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Shi J, Zhang R, Wang Y, Sun Y, Gu X, An Y, Chai X, Wang X, Wang Z, Lyu Y, Guo T, Feng N, Liu Y. Herb-Nanoparticle Hybrid System for Improved Oral Delivery Efficiency to Alleviate Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:7927-7944. [PMID: 39114181 PMCID: PMC11304439 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s463657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis is a complex process involving multiple factors and stages, in which tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) play significant roles. A combination of orally bioavailable therapeutic agents that target both tumor cells and TME is conducive to prevent or impede the progression of metastasis, especially when undetectable. However, sequentially overcoming intestinal barriers, ensuring biodistribution in tumors and metastatic tissues, and enhancing therapeutic effects required for efficient therapy remain challenging. Methods Inspired by the unique chemical features of natural herbs, we propose an oral herb-nanoparticle hybrid system (HNS) formed through the self-binding of Platycodon grandiflorum-Curcuma zedoaria (HG), a herb pair/group used in clinical practice to treat breast cancer metastasis, to lipid-polymer nanoparticles (LPNs) loaded with silibinin. The molecular structure responsible for HG association with LPNs was assessed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for HNS surface chemistry characterization. Moreover, the molecular class of HG was identified using UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS to further confirm the surface binding. Mucus diffusion and in vivo biodistribution were evaluated using in vitro multiple-particle tracking and environment-responsive fluorescence probe in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, respectively. The alleviation of breast cancer metastasis was assessed in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. Results The HNS reduced particle-mucus interactions by altering hydrophilicity and surface characteristics compared to LPNs. The epithelium transportation of HNS and absorption through Peyer's patch in mice were improved, promoting their biodistribution in the lung and tumor tissues. Furthermore, the HNS alleviated lung metastasis by inducing cell apoptosis and regulating the expression of MMP-9 and TGF-β1, which altered the TME in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion HNS provides an appealing system with multi-component binding of herbal medicine to facilitate both oral nanoparticle delivery efficiency and the alleviation of lung metastasis. This strategy may potentially help improve treatment for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangpei Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingwei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu An
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nianping Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People’s Republic of China
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Han SH, Lee JH, Woo JS, Jung GH, Jung SH, Han EJ, Park YS, Kim BS, Kim SK, Park BK, Jung JY. Platycodin D induces apoptosis via regulating MAPK pathway and promotes autophagy in colon cancer cell. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116216. [PMID: 38295755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is the main component of triterpene saponins found in Platycodi radix. In this study, we observed a decrease in cell viability, an increase in apoptotic bodies, and an increase in the rate of apoptosis. Also, we observed an increase in cleaved PARP and Bax, a decrease in Bcl-2, and p-ERK, and an increase in p-p38 and p-JNK. Furthermore, a change in cell viability and the expression of p-p38, Bax, and Bcl-2 using the p38 inhibitor revealed a decrease in p-p38 and Bax and an increase in Bcl-2 in the inhibitor treatment group. In addition, we observed an increase in vacuole formation through morphological changes and an increase in acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs). We also observed an increase in the expression of beclin 1, LC 3-I, and -II. There was no significant decrease in cell viability in the group treated with 3-MA, but a decrease in cell viability was noted in the group treated with HCQ. HCQ treatment resulted in an increase in Bax and a decrease in Bcl-2. These findings reveal that in HT-29 colon cancer cells, PD induces apoptosis through the MAPK pathway, thereby exerting anticancer effects. Moreover, autophagy caused by PD inhibits apoptosis by protecting the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Han
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Lee
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Seok Woo
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hwan Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Han
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Soo Kim
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Park
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Jung
- Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Natural Products, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea.
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Jiang X, Lin Y, Zhao M, Li Y, Ye P, Pei R, Lu Y, Jiang L. Platycodin D induces apoptotic cell death through PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways and synergizes with venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175957. [PMID: 37541375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous and rapidly progressive hematopoietic neoplasm characterized by frequent relapses and variable prognoses. The development of new treatment options, therefore, is of crucial importance. Platycodin D (PD) is a triterpenoid saponin, extracted from the roots of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., which has been reported to exhibit therapeutic potential against a broad range of cancers. Although the effects of PD on AML remain unclear, in the present study, we observed a concentration-dependent reduction in the viability of multiple human AML cell lines in response to treatment with PD. In addition to triggering mitochondria-dependent apoptosis via the upregulation of BAK and BIM, treatment with PD also induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. Western blot analyses revealed marked suppression of the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase-3β, ribosomal protein S6, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by PD, in turn implying the participation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK pathways. Pre-incubation with LY294002, MK2206, AR-A014418, or U0126 was consistently found to significantly aggravate PD-induced inhibition of viability. Additionally, PD combined with the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) inhibitor venetoclax elicited synergistically enhanced cytotoxic effects. The anti-leukemic activity of PD was further validated using primary samples from de novo AML patients. Given the results of the present study, PD may be a potent therapeutic candidate for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mengting Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Youhong Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Peipei Ye
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Renzhi Pei
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Institute of Hematology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Liu P, Zhao M, Lin Y, Jiang X, Xia T, Li Y, Lu Y, Jiang L. Platycodin D induces proliferation inhibition and mitochondrial apoptosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Exp Hematol 2023:S0301-472X(23)00160-1. [PMID: 37085039 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have unsatisfactory outcomes especially when relapse occurs after initial chemotherapy. Platycodin D (PD), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., has demonstrated potent anti-cancer activities. So far, however, information regarding the effect of PD on malignant lymphoma remains unavailable. In the present study, we showed that PD dose-dependently inhibited the viability of a serial of established DLBCL cell lines representing different molecular subtypes, and their sensitivities to PD were comparable. Mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent intrinsic apoptosis were induced by PD, as indicated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the increase in the percentage of Annexin Ⅴ positive cells. Mechanistically, PD treatment downregulated expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins including MCL-1, BCL-2, and BCL-XL, while upregulated the expression level of pro-apoptotic protein BAK, followed by the cleavage of PARP. Moreover, PD synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax. In a SUDHL-4-derived xenograft mouse model, PD administration significantly constrained the tumor growth without obvious side effects. Therefore, our results provided new insights into the role of PD in lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengting Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China;; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianhao Xia
- Ningbo Institute of Measurement and Testing (Ningbo Inspection and Testing Center for New Materials), Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youhong Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China;; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China;; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China;.
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Shin KC, Oh DK. Biotransformation of Platycosides, Saponins from Balloon Flower Root, into Bioactive Deglycosylated Platycosides. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020327. [PMID: 36829886 PMCID: PMC9952785 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, saponins from balloon flower root (Platycodi radix), have diverse health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tussive, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and whitening activities. Deglycosylated platycosides, which show greater biological effects than glycosylated platycosides, are produced by the hydrolysis of glycoside moieties in glycosylated platycosides. In this review, platycosides are classified according to the chemical structures of the aglycone sapogenins and also divided into natural platycosides, including major, minor, and rare platycosides, depending on the content in Platycodi radix extract and biotransformed platycosides. The biological activities of platycosides are summarized and methods for deglycosylation of saponins, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are introduced. The biotransformation of glycosylated platycosides into deglycosylated platycosides was described based on the hydrolytic pathways of glycosides, substrate specificity of glycosidases, and specific productivities of deglycosylated platycosides. Methods for producing diverse and/or new deglycosylated platycosides are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Yu Z, Li Y, Fu R, Xue Y, Zhao D, Han D. Platycodin D inhibits the proliferation and migration of hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts and promotes apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 315:1257-1267. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAbnormal fibroblast proliferation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition lead to the formation of hypertrophic scars (HSs). However, there is no satisfactory method to inhibit the occurrence and development of HSs. In our study, platycodin D (PD), a natural compound extracted from Platycodon grandiflorus, inhibited HSs formation both in vitro and in vivo. First, qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to confirm PD dose-dependently downregulated the expression of Col I, Col III and α-SMA in human hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts (HSFs) (p < 0.05). Second, cck-8, transwell and wound healing assays verified PD suppressed the proliferation (p < 0.05) and migration of HSFs (p < 0.05), and inhibited the differentiation of HSFs into myofibroblasts. Moreover, PD-induced HSFs apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and the apoptosis was activated through a caspase-dependent pathway. The rabbit ear scar model was used to further confirm the inhibitory effect of PD on collagen and α-SMA deposition. Finally, Western blot analysis showed that PD reduced TGF-β RI expression (p < 0.05) and affected matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) protein levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our study showed that PD inhibited the proliferation and migration of HSFs by inhibiting fibrosis-related molecules and promoting apoptosis via a caspase-dependent pathway. The TGF-β/Smad pathway also mediated the inhibition of HSFs proliferation and HSFs differentiation into myofibroblasts. Therefore, PD is a potential therapeutic agent for HSs and other fibrotic diseases.
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Chen S, Wang Q, Ming S, Zheng H, Hua B, Yang HS. Platycodin D induces apoptosis through JNK1/AP-1/PUMA pathway in non-small cell lung cancer cells: A new mechanism for an old compound. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1045375. [PMID: 36483740 PMCID: PMC9723146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1045375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D, a triterpenoid monomer, has been shown to possess an anti-tumor effect on various types of cancer. Although Platycodin D has been reported to suppress tumorigenesis, the detailed underlying mechanism remains elusive. Platycodin D treatment significantly reduced the cell viability, decreased the number of colonies, impaired the mitochondrial function, and induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. To understand the mechanism by which platycodin D induces apoptosis, the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were examined, and we found that the expression of PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis) was upregulated upon platycodin D treatment. Knockdown of PUMA resulted in attenuation of platycodin D-induced apoptosis, indicating that PUMA up-regulation is essential for platycodin D to induce apoptosis. The induction of PUMA expression by platycodin D treatment was through activation of AP-1 since mutation of AP-1 binding site in the PUMA promoter abolished the PUMA promoter activity. In addition, the chromatin immunoprecipitation further demonstrated that platycodin D promoted AP-1 binding to PUMA promoter. Moreover, knockdown of JNK1, but not JNK2, significantly abolished the phosphorylation of c-Jun at Ser63 (a component of AP-1), decreased the platycodin D-induced expression of PUMA and cleaved caspase 3, indicating that platycodin D inhibits JNK1/AP-1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining studies showed that tumors from the mice treated with platycodin D activated JNK by translocation of JNK into nuclei, increased phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun at Ser63 in nuclei, and boosted the PUMA expression. Taken together, our in vitro and in vivo data revealed a novel mechanism by which platycodin D up-regulates PUMA to induce apoptosis through JNK1/AP-1 axis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntai Chen
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Bejing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Bejing, China
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sarah Ming
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Bejing, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Bejing, China
| | - Hsin-Sheng Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Yadav N, Singh D, Rawat M, Sangwan N. Novel archetype in cancer therapeutics: exploring prospective of phytonanocarriers. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:324. [PMID: 36276448 PMCID: PMC9569404 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports various types of cancer, their incidence, and prevalence all over the globe. Along with the discovery of novel natural drugs for cancer treatment, these present a promising option which are eco-friendly, safe, and provide better acceptability in comparison to synthetic agents that carries multiple side effects. This paper provides an idea about various nanocarriers and phytochemicals, along with how their solubility and bioavailability can be enhanced in nanocarrier system. This report combines the data from various literature available on public domain including PubMed on research articles, reviews, and along with report from various national and international sites. Specialized metabolites (polyphenols, alkaloids, and steroids etc) from medicinal plants are promising alternatives to existing drugs. Studies have suggested that the treatment of cancer using plant products could be an alternative and a safe option. Studies have shown with the several cell lines as well as animal models, that phytomolecules are important in preventing/treating cancer. Phytochemicals often outperform chemical treatments by modulating a diverse array of cellular signaling pathways, promoting cell cycle arrest, apoptosis activation, and metastatic suppression, among others. However, limited water solubility, bioavailability, and cell penetration limit their potential clinical manifestations. The development of plant extract loaded nanostructures, rendering improved specificity and efficacy at lower concentrations could prove effective. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, nanostructured lipids, polymers, and metal nanoparticles, have been tested for the delivery of plant products with enhanced effects. Recent advances have achieved improvement in the the stability, solubility, bioavailability, circulation time, and target specificity by nanostructure-mediated delivery of phytochemicals. Nanoparticles have been considered and attempted as a novel, targeted, and safe option. Newer approaches such as phyto-nanocarriers with carbohydrates, lignin, and polymers have been considered even more selective and effective modes of drug delivery in biomedical or diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031 India
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010 India
| | - Manju Rawat
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010 India
| | - Neelam Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031 India
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Rezadoost MH, Kumleh HH, Farhadpour M, Ghasempour A, Surup F. In vitro antiproliferative activity of Parrotia persica exclusive gallotannin. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Qiang M, Xuesong D, Shu X, Guoli L, Jie C, Zhenni Y, Jiao L, Jiawei M. Network Pharmacology Based Retrieval of Bioactive Ingredients of Platycodon grandiflorus and its Molecular Mechanism against Breast Cancer. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.428.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Natural Products for Cancer Therapy: A Review of Their Mechanism of Actions and Toxicity in the Past Decade. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5794350. [PMID: 35309872 PMCID: PMC8933079 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5794350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ethnopharmacological information gathered over many centuries and the presence of diverse metabolites have made the medicinal plants as the prime source of drugs. Despite the positive attributes of natural products, there are many questions pertaining to their mechanism of actions and molecular targets that impede their development as therapeutic agents. One of the major challenges in cancer research is the toxicity exerted by investigational agents towards the host. An understanding of their molecular targets, underlying mechanisms can reveal their anticancer efficacy, help in optimal therapeutic dose selection, to mitigate their side effects and toxicity towards the host. The purpose of this review is to collate details on natural products that are recently been investigated extensively in the past decade for their anticancer potential. Besides, critical analysis of their molecular targets and underlying mechanisms on multiple cancer cell lines, an in-depth probe of their toxicological screening on rodent models is outlined as well to observe the prevalence of their toxicity towards host. This review can provide valuable insights for researchers in developing methods, strategies during preclinical and clinical evaluation of anticancer candidates.
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Tan W, Pan T, Wang S, Li P, Men Y, Tan R, Zhong Z, Wang Y. Immunometabolism modulation, a new trick of edible and medicinal plants in cancer treatment. Food Chem 2021; 376:131860. [PMID: 34971892 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The edible and medicinal plants (EMPs) are becoming an abundant source for cancer prevention and treatment since the natural and healthy trend for modern human beings. Currently, there are more than one hundred species of EMPs widely used and listed by the national health commission of China, and most of them indicate immune or metabolic regulation potential in cancer treatment with numerous studies over the past two decades. In the present review, we focused on the metabolic influence in immunocytes and tumor microenvironment, including immune response, immunosuppressive factors and cancer cells, discussing the immunometabolic potential of EMPs in cancer treatment. There are more than five hundred references collected and analyzed through retrieving pharmacological studies deposited in PubMed by medical subject headings and the corresponding names derived from pharmacopoeia of China as a sole criterion. Finally, the immunometabolism modulation of EMPs was sketch out implying an immunometabolic control in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yongfan Men
- Research Laboratory of Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Rui Tan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China.
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13
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Joshi BC, Juyal V, Sah AN, Verma P, Mukhija M. Review On Documented Medicinal Plants Used For The Treatment Of Cancer. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083807666211011125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer is a frightful disease and it is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Naturally derived compounds are gaining interest of research workers as they have less toxic side effects as compared to currently used treatments such as chemotherapy. Plants are the pool of chemical compounds which provides a promising future for research on cancer.
Objective:
This review paper provides updated information gathered on medicinal plants and isolated phytoconstituents used as anticancer agents and summarises the plant extracts and their isolated chemical constituents exhibiting anticancer potential on clinical trials.
Methods:
An extensive bibliographic investigation was carried out by analysing worldwide established scientific databases like SCOPUS, PUBMED, SCIELO, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, Web of Science, Wiley, SciFinder and Google Scholar etc. In next few decades, herbal medicine may become a new epoch of medical system.
Results:
Many researches are going on medicinal plants for the treatment of cancer but it is a time to increase further experimental studies on plant extracts and their chemical constituents to find out their mechanism of action at molecular level.
Conclusion:
The article may help many researchers to start off further experimentation that might lead to the drugs for the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwan Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Vijay Juyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Archana N. Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Piyush Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical science and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun-248001, India
| | - Minky Mukhija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, Buria Road, Bhagwangarh, Jagadhri-135003, India
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Sahu RK, Aboulthana WM, Mehta DK. Phyto-Phospholipid Complexation as a Novel Drug Delivery System for Management of Cancer with Better Bioavailability: Current Perspectives and Future Prospects. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1403-1412. [PMID: 33176666 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620999201110191741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the foremost cause of death, and it supports the need for the identification of novel anticancer drugs to improve the efficacy of current-therapy. While the synthetic anticancer drug is associated with numerous side effects. Hence the plant active or phytoconstituents are in high demand for the treatment of cancer due to minimum side effects. But the polar nature of phytoconstituents hindered the absorption of the drug and lowered the therapeutic efficacy. The plant activity incorporated into Phyto-phospholipid Complexation can enhance bioavailability and improved therapeutic efficacy. In this review article, advantages, limitation and application of Phyto-phospholipid complexes have been illustrated. The article highlights the application of Phyto-phospholipid complexes as a promising drug carrier system to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram K Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India
| | - Wael M Aboulthana
- Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dinesh K Mehta
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana-Ambala (HR), 133207, India
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15
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Hsu WC, Ramesh S, Shibu MA, Chen MC, Wang TF, Day CH, Chen RJ, Padma VV, Li CC, Tseng YC, Huang CY. Platycodin D reverses histone deacetylase inhibitor resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by repressing ERK1/2-mediated cofilin-1 phosphorylation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:153442. [PMID: 33412494 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoresistance remains the main obstacle in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Despite significant advances in HCC therapy, HCC still has a poor prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify a treatment target to reverse HCC chemotherapy resistance. Platycodon grandiflorus (PG) is a perennial herb that has been used as food and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years in Northeast Asia. Platycodin D (PD), a main active triterpenoid saponin found in the root of PG, has been reported to possess anticancer properties in several cancer cell lines, including HCC; however, the reversal effect of this molecule on HCC chemoresistance remains largely unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the role and the mechanism of PD-mediated reversal of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) resistance in HCC cells. METHODS Human HCC cells (HA22T) and HDACi-resistant (HDACi-R) cells were used. Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Combination index was used to calculate the synergism potential. Expression of ERK1/2 (total/phospho), cofilin-1 (total/phospho) and apoptosis-related protein was determined using western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed using the JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine iodide) probe. Apoptosis was detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation was measured using the MitoSOX Red fluorescent probe. RESULTS We found that PD treatment inhibited cell viability both in HA22T HCC and HDACi-R cells. Inhibition of ERK1/2 by PD98059 could reverse drug resistance in HDACi-R cells treated with PD98059 and PD. Nevertheless, pre-treatment with U46619, an ERK1/2 activator, rescued PD-induced apoptosis by decreasing levels of apoptosis-related proteins in HCC cells. The combined treatment of PD with apicidin a powerful HDACi, dramatically enhanced the apoptotic effect in HDACi-R cells. CONCLUSION For the first time, we showed that PD reversed HDACi resistance in HCC by repressing ERK1/2-mediated cofilin-1 phosphorylation. Thus, PD can potentially be a treatment target to reverse HCC chemotherapy resistance in future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung-Kang Branch, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung 40764, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Samiraj Ramesh
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, PRIST Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 614 904, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marthandam Asokan Shibu
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Fu Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | | | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - V Vijaya Padma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chi-Cheng Li
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Chung-Yang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; Center of Stem Cell & Precision Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Tseng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Center of Stem Cell & Precision Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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16
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Zhang X, Zhai T, Hei Z, Zhou D, Jin L, Han C, Wang J. Effects of Platycodin D on apoptosis, migration, invasion and cell cycle arrest of gallbladder cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:311. [PMID: 33093920 PMCID: PMC7573877 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is a triterpenoid saponin that exists in the roots of Platycodonis. It exhibits evident growth inhibitory effects and potent cytotoxicity against multiple types of cancer. Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common malignant disease of the biliary tract system. Patients with GBC usually have limited available treatment strategies and a poor prognosis. The present study investigated the antitumor effects of PD on human GBC cells in vitro and its underlying molecular mechanisms of action. The results indicated that PD, as assessed using MTT and colony forming assays, induced evident growth inhibition. Flow cytometry indicated that PD robustly induced apoptosis and blocked GBC cells at the G2/M phase. Cell migration and invasion assays demonstrated that PD effectively inhibited the migratory and invasive abilities of GBC cell lines. Western blotting indicated that PD may initiate mitochondrial destruction in GBC cells through the JNK signaling pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis. The present results indicated that PD may exhibit antitumor effects by inducing apoptosis; inhibiting migration and invasion; and affecting the cell cycle in GBC cells. Therefore, PD has the potential to become a novel antitumor drug for GBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Zhai
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong university School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Hei
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Longyang Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Abstract
A new polyacetylene, namely isolobetyol (1), was isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., together with lobetyol (2), lobetyolin (3), and trans-2-hexenyl β-D-glucoside (4). The structures of the isolated natural products were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometric (HR-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses. The obtained spectroscopic data was in good agreement with the data previously reported in the literature. The anti-proliferative effects of the isolated compounds were examined using the PC-3 prostate cancer cell line. Compounds 1-3 considerably reduced the proliferation of the PC-3 cells with IC50 values of 6.76, 12.72, and 5.73 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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18
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Khan T, Ali M, Khan A, Nisar P, Jan SA, Afridi S, Shinwari ZK. Anticancer Plants: A Review of the Active Phytochemicals, Applications in Animal Models, and Regulatory Aspects. Biomolecules 2019; 10:E47. [PMID: 31892257 PMCID: PMC7022400 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising burden of cancer worldwide calls for an alternative treatment solution. Herbal medicine provides a very feasible alternative to western medicine against cancer. This article reviews the selected plant species with active phytochemicals, the animal models used for these studies, and their regulatory aspects. This study is based on a meticulous literature review conducted through the search of relevant keywords in databases, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Twenty plants were selected based on defined selection criteria for their potent anticancer compounds. The detailed analysis of the research studies revealed that plants play an indispensable role in fighting different cancers such as breast, stomach, oral, colon, lung, hepatic, cervical, and blood cancer cell lines. The in vitro studies showed cancer cell inhibition through DNA damage and activation of apoptosis-inducing enzymes by the secondary metabolites in the plant extracts. Studies that reported in vivo activities of these plants showed remarkable results in the inhibition of cancer in animal models. Further studies should be performed on exploring more plants, their active compounds, and the mechanism of anticancer actions for use as standard herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Buner, Sowari 17290, Pakistan;
| | - Parveen Nisar
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Sohail Ahmad Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan;
| | - Shakeeb Afridi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
- National Council for Tibb, Islamabad, Pakistan
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19
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Luo Q, Wei G, Wu X, Tang K, Xu M, Wu Y, Liu Y, Li X, Sun Z, Ju W, Qi K, Chen C, Yan Z, Cheng H, Zhu F, Li Z, Zeng L, Xu K, Qiao J. Platycodin D inhibits platelet function and thrombus formation through inducing internalization of platelet glycoprotein receptors. J Transl Med 2018; 16:311. [PMID: 30442147 PMCID: PMC6238268 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Platycodin D (PD) is one of the major bioactive components of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and possesses multiple biological and pharmacological properties, such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. However, whether it affects platelet function remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the role of PD in platelet function and thrombus formation. Methods Platelets were treated with PD followed by measuring platelet aggregation, activation, spreading, clot retraction, expression of glycoprotein receptors. Moreover, mice platelets were treated with PD and infused into wild-type mice for analysis of in vivo hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. Results Platycodin D treatment significantly inhibited platelet aggregation in response to collagen, ADP, arachidonic acid and epinephrine, reduced platelet P-selectin expression, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, spreading on fibrinogen as well as clot retraction, accompanied with decreased phosphorylation of Syk and PLCγ2 in collagen-related peptide or thrombin-stimulated platelets. Moreover, PD-treated mice platelets presented significantly impaired in vivo hemostasis and arterial thrombus formation. Interestingly, PD induced internalization of glycoprotein receptors αIIbβ3, GPIbα and GPVI. However, GM6001, cytochalasin D, BAPTA-AM and wortmannin did not prevent PD-induced internalization of receptors. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that PD inhibits platelet aggregation, activation and impairs hemostasis and arterial thrombosis, suggesting it might be a potent anti-thrombotic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Luo
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Guangyu Wei
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Mengdi Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulu Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Zengtian Sun
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Wen Ju
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunming Qi
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiling Yan
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Hai Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China.,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China. .,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, China. .,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huaihai Rd, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, 221002, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Park M, Park SY, Lee HJ, Kim CE. A Systems-Level Analysis of Mechanisms of Platycodon grandiflorum Based on A Network Pharmacological Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:E2841. [PMID: 30388815 PMCID: PMC6278259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is widely used in Asia for its various beneficial effects. Although many studies were conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of PG, it is still unclear how the combinations of multiple ingredients work together to exert its therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive review of the systems-level mechanisms of PG by adopting network pharmacological analysis. We constructed a compound⁻target⁻disease network for PG using experimentally validated and machine-leaning-based prediction results. Each target of the network was analyzed based on previously known pharmacological activities of PG. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of targets were related to cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulation. In pathway enrichment analyses of targets, the terms related to cancer showed the most significant enrichment and formed distinct clusters. Degree matrix analysis for target⁻disease associations of PG suggested the therapeutic potential of PG in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. We expect that network pharmacological approaches will provide an understanding of the systems-level mechanisms of medicinal herbs and further develop their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musun Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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21
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Ahn HJ, You HJ, Park MS, Johnston TV, Ku S, Ji GE. Biocatalysis of Platycoside E and Platycodin D3 Using Fungal Extracellular β-Glucosidase Responsible for Rapid Platycodin D Production. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092671. [PMID: 30205574 PMCID: PMC6163259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodi radix (i.e., Platycodon grandiflorum root) products (e.g., tea, cosmetics, and herbal supplements) are popular in East Asian nutraceutical markets due to their reported health benefits and positive consumer perceptions. Platycosides are the key drivers of Platycodi radixes' biofunctional effects; their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical activities are primarily related to the number and varieties of sugar side-chains. Among the various platycosides, platycodin D is a major saponin that demonstrates various nutraceutical activities. Therefore, the development of a novel technology to increase the total platycodin D content in Platycodi radix extract is important, not only for consumers' health benefits but also producers' commercial applications and manufacturing cost reduction. It has been reported that hydrolysis of platycoside sugar moieties significantly modifies the compound's biofunctionality. Platycodi radix extract naturally contains two major platycodin D precursors (platycoside E and platycodin D3) which can be enzymatically converted to platycodin D via β-d-glucosidase hydrolysis. Despite evidence that platycodin D precursors can be changed to platycodin D in the Platycodi radix plant, there is little research on increasing platycodin D concentrations during processing. In this work, platycodin D levels in Platycodi radix extracts were significantly increased via extracellular Aspergillus usamii β-d-glucosidase (n = 3, p < 0.001). To increase the extracellular β-d-glucosidase activity, A. usamii was cultivated in a culture media containing cellobiose as its major carbon source. The optimal pH and temperature of the fungal β-d-glucosidase were 6.0 and 40.0 °C, respectively. Extracellular A. usamii β-d-glucosidase successfully converted more than 99.9% (w/v, n = 3, p < 0.001) of platycoside E and platycodin D3 into platycodin D within 2 h under optimal conditions. The maximum level of platycodin D was 0.4 mM. Following the biotransformation process, the platycodin D was recovered using preparatory High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and applied to in vitro assays to evaluate its quality. Platycodin D separated from the Platycodi radix immediately following the bioconversion process showed significant anti-inflammatory effects from the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage inflammatory responses with decreased nitrite and IL-6 production (n = 3, p < 0.001). Taken together, these results provide evidence that biocatalysis of Platycodi radix extracts with A. usamii may be used as an efficient method of platycodin D-enriched extract production and novel Platycodi radix products may thereby be created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Myung Su Park
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts, Yeonsung University, Anyang 14001, Korea.
| | - Tony V Johnston
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co., Ltd., Hongcheon 25117, Korea.
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Fu Y, Xin Z, Liu B, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li F. Platycodin D Inhibits Inflammatory Response in LPS-Stimulated Primary Rat Microglia Cells through Activating LXRα-ABCA1 Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1929. [PMID: 29375565 PMCID: PMC5767310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PLD), an effective triterpenesaponin extracted from Platycodon grandiflorum, has been known to have anti-inflammatory effect. In the present study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of PLD on LPS-induced inflammation in primary rat microglia cells. The results showed that PLD significantly inhibited LPS-induced ROS, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production in primary rat microglia cells. PLD also inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation. Furthermore, our results showed that PLD prevented LPS-induced TLR4 translocation into lipid rafts via disrupting the formation of lipid rafts by inducing cholesterol efflux. In addition, PLD could activate LXRα–ABCA1 signaling pathway which induces cholesterol efflux from cells. The inhibition of inflammatory cytokines by PLD could be reversed by SiRNA of LXRα. In conclusion, these results indicated that PLD prevented LPS-induced inflammation by activating LXRα–ABCA1 signaling pathway, which disrupted lipid rafts and prevented TLR4 translocation into lipid rafts, thereby inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Xin
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Disease Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Li W, Tian YH, Liu Y, Wang Z, Tang S, Zhang J, Wang YP. Platycodin D exerts anti-tumor efficacy in H22 tumor-bearing mice via improving immune function and inducing apoptosis. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 41:417-28. [PMID: 27193733 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD), a major saponin derived and isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, exerts potent growth inhibition and strong cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. However, the anti-tumor efficacy of PD on H22 hepatocellular carcinoma remains unknown. In the present study, we aimed to explore the anti-hepatoma activity in vivo and the underlying mechanism of PD in H22 tumor-bearing mice. The results revealed that PD could considerably suppress tumor growth with no significant side effects on immune organs and body weight. Further investigations showed that the levels of serum cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-2 (IL-2), were enhanced by PD administration. On the other hand, PD inhibited the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum of H22 tumor mice. Additionally, the observations from H&E and Hoechst 33258 staining results demonstrated that PD noticeably induced apoptosis in H22 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Importantly, immunohistochemical analysis showed that PD treatment increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl-2 and VEGF expression of H22 tumor tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, the findings in the present investigation clearly demonstrated that the PD markedly suppressed the tumor growth of H22 transplanted tumor in vivo at least partly via improving the immune functions, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, China
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Zeng CC, Zhang C, Yao JH, Lai SH, Han BJ, Li W, Tang B, Wan D, Liu YJ. Platycodin D induced apoptosis and autophagy in PC-12 cells through mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 168:199-205. [PMID: 27294548 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the in vitro cytotoxicity of platycodin D was evaluated in human PC-12, SGC-7901, BEL-7402, HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines. PC-12 cells were sensitive to platycodin D treatment, with an IC50 value of 13.5±1.2μM. Morphological and comet assays showed that platycodin D effectively induced apoptosis in PC-12 cells. Platycodin D increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. Platycodin D induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in the PC-12 cell line. Platycodin D can induce autophagy. In addition, platycodin D can down-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, and up-regulate the levels of Bid protein in the PC-12 cells. The results demonstrated that platycodin D induced PC-12 cell apoptosis through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jun-Hua Yao
- Instrumentation Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shang-Hai Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Han
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Kong Y, Lu ZL, Wang JJ, Zhou R, Guo J, Liu J, Sun HL, Wang H, Song W, Yang J, Xu HX. Platycodin D, a metabolite of Platycodin grandiflorum, inhibits highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo by targeting the MDM2 oncogene. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1447-56. [PMID: 27432230 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to explore the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of Platycodin D (PD), derived from Platycodin grandiflorum, on highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Using the MTT assay, we found that PD inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 7.77±1.86 µM. Further studies showed that PD had anti-proliferative effects and induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. To explore the detailed mechanism(s) by which PD suppressed MDA-MB-231 cell growth, western blot analyses were used to detect the expression levels of proteins related to cell proliferation and survival. The data showed that PD decreased the expression of proteins related to the G0/G1 phases, downregulated the protein expression of MDM2, MDMX, and mutant p53, and increased the expression levels of p21 and p27 in vitro. We verified the effects of PD on the expression of MDM2, MDMX, mutant p53, p21 and p27 using a pcDNA3-Flag-MDM2 plasmid and MDM2 siRNA transfection, and found that PD inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell viability by targeting MDM2 and mutant p53. Compared with the corresponding parental cells, the cells with siRNA-MDM2 transfection had a greater decrease in cell viability and proliferation, while those with pcDNA3-MDM2 plasmid transfection did not show any increase in the effects of PD. We also established a MDA-MB-231 xenograft model in BALB/c nude mice, and found that PD significantly inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in these mice. The expression levels of various proteins in the tumor tissue exhibited changes similar to those observed in vitro. These findings indicate that PD exerted in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, that PD is a potential MDM2/MDMX inhibitor, and that the anticancer effects of PD were likely associated with its inhibition of these proteins. Our observations help to identify a mechanism by which PD functions as an anti-breast cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Kong
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Liang Lu
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Jia Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Lan Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Xia Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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Lu JJ, Lu DZ, Chen YF, Dong YT, Zhang JR, Li T, Tang ZH, Yang Z. Proteomic analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells treated with platycodin D. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:673-9. [PMID: 26412427 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Platycodonis Radix, is a famous Chinese herbal medicine that has been shown to have anti-proliferative effects in several cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in cellular proteins after the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells with PD using proteomics approaches. The cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. The proteome was analyzed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the expression of changed proteins. Our results showed that PD inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Sixteen proteins were identified to be up-regulated in PD-treated HepG2 cells, including ATP5H, OXCT1, KRT9, CCDC40, ERP29, RCN1, ZNF175, HNRNPH1, HSP27, PA2G4, PHB, BANF1, TPM3, ECH1, LGALS1, and MYL6. Three proteins (i.e., RPS12, EMG1, and KRT1) decreased in HepG2 cells after treatment with PD. The changes in HSP27 and PHB were further confirmed by Western blotting. In conclusion, our results shed new lights on the mechanisms of action for the anti-cancer activity of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - De-Zhao Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yu-Fei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ya-Ting Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jun-Ren Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Yang JB, Khan M, He YY, Yao M, Li YM, Gao HW, Ma TH. Tubeimoside-1 induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest in human prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:950-62. [PMID: 27292614 PMCID: PMC4933758 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tubeimoside-1 (TBMS1), a triterpenoid saponin extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim) Franquet (Cucurbitaceae), has shown anticancer activities in various cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer activity and molecular targets of TBMS1 in human prostate cancer cells in vitro. METHODS DU145 and P3 human prostate cancer cells were treated with TBMS1. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected. ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell cycle profile were examined. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of relevant proteins in the cells. RESULTS TBMS1 (5-100 μmol/L) significantly suppressed the viability of DU145 and P3 cells with IC50 values of approximately 10 and 20 μmol/L, respectively. Furthermore, TBMS1 dose-dependently induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in DU145 and P3 cells. In DU145 cells, TBMS1 induced mitochondrial apoptosis, evidenced by ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, modulated Bcl-2 family protein and cleaved caspase-3, and activated ASK-1 and its downstream targets p38 and JNK. The G0/G1 phase arrest was linked to increased expression of p53 and p21 and decreased expression of cyclin E and cdk2. Co-treatment with Z-VAD-FMK (pan-caspase inhibitor) could attenuate TBMS1-induced apoptosis but did not prevent G0/G1 arrest. Moreover, co-treatment with NAC (ROS scavenger), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) or salubrinal (ER stress inhibitor) significantly attenuated TBMS1-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION TBMS1 induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro via the mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-bo Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Muhammad Khan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yang-yang He
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University Bethune Second Hospital, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University Bethune Second Hospital, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yong-ming Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hong-wen Gao
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University Bethune Second Hospital, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Tong-hui Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
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28
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Zheng S, Li W, Wang J, Chen Y, Hou W, Gao W, Liu Q, Wang Y. Platycodin D inhibits B16F10 melanoma metastasis via antiangiogenic activity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23725d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D inhibits B16F10 melanoma metastasisviaantiangiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Zheng
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun
- China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yinbin Chen
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Wei Hou
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Qingxiu Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun
- China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials
- Jilin Agricultural University
| | - Yingping Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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Khan M, Maryam A, Zhang H, Mehmood T, Ma T. Killing cancer with platycodin D through multiple mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:389-402. [PMID: 26648178 PMCID: PMC4759477 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-faceted disease comprised of a combination of genetic, epigenetic, metabolic and signalling aberrations which severely disrupt the normal homoeostasis of cell growth and death. Rational developments of highly selective drugs which specifically block only one of the signalling pathways have been associated with limited therapeutic success. Multi-targeted prevention of cancer has emerged as a new paradigm for effective anti-cancer treatment. Platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin, is one the major active components of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and possesses multiple biological and pharmacological properties including, anti-nociceptive, anti-atherosclerosis, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, immunoregulatory, hepatoprotective and anti-tumour activities. Recently, the anti-cancer activity of platycodin D has been extensively studied. The purpose of this review was to give our perspectives on the current status of platycodin D and discuss its anti-cancer activity and molecular mechanisms which may help the further design and conduct of pre-clinical and clinical trials to develop it successfully into a potential lead drug for oncological therapy. Platycodin D has been shown to fight cancer by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy and inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis by targeting multiple signalling pathways which are frequently deregulated in cancers suggesting that this multi-target activity rather than a single effect may play an important role in developing platycodin D into potential anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Amara Maryam
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tahir Mehmood
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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30
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Lee NK, Nyakudya E, Jeong YS. Bioconversion of Platycodon Grandiflorum
Saponins by the Platycodin D-Converting Microorganism, Yeast Cyberlindnera Fabianii. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Keun Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Biofood Materials; Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Korea
| | - Elijah Nyakudya
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Korea
| | - Yong-Seob Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonbuk 561-756 Korea
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31
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Zhou R, Lu Z, Liu K, Guo J, Liu J, Zhou Y, Yang J, Mi M, Xu H. Platycodin D induces tumor growth arrest by activating FOXO3a expression in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2015; 14:860-71. [PMID: 25431082 PMCID: PMC4997962 DOI: 10.2174/1568009614666141128104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD), a major saponin derived from Platycodin grandiflorum, exerted cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cells) with IC50 values in the range of 11.17 to 26.13μmol/L, whereas RWPE-1cells (a non-malignant human prostate epithelial cell line) were not significantly affected. A further study in these cell lines showed that PD could potently affect cell proliferation (indicated by the bromodeoxyuridine assay), induce cell apoptosis (determined by Annexin V-FITC flow cytometry) and cause cell cycle arrest (indicated by PI staining). After being treated with PD for 48 hours, DU145 and LNCaP cells were arrested in the G0 /G1 phase, and PC3 cells were arrested in the G2/M phase. A Western blotting analysis indicated that PD increased the expression of the FOXO3a transcription factor, decreased the expression of p-FOXO3a and MDM2 and increased the expression of FOXO-responsive genes, p21 and p27. MDM2 silencing (transiently by siRNA-MDM2) increased the PD-induced FOXO3a protein expression, while MDM2 overexpression (in cells transiently transfected with a pcDNA3-MDM2 plasmid) decreased the PD-induced expression of the FOXO3a protein. Moreover, PD dose-dependently inhibited the growth of PC3 xenograft tumors in BALB/c nude mice. A Western blotting analysis of the excised xenograft tumors indicated that similar changes in protein expression also occurred in vivo. These results suggest that PD exhibits significant activity against prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. The FOXO3a transcription factor appears to be involved in the activity of PD. Together, all of these findings provide a basis for the future development of this agent for human prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongxia Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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32
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Xiu LJ, Sun DZ, Jiao JP, Yan B, Qin ZF, Liu X, Wei PK, Yue XQ. Anticancer effects of traditional Chinese herbs with phlegm-eliminating properties - An overview. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 172:155-161. [PMID: 26038151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHONOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cancer is considered to be the second leading cause of human death. It is unsatisfactory that in the past decades, the treatment for cancer has not progressed as fast as it was expected, as only 50% of newly diagnosed patients could be cured even today. The development of cancer is a multifactorial process, involving tumor cells themselves, the interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironments, as well as the interactions between tumor cells and the host's immunity. Focusing on any single goal may bring limited benefits. AIM AND METHODS OF THE STUDY Phlegm-eliminating herbs, which can reduce phlegm and eliminate pathological metabolites, are commonly used to treat cancer in China. However, the underlying molecular targets and efficacy of herbal medicines in cancer treatment still remain unclear. In this study, we reviewed the potential anticancer mechanisms of some phlegm-eliminating herbs and their active ingredients from the articles through such scientific databases as MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar. RESULTS We found that the anticancer mechanisms of phlegm-eliminating herbs and ingredients include inducing apoptosis, anti-proliferation, preventing tumor invasion and metastasis, and reducing resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, some phlegm-eliminating herbs and their ingredients have anti-inflammatory and anti-metabolic syndrome effects. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the phlegm-eliminating herbs and ingredients are potential candidates for anticancer treatment and cancer prevention by playing a comprehensive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Xiu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Da-Zhi Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jian-Peng Jiao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Qin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Pin-Kang Wei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yue
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Zhao R, Chen M, Jiang Z, Zhao F, Xi B, Zhang X, Fu H, Zhou K. Platycodin-D Induced Autophagy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways. J Cancer 2015; 6:623-31. [PMID: 26078792 PMCID: PMC4466411 DOI: 10.7150/jca.11291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodin-D (PD) is an effective triterpene saponin extracted from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum which has been used clinically to treat pulmonary diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, it has been reported that PD has anti-tumor effects in various cancer models through the induction of apoptosis. However, whether PD induces autophagy in both cell lines and its molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here, our present study confirmed that PD induced autophagy in both NCI-H460 and A549 cells via up-regulating the expression levels of Atg-3, Atg-7 and Beclin-1. Meanwhile, PD contributed to the up-regulation of LC3-II at both protein and mRNA levels. Further detection of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway compared to LY294002 (PI3K kinase inhibitor), RAP (mTOR kinase inhibitor) and insulin (an activator of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway) showed that PD induced autophagy through inhibiting the pathway at p-Akt (Ser473), p-p70S6K (Thr389) and p-4EBP1 (Thr37/46) in both cell lines. Moreover, the examination of MAPK signaling pathway showed that PD treatment increased the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, while decreased the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 in both cell lines. Additionally, the effects assessed with a panel of pharmacologic inhibitors, including U0126 (Erk1/2 kinase inhibitor), SP600125 (JNK kinase inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38 MAPK kinase inhibitor) suggested that the activation of JNK and p38 MAPK participated in PD-induced autophagy. Taken together, these findings suggested that PD induced autophagy in NCI-H460 and A549 cells through inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and activating JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Therefore, PD may be an alternative compound for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Zhao
- 1. The Pre-clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China ; 2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- 2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zequn Jiang
- 2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengming Zhao
- 2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Beili Xi
- 1. The Pre-clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- 2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haian Fu
- 3. Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; 4. Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kunfu Zhou
- 1. The Pre-clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China ; 2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Zhang C, Zhang N, Li M, Liu Y. Platycodon grandiflorus - an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:147-61. [PMID: 25666431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., the sole species in genus Platycodon A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of cough, phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess, chest pain, dysuria, and dysentery. As a legal medicine and dietary supplement, it is also frequently used as an ingredient in health foods and vegetable dishes. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus based on literature published in recent years. It will build a foundation for further study of the mechanism of action and the development of better therapeutic agents and healthy products from Platycodon grandiflorus. MATERIAL AND METHODS All of the available information on Platycodon grandiflorus was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of Platycodon grandiflorus have been recorded in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea for thousands of years. A phytochemical investigation revealed that this product contains steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, sterols, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. They also showed valuable bioactive effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular system effects, among others. CONCLUSIONS In light of its long traditional use and the modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized here, Platycodon grandiflorus has been demonstrated to show a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining uses. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of its main active compounds (e.g., platycodin D, D2) need to be conducted. In addition, as one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, clinical studies of the main therapeutic aspects, toxicity and adverse effects of Platycodon grandiflorus will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
| | - Yanze Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China.
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Effects of platycodin D on proliferation, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signal pathway of human glioma U251 cells. Molecules 2014; 19:21411-23. [PMID: 25532840 PMCID: PMC6270900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of platycodin D (PD) on the proliferation, apoptosis and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway of human glioma U251 cells were investigated. Glioma U251 cells were treated with PD at final concentrations of 0, 16.3, 40.8, 81.6, 163.2 μM, and inhibition rate, early and late apoptotic rate, apoptotic index, expression of apoptosis-related proteins and phosphorylation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were evaluated. The results showed that compared with the control group, PD could increase the proliferation inhibition rate of U251 cells in a dose- and time -dependent manner; PD could also elevate the early and late apoptotic rate, apoptotic index and the level of pro-apoptotic proteins of glioma U251 cells, such as Bax and cleaved caspase-3, but lower the level of apoptosis inhibitory protein, such as Bcl-2; PD could increase the ratio of G0/G1 phase U251 cells, and lower the proportion of Sphase U251 cells and the ratio of G2/M phase U251 cells; PD could reduce the ratio of p-Akt/Akt. The results indicate that PD can inhibit the proliferation, induce the apoptosis and cause the cell cycle arrest in human glioma U251 cells, which may be related to the inhibition of PD on the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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An HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of platycodin D in rat plasma and its application to the pharmacokinetics of Platycodi Radix extract. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 12:154-60. [PMID: 24636069 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(14)60026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop an HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of platycodin D (PD) in rat plasma, and to acquire the main pharmacokinetic parameters of PD after oral administration of pure PD or of Platycodi Radix extract (PRE) containing PD. METHOD Plasma samples were pretreated with solid-phase extraction using an Oasis® HLB SPE cartridge. Madecassoside was used as the internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ODS column (100 mm × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (30 : 70, V/V) containing 0.1 mmol·L(-1) ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.25 mL·min(-1). The detection was performed on a triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source with a chromatographic run time of 3.0 min. The detection was operated by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of the transitions of m/z 1 223.6→469.2 for PD and of m/z 973.6→469.2 for madecassoside (IS), respectively. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear from 5 to 2 000 ng·mL(-1) (r(2) >0.99) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5 ng·mL(-1). The intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) values were below 15% and the accuracy (relative error, RE) was from -15% to +15% at three quality control (QC) levels. Plasma concentrations of PD were determined for 24 h after i.v. administration of PD, and oral administration of PD and PRE, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of PD in rats was found to be (0.48 ± 0.19)% when administered PD, and to be (1.81 ± 0.89)% when administered PRE. CONCLUSION The developed HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of PD in rats after administration of PD and Platycodi Radix extract.
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Li T, Xu WS, Wu GS, Chen XP, Wang YT, Lu JJ. Platycodin D induces apoptosis, and inhibits adhesion, migration and invasion in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1745-9. [PMID: 24641402 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.4.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platycodin D (PD), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Platycodonis radix, possesses anti-cancer effects in several cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to evaluate its anti- cancer activities in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT and colony formation assays were performed to evaluate cell proliferation, along with flow cytometry and Western blotting for apoptosis. Cell adhesion was tested by observing cellular morphology under a microscope, while the transwell assay was employed to investigate the cell migration and invasion. RESULTS PD concentration-dependently inhibited cell proliferation in both HepG2 and Hep3B cells, and significantly suppressed colony formation and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The protein levels of cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and Bax were up-regulated while that of survivin was down-regulated after treatment with PD. Moreover, PD not only obviously suppressed the adhesion of HepG2 cells to Matrigel, but also remarkably depressed their migration and invasion induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). CONCLUSIONS PD presents anti-cancer potential in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting cell adhesion, migration and invasion, indicating promising features as a lead compound for anti-cancer agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China E-mail : ;
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Luan X, Gao YG, Guan YY, Xu JR, Lu Q, Zhao M, Liu YR, Liu HJ, Fang C, Chen HZ. Platycodin D inhibits tumor growth by antiangiogenic activity via blocking VEGFR2-mediated signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ryu J, Lee HJ, Park SH, Kim J, Lee D, Lee SK, Kim YS, Hong JH, Seok JH, Lee CJ. Effects of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum on airway mucin hypersecretion in vivo and platycodin D(3) and deapi-platycodin on production and secretion of airway mucin in vitro. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:529-533. [PMID: 24290472 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether aqueous extract of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. de Candolle (APG), platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin significantly affect the production and secretion of airway mucin using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Effect of APG was checked on hypersecretion of pulmonary mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis in rats. Confluent NCI-H292 cells were pretreated with platycodinD(3) or deapi-platycodin for 30min and then stimulated with PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) for 24h. The MUC5AC mucin production and secretion were measured by ELISA. The results were as follows: (1) APG stimulated the secretion of airway mucin in sulfur dioxide-induced bronchitis rat model; (2) platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin inhibited the production of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA from NCI-H292 cells, respectively; (3) however, platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin did not inhibit but stimulated the secretion of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA from NCI-H292 cells, respectively. This result suggests that aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum A. de Candolle and the two natural products derived from it, platycodinD(3) and deapi-platycodin, can regulate the production and secretion of airway mucin and, at least in part, explains the traditional use of aqueous extract of P. grandiflorum A. de Candolle as expectorants in diverse inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Seok
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 303-131, Republic of Korea.
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The Effects of Platycodin D, a Saponin Purified from Platycodi Radix, on Collagen-Induced DBA/1J Mouse Rheumatoid Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:954508. [PMID: 24511322 PMCID: PMC3913383 DOI: 10.1155/2014/954508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The object of this study is to observe the effects of platycodin D, a saponin purified from Platycodi Radix, on mice collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). A daily dose of 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg platycodin D was administered orally to male DBA/1J mice for 40 days after initial collagen immunization. To ascertain the effects administering the collagen booster, CIA-related features (including body weight, poly-arthritis, knee and paw thickness, and paw weight increase) was measured from histopathological changes in the spleen, left popliteal lymph node, third digit, and the knee joint regions. CIA-related bone and cartilage damage improved significantly in the platycodin D-administered CIA mice. Additionally, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in the paw were reduced in platycodin D-treated CIA mice compared to CIA control groups. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of oxidative stress, decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the platycodin D group. Finally, the production of IL-6 and TNF-α, involved in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis, was suppressed by treatment with platycodin D. Taken together, these results suggest that platycodin D is a promising new effective antirheumatoid arthritis agent, exerting anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects in CIA mice.
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Du JR, Long FY, Chen C. Research Progress on Natural Triterpenoid Saponins in the Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy of Cancer. Enzymes 2014; 36:95-130. [PMID: 27102701 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802215-3.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are glycosides with remarkable structural and bioactive diversity. They are becoming increasingly significant in the treatment of cancer due to their efficacy and safety. This chapter provides an update on the sources, pharmacological effects, structure-activity relationships, and clinical studies of anticancer triterpenoid saponins with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying their therapeutic properties. The correlative references and study reports described were collected through PubMed. The anticancer triterpenoid saponins enable the inhibition of cancer formation and progression by modulating multiple signaling targets related to cellular proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metastasis, angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, multidrug resistance, cancer stem cells, and microRNAs. This review provides new insights into the molecular basis of triterpenoid saponins in the chemoprevention and chemotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Fang-Yi Long
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Chu Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Lee WH, Gam CO, Ku SK, Choi SH. Single oral dose toxicity test of platycodin d, a saponin from platycodin radix in mice. Toxicol Res 2013; 27:217-24. [PMID: 24278575 PMCID: PMC3834385 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity of platycodin D, a saponin from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum in male and female mice. Platycodin D was administered to female and male mice as an oral dose of 2000, 1000, 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg (body wt.). Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after treatment, upon necropsy, organ weight and histopathology of 14 principle organs were examined. As the results, no platycodin D treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological observations against 14 principle organs were detected up to 2000 mg/kg in both female and male mice. Therefore, LD50 (50% lethal dose) and approximate LD of playtcodin D after single oral treatment in female and male mice were considered over 2000 mg/kg - the limited dosages recommended by KFDA Guidelines [2009-116, 2009], respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ho Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Korea
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Platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin from Platycodon grandiflorum, induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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He YF, Nan ML, Sun JM, Meng ZJ, Li W, Zhang M. Design, synthesis and cytotoxicity of cell death mechanism of rotundic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2543-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lee JH, Oh EK, Cho HD, Kim JY, Lee MK, Seo KI. Crude saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum induce apoptotic cell death in RC-58T/h/SA#4 prostate cancer cells through the activation of caspase cascades and apoptosis-inducing factor. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1421-8. [PMID: 23443329 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are a major active component of Platycodon grandiflorum (P. grandiflorum) and are known to induce apoptosis in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. However, thus far, no research has been conducted on the anticancer activity of saponins in RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary prostate cancer cells. In this study, we show that the treatment of prostate cancer cells with saponins extracted from P. grandiflorum (SPG) inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. SPG significantly induced apoptotic cell death, resulting in an increase in the sub-G1 apoptotic cell population, apoptotic DNA fragmentation and morphological changes. Pre-treatment with a caspase inhibitor modestly attenuated the SPG-induced increase in the sub-G1 cell population, suggesting that caspases play a role in SPG-induced apoptosis. Moreover, SPG-induced apoptosis was associated with changes in caspase activity, the upregulation of the apoptotic protein, Bax and the downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. Furthermore, the caspase-independent mitochondrial apoptosis factor, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was upregulated following SPG treatment. These findings indicate that SPG exerts its anticancer effects on RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary prostate cancer cells through mitochondrial caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hye Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, Republic of Korea
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Platycodin D attenuates bile duct ligation-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:364-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chun J, Joo EJ, Kang M, Kim YS. Platycodin D induces anoikis and caspase-mediated apoptosis via p38 MAPK in AGS human gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 114:456-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Two new oleanane-type triterpenoids from Platycodi Radix and anti-proliferative activity in HSC-T6 cells. Molecules 2012; 17:14899-907. [PMID: 23519261 PMCID: PMC6268675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new oleanane-type triterpenoids, named platycodonoids A and B (1, 2), together with five known saponins, including platycodin D (3), deapioplatycodin D (4), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl polygalacic acid (5), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycodigenin (6) and polygalacin D (7), were isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. On the basis of spectral data and chemical evidence, the structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 2β,3β,23,24-tetrahydroxy-28-nor-olean-12-en-16-one (1) and 2β,3β,23,24- tetrahydroxy-28-nor-olean-12-en-16-one-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). Compounds 1-7 were evaluated for their in vitro anti-proliferative activity against the HSC-T6 cell line.
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He M, Li Y, Yan J, Cao D, Liang Y. Analysis of Essential Oils and Fatty Acids from Platycodi Radix using Chemometric Methods and Retention Indices. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:318-30. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yu JS, Kim AK. Platycodin D Induces Reactive Oxygen Species–Mediated Apoptosis Signal–Regulating Kinase 1 Activation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Human Breast Cancer Cells. J Med Food 2012; 15:691-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Yu
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - An Keun Kim
- Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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