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Yilmaz A, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Shohami E, Gordevičius J, Kerševičiūtė I, Sherman E, Bahado-Singh RO, Graham SF. The longitudinal biochemical profiling of TBI in a drop weight model of TBI. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22260. [PMID: 38097614 PMCID: PMC10721861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide, particularly among individuals under the age of 45. It is a complex, and heterogeneous disease with a multifaceted pathophysiology that remains to be elucidated. Metabolomics has the potential to identify metabolic pathways and unique biochemical profiles associated with TBI. Herein, we employed a longitudinal metabolomics approach to study TBI in a weight drop mouse model to reveal metabolic changes associated with TBI pathogenesis, severity, and secondary injury. Using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, we biochemically profiled post-mortem brain from mice that suffered mild TBI (N = 25; 13 male and 12 female), severe TBI (N = 24; 11 male and 13 female) and sham controls (N = 16; 11 male and 5 female) at baseline, day 1 and day 7 following the injury. 1H NMR-based metabolomics, in combination with bioinformatic analyses, highlights a few significant metabolites associated with TBI severity and perturbed metabolism related to the injury. We report that the concentrations of taurine, creatinine, adenine, dimethylamine, histidine, N-Acetyl aspartate, and glucose 1-phosphate are all associated with TBI severity. Longitudinal metabolic observation of brain tissue revealed that mild TBI and severe TBI lead distinct metabolic profile changes. A multi-class model was able to classify the severity of injury as well as time after TBI with estimated 86% accuracy. Further, we identified a high degree of correlation between respective hemisphere metabolic profiles (r > 0.84, p < 0.05, Pearson correlation). This study highlights the metabolic changes associated with underlying TBI severity and secondary injury. While comprehensive, future studies should investigate whether: (a) the biochemical pathways highlighted here are recapitulated in the brain of TBI sufferers and (b) if the panel of biomarkers are also as effective in less invasively harvested biomatrices, for objective and rapid identification of TBI severity and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yilmaz
- Metabolomics Department, Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, 48073, USA
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Sports Therapy, Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Ono Academic College, Qiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Esther Shohami
- Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juozas Gordevičius
- VUGENE LLC, 625 EKenmoor Avenue Southeast, Suite 301, PMB 96578, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Ieva Kerševičiūtė
- VUGENE LLC, 625 EKenmoor Avenue Southeast, Suite 301, PMB 96578, Grand Rapids, MI, 49546, USA
| | - Eric Sherman
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Ray O Bahado-Singh
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, 48073, USA
| | - Stewart F Graham
- Metabolomics Department, Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, 48073, USA.
- Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, 48073, USA.
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Larit F, León F. Therapeutics to Treat Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: A Promising Perspective from Algerian Traditional Medicine. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3860. [PMID: 38005756 PMCID: PMC10674704 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Ancient people sought out drugs in nature to prevent, cure, and treat their diseases, including mental illnesses. Plants were their primary source for meeting their healthcare needs. In Algeria, folk medicine remains a fundamental part of the local intangible knowledge. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive ethnomedicinal investigation and documentation of medicinal plants and the different plant formulations traditionally used in Algeria for the treatment of pain, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. It also intends to improve the current knowledge of Algerian folk medicine. Several scientific databases were used to accomplish this work. Based on this investigation, we identified 82 plant species belonging to 69 genera and spanning 38 distinct botanical families used as remedies to treat various psychological and neurological conditions. Their traditional uses and methods of preparation, along with their phytochemical composition, main bioactive constituents, and toxicity were noted. Therefore, this review provides a new resource of information on Algerian medicinal plants used in the treatment and management of neurological and psychological diseases, which can be useful not only for the documentation and conservation of traditional knowledge, but also for conducting future phytochemical and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Larit
- Laboratoire d’Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Université Frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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Abbasloo E, Amiresmaili S, Shirazpour S, Khaksari M, Kobeissy F, Thomas TC. Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil and pure carvacrol attenuate TBI-induced inflammation and apoptosis via NF-κB and caspase-3 regulation in the male rat brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4780. [PMID: 36959464 PMCID: PMC10036533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes progressive dysfunction that induces biochemical and metabolic changes that lead to cell death. Nevertheless, there is no definitive FDA-approved therapy for TBI treatment. Our previous immunohistochemical results indicated that the cost-effective natural Iranian medicine, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil (SKEO), which consists of 94.16% carvacrol (CAR), has beneficial effects such as reducing neuronal death and inflammatory markers, as well as activating astrocytes and improving neurological outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms of these neuroprotective effects have not yet been elucidated. This study investigated the possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties of SKEO and CAR after TBI induction. Eighty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: Sham, TBI, TBI + Vehicle, TBI + CAR (100 and 200 mg/kg), and TBI + SKEO (200 mg/kg) groups. After establishing the "Marmarou" weight drop model, diffuse TBI was induced in the rat brain. Thirty minutes after TBI induction, SKEO & CAR were intraperitoneally injected. One day after TBI, injured rats exhibited significant brain edema, neurobehavioral dysfunctions, and neuronal apoptosis. Western blot results revealed upregulation of the levels of cleaved caspase-3, NFκB p65, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which was attenuated by CAR and SKEO (200 mg/kg). Furthermore, the ELISA results showed that CAR treatment markedly prevents the overproduction of the brain pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) immunohistochemistry results revealed the protective effect of CAR and SKEO on post-TBI neuronal death. The current study revealed that the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of SKEO and CAR might be related to (at least in part) modulating NF-κB regulated inflammation and caspase-3 protein expression. It also suggested that CAR exerts more potent protective effects than SKEO against TBI. Nevertheless, the administration of SKEO and CAR may express a novel therapeutic approach to ameliorate TBI-related secondary phase neuropathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Abbasloo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Sara Shirazpour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics and Biomarkers, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, USA
- Translational Neurotrauma Research Program, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, USA
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4
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Azizi Z, Majlessi N, Choopani S, Naghdi N. Neuroprotective effects of carvacrol against Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases: A review. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2022; 12:371-387. [PMID: 35782773 PMCID: PMC9121261 DOI: 10.22038/ajp.2022.19491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neurodegenerative diseases are considered an important cause of cognitive deficit and morbidity in old ages. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of these disorders affecting about 40 million people in the world at the present time. Available drug therapy is mostly symptomatic and does not modify or stop disease progression. Recently, biologically active chemicals from herbs have been studied to develop new therapeutic drugs. Carvacrol has shown positive properties on many neurological diseases. This compound is expected to have the ability to affect AD pathogenesis and therefore, it is considered an anti-AD agent. Materials and Methods This review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct bibliographic databases until November 2021. For data collection, the following keywords were used: carvacrol, neuroprotective, cognition, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, Acetylcolinesterase inhibitor (AChEI), Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, stroke, ischemic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. Results This review summarizes in vitro and in vivo studies on protective potential of carvacrol in neurodegenerative disorders and various underlying mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase effects. Conclusion We gave an overview of available literature concerning neuroprotective effects of carvacrol in ameliorating the neurodegenerative diseases symptoms in vivo and in vitro. Particular attention is given to AD. Several neuro-pharmacological actions of carvacrol have been summarized in the current review article including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and AChEI properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nasser Naghdi
- Corresponding Author: Tel: +98-2164112262, Fax: +98-2164112834,
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Zamanian M, Kujawska M, Zadeh MN, Hassanshahi A, Ramezanpour S, Kamiab Z, Bazmandegan G. Carvacrol as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent for Neurological Diseases: A Systematic Review Article. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:942-953. [PMID: 33970850 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210506185042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Neurological diseases are becoming a significant problem worldwide, with the elderly at a higher risk of being affected. Several researchers have investigated the neuroprotective effects of Carvacrol (CAR) (5-isopropyl-2-methyl phenol). This review systematically surveys the existing literature on the impact of CAR when used as a neuroprotective agent in neurological diseases. METHOD The systematic review involved English articles published in the last ten years obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The following descriptors were used to search the literature: "Carvacrol" [Title] AND "neuroprotective (neuroprotection)" [Title] OR "stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, seizure, epilepsy [Title]. RESULTS A total of 208 articles were retrieved during the search process, but only 20 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for review. A total of 20 articles were identified, in which the efficacy of CAR was described in experimental models of stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, , epilepsy, and seizure, through motor deficits improvements in neurochemical activity, especially antioxidant systems, reducing inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis as well as inhibition of TRPC1 and TRPM7. CONCLUSION The data presented in this study support the beneficial impact of CAR on behavioural and neurochemical deficits. CAR benefits accrue because of its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, CAR has emerged as an alternative treatment for neurological disorders based on its properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dojazd 30, 60-631 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marjan Nikbakht Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Hassanshahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ramezanpour
- Shohada Hospital, Bandar Gaz, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Gaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Kamiab
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bazmandegan
- Department of Family Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan,Iran
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6
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Kim YH, Lee S, Yang H, Chun YL, Kim D, Yeo SG, Park C, Jung J, Huh Y. Inhibition of transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) protects against Schwann cell trans-dedifferentiation and proliferation during Wallerian degeneration. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:189-196. [PMID: 33029295 PMCID: PMC7473164 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2020.1804445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible peripheral neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy are becoming increasingly common due to rising rates of diabetes mellitus; however, no effective therapeutic treatments have been developed. One of main causes of irreversible peripheral neurodegenerative diseases is dysfunction in Schwann cells, which are neuroglia unique to the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Because homeostasis of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) is essential for Schwann cell dynamics, the regulation of these cations is important for controlling peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a non-selective ion (Ca2+ and Mg2+) channel that is expressed in Schwann cells. In the present study, we demonstrated in an ex vivo culture system that inhibition of TRPM7 during peripheral nerve degeneration (Wallerian degeneration) suppressed dedifferentiable or degenerative features (trans-dedifferentiation and proliferation) and conserved a differentiable feature of Schwann cells. Our results indicate that TRPM7 could be very useful as a molecular target for irreversible peripheral neurodegenerative diseases, facilitating discovery of new therapeutic methods for improving human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwa Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyejin Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Lim Chun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junyang Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngbuhm Huh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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7
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Chun YL, Kim M, Kim YH, Kim N, Yang H, Park C, Huh Y, Jung J. Carvacrol effectively protects demyelination by suppressing transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) in Schwann cells. Anat Sci Int 2019; 95:230-239. [PMID: 31848974 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neurodegenerative processes are essential for regenerating damaged peripheral nerves mechanically or genetically. Abnormal neurodegenerative processes induce peripheral neurodegenerative diseases via irreversible nerve damage. Carvacrol, a major component in Origanum vulgare, possesses various effects on organisms, such as antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects; although transient receptor potential (TRP) ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), TRP canonical 1 (TRPC1), TRP melastatin M7 (TRPM7), and TRP vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) are carvacrol-regulated TRPs, however, effect of carvacrol on the peripheral neurodegenerative process, and its underlying mechanism, remain unclear. Here, we investigated the specificity of carvacrol for TRPM7 in Schwann cells and the regulatory effect of carvacrol on TRPM7-dependent neurodegenerative processes. To construct peripheral nerve degeneration model, we used with a sciatic explant culture and sciatic nerve axotomy. Ex vivo, in vivo sciatic nerves were treated with carvacrol following an assessment of demyelination (ovoid fragmentation) and axonal degradation using morphometric indices. In these models, carvacrol effectively suppressed the morphometric indices, such as stripe, ovoid, myelin, and neurofilament indices during peripheral nerve degeneration. We found that carvacrol significantly inhibited upregulation of TRPM7 in Schwann cells. In this study, our results suggest that carvacrol effectively protects against the peripheral neurodegenerative process via TRPM7-dependent regulation in Schwann cells. Thus, pharmacological use of carvacrol could be helpful to protect against neurodegeneration that occurs with aging and peripheral neurodegenerative diseases, prophylactically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Lim Chun
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Muwoong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hwa Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngbuhm Huh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junyang Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduation School, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Chen X, Taylor-Nguyen NN, Riley AM, Herring BP, White FA, Obukhov AG. The TRPC6 inhibitor, larixyl acetate, is effective in protecting against traumatic brain injury-induced systemic endothelial dysfunction. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:21. [PMID: 30704505 PMCID: PMC6354413 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) is on the rise in the USA. Concussions, or mild TBIs without skull fracture, account for about 75% of all TBIs. Mild TBIs (mTBIs) lead to memory and cognitive deficits, headaches, intraocular pressure rises, axonal degeneration, neuroinflammation, and an array of cerebrovascular dysfunctions, including increased vascular permeability and decreased cerebral blood flow. It has been recently reported that besides vascular dysfunction in the cerebral circulation, mTBI may also cause a significant impairment of endothelial function in the systemic circulation, at least within mesenteric microvessels. In this study, we investigated whether mTBI affects endothelial function in aortas and determined the contribution of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels to modulating mTBI-associated endothelial dysfunction. METHODS We used a model of closed-head mTBI in C57BL/6, 129S, 129S-C57BL/6-F2 mice, and 129S-TRPC1 and 129S-C57BL/6-TRPC6 knockout mice to determine the effect of mTBI on endothelial function in mouse aortas employing ex vivo isometric tension measurements. Aortic tissue was also analyzed using immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR for TRPC6 expression following mTBI. RESULTS We show that in various strains of mice, mTBI induces a pronounced and long-lasting endothelial dysfunction in the aorta. Ablation of TRPC6 protects mice from mTBI-associated aortic endothelial dysfunction, while TRPC1 ablation does not impact brain injury-induced endothelial impairment in the aorta. Consistent with a role of TRPC6 activation following mTBI, we observed improved endothelial function in wild type control mice subjected to mTBI following 7-day in vivo treatment with larixyl acetate, an inhibitor of TRPC6 channels. Conversely, in vitro treatment with the pro-inflammatory endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, which activates endothelial TRPC6 in a Toll-like receptor type 4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, worsened aortic endothelial dysfunction in wild type mice. Lipopolysaccharide treatment in vitro failed to elicit endothelial dysfunction in TRPC6 knockout mice. No change in endothelial TRPC6 expression was observed 7 days following TBI. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that TRPC6 activation may be critical for inducing endothelial dysfunction following closed-head mTBI and that pharmacological inhibition of the channel may be a feasible therapeutic strategy for preventing mTBI-associated systemic endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjuan Chen
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Natalie N. Taylor-Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Ashley M. Riley
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - B. Paul Herring
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Fletcher A. White
- Department of Anesthesia, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Alexander G. Obukhov
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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9
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Lins LCRF, Souza MF, Bispo JMM, Gois AM, Melo TCS, Andrade RAS, Quintans-Junior LJ, Ribeiro AM, Silva RH, Santos JR, Marchioro M. Carvacrol prevents impairments in motor and neurochemical parameters in a model of progressive parkinsonism induced by reserpine. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:9-15. [PMID: 29378222 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compact (SNpc), with consequent depletion of dopamine in the striatum, which gives rise to the characteristic motor symptoms of PD. Although its etiology is unknown, several studies have suggested that oxidative stress plays a critical function in the pathophysiology of PD, and antioxidant agents could be helpful to slown down the dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Carvacrol (CA) is a phenolic monoterpene found in essential oils of many aromatic plants that presents antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of CA in a reserpine (RES)-induced rat model of PD. Male Wistar rats received 15 s.c. injections of 0.1 mg/kg RES or vehicle, every other day, concomitantly to daily i.p. injections of CA (12.5 or 25 mg/kg) or vehicle. Across the treatment, the animals were submitted to behavioral evaluation in the catalepsy test (performed daily), open field test (7th day) and assessment of vacuous chewing movements (12th, 20th and 30th days). Upon completion of behavioral tests, rats were perfused and their brains underwent tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemical analysis. Our results showed that CA (12.5 e 25 mg/kg) prevented the increase in catalepsy behavior and number of vacuous chewing movements, but failed to revert the decreased open-field locomotor activity induced by RES. In addition, CA in both doses prevented the decrease in TH immunostaining induced by RES in the SNpc and dorsal striatum. Taken together, our results suggest that CA shows a protective effect in a rat model of PD, preventing motor and neurochemical impairments induced by RES. Thus, the use of CA as a promising new strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of PD may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina F Souza
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - José Marcos M Bispo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Auderlan M Gois
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Regina H Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José R Santos
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil.
| | - Murilo Marchioro
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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10
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Xu HL, Liu MD, Yuan XH, Liu CX. Suppression of cortical TRPM7 protein attenuates oxidative damage after traumatic brain injury via Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Neurochem Int 2017; 112:197-205. [PMID: 28736242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal death after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex process resulting from a combination of factors, many of which are still unknown. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a transient receptor potential channel that has been demonstrated to mediate ischemic and traumatic neuronal injury in vitro. In the present study, TRPM7 was suppressed in the rat cerebral cortex by intracortical injections of viral vectors bearing shRNA specific for TRPM7 to investigate its potential role in an in vivo TBI model. We found that TRPM7 suppression significantly reduced brain edema, brain contusion volume and motor functional deficits, which was sustained for at least 2 weeks after the insult. These protective effects were accompanied by inhibited apoptosis in injured cortex. Also, TRPM7 suppression attenuated lipid peroxidation, decreased the expression of protein carbonyl, and preserved the endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities. The results of western blot analysis showed that TRPM7 suppression markedly increased the phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In addition, blocking Akt/eNOS pathway activation by the specific inhibitor LY294002 (LY, 10 μL, 10 mmol/L) or L-NIO (0.5 mg/kg) partially reversed the protective effects of TRPM7 suppression and its anti-oxidative activities. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that regional inhibition of TRPM7 in cerebral cortex exerts neuroprotective effects against TBI through activation of Akt/eNOS pathway. Thus, TRPM7 might represent a potential drug development target for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Meng-Dong Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Chun-Xi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
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11
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Belkacemi T, Niermann A, Hofmann L, Wissenbach U, Birnbaumer L, Leidinger P, Backes C, Meese E, Keller A, Bai X, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F, Philipp SE, Weissgerber P, Flockerzi V, Beck A. TRPC1- and TRPC3-dependent Ca 2+ signaling in mouse cortical astrocytes affects injury-evoked astrogliosis in vivo. Glia 2017. [PMID: 28636132 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Following brain injury astrocytes change into a reactive state, proliferate and grow into the site of lesion, a process called astrogliosis, initiated and regulated by changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ . Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels may contribute to Ca2+ influx but their presence and possible function in astrocytes is not known. By RT-PCR and RNA sequencing we identified transcripts of Trpc1, Trpc2, Trpc3, and Trpc4 in FACS-sorted glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST)-positive cultured mouse cortical astrocytes and subcloned full-length Trpc1 and Trpc3 cDNAs from these cells. Ca2+ entry in cortical astrocytes depended on TRPC3 and was increased in the absence of Trpc1. After co-expression of Trpc1 and Trpc3 in HEK-293 cells both proteins co-immunoprecipitate and form functional heteromeric channels, with TRPC1 reducing TRPC3 activity. In vitro, lack of Trpc3 reduced astrocyte proliferation and migration whereas the TRPC3 gain-of-function moonwalker mutation and Trpc1 deficiency increased astrocyte migration. In vivo, astrogliosis and cortex edema following stab wound injury were reduced in Trpc3-/- but increased in Trpc1-/- mice. In summary, our results show a decisive contribution of TRPC3 to astrocyte Ca2+ signaling, which is even augmented in the absence of Trpc1, in particular following brain injury. Targeted therapies to reduce TRPC3 channel activity in astrocytes might therefore be beneficial in traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabet Belkacemi
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Alexander Niermann
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Laura Hofmann
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wissenbach
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA.,Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, C1107AFF, Argentina
| | | | - Christina Backes
- Klinische Bioinformatik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- Institut für Humangenetik, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- Klinische Bioinformatik, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Xianshu Bai
- Molekulare Physiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molekulare Physiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molekulare Physiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Stephan E Philipp
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Petra Weissgerber
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Homburg, 66421, Germany
| | - Andreas Beck
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Homburg, 66421, Germany.,Zentrum für Human- und Molekularbiologie, Homburg, 66421, Germany
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12
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The anti-inflammatory properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil attenuate the effects of traumatic brain injuries in rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31866. [PMID: 27535591 PMCID: PMC4989136 DOI: 10.1038/srep31866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern affecting the general public as well as military personnel. However, there is no FDA-approved therapy for the treatment of TBIs. In this work, we investigated the neurotherapeutic effects of the well-known natural Iranian medicine Satureja Khuzistanica Jamzad (SKJ) essential oil (SKEO) on the outcomes of diffused experimental TBI, with particular attention paid to its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Male Wistar rats were treated with doses of 50, 100 and 200 (mg/kg, i.p) SKEO after induction of diffused TBIs. The results showed that injecting SKEO (200 mg/kg) 30 minutes after TBI significantly reduced brain oedema and damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and limited the post-TBI increase in intracranial pressure. The veterinary coma scale (VCS) scores significantly improved in the treatment group. Also, inflammatory marker assays showed reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and increased IL-10 in the treated groups. Moreover, the immunohistochemical results indicated that SKEO not only reduced neuronal death and BBB permeability but also affected astrocytic activation. Overall, our data indicate potential clinical neurological applications for SKEO.
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13
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Carvacrol attenuates traumatic neuronal injury through store-operated Ca2+ entry-independent regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Neurochem Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Revah O, Libman L, Fleidervish IA, Gutnick MJ. The Outwardly Rectifying Current of Layer 5 Neocortical Neurons that was Originally Identified as "Non-Specific Cationic" Is Essentially a Potassium Current. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197082 PMCID: PMC4510442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In whole-cell patch clamp recordings from layer 5 neocortical neurons, blockade of voltage gated sodium and calcium channels leaves a cesium current that is outward rectifying. This current was originally identified as a “non-specific cationic current”, and subsequently it was hypothesized that it is mediated by TRP channels. In order to test this hypothesis, we used fluorescence imaging of intracellular sodium and calcium indicators, and found no evidence to suggest that it is associated with influx of either of these ions to the cell body or dendrites. Moreover, the current is still prominent in neurons from TRPC1-/- and TRPC5-/- mice. The effects on the current of various blocking agents, and especially its sensitivity to intracellular tetraethylammonium, suggest that it is not a non-specific cationic current, but rather that it is generated by cesium-permeable delayed rectifier potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Revah
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lior Libman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilya A Fleidervish
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael J Gutnick
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Yue Z, Xie J, Yu AS, Stock J, Du J, Yue L. Role of TRP channels in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H157-82. [PMID: 25416190 PMCID: PMC4312948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00457.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily consists of a large number of nonselective cation channels with variable degree of Ca(2+)-permeability. The 28 mammalian TRP channel proteins can be grouped into six subfamilies: canonical, vanilloid, melastatin, ankyrin, polycystic, and mucolipin TRPs. The majority of these TRP channels are expressed in different cell types including both excitable and nonexcitable cells of the cardiovascular system. Unlike voltage-gated ion channels, TRP channels do not have a typical voltage sensor, but instead can sense a variety of other stimuli including pressure, shear stress, mechanical stretch, oxidative stress, lipid environment alterations, hypertrophic signals, and inflammation products. By integrating multiple stimuli and transducing their activity to downstream cellular signal pathways via Ca(2+) entry and/or membrane depolarization, TRP channels play an essential role in regulating fundamental cell functions such as contraction, relaxation, proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. With the use of targeted deletion and transgenic mouse models, recent studies have revealed that TRP channels are involved in numerous cellular functions and play an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, several TRP channels are involved in inherited diseases of the cardiovascular system. This review presents an overview of current knowledge concerning the physiological functions of TRP channels in the cardiovascular system and their contributions to cardiovascular diseases. Ultimately, TRP channels may become potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yue
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jia Xie
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Albert S Yu
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan Stock
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jianyang Du
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Lixia Yue
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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16
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Godinat A, Budin G, Morales AR, Park HM, Sanman LE, Bogyo M, Yu A, Stahl A, Dubikovskaya EA. A biocompatible "split luciferin" reaction and its application for non-invasive bioluminescent imaging of protease activity in living animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:169-189. [PMID: 25205565 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch140047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The great complexity of many human pathologies, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases, requires new tools for studies of biological processes on the whole organism level. The discovery of novel biocompatible reactions has tremendously advanced our understanding of basic biology; however, no efficient tools exist for real-time non-invasive imaging of many human proteases that play very important roles in multiple human disorders. We recently reported that the "split luciferin" biocompatible reaction represents a valuable tool for evaluation of protease activity directly in living animals using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Since BLI is the most sensitive in vivo imaging modality known to date, this method can be widely applied for the evaluation of the activity of multiple proteases, as well as identification of their new peptide-specific substrates. In this unit, we describe several applications of this "split luciferin" reaction for quantification of protease activities in test tube assays and living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Godinat
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ghyslain Budin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alma R Morales
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hyo Min Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Laura E Sanman
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Allen Yu
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Elena A Dubikovskaya
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Friedman M. Chemistry and multibeneficial bioactivities of carvacrol (4-isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a component of essential oils produced by aromatic plants and spices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7652-7670. [PMID: 25058878 DOI: 10.1021/jf5023862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic plants produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of plants against phytopathogenic insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. One of these compounds, called carvacrol, which is found in high concentrations in essential oils such as oregano, has been reported to exhibit numerous bioactivities in cells and animals. This integrated overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of the chemistry and analysis of carvacrol and its beneficial bioactivities. These activities include its antioxidative properties in food (e.g., lard, sunflower oil) and in vivo and the inhibition of foodborne and human antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi and parasites, and insects in vitro and in human foods (e.g., apple juice, eggs, leafy greens, meat and poultry products, milk, oysters) and food animal feeds and wastes. Also covered are inhibitions of microbial and fungal toxin production and the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties of carvacrol as well as metabolic, synergistic, and mechanistic aspects. Areas for future research are also suggested. The collated information and suggested research might contribute to a better understanding of agronomical, biosynthetic, chemical, physiological, and cellular mechanisms of the described health-promoting effects of carvacrol, and facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of carvacrol as a multifunctional food in pure and encapsulated forms, in edible antimicrobial films, and in combination with plant-derived and medical antibiotics to help prevent or treat animal and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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18
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Zhang YP, Cai J, Shields LBE, Liu N, Xu XM, Shields CB. Traumatic brain injury using mouse models. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:454-71. [PMID: 24493632 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of mouse models in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has several advantages compared to other animal models including low cost of breeding, easy maintenance, and innovative technology to create genetically modified strains. Studies using knockout and transgenic mice demonstrating functional gain or loss of molecules provide insight into basic mechanisms of TBI. Mouse models provide powerful tools to screen for putative therapeutic targets in TBI. This article reviews currently available mouse models that replicate several clinical features of TBI such as closed head injuries (CHI), penetrating head injuries, and a combination of both. CHI may be caused by direct trauma creating cerebral concussion or contusion. Sudden acceleration-deceleration injuries of the head without direct trauma may also cause intracranial injury by the transmission of shock waves to the brain. Recapitulation of temporary cavities that are induced by high-velocity penetrating objects in the mouse brain are difficult to produce, but slow brain penetration injuries in mice are reviewed. Synergistic damaging effects on the brain following systemic complications are also described. Advantages and disadvantages of CHI mouse models induced by weight drop, fluid percussion, and controlled cortical impact injuries are compared. Differences in the anatomy, biomechanics, and behavioral evaluations between mice and humans are discussed. Although the use of mouse models for TBI research is promising, further development of these techniques is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, 210 East Gray Street, Suite 1102, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,
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19
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Abstract
The use of medicinal plants or other naturally derived products to relieve illness can be traced back over several millennia, and these natural products are still extensively used nowadays. Studies on natural products have, over the years, enormously contributed to the development of therapeutic drugs used in modern medicine. By means of the use of these substances as selective agonists, antagonists, enzyme inhibitors or activators, it has been possible to understand the complex function of many relevant targets. For instance, in an attempt to understand how pepper species evoke hot and painful actions, the pungent and active constituent capsaicin (from Capsicum sp.) was isolated in 1846 and the receptor for the biological actions of capsaicin was cloned in 1997, which is now known as TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1). Thus, TRPV1 agonists and antagonists have currently been tested in order to find new drug classes to treat different disorders. Indeed, the transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins are targets for several natural compounds, and antagonists of TRPs have been synthesised based on the knowledge of naturally derived products. In this context, this chapter focuses on naturally derived compounds (from plants and animals) that are reported to be able to modulate TRP channels. To clarify and make the understanding of the modulatory effects of natural compounds on TRPs easier, this chapter is divided into groups according to TRP subfamilies: TRPV (TRP vanilloid), TRPA (TRP ankyrin), TRPM (TRP melastatin), TRPC (TRP canonical) and TRPP (TRP polycystin). A general overview on the naturally derived compounds that modulate TRPs is depicted in Table 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Carla Meotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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20
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Godinat A, Park HM, Miller SC, Cheng K, Hanahan D, Sanman LE, Bogyo M, Yu A, Nikitin GF, Stahl A, Dubikovskaya EA. A biocompatible in vivo ligation reaction and its application for noninvasive bioluminescent imaging of protease activity in living mice. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:987-99. [PMID: 23463944 DOI: 10.1021/cb3007314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of biocompatible reactions had a tremendous impact on chemical biology, allowing the study of numerous biological processes directly in complex systems. However, despite the fact that multiple biocompatible reactions have been developed in the past decade, very few work well in living mice. Here we report that D-cysteine and 2-cyanobenzothiazoles can selectively react with each other in vivo to generate a luciferin substrate for firefly luciferase. The success of this "split luciferin" ligation reaction has important implications for both in vivo imaging and biocompatible labeling strategies. First, the production of a luciferin substrate can be visualized in a live mouse by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and furthermore allows interrogation of targeted tissues using a "caged" luciferin approach. We therefore applied this reaction to the real-time noninvasive imaging of apoptosis associated with caspase 3/7. Caspase-dependent release of free D-cysteine from the caspase 3/7 peptide substrate Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-D-Cys (DEVD-(D-Cys)) allowed selective reaction with 6-amino-2-cyanobenzothiazole (NH(2)-CBT) in vivo to form 6-amino-D-luciferin with subsequent light emission from luciferase. Importantly, this strategy was found to be superior to the commercially available DEVD-aminoluciferin substrate for imaging of caspase 3/7 activity. Moreover, the split luciferin approach enables the modular construction of bioluminogenic sensors, where either or both reaction partners could be caged to report on multiple biological events. Lastly, the luciferin ligation reaction is 3 orders of magnitude faster than Staudinger ligation, suggesting further applications for both bioluminescence and specific molecular targeting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Godinat
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, LCBIM, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hyo Min Park
- Department of Nutritional Science
and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen C. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ke Cheng
- The Swiss Institute for Experimental
Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- The Swiss Institute for Experimental
Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | | | | | - Allen Yu
- Department of Nutritional Science
and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gennady F. Nikitin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, LCBIM, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Science
and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elena A. Dubikovskaya
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne, LCBIM, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Nilius B, Appendino G. Spices: the savory and beneficial science of pungency. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 164:1-76. [PMID: 23605179 DOI: 10.1007/112_2013_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spicy food does not only provide an important hedonic input in daily life, but has also been anedoctically associated to beneficial effects on our health. In this context, the discovery of chemesthetic trigeminal receptors and their spicy ligands has provided the mechanistic basis and the pharmacological means to investigate this enticing possibility. This review discusses in molecular terms the connection between the neurophysiology of pungent spices and the "systemic" effects associated to their trigeminality. It commences with a cultural and historical overview on the Western fascination for spices, and, after analysing in detail the mechanisms underlying the trigeminality of food, the main dietary players from the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation channels are introduced, also discussing the "alien" distribution of taste receptors outside the oro-pharingeal cavity. The modulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by spices is next described, discussing how spicy sensations can be turned into hedonic pungency, and analyzing the mechanistic bases for the health benefits that have been associated to the consumption of spices. These include, in addition to a beneficial modulation of gastro-intestinal and cardio-vascular function, slimming, the optimization of skeletal muscle performance, the reduction of chronic inflammation, and the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. We conclude by reviewing the role of electrophilic spice constituents on cancer prevention in the light of their action on pro-inflammatory and pro-cancerogenic nuclear factors like NFκB, and on their interaction with the electrophile sensor protein Keap1 and the ensuing Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity. Spicy compounds have a complex polypharmacology, and just like any other bioactive agent, show a balance of beneficial and bad actions. However, at least for moderate consumption, the balance seems definitely in favour of the positive side, suggesting that a spicy diet, a caveman-era technology, could be seriously considered in addition to caloric control and exercise as a measurement to prevent and control many chronic diseases associate to malnutrition from a Western diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nilius
- KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Leuven, Belgium,
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