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'El-Harrach, 16000, Algiers, Algeria; Ecole Supérieure des Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agroalimentaires, 16000, Algiers, Algeria
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Martínez-Vázquez AV, Rivera-Sánchez G, Lira-Méndez K, Reyes-López MÁ, Bocanegra-García V. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of Escherichia coli isolated from retail meat in Tamaulipas, Mexico. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:266-272. [PMID: 29501529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determinate the prevalence of Escherichia coli and its resistance to antimicrobials and the presence of virulence genes in retail samples of beef and pork in several locations in Tamaulipas, Mexico. METHODS A total of 106 samples (54 beef and 52 pork) collected from August 2013 to March 2014 were analysed to detect E. coli isolates. The E. coli isolates were then analysed for detection of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antimicrobial agents was also determined. RESULTS A total of 158 E. coli isolates were obtained, among which 3 (1.9%) harboured the virulence gene stx1, 28 (17.7%) harboured stx2 and 34 (21.5%) harboured hlyA. High phenotypic resistance was observed in almost all isolates, since 146 (92.4%) showed a multiresistant phenotype with resistance to cefalotin (92%), ampicillin (92%), cefotaxime (78%), nitrofurantoin (76%) and tetracycline (75%). The antimicrobial resistance genes tet(A) and tet(B) were detected in 56% of isolates, strA in 9.6%, aadA in 17% and aac(3)-IV in only 0.6% of strains. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, it can be concluded that retail beef and pork meat may play a role in the spread of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli strains in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera-Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Krystal Lira-Méndez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro and Elías Piña, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
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Jain A, Yadav R. First report of isolation and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Raoultella electrica from table eggs in Jaipur, India. New Microbes New Infect 2018; 21:95-99. [PMID: 29379605 PMCID: PMC5773470 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Raoultella electrica, a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped facultative anaerobe, was identified during a regular investigation of bacterial contamination in table eggs in the winter season. A total of 165 hen's eggs were collected in the winter season from 15 different areas of the city of Jaipur, India. Gram-negative Enterobacteriales were isolated on selective and differential media by the conventional plate method and were further identified by several biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Commonly prescribed antibiotics for enteric infection were used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. For isolated microorganisms, different resistance patterns were found against the different antibiotics used (p < 0.01). The multiple antibiotic resistance index of bacterial isolates ranged from 0.10 to 0.60. R. electrica strain 1GB/NBRC 109676/KCTC 32430 was isolated for the first time from commercial chicken's eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.K. Jain
- Department of Zoology, JECRC University, Jaipur, India
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25
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Rebbah N, Messai Y, Châtre P, Haenni M, Madec JY, Bakour R. Diversity of CTX-M Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Escherichia coli Isolates from Retail Raw Ground Beef: First Report of CTX-M-24 and CTX-M-32 in Algeria. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:896-908. [PMID: 29227186 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular features of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in Escherichia coli isolates contaminating ground beef at retail in Algeria. Of 371 ground beef samples, 27.5% were found to contain cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates distributed into A (24.5%), B1 (60.8%), and D (14.7%) phylogroups. A rate of 88.2% of isolates had a multidrug-resistance phenotype. All strains were producers of CTX-M type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs): CTX-M-1, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-24, or CTX-M-32. Conjugation assays allowed the transfer of blaCTX-M-1 in association with IncI1 plasmids, blaCTX-M-15 with IncI1 and IncK+B/O plasmids, blaCTX-M-3 with IncK plasmids, and blaCTX-M-14 with IncF1B or IncK plasmids. Sequence analysis of gyrA and parC genes showed mutations in 98.6% of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. The patterns "GyrA: S83L+D87N, ParC: S80I" (46.5%) and "ParC: S80I" (42.3%) were predominant. qnrS1, qnrB, and aac(6')-Ib-cr were detected in 18.7% of isolates. The tet genes, tetA, tetB, and tetA+tetB, were present in 95.7% of tetracycline-resistant isolates. The sul genes (sul1, sul2, sul3, sul1+sul2, sul2+sul3, and sul1+sul3) and the dfr gene clusters (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA8, dfrA12, dfrA5+dfrA12, dfrA1+dfrA5, dfrA7+dfrA12, dfrA5+dfrA7, and dfrA1+dfrA5+dfrA7) were found in 96.4% and 85.5% of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim-resistant isolates, respectively. Classes 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 67.6% and 9.8% of isolates, respectively. This study highlighted the significant presence of resistance genes, in particular those of CTXM ESBLs, in the beef meat, with the risk of their transmission to humans through food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Rebbah
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yamina Messai
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , Algiers, Algeria
| | - Pierre Châtre
- 2 Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Université Lyon-ANSES Site de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- 2 Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Université Lyon-ANSES Site de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Jean Yves Madec
- 2 Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Université Lyon-ANSES Site de Lyon , Lyon, France
| | - Rabah Bakour
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , Algiers, Algeria
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Pissetti C, Werlang GO, Kich JD, Cardoso M. Genotyping and antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli from pig carcasses. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017001100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The increasing antimicrobial resistance observed worldwide in bacteria isolated from human and animals is a matter of extreme concern and has led to the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic and commensal bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolated from pig carcasses and to assess the occurrence of relevant resistance genes. A total of 319 E. coli isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against different antimicrobial agents. Moreover, the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and inducible ampC-β-lactamase producers was investigated. Eighteen multi-resistant strains were chosen for resistance gene detection and PFGE characterization. The study showed that resistance to antimicrobials is widespread in E. coli isolated from pig carcasses, since 86.2% of the strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 71.5% displayed multi-resistance profiles. No ampC-producing isolates were detected and only one ESBL-producing E. coli was identified. Genes strA (n=15), floR (n=14), aac(3)IVa (n=13), tetB (n=13), sul2 (n=12), tetA (n=11), aph(3)Ia (n=8) and sul3 (n=5) were detected by PCR. PFGE analysis of these multi-resistant E. coli strains showed less than 80% similarity among them. We conclude that antimicrobial multi-resistant E. coli strains are common on pig carcasses and present highly diverse genotypes and resistance phenotypes and genotypes.
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27
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Visvalingam J, Palaniappan K, Holley RA. In vitro enhancement of antibiotic susceptibility of drug resistant Escherichia coli by cinnamaldehyde. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Castellanos LR, Donado-Godoy P, León M, Clavijo V, Arevalo A, Bernal JF, Timmerman AJ, Mevius DJ, Wagenaar JA, Hordijk J. High Heterogeneity of Escherichia coli Sequence Types Harbouring ESBL/AmpC Genes on IncI1 Plasmids in the Colombian Poultry Chain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170777. [PMID: 28125687 PMCID: PMC5268450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli producing ESBL/AmpC enzymes are unwanted in animal production chains as they may pose a risk to human and animal health. Molecular characterization of plasmids and strains carrying genes that encode these enzymes is essential to understand their local and global spread. Objectives To investigate the diversity of genes, plasmids and strains in ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli from the Colombian poultry chain isolated within the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (Coipars). Methods A total of 541 non-clinical E. coli strains from epidemiologically independent samples and randomly isolated between 2008 and 2013 within the Coipars program were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Poultry isolates resistant to cefotaxime (MIC ≥ 4 mg/L) were screened for ESBL/AmpC genes including blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCMY and blaOXA. Plasmid and strain characterization was performed for a selection of the ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. Plasmids were purified and transformed into E. coli DH10B cells or transferred by conjugation to E. coli W3110. When applicable, PCR Based Replicon Typing (PBRT), plasmid Multi Locus Sequence Typing (pMLST), plasmid Double Locus Sequence Typing (pDLST) and/or plasmid Replicon Sequence Typing (pRST) was performed on resulting transformants and conjugants. Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) was used for strain characterization. Results In total, 132 of 541 isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and 122 were found to carry ESBL/AmpC genes. Ninety-two harboured blaCMY-2 (75%), fourteen blaSHV-12 (11%), three blaSHV-5 (2%), five blaCTX-M-2 (4%), one blaCTX-M-15 (1%), one blaCTX-M-8 (1%), four a combination of blaCMY-2 and blaSHV-12 (4%) and two a combination of blaCMY-2 and blaSHV-5 (2%). A selection of 39 ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates was characterized at the plasmid and strain level. ESBL/AmpC genes from 36 isolates were transferable by transformation or conjugation of which 22 were located on IncI1 plasmids. These IncI1 plasmids harboured predominantly blaCMY-2 (16/22), and to a lesser extend blaSHV-12 (5/22) and blaCTX-M-8 (1/22). Other plasmid families associated with ESBL/AmpC-genes were IncK (4/33), IncHI2 (3/33), IncA/C (2/33), IncΒ/O (1/33) and a non-typeable replicon (1/33). Subtyping of IncI1 and IncHI2 demonstrated IncI1/ST12 was predominantly associated with blaCMY-2 (12/16) and IncHI2/ST7 with blaCTX-M-2 (2/3). Finally, 31 different STs were detected among the 39 selected isolates. Conclusions Resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins in E. coli from Colombian poultry is mainly caused by blaCMY-2 and blaSHV-12. The high diversity of strain Sequence Types and the dissemination of homogeneous IncI1/ST12 plasmids suggest that spread of the resistance is mainly mediated by horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ricardo Castellanos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Pilar Donado-Godoy
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Maribel León
- Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario - ICA, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Viviana Clavijo
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Los Andes University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Arevalo
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Johan F. Bernal
- Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance – Coipars, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corpoica, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Arjen J. Timmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dik J. Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Hordijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Benameur Q, Ben-Mahdi MH, Boutaiba BM, Tali-Maamar H, Assaous F, Guettou B, Rahal K. Analysis of high levels of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli from healthy broiler chickens in Western Algeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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30
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Tew LS, She LY, Chew CH. Isolation, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile and Detection of Sul1, blaTEM, and blaSHV in Amoxicillin-Clavulanate-Resistant Bacteria Isolated From Retail Sausages in Kampar, Malaysia. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e37897. [PMID: 27942365 PMCID: PMC5136445 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.37897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the overuse of antibiotics in livestock as a growth-promoting agent, the emergence of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria is becoming a concern. Objectives In this study, we aimed to detect the presence and discover the molecular determinants of foodborne bacteria in retail sausages resistant towards the antibacterial agent amoxicillin-clavulanate. Methods Two grams of sausages were chopped into small pieces and transferred into sterile Luria-Bertani (LB) enrichment broths overnight before they were plated on MacConkey agar petri dishes. The bacteria isolated were then screened for amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance, and an antimicrobial susceptibility test of each isolate was performed by using the disc diffusion method. Double synergy and phenotypic tests were carried out to detect the presence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). API 20E kit was used to identify the Enterobacteriaceae. All isolates were further examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for resistant genes blaOXA-1, blaOXA-10, plasmid-mediated AmpC (blaCMY and blaDHA), and the chromosome-mediated AmpC, Sul1, blaTEM, and blaSHV genes. Results A total of 18 amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant isolates were obtained from seven different types of retail sausages. Only half of them were identified as Enterobacteriaceae, but none were ESBL-producers. All the 18 isolated strains demonstrated resistance towards amoxicillin-clavulanate, penicillin and oxacillin (100%), cefotaxime (71.4%), cefpodoxime (66.7%), and ampicillin (83.3%). blaTEM was the most frequently detected β-lactamase gene. Both plasmid- and chromosomal-bound blaTEM genes were detected in all of the isolated Enterobacteriaceae. blaSHV and Sul1 accounted for 22.2% and 11.1% of the amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant isolates, respectively, whereas blaAMPC, blaCMY, blaDHA, blaOXA-1, and blaOXA-10 were not found in any of the isolates. The only one ESBL-producing bacteria detected in this study was Chryseobacterium meningosepticum, which harbored the blaTEM gene. Conclusions The multidrug resistant bacteria that carry antibiotic resistant genes from retail sausages may increase the risk of transmission to humans via the consumption of contaminated sausages. Stricter measures must be taken to address the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and to consider their potential impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Shin Tew
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar Perak, Malaysia
| | - Li-Yen She
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar Perak, Malaysia
| | - Choy-Hoong Chew
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar Perak, Malaysia
- Corresponding author: Choy-Hoong Chew, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar Perak, Malaysia. Tel: +605-4688888, Fax: +605-4661676, E-mail:
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31
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Medhanie GA, Pearl DL, McEwen SA, Guerin MT, Jardine CM, Schrock J, LeJeune JT. Spatial Clustering of
Escherichia coli
with Reduced Susceptibility to Cefotaxime and Ciprofloxacin among Dairy Cattle Farms Relative to European Starling Night Roosts. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:204-212. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Medhanie
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - D. L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - S. A. McEwen
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - M. T. Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - C. M. Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | - J. Schrock
- Food Animal and Health Research Program Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University Wooster USA
| | - J. T. LeJeune
- Food Animal and Health Research Program Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University Wooster USA
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32
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Wyrsch ER, Roy Chowdhury P, Chapman TA, Charles IG, Hammond JM, Djordjevic SP. Genomic Microbial Epidemiology Is Needed to Comprehend the Global Problem of Antibiotic Resistance and to Improve Pathogen Diagnosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:843. [PMID: 27379026 PMCID: PMC4908116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of waste effluent from hospitals and intensive food animal production with antimicrobial residues is an immense global problem. Antimicrobial residues exert selection pressures that influence the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in diverse microbial populations. Despite these concerns there is only a limited understanding of how antimicrobial residues contribute to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, rapid detection of emerging bacterial pathogens and strains with resistance to more than one antibiotic class remains a challenge. A comprehensive, sequence-based genomic epidemiological surveillance model that captures essential microbial metadata is needed, both to improve surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and to monitor pathogen evolution. Escherichia coli is an important pathogen causing both intestinal [intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC)] and extraintestinal [extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)] disease in humans and food animals. ExPEC are the most frequently isolated Gram negative pathogen affecting human health, linked to food production practices and are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Cattle are a known reservoir of IPEC but they are not recognized as a source of ExPEC that impact human or animal health. In contrast, poultry are a recognized source of multiple antibiotic resistant ExPEC, while swine have received comparatively less attention in this regard. Here, we review what is known about ExPEC in swine and how pig production contributes to the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Wyrsch
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Piklu Roy Chowdhury
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia; NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Ian G Charles
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park Norwich, UK
| | - Jeffrey M Hammond
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
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33
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Noyes NR, Yang X, Linke LM, Magnuson RJ, Dettenwanger A, Cook S, Geornaras I, Woerner DE, Gow SP, McAllister TA, Yang H, Ruiz J, Jones KL, Boucher CA, Morley PS, Belk KE. Resistome diversity in cattle and the environment decreases during beef production. eLife 2016; 5:e13195. [PMID: 26952213 PMCID: PMC4798965 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant determinants (ARDs) can be transmitted from livestock systems through meat products or environmental effluents. The public health risk posed by these two routes is not well understood, particularly in non-pathogenic bacteria. We collected pooled samples from 8 groups of 1741 commercial cattle as they moved through the process of beef production from feedlot entry through slaughter. We recorded antimicrobial drug exposures and interrogated the resistome at points in production when management procedures could potentially influence ARD abundance and/or transmission. Over 300 unique ARDs were identified. Resistome diversity decreased while cattle were in the feedlot, indicating selective pressure. ARDs were not identified in beef products, suggesting that slaughter interventions may reduce the risk of transmission of ARDs to beef consumers. This report highlights the utility and limitations of metagenomics for assessing public health risks regarding antimicrobial resistance, and demonstrates that environmental pathways may represent a greater risk than the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle R Noyes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Lyndsey M Linke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Roberta J Magnuson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Adam Dettenwanger
- Department of Computer Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Shaun Cook
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Ifigenia Geornaras
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Dale E Woerner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Sheryl P Gow
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, University of Saskatoon, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- Department of Computer Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Christina A Boucher
- Department of Computer Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Paul S Morley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
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34
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Makita K, Goto M, Ozawa M, Kawanishi M, Koike R, Asai T, Tamura Y. Multivariable Analysis of the Association Between Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance inEscherichia coliIsolated from Apparently Healthy Pigs in Japan. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 22:28-39. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Makita
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Division of Health and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Goto
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Division of Health and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Manao Ozawa
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Kokubunji-shi, Japan
| | | | - Ryoji Koike
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Kokubunji-shi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Kokubunji-shi, Japan
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduated School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Yanagido, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Food Hygiene, Division of Health and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
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35
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Shousha A, Awaiwanont N, Sofka D, Smulders FJM, Paulsen P, Szostak MP, Humphrey T, Hilbert F. Bacteriophages Isolated from Chicken Meat and the Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4600-6. [PMID: 25934615 PMCID: PMC4551174 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00872-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in microbes poses a global and increasing threat to public health. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes was thought to be due largely to conjugative plasmids or transposons, with only a minor part being played by transduction through bacteriophages. However, whole-genome sequencing has recently shown that the latter mechanism could be highly important in the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes between microorganisms and environments. The transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes by phages could underlie the origin of resistant bacteria found in food. We show that chicken meat carries a number of phages capable of transferring antimicrobial resistance. Of 243 phages randomly isolated from chicken meat, about a quarter (24.7%) were able to transduce resistance to one or more of the five antimicrobials tested into Escherichia coli ATCC 13706 (DSM 12242). Resistance to kanamycin was transduced the most often, followed by that to chloramphenicol, with four phages transducing tetracycline resistance and three transducing ampicillin resistance. Phages able to transduce antimicrobial resistance were isolated from 44% of the samples of chicken meat that we tested. The statistically significant (P = 0.01) relationship between the presence of phages transducing kanamycin resistance and E. coli isolates resistant to this antibiotic suggests that transduction may be an important mechanism for transferring kanamycin resistance to E. coli. It appears that the transduction of resistance to certain antimicrobials, e.g., kanamycin, not only is widely distributed in E. coli isolates found on meat but also could represent a major mechanism for resistance transfer. The result is of high importance for animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Shousha
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nattakarn Awaiwanont
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dmitrij Sofka
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frans J M Smulders
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tom Humphrey
- Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Friederike Hilbert
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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36
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Bacteriophages Isolated from Chicken Meat and the Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 25934615 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00872‐15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in microbes poses a global and increasing threat to public health. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes was thought to be due largely to conjugative plasmids or transposons, with only a minor part being played by transduction through bacteriophages. However, whole-genome sequencing has recently shown that the latter mechanism could be highly important in the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes between microorganisms and environments. The transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes by phages could underlie the origin of resistant bacteria found in food. We show that chicken meat carries a number of phages capable of transferring antimicrobial resistance. Of 243 phages randomly isolated from chicken meat, about a quarter (24.7%) were able to transduce resistance to one or more of the five antimicrobials tested into Escherichia coli ATCC 13706 (DSM 12242). Resistance to kanamycin was transduced the most often, followed by that to chloramphenicol, with four phages transducing tetracycline resistance and three transducing ampicillin resistance. Phages able to transduce antimicrobial resistance were isolated from 44% of the samples of chicken meat that we tested. The statistically significant (P = 0.01) relationship between the presence of phages transducing kanamycin resistance and E. coli isolates resistant to this antibiotic suggests that transduction may be an important mechanism for transferring kanamycin resistance to E. coli. It appears that the transduction of resistance to certain antimicrobials, e.g., kanamycin, not only is widely distributed in E. coli isolates found on meat but also could represent a major mechanism for resistance transfer. The result is of high importance for animal and human health.
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37
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Darwish WS, Eldin WFS, Eldesoky KI. Prevalence, Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of E
scherichia Coli
Isolated from Duck Meat and Giblets. J Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wageh Sobhy Darwish
- Food Control Department; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Walaa Fathy Saad Eldin
- Educational Animal Hospital; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Kamal I. Eldesoky
- Educational Animal Hospital; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Zagazig 44519 Egypt
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38
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Simoneit C, Burow E, Tenhagen BA, Käsbohrer A. Oral administration of antimicrobials increase antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from chicken--a systematic review. Prev Vet Med 2014; 118:1-7. [PMID: 25433717 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobials play an important role in animal and human health care. It was the aim of this systematic review to assess the effects of oral administration of antimicrobials on the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) from chickens. Moreover, the effects of the administration of more than one antimicrobial and of different dosages were studied. Literature was searched in November 2012 from the electronic databases ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and a national literature database (DIMDI) as well as the database ProQuest LLC. The search was updated in March 2014. Original studies describing a treatment (A) and a control group of either non-treatment (C) or initial value (0) and determining AMR in E. coli at different sample points (SP) were included. The literature search resulted in 35 full text articles on the topic, seven (20%) of which contained sufficient information on the administered antimicrobial and the impact of treatment on AMR. Most papers described the use of more than one antimicrobial, several dosages, controls (non-treatment or pre-treatment) and measured AMR at different SPs leading to a total of 227 SPs on the impact of the use of antimicrobials on AMR in chickens. 74% of the SPs (168/227) described a higher AMR-rate in E. coli from treated animals than from controls. After the administration of a single antimicrobial, AMR increased at 72% of the SPs. Administration of more than one antimicrobial increased AMR at 82% of the SPs. Higher dosages were associated with similar or higher AMR rates. The limited number of studies for each antimicrobial agent and the high variability in the resistance effect call for more well designed studies on the impact of oral administration on AMR development and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simoneit
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
| | - E Burow
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - B-A Tenhagen
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Käsbohrer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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39
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Wu Q, Xi M, Lv X, Xu Y, Feng Y, Li Q, Yang Q, Xia X. Presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli recovered from retail chicken in China. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1773-7. [PMID: 25285496 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in retail whole chicken in the People 9 s Republic of China. Five hundred seventy-six raw whole chicken samples, randomly purchased from 146 farmers' markets or supermarkets in four provinces from March through December 2010, were analyzed for E. coli contamination, and the E. coli isolates were further tested for the presence of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility. The overall positive rate for E. coli in retail chicken was 69.1%. E. coli prevalence was the highest in Beijing (86.8%), followed by Henan province (78.5%), Shaanxi province (65.3%), and the lowest prevalence was found in Sichuan province (45.8%). Among 398 isolates recovered, only the eae gene was detected in one isolate; no other virulence genes were detected. Resistance was most common to tetracycline (84.4%), followed by nalidixic acid (74.1%), ampicillin (71.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (70.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (68.8%), and streptomycin (58.5%). Lower resistance was detected to chloramphenicol (43.7%), kanamycin (42.7%), ciprofloxacin (30.2%), gentamicin (29.4%), cefoperazone (13.6%), amikacin (12.6%), gatifloxacin (8%), and cefoxitin (7.8%). Only 3.8% of the isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. Six percent of the isolates displayed resistance to one antimicrobial, 6.3% to two, and 83.9% to three or more of the antimicrobials. Our findings indicate that retail chicken in China was commonly contaminated with E. coli, and many E. coli strains exhibited multiple drug resistance. The implementation of good manufacturing practices throughout the poultry production chain is necessary to reduce E. coli contamination in retail chicken, and the prudent use of antibiotics is imperative in poultry production in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Meili Xi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinnan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Kim S, Woo GJ. Prevalence and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from conventional and organic vegetables. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:815-21. [PMID: 25140978 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the characteristics and to identify the epidemiological relationships of Escherichia coli isolated from organic and conventional vegetables, the antimicrobial resistance and genetic properties of E. coli were investigated from 2010 to 2011. E. coli was isolated from 1 of 111 (0.9%) organic vegetables and from 20 of 225 (8.9%) conventional vegetables. The majority of strains were isolated from the surrounding farming environment (n=27/150 vs. 49/97 in organic vs. conventional samples). The majority of the vegetable strains were isolated from the surrounding farming environments. E. coli isolated from organic vegetables showed very low antimicrobial resistance rates except for cephalothin, ranging from 0% to 17.9%, while the resistance rates to cephalothin (71%) were extremely high in both groups. E. coli isolates expressed various resistance genes, which most commonly included blaTEM, tet(A), strA, strB, and qnrS. However, none of the isolates harbored tet(D), tet(E), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), or qnrA. The transferability of tet gene, tet(A), and tet(B) was identified in tetracycline-resistant E. coli, and the genetic relationship was confirmed in a few cases from different sources. With regard to the lower antimicrobial resistance found in organic produce, this production mode seems able to considerably reduce the selection of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria on vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kim
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Evaluation, Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
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41
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Trokhymchuk A, Waldner C, Gow S, Chaban B, Hill JE. Comparison of baseline bacterial levels in retail ground beef originating from different regulatory, processing, and packaging environments. J Food Prot 2014; 77:404-11. [PMID: 24674431 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to collect baseline measures of bacteria present in retail ground beef offered for sale in Saskatchewan and to assess differences associated with the licensing or regulatory environment of the packaging and processing facilities as indicated by package labeling. Packages of ground beef (n = 309) were purchased from May 2011 to May 2012. Retail samples were categorized as originating from facilities regulated by the federal government or licensed by the provincial government (n = 126), originating from facilities licensed by local health regions (n = 80), or having no inspection or source information on the package label (n = 103). Total aerobic plate counts and total Escherichia coli plate counts were determined using 3M Petrifilm methods. Total bacterial load was estimated using real-time quantitative PCR. The data were analyzed on a log scale using multivariable linear regression, accounting for season and whether the samples were fresh or frozen at purchase. Total aerobic plate counts and Escherichia coli plate counts were lower in samples from federally regulated or provincially licensed facilities than in samples from locally licensed facilities (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) or in samples with no inspection information on the label (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). Frozen ground beef from federally regulated or provincially licensed facilities had the lowest total bacterial load. Samples clearly labeled as packaged at federally regulated or provincially licensed facilities consistently had the lowest estimated bacterial levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4.
| | - Sheryl Gow
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Bonnie Chaban
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Janet E Hill
- University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
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42
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Characterization of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from retail poultry meats from Alberta, Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 177:49-56. [PMID: 24607423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) have the potential to spread through fecal waste resulting in the contamination of both farm workers and retail poultry meat in the processing plants or environment. The objective of this study was to characterize ExPEC from retail poultry meats purchased from Alberta, Canada and to compare them with 12 human ExPEC representatives from major ExPEC lineages. Fifty-four virulence genes were screened by a set of multiplex PCRs in 700 E. coli from retail poultry meat samples. ExPEC was defined as the detection of at least two of the following virulence genes: papA/papC, sfa, kpsMT II and iutA. Genetic relationships between isolates were determined using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Fifty-nine (8.4%) of the 700 poultry meat isolates were identified as ExPEC and were equally distributed among the phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2 and D. Isolates of phylogenetic group A possessed up to 12 virulence genes compared to 24 and 18 genes in phylogenetic groups B2 and D, respectively. E. coli identified as ExPEC and recovered from poultry harbored as many virulence genes as those of human isolates. In addition to the iutA gene, siderophore-related iroN and fyuA were detected in combination with other virulence genes including those genes encoding for adhesion, protectin and toxin while the fimH, ompT, traT, uidA and vat were commonly detected in poultry ExPEC. The hemF, iss and cvaC genes were found in 40% of poultry ExPEC. All human ExPEC isolates harbored concnf (cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 altering cytoskeleton and causing necrosis) and hlyD (hemolysin transport) genes which were not found in poultry ExPEC. PFGE analysis showed that a few poultry ExPEC isolates clustered with human ExPEC isolates at 55-70% similarity level. Comparing ExPEC isolated from retail poultry meats provides insight into their virulence potential and suggests that poultry associated ExPEC may be important for retail meat safety. Investigations into the ability of our poultry ExPEC to cause human infections are warranted.
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Voets GM, Fluit AC, Scharringa J, Schapendonk C, van den Munckhof T, Leverstein-van Hall MA, Stuart JC. Identical plasmid AmpC beta-lactamase genes and plasmid types in E. coli isolates from patients and poultry meat in the Netherlands. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:359-62. [PMID: 24184615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae is a worldwide problem. Recent studies showed that poultry meat and humans share identical Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase genes, plasmid types, and Escherichia coli strain types, suggesting that transmission from poultry meat to humans may occur. The aim of this study was to compare plasmid-encoded Ambler class C beta-lactamase (pAmpC) genes, their plasmids, and bacterial strain types between E. coli isolates from retail chicken meat and clinical isolates in the Netherlands. In total, 98 Dutch retail chicken meat samples and 479 third-generation cephalosporin non-susceptible human clinical E. coli isolates from the same period were screened for pAmpC production. Plasmid typing was performed using PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT). E coli strains were compared using Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing (MLST). In 12 of 98 chicken meat samples (12%), pAmpC producing E. coli were detected (all blaCMY-2). Of the 479 human E. coli, 25 (5.2%) harboured pAmpC genes (blaCMY-2 n = 22, blaACT n = 2, blaMIR n = 1). PBRT showed that 91% of poultry meat isolates harboured blaCMY-2 on an IncK plasmid, and 9% on an IncI1 plasmid. Of the human blaCMY-2 producing isolates, 42% also harboured blaCMY-2 on an IncK plasmid, and 47% on an IncI1 plasmid. Thus, 68% of human pAmpC producing E. coli have the same AmpC gene (blaCMY-2) and plasmid type (IncI1 or IncK) as found in poultry meat. MLST showed one cluster containing one human isolate and three meat isolates, with an IncK plasmid. These findings imply that a foodborne transmission route of blaCMY-2 harbouring plasmids cannot be excluded and that further evaluation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido M Voets
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, G04.614, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Djordjevic SP, Stokes HW, Roy Chowdhury P. Mobile elements, zoonotic pathogens and commensal bacteria: conduits for the delivery of resistance genes into humans, production animals and soil microbiota. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:86. [PMID: 23641238 PMCID: PMC3639385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple antibiotic resistant pathogens represent a major clinical challenge in both human and veterinary context. It is now well-understood that the genes that encode resistance are context independent. That is, the same gene is commonly present in otherwise very disparate pathogens in both humans and production and companion animals, and among bacteria that proliferate in an agricultural context. This can be true even for pathogenic species or clonal types that are otherwise confined to a single host or ecological niche. It therefore follows that mechanisms of gene flow must exist to move genes from one part of the microbial biosphere to another. It is widely accepted that lateral (or horizontal) gene transfer (L(H)GT) drives this gene flow. LGT is relatively well-understood mechanistically but much of this knowledge is derived from a reductionist perspective. We believe that this is impeding our ability to deal with the medical ramifications of LGT. Resistance genes and the genetic scaffolds that mobilize them in multiply drug resistant bacteria of clinical significance are likely to have their origins in completely unrelated parts of the microbial biosphere. Resistance genes are increasingly polluting the microbial biosphere by contaminating environmental niches where previously they were not detected. More attention needs to be paid to the way that humans have, through the widespread application of antibiotics, selected for combinations of mobile elements that enhance the flow of resistance genes between remotely linked parts of the microbial biosphere. Attention also needs to be paid to those bacteria that link human and animal ecosystems. We argue that multiply antibiotic resistant commensal bacteria are especially important in this regard. More generally, the post genomics era offers the opportunity for understanding how resistance genes are mobilized from a one health perspective. In the long term, this holistic approach offers the best opportunity to better manage what is an enormous problem to humans both in terms of health and food security.
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Wong MHY, Wan HY, Chen S. Characterization of Multidrug-ResistantProteus mirabilisIsolated from Chicken Carcasses. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:177-81. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ho Yin Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Ying Wan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Ho PL, Chan J, Lo WU, Law PY, Chow KH. Plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from pig. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:964-967. [PMID: 23078751 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported plasmid-mediated fosA3 among Escherichia coli originating from human and companion animals. In this study, the plasmid, designated pHK23a originating from a multidrug-resistant E. coli isolate recovered from a slaughter pig in December 2008 in Hong Kong, China was sequenced. In conjugation, the plasmid readily transferred to E. coli J53 at high frequencies. It belongs to the narrow host range IncFII incompatibility group and is 73,607 bp in length. Sequence alignment showed that pHK23a has a 59.1 kb backbone which shares high homology with the prototype R100 plasmid and a 14.5 kb variable region. The variable region includes three genes mediating antimicrobial resistance (fosA3, Δbla(TEM-1), bla(CTX-M-3)), ten mobile genetic elements (four copies of IS26, insA, ΔinsB, ΔTn2, IS1, ΔISEcp1, Δintl1), the tir transfer inhibition protein, the pemI/pemK addiction system and eight ORFs of unknown functions (orf1, orf2, Δorf3, orf20, orf23, orf24, ycdA and ycdB). The three resistance genes were organized in a novel IS26-composite transposon-like structure. In conclusion, this is the first report of fosA3 containing plasmid in an isolate of pig origin. Since IncFII plasmids spread efficiently in Enterobacteriaceae, the detection of fosA3 with bla(CTX-M) is worrisome and might become a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Ho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Center for Infection, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jane Chan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - W U Lo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pierra Y Law
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - K H Chow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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