1
|
Takase EO, Yamasaki R, Nagata S, Watanabe M, Masaki K, Yamaguchi H, Kira JI, Takeuchi H, Isobe N. Astroglial connexin 43 is a novel therapeutic target for chronic multiple sclerosis model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10877. [PMID: 38740862 PMCID: PMC11091090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In chronic stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), connexin (Cx)43 gap junction channel proteins are overexpressed because of astrogliosis. To elucidate the role of increased Cx43, the central nervous system (CNS)-permeable Cx blocker INI-0602 was therapeutically administered. C57BL6 mice with chronic EAE initiated by MOG35-55 received INI-0602 (40 mg/kg) or saline intraperitoneally every other day from days post-immunization (dpi) 17-50. Primary astroglia were employed to observe calcein efflux responses. In INI-0602-treated mice, EAE clinical signs improved significantly in the chronic phase, with reduced demyelination and decreased CD3+ T cells, Iba-1+ and F4/80+ microglia/macrophages, and C3+GFAP+ reactive astroglia infiltration in spinal cord lesions. Flow cytometry analysis of CD4+ T cells from CNS tissues revealed significantly reduced Th17 and Th17/Th1 cells (dpi 24) and Th1 cells (dpi 50). Multiplex array of cerebrospinal fluid showed significantly suppressed IL-6 and significantly increased IL-10 on dpi 24 in INI-0602-treated mice, and significantly suppressed IFN-γ and MCP-1 on dpi 50 in the same group. In vitro INI-0602 treatment inhibited ATP-induced calcium propagations of Cx43+/+ astroglial cells to similar levels of those of Cx43-/- cells. Astroglial Cx43 hemichannels represent a novel therapeutic target for chronic EAE and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ozdemir Takase
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroo Yamaguchi
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Reiwa Health Sciences University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Ookawa, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan.
- Center for Intractable Neurological Diseases and Dementia, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami, Japan.
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zielewicz LJ, Wang J, Ndaru E, Maney B, Yu X, Albers T, Grewer C. Design and Characterization of Prodrug-like Inhibitors for Preventing Glutamate Efflux through Reverse Transport. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4252-4263. [PMID: 37994790 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate transporters are responsible for active transport of the major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate across the cell membrane, regulating the extracellular glutamate concentration in the mammalian brain. Extracellular glutamate levels in the brain are usually in the submicromolar range but can increase by exocytosis, inhibition of cellular uptake, or through glutamate release by reverse transport, as well as other mechanisms, which can lead to neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death. Such conditions can be encountered upon energy deprivation during an ischemic stroke. Here, we developed acetoxymethyl (AM) ester prodrug-like derivatives of excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) inhibitors that permeate the cell membrane and are activated, most likely through hydrolysis by endogenous cellular esterases, to form the active EAAT inhibitor. Upon increase in external K+ concentration, the inhibitors block glutamate efflux by EAAT reverse transport. Using a novel high-affinity fluorescent prodrug-like inhibitor, dl-threo-9-anthracene-methoxy-aspartate (TAOA) AM ester, we demonstrate that the precursor rapidly accumulates inside cells. Electrophysiological methods and fluorescence assays utilizing the iGluSnFR external glutamate sensor were used to demonstrate the efficacy of AM ester-protected inhibitors in inhibiting K+-mediated glutamate release. Together, our results provide evidence for a novel method to potentially prevent glutamate release by reverse transport under pathophysiological conditions in a model cell system, as well as in human astrocytes, while leaving glutamate uptake under physiological conditions operational. This method could have wide-ranging applications in the prevention of glutamate-induced neuronal cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Zielewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Elias Ndaru
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Brien Maney
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Xiaozhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Thomas Albers
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Christof Grewer
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun C, Deng J, Ma Y, Meng F, Cui X, Li M, Li J, Li J, Yin P, Kong L, Zhang L, Tang P. The dual role of microglia in neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: Detrimental and protective effects. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114570. [PMID: 37852469 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that is frequently accompanied by neuropathic pain, resulting in significant physical and psychological harm to a vast number of individuals globally. Despite the high prevalence of neuropathic pain following SCI, the precise underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Microglia are a type of innate immune cell that are present in the central nervous system (CNS). They have been observed to have a significant impact on neuropathic pain following SCI. This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in understanding the role of microglia in the development of neuropathic pain following SCI. Specifically, the article delves into the detrimental and protective effects of microglia on neuropathic pain following SCI, as well as the mechanisms underlying their interconversion. Furthermore, the article provides a thorough overview of potential avenues for future research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China; Department of Orthopedics, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Junhao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Ma
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Pengbin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
St-Pierre MK, González Ibáñez F, Kroner A, Tremblay MÈ. Microglia/macrophages are ultrastructurally altered by their proximity to spinal cord injury in adult female mice. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:273. [PMID: 37990235 PMCID: PMC10664529 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury can cause immediate physical damage to the spinal cord and result in severe neurological deficits. The primary, mechanical tissue damage triggers a variety of secondary damage mechanisms at the injury site which significantly contribute to a larger lesion size and increased functional damage. Inflammatory mechanisms which directly involve both microglia (MG) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) play important roles in the post-injury processes, including inflammation and debris clearing. In the current study, we investigated changes in the structure and function of MG/MDM in the injured spinal cord of adult female mice, 7 days after a thoracic contusion SCI. With the use of chip mapping scanning electron microscopy, which allows to image large samples at the nanoscale, we performed an ultrastructural comparison of MG/MDM located near the lesion vs adjacent regions to provide novel insights into the mechanisms at play post-injury. We found that MG/MDM located near the lesion had more mitochondria overall, including mitochondria with and without morphological alterations, and had a higher proportion of altered mitochondria. MG/MDM near the lesion also showed an increased number of phagosomes, including phagosomes containing myelin and partiallydigested materials. MG/MDM near the injury interacted differently with the spinal cord parenchyma, as shown by their reduced number of direct contacts with synaptic elements, axon terminals and dendritic spines. In this study, we characterized the ultrastructural changes of MG/MDM in response to spinal cord tissue damage in mice, uncovering changes in phagocytic activity, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and inter-cellular interactions within the spinal cord parenchyma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 5000 W. National Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA.
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) and Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health (IALH), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chin JS, Milbreta U, Becker DL, Chew SY. Targeting connexin 43 expression via scaffold mediated delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide preserves neurons, enhances axonal extension, reduces astrocyte and microglial activation after spinal cord injury. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314221145789. [PMID: 36798907 PMCID: PMC9926388 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221145789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) provokes an inflammatory reaction and secondary damage that result in further tissue damage and destruction of neurons away from the injury site. Upon injury, expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap junction protein, upregulates and is responsible for the spread and amplification of cell death signals through these gap junctions. In this study, we hypothesise that the downregulation of Cx43 by scaffold-mediated controlled delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (asODN), would minimise secondary injuries and cell death, and thereby support tissue regeneration after nerve injuries. Specifically, using spinal cord injury (SCI) as a proof-of-principle, we utilised a fibre-hydrogel scaffold for sustained delivery of Cx43asODN, while providing synergistic topographical cues to guide axonal ingrowth. Correspondingly, scaffolds loaded with Cx43asODN, in the presence of NT-3, suppressed Cx43 up-regulation after complete transection SCI in rats. These scaffolds facilitated the sustained release of Cx43asODN for up to 25 days. Importantly, asODN treatment preserved neurons around the injury site, promoted axonal extension, decreased glial scarring, and reduced microglial activation after SCI. Our results suggest that implantation of such scaffold-mediated asODN delivery platform could serve as an effective alternative SCI therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Shin Chin
- Nanyang Institute of Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - David L Becker
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Skin Research Institute Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,Sing Yian Chew, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 639798, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun X, Li X, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu X. Exogenous TIPE2 Inhibit TAK1 to Improve Inflammation and Neuropathic Pain Induced by Sciatic Nerve Injury Through Inactivating NF-κB and JNK. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3167-3177. [PMID: 35842555 PMCID: PMC9470725 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2) possesses potent anti-inflammatory effect. However, if TIPE2 ameliorates sciatic nerve injury (SNI)-induced inflammation and pain remains undiscussed, and the underlying role TAK1 in it were unknown. To verify our imagine, we performed SNI surgery, and analyzed expression and colocalization of TIPE2 and TAK1 in spinal cord and dorsal root neurons (DRG) by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. And the biological analysis, inflammatory factors, and pathological improvement were determined, and the regulation of TIPE2 in TAK1, phosphor-NF-κB, phospho-JNK was also tested by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. Experimental results showed the parabola-like change of TIPE2 and rising expression of TAK1 in spinal cord and DRG. And intrathecal TIPE2 injection could significantly improve the status of SNI rats, inhibit level of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, raise the thermal withdrawal relax latency and mechanical withdrawal thresholds. Meanwhile, we also detected how TIPE2 regulated TAK1, and the downstream pathway NF-κB and JNK. The result indicated that TIPE2 could reduce TAK1 expression, and make NF-κB and JNK inactivated. To deeply discuss the potential mechanism, we injected TAK1 oligodeoxynucleotide into rats, and found that TIPE2 exerted the protective role against SNI through TAK1. In brief, TIPE2 reduced expression of TAK1, thereby inhibiting activation of NF-kB and JNK, further improving the neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain. TIPE2 played a protective role in sciatic nerve injury rats through regulating TAK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Sun
- Pain department, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717, Jinbu street, Muping District, Yantai City, 264100, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinyou Li
- Pain department, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717, Jinbu street, Muping District, Yantai City, 264100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Youfei Zhou
- Pain department, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717, Jinbu street, Muping District, Yantai City, 264100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Pain department, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717, Jinbu street, Muping District, Yantai City, 264100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Pain department, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717, Jinbu street, Muping District, Yantai City, 264100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Slater PG, Domínguez-Romero ME, Villarreal M, Eisner V, Larraín J. Mitochondrial function in spinal cord injury and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:239. [PMID: 35416520 PMCID: PMC11072423 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many people around the world suffer from some form of paralysis caused by spinal cord injury (SCI), which has an impact on quality and life expectancy. The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS), which in mammals is unable to regenerate, and to date, there is a lack of full functional recovery therapies for SCI. These injuries start with a rapid and mechanical insult, followed by a secondary phase leading progressively to greater damage. This secondary phase can be potentially modifiable through targeted therapies. The growing literature, derived from mammalian and regenerative model studies, supports a leading role for mitochondria in every cellular response after SCI: mitochondrial dysfunction is the common event of different triggers leading to cell death, cellular metabolism regulates the immune response, mitochondrial number and localization correlate with axon regenerative capacity, while mitochondrial abundance and substrate utilization regulate neural stem progenitor cells self-renewal and differentiation. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the cellular responses during the secondary phase of SCI, the mitochondrial contribution to each of them, as well as evidence of mitochondrial involvement in spinal cord regeneration, suggesting that a more in-depth study of mitochondrial function and regulation is needed to identify potential targets for SCI therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Slater
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Miguel E Domínguez-Romero
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Villarreal
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Eisner
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular Y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Role of Microglia in Modulating Neuroinflammation after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189706. [PMID: 34575871 PMCID: PMC8470129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathobiology of traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), including degenerative myelopathy, is influenced by neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammatory response is initiated by a multitude of injury signals emanating from necrotic and apoptotic cells at the lesion site, recruiting local and infiltrating immune cells that modulate inflammatory cascades to aid in the protection of the lesion site and encourage regenerative processes. While peripheral immune cells are involved, microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are known to play a central role in modulating this response. Microglia are armed with numerous cell surface receptors that interact with neurons, astrocytes, infiltrating monocytes, and endothelial cells to facilitate a dynamic, multi-faceted injury response. While their origin and essential nature are understood, their mechanisms of action and spatial and temporal profiles warrant extensive additional research. In this review, we describe the role of microglia and the cellular network in SCI, discuss tools for their investigation, outline their spatiotemporal profile, and propose translationally-relevant therapeutic targets to modulate neuroinflammation in the setting of SCI.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abou-Mrad Z, Alomari SO, Bsat S, Moussalem CK, Alok K, El Houshiemy MN, Alomari AO, Minassian GB, Omeis IA. Role of connexins in spinal cord injury: An update. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 197:106102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
10
|
Abdolmaleki A, Zahri S, Bayrami A. Rosuvastatin enhanced functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173260. [PMID: 32534070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic nerve recovery remains a challenge in regenerative medicine. As such, there is a need for agents that limit nerve damage and enhance nerve regeneration. Here we investigate rosuvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We explore its neuroprotective properties on sciatic nerve crush injury in male Wistar Rats. Rats were subjected to crush injury to the left sciatic nerve using a vessel clamp for 30 s. Rosuvastatin or vehicle was prepared daily and administrated by oral gavage for seven days post-injury. In rosuvastatin treatment groups, rosuvastatin was administrated at the doses of (5 or 10 mg/kg) in the treatment group. The control group was given a vehicle in the same manner. Behavioral, electrophysiological, morphological and molecular parameters were examined during the recovery process. Chronic administration of rosuvastatin at all doses after sciatic nerve crush markedly promoted nerve regeneration and significantly accelerated motor function recovery (P < 0.05). Electrophysiological, morphological and molecular parameters also improved in the rosuvastatin treatment groups compared to the controls. These findings suggest that neuroprotective effects of rosuvastatin could be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. It is clear that more research is needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Abdolmaleki
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Namin, Iran; Bio Science and Biotechnology Research Center (BBRC), Sabalan University of Advanced Technologies (SUAT), Namin, Iran.
| | - Saber Zahri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bayrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Belov Kirdajova D, Kriska J, Tureckova J, Anderova M. Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity From the Perspective of Glial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:51. [PMID: 32265656 PMCID: PMC7098326 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and disability worldwide. Brain ischemia stems from cardiac arrest or stroke, both responsible for insufficient blood supply to the brain parenchyma. Glucose and oxygen deficiency disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, which results in energy depletion and ionic imbalance, followed by cell membrane depolarization, calcium (Ca2+) overload, and extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acid glutamate. If tight physiological regulation fails to clear the surplus of this neurotransmitter, subsequent prolonged activation of glutamate receptors forms a vicious circle between elevated concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ ions and aberrant glutamate release, aggravating the effect of this ischemic pathway. The activation of downstream Ca2+-dependent enzymes has a catastrophic impact on nervous tissue leading to cell death, accompanied by the formation of free radicals, edema, and inflammation. After decades of “neuron-centric” approaches, recent research has also finally shed some light on the role of glial cells in neurological diseases. It is becoming more and more evident that neurons and glia depend on each other. Neuronal cells, astrocytes, microglia, NG2 glia, and oligodendrocytes all have their roles in what is known as glutamate excitotoxicity. However, who is the main contributor to the ischemic pathway, and who is the unsuspecting victim? In this review article, we summarize the so-far-revealed roles of cells in the central nervous system, with particular attention to glial cells in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, its origins, and consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Belov Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Regionally infused lidocaine can dose-dependently protect the ischemic spinal cord in rabbits and may be associated with the EAA changes. Neurosci Lett 2020; 725:134889. [PMID: 32147499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our previous study, we found that lidocaine, infused through the abdominal aorta, could protect the spinal cord against the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury caused by aortic occlusion. However, whether lidocaine protective effects have dose-dependent properties and its underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate whether regionally infused lidocaine could dose-dependently protect spinal cord against I/R injury in rabbits and its underlying mechanism. METHODS 46 New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into six groups: Group NS (normal saline control); Group L10 (lidocaine 10 mg/kg); Group L20 (lidocaine 20 mg/kg); Group L40 (lidocaine 40 mg/kg); Group L80 (lidocaine 80 mg/kg) and Group Sham. In Group NS, Group L10, Group L20, Group L40 and Group L80, spinal cord ischemia was induced by infrarenal aortic occlusion for 30 min. The sham group did not receive spinal cord ischemia. During the occlusion, normal saline or lidocaine at different doses was infused continuously through a catheter into the clamped abdominal aorta respectively. Neurologic behavior functions were assessed according to the Tarlov scale system at the moments of 0, 6, 24 and 48 h after reperfusion. The neural injuries were evaluated by the histological examination and the count of normal α-motor neurons in the ventral horn. The levels of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) in the spinal cord, including glutamate (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp), were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. RESULTS The Tarlov scales in the Group L20 and the Group L40 were significantly higher than those in the Group NS at 24 and 48 h after reperfusion (P < 0.05). 12.5 % animals in Group L40 and 25 % animals in Group L20 were paraplegic versus 75 % animals in Group NS at 48 h after reperfusion (P < 0.05). The median of normal α-motor neurons in the L20, L40 and L80 groups was 7.5, 9 and 5 respectively which was significantly higher than in the NS group (count 0, P < 0.05). The levels of L-ASP and L-Glu remarkably decreased in the Group L10 and the Group L40 compared to Group NS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data revealed that regional administration of lidocaine through the abdominal aorta can provide dose-dependent protection on spinal cord I/R in rabbits. Inhibition of EAA release may be one of the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Hou G, Ji W, Rao F, Zhou R, Gao S, Mao L, Zhou F. Persistent oppression and simple decompression both exacerbate spinal cord ascorbate levels. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1167-1176. [PMID: 32547312 PMCID: PMC7294922 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.41289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Surgical decompression after acute spinal cord injury has become the consensus of orthopaedic surgeons. However, the choice of surgical decompression time window after acute spinal cord injury has been one of the most controversial topics in orthopaedics. Objective: We apply an online electrochemical system (OECS) for continuously monitoring the ascorbate of the rats' spinal cord to determine the extent to which ascorbate levels were influenced by contusion or sustained compression. Methods: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=10) were instrumented for ascorbate concentration recording and received T11 drop spinal cord injury (SCI). The Group A (n=5) were treated with immediately decompression after SCI. The Group B (n=5) were contused and oppressed until 1 h after the injury to decompress. Results: The ascorbate level of spinal cord increased immediately by contusion injury and reached to 1.62 μmol/L ± 0.61 μmol/L (217.30% ± 95.09% of the basal level) at the time point of 60 min after the injury. Compared with the Group A, the ascorbate level in Group B increased more significantly at 1 h after the injury, reaching to 3.76 μmol/L ± 1.75 μmol/L (430.25% ± 101.30% of the basal level). Meanwhile, we also found that the decompression after 1 hour of continuous compression will cause delayed peaks of ascorbate reaching to 5.71 μmol/L ± 2.69 μmol/L (627.73% ± 188.11% of the basal level). Conclusion: Our study provides first-hand direct experimental evidence indicating ascorbate is directly involved in secondary spinal cord injury and exhibits the dynamic time course of microenvironment changes after continuous compression injury of the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Guojin Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Feng Rao
- Trauma Medicine Centre, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rubing Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Brocardo L, Acosta LE, Piantanida AP, Rela L. Beneficial and Detrimental Remodeling of Glial Connexin and Pannexin Functions in Rodent Models of Nervous System Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:491. [PMID: 31780897 PMCID: PMC6851021 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of glial cell functions are supported by connexin and pannexin proteins. These functions include the modulation of synaptic gain, the control of excitability through regulation of the ion and neurotransmitter composition of the extracellular milieu and the promotion of neuronal survival. Connexins and pannexins support these functions through diverse molecular mechanisms, including channel and non-channel functions. The former comprise the formation of gap junction-mediated networks supported by connexin intercellular channels and the formation of pore-like membrane structures or hemichannels formed by both connexins and pannexins. Non-channel functions involve adhesion properties and the participation in signaling intracellular cascades. Pathological conditions of the nervous system such as ischemia, neurodegeneration, pathogen infection, trauma and tumors are characterized by distinctive remodeling of connexin expression and function. However, whether these changes can be interpreted as part of the pathogenesis, or as beneficial compensatory effects, remains under debate. Here we review the available evidence addressing this matter with a special emphasis in mouse models with selective manipulation of glial connexin and pannexin proteins in vivo. We postulate that the beneficial vs. detrimental effects of glial connexin remodeling in pathological conditions depend on the impact of remodeling on the different connexin and pannexin channel and non-channel functions, on the characteristics of the inflammatory environment and on the type of interaction among glial cells types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Brocardo
- Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis Ernesto Acosta
- Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Piantanida
- Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Rela
- Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Figarella K, Wolburg H, Garaschuk O, Duszenko M. Microglia in neuropathology caused by protozoan parasites. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:333-349. [PMID: 31682077 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is the most severe consequence of some parasitic infections. Protozoal infections comprise a group of diseases that together affect billions of people worldwide and, according to the World Health Organization, are responsible for more than 500000 deaths annually. They include African and American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and amoebiasis. Mechanisms underlying invasion of the brain parenchyma by protozoa are not well understood and may depend on parasite nature: a vascular invasion route is most common. Immunosuppression favors parasite invasion into the CNS and therefore the host immune response plays a pivotal role in the development of a neuropathology in these infectious diseases. In the brain, microglia are the resident immune cells active in defense against pathogens that target the CNS. Beside their direct role in innate immunity, they also play a principal role in coordinating the trafficking and recruitment of other immune cells from the periphery to the CNS. Despite their evident involvement in the neuropathology of protozoan infections, little attention has given to microglia-parasite interactions. This review describes the most prominent features of microglial cells and protozoan parasites and summarizes the most recent information regarding the reaction of microglial cells to parasitic infections. We highlight the involvement of the periphery-brain axis and emphasize possible scenarios for microglia-parasite interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Figarella
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Inhibition of Gap Junctions Sensitizes Primary Glioblastoma Cells for Temozolomide. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060858. [PMID: 31226836 PMCID: PMC6628126 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions have recently been shown to interconnect glioblastoma cells to a multicellular syncytial network, thereby allowing intercellular communication over long distances as well as enabling glioblastoma cells to form routes for brain microinvasion. Against this backdrop gap junction-targeted therapies might provide for an essential contribution to isolate cancer cells within the brain, thus increasing the tumor cells’ vulnerability to the standard chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide. By utilizing INI-0602—a novel gap junction inhibitor optimized for crossing the blood brain barrier—in an oncological setting, the present study was aimed at evaluating the potential of gap junction-targeted therapy on primary human glioblastoma cell populations. Pharmacological inhibition of gap junctions profoundly sensitized primary glioblastoma cells to temozolomide-mediated cell death. On the molecular level, gap junction inhibition was associated with elevated activity of the JNK signaling pathway. With the use of a novel gap junction inhibitor capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier—thus constituting an auspicious drug for clinical applicability—these results may constitute a promising new therapeutic strategy in the field of current translational glioblastoma research.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Lv Y, Ji W, Zhou R, Gao S, Zhou F. Therapeutic hypothermia effectively reduces elevated extracellular ascorbate concentrations caused by acute spinal cord injury. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 47:22-29. [PMID: 30526134 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1541136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, systemic hypothermia has taken the spotlight for its use in spinal cord injury (SCI) research fields, but detailed molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this study, we use an online-electrochemical system (OECS) to in vivo continuously monitor the ascorbate of the rats' spinal cord. We find that the basal level of ascorbate in rat spinal cord is 1.85 ± 0.88 μmol L-1 (n = 20). It increased immediately after SCI and reached 2.36 ± 0.65 μmol L-1 (164.90% ± 7.99% of the basal level) (n = 5) at 60 min after the injury. The SCI-induced extracellular ascorbate increase is obviously attenuated by therapeutic hypothermia (28 °C) after injury and ascorbate returns to 3.01 ± 0.59 μmol L-1 (100.24% ± 5.02% of the basal level) (n = 5), at 60 min after SCI. These results substantially manifest that the OECS for ascorbate detection could be employed as a platform for understanding the pathological changes during spinal cord injury. This study provides experimental evidence for the essential roles of ascorbate in SCI which could serve as a biomarker for SCI. Our findings also raise the possibility that therapeutic hypothermia can effectively exert neuroprotection in the acute phase of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- a Department of Orthopedics , Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Yang Lv
- a Department of Orthopedics , Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- b Department of Chemistry , Renmin University of China , Beijing , China
| | - Rubing Zhou
- a Department of Orthopedics , Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Shan Gao
- a Department of Orthopedics , Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Fang Zhou
- a Department of Orthopedics , Peking University Third Hospital , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Acute spinal cord injury: A review of pathophysiology and potential of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pharmacological intervention. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 87:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
19
|
Ghayour MB, Abdolmaleki A, Rassouli M. Neuroprotective effect of Lovastatin on motor deficit induced by sciatic nerve crush in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
20
|
Role of Connexin and Pannexin containing channels in HIV infection and NeuroAIDS. Neurosci Lett 2017; 695:86-90. [PMID: 28886986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-Glia crosstalk is essential for efficient synaptic communication, cell growth and differentiation, neuronal activity, neurotransmitter recycling, and brain immune response. The master regulators of this neuron-glia communication are connexin containing Gap Junctions (GJs) and Hemichannels (HCs) as well as pannexin HCs. However, the role of these channels under pathological conditions, especially in infectious diseases is still in exploratory stages. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV) is one such infectious agent that takes advantage of the host intercellular communication systems, GJs and HCs, to exacerbate viral pathogenesis in the brain in spite of the antiretroviral therapy effectively controlling viral replication in the periphery. Although most infectious agents lead to total "shutdown" of gap junctional communication in parenchymal cells, HIV infection maintains and "hijacks" GJs and HCs to enable few infected cells to spread toxic intracellular agents to neighboring uninfected cells aggravating viral neuropathology even in the absence of viral replication. In this mini-review, we present a comprehensive overview of the role of GJs and HCs in augmenting HIV neuropathogenesis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yi C, Ezan P, Fernández P, Schmitt J, Sáez JC, Giaume C, Koulakoff A. Inhibition of glial hemichannels by boldine treatment reduces neuronal suffering in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2017; 65:1607-1625. [PMID: 28703353 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of reactive gliosis to the pathological phenotype of Alzheimer's disease (AD) opened the way for therapeutic strategies targeting glial cells instead of neurons. In such context, connexin hemichannels were proposed recently as potential targets since neuronal suffering is alleviated when connexin expression is genetically suppressed in astrocytes of a murine model of AD. Here, we show that boldine, an alkaloid from the boldo tree, inhibited hemichannel activity in astrocytes and microglia without affecting gap junctional communication in culture and acute hippocampal slices. Long-term oral administration of boldine in AD mice prevented the increase in glial hemichannel activity, astrocytic Ca2+ signal, ATP and glutamate release and alleviated hippocampal neuronal suffering. These findings highlight the important pathological role of hemichannels in AD mice. The neuroprotective effect of boldine treatment might provide the basis for future pharmacological strategies that target glial hemichannels to reduce neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenju Yi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Pascal Ezan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Paola Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Julien Schmitt
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Cerebellum Navigation and Memory team (CeZaMe), Paris, 75005, France
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Christian Giaume
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Annette Koulakoff
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grek CL, Montgomery J, Sharma M, Ravi A, Rajkumar JS, Moyer KE, Gourdie RG, Ghatnekar GS. A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating a Cx43-Mimetic Peptide in Cutaneous Scarring. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:620-630. [PMID: 27856288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane protein Cx43 has key roles in fibrogenic processes including inflammatory signaling and extracellular matrix composition. aCT1 is a Cx43 mimetic peptide that in preclinical studies accelerated wound closure, decreased inflammation and granulation tissue area, and normalized mechanical properties after cutaneous injury. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of aCT1 in the reduction of scar formation in human incisional wounds. In a prospective, multicenter, within-participant controlled trial, patients with bilateral incisional wounds (≥10 mm) after laparoscopic surgery were randomized to receive acute treatment (immediately after wounding and 24 hours later) with an aCT1 gel formulation plus conventional standard of care protocols, involving moisture-retentive occlusive dressing, or standard of care alone. The primary efficacy endpoint was average scarring score using visual analog scales evaluating incision appearance and healing progress over 9 months. There was no significant difference in scar appearance between aCT1- or control-treated incisions after 1 month. At month 9, aCT1-treated incisions showed a 47% improvement in scar scores over controls (Vancouver Scar Scale; P = 0.0045), a significantly higher Global Assessment Scale score (P = 0.0009), and improvements in scar pigmentation, thickness, surface roughness, and mechanical suppleness. Adverse events were similar in both groups. aCT1 has potential to improve scarring outcome after surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jade Montgomery
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine Research, Roanoke, Virginia, USA; Virginia Tech School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - A Ravi
- Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J S Rajkumar
- Life Line Multispecialty Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kurtis E Moyer
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine Research, Roanoke, Virginia, USA; Virginia Tech School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine Research, Roanoke, Virginia, USA; Virginia Tech School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Krityakiarana W, Sompup K, Jongkamonwiwat N, Mukda S, Pinilla FG, Govitrapong P, Phansuwan-Pujito P. Effects of melatonin on severe crush spinal cord injury-induced reactive astrocyte and scar formation. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1451-1459. [PMID: 27717042 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed at analyzing the effects of melatonin on scar formation after spinal cord injury (SCI). Upregulation of reactive astrocyte under SCI pathological conditions has been presented in several studies. It has been proved that the crucial factor in triggering this upregulation is proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, scar formation is an important barrier to axonal regeneration through the lesion area. Melatonin plays an important role in reducing inflammation, but its effects on scar formation in the injured spinal cord remain unknown. Hence, we used the model of severe crush injury in mice to investigate the effects of melatonin on scar formation. Mice were randomly separated into four groups; SCI, SCI+Melatonin 1 (single dose), SCI+Melatonin 14 (14 daily doses), and control. Melatonin was administered by intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg) after injury. Immunohistochemical analysis, Western blot, and behavioral evaluation were used to explore the effects of melatonin after SCI for 14 days. The melatonin-treated mice presented higher expression of neuronal markers (P < 0.001). Remarkably, the inflammatory response appeared to be greatly reduced in the SCI+Melatonin 14 group (P < 0.001), which also displayed less scar formation (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that melatonin inhibits scar formation by acting on inflammatory cytokines after SCI. Overall, our results suggest that melatonin is a promising treatment strategy after SCI that deserves further investigation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warin Krityakiarana
- Division of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon-Nayok, Thailand. .,Department of Rehabilitation for Persons with Disabilities, Ratchasuda College, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.
| | - Kamonrapat Sompup
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Jongkamonwiwat
- Division of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhon-Nayok, Thailand
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Fernando Gomez Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand.,Center for Neuroscience and Department for Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shi LB, Tang PF, Zhang W, Zhao YP, Zhang LC, Zhang H. Naringenin inhibits spinal cord injury-induced activation of neutrophils through miR-223. Gene 2016; 592:128-133. [PMID: 27432064 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin (NR), a flavonoid abundant in citrus fruits has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to investigate the protective of naringenin in rats after spinal cord injury (SCI) and the underlying mechanisms associated with neuroinflammation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to laminectomy at T9-T11 and compression with a vascular clip. The spinal cords spanning the injury site about 0.8cm were collected for testing. There were five groups (n=7 in each group): (a) Control group; (b) sham group group; (c) SCI+saline; (d) SCI+NR (50mg/kg, p.o.) group and (e) SCI+NR (100mg/kg, p.o.) group. Different doses of NR (50mg/kg, p.o. and 100mg/kg, p.o.) or saline were administered once daily for 11 consecutive days, from 3days prior to surgery to 7days after surgery. The expression level of miR-223, NLRP3 and IL-1β were measured by RT- qPCR. The accumulation of neutrophils at the site of compression, as evaluated by measuring the tissue myeloperoxidase activity, significantly increased with time following the compression, peaking at 24h post compression. The expression of miR-223 was significant elevated in (b). However, spinal cord myeloperoxidase activity and the expression of miR-223 did not increase in sham-operated animals. NR significantly inhibited a SCI-induced activation of neutrophils through repressed miR-223 in group (d) and (e). There was a better effect in group (e) than group (d). miR-223 is thought to act as a fine-tuner of granulocyte production and the inflammatory response. Our findings suggested that repeated administration of naringenin (100mg/kg, p.o) may provide the protective effect of the spinal cord injury in rats, possibly through inhibiting neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Bao Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Pei-Fu Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yan-Peng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghayour MB, Abdolmaleki A, Behnam-Rassouli M. The effect of Riluzole on functional recovery of locomotion in the rat sciatic nerve crush model. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2016; 43:691-699. [PMID: 27277212 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-016-0691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is common disorder that represents more than 3 % of all traumatic injury cases. One type of PNI, sciatic nerve injury, leads to considerable motoneuron dysfunction. Because Riluzole is clinically approved for the treatment of motoneuron disease, we evaluated whether Riluzole treatment could enhance the nerve regeneration process and improve functional outcome after sciatic nerve crush in rats. METHODS In acute treatment groups, a single dose of Riluzole (6 and 8 mg/kg) was administered intra-peritoneally 15 min after the crush nerve injury. In the chronic treatment groups, animals were treated with Riluzole (4 and 6 mg/kg/d) for 8 days. Sciatic functional index (SFI) was evaluated for 9 weeks after injury. Furthermore, electrophysiological and morphometric evaluations were performed at the 9th week following injury. RESULTS Acute and chronic administrations of Riluzole immediately after sciatic nerve crush result in significantly delayed regeneration and reduced motor function outcome. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that early administration of even a single dose of Riluzole after sciatic nerve crush injury can delay motor function recovery. This effect may not depend on its anti-nociceptive activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Ghayour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Abdolmaleki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Behnam-Rassouli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jin X, Yamashita T. Microglia in central nervous system repair after injury. J Biochem 2016; 159:491-6. [PMID: 26861995 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that immune cells perform crucial inflammation-related functions including clearing dead tissue and promoting wound healing. Thus, they provide a conducive environment for better neuronal regeneration and functional recovery after adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) injury. However, activated immune cells can also induce secondary damage of intact tissue and inhibit post-injury CNS repair. The inflammation response is due to the microglial production of cytokines and chemokines for the recruitment of peripheral immune cell populations, such as monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and T lymphocytes. Interestingly, microglia and T lymphocytes can be detected at the injured site in both the early and later stages after nerve injury, whereas other peripheral immune cells infiltrate the injured parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord only in the early post-injury phase, and subsequently disappear. This suggests that microglia and T cells may play crucial roles in the post-injury functional recovery of the CNS. In this review, we summarize the current studies on microglia that examined neuronal regeneration and the molecular signalling mechanisms in the injured CNS. Better understanding of the effects of microglia on neural regeneration will aid the development of therapy strategies to enhance CNS functional recovery after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Jin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Intracellular Cleavage of the Cx43 C-Terminal Domain by Matrix-Metalloproteases: A Novel Contributor to Inflammation? Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:257471. [PMID: 26424967 PMCID: PMC4573893 DOI: 10.1155/2015/257471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of tissue function is mediated by gap junctions (GJs) that enable direct cell-cell transfer of metabolic and electric signals. GJs are formed by connexin (Cx) proteins of which Cx43 is most widespread in the human body. Beyond its role in direct intercellular communication, Cx43 also forms nonjunctional hemichannels (HCs) in the plasma membrane that mediate the release of paracrine signaling molecules in the extracellular environment. Both HC and GJ channel function are regulated by protein-protein interactions and posttranslational modifications that predominantly take place in the C-terminal domain of Cx43. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a major group of zinc-dependent proteases, known to regulate not only extracellular matrix remodeling, but also processing of intracellular proteins. Together with Cx43 channels, both GJs and HCs, MMPs contribute to acute inflammation and a small number of studies reports on an MMP-Cx43 link. Here, we build further on these reports and present a novel hypothesis that describes proteolytic cleavage of the Cx43 C-terminal domain by MMPs and explores possibilities of how such cleavage events may affect Cx43 channel function. Finally, we set out how aberrant channel function resulting from cleavage can contribute to the acute inflammatory response during tissue injury.
Collapse
|
28
|
Feng D, Guo B, Liu G, Wang B, Wang W, Gao G, Qin H, Wu S. FGF2 alleviates PTSD symptoms in rats by restoring GLAST function in astrocytes via the JAK/STAT pathway. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1287-99. [PMID: 25979764 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) administration alleviated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms via an "astrocyte-related" mechanism. We further investigated the changes in the astrocytic glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 and in JAK/STAT3 signaling (which is involved in astrocyte activation and GLAST/GLT-1 function) in single prolonged stress (SPS) model rats. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed a significant SPS-induced increase in the concentration of glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid and decrease in GLAST/GLT-1 expression and JAK/STAT3 signaling. Treatment with FGF2 significantly alleviated GLAST/GLT-1 dysfunction, JAK/STAT3 signaling inhibition, and the behavioral abnormalities. The administration of the JAK/STAT pathway inhibitor AG490 blocked the effects of FGF2 on PTSD symptoms, astrocyte activation, and GLAST, but not GLT-1, expression in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that astrocytic JAK/STAT signaling is associated with SPS-induced GLAST dysfunction and that FGF2 protects against PTSD symptoms by restoring astrocytic glutamate uptake via the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Gaohua Liu
- Department of Psychosomatics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Bao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Guodong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Huaizhou Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major health problem and is associated with a diversity of neurological symptoms. Pathophysiologically, dysfunction after SCI results from the culmination of tissue damage produced both by the primary insult and a range of secondary injury mechanisms. The application of hypothermia has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective after SCI in both experimental and human studies. The myriad of protective mechanisms of hypothermia include the slowing down of metabolism, decreasing free radical generation, inhibiting excitotoxicity and apoptosis, ameliorating inflammation, preserving the blood spinal cord barrier, inhibiting astrogliosis, promoting angiogenesis, as well as decreasing axonal damage and encouraging neurogenesis. Hypothermia has also been combined with other interventions, such as antioxidants, anesthetics, alkalinization and cell transplantation for additional benefit. Although a large body of work has reported on the effectiveness of hypothermia as a neuroprotective approach after SCI and its application has been translated to the clinic, a number of questions still remain regarding its use, including the identification of hypothermia's therapeutic window, optimal duration and the most appropriate rewarming rate. In addition, it is necessary to investigate the neuroprotective effect of combining therapeutic hypothermia with other treatment strategies for putative synergies, particularly those involving neurorepair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiong Wang
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, the Lois Pope Life Center, Locator code (R-48), PO BOX 016960, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, the Lois Pope Life Center, Locator code (R-48), PO BOX 016960, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, the Lois Pope Life Center, Locator code (R-48), PO BOX 016960, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, the Lois Pope Life Center, Locator code (R-48), PO BOX 016960, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, the Lois Pope Life Center, Locator code (R-48), PO BOX 016960, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang J, Hou J, Lei H, Fu J, Pan Y, Liu J. Synergistic neuroprotective effect of microglial‑conditioned media treated with geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 on hypoxia injured neurons. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5328-34. [PMID: 26238400 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergistic mechanism underlying the effects of multi‑component combined drug use for complex diseases remains to be fully elucidated. Microglial activation following ischemia can either affect neural survival or cause neuronal injury. The aim of the present study was to determine the synergistic effect of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1, based on microglial‑neuronal communication. N2a neuronal cells were divided into the following seven groups: Control group; normal cultured microglial cells in conditioned medium (N‑MG‑CM) group; oxygen‑glucose deprivation (OGD) model group; OGD‑injured MG‑CM (I‑MG‑CM) group; geniposide‑treated MG‑CM (G‑MG‑CM) group; ginsenoside Rg1‑treated MG‑CM (R‑MG‑CM) group; and combination‑treated MG‑CM (C‑MG‑CM) group. A series of assays were used to detect the effects of the different MG‑CM on neurons in terms of: (i) cell viability, determined using a Cell Counting Kit‑8; (ii) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage rate; (iii) expression of NMDAR1 and activated caspase‑3, detected using western blotting; (iv) mitochondrial transmembrane potential, determined by JC‑1; and (v) mitochondrial ultrastructural features, determined using electron microscopy. The experimental results demonstrated that MG‑CM including the integrated use of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 significantly protected neuronal cell viability and inhibited LDH leakage, suppressed the expression of N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor subunit 1 and activated caspase‑3, increased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and improved the mitochondrial ultrastructure. MG‑CM from separately used geniposide or ginsenoside Rg1 demonstrated differential neuroprotection at different levels. These findings revealed that the synergistic drug combination of geniposide and ginsenoside Rg1 in the treatment of stroke is a feasible approach for use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Experiment Center, Institute of Basic Theory, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jincai Hou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Morphology Laboratory, The Experimental Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Yanshu Pan
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tonkin RS, Mao Y, O'Carroll SJ, Nicholson LFB, Green CR, Gorrie CA, Moalem-Taylor G. Gap junction proteins and their role in spinal cord injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 7:102. [PMID: 25610368 PMCID: PMC4285056 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are specialized intercellular communication channels that are formed by two hexameric connexin hemichannels, one provided by each of the two adjacent cells. Gap junctions and hemichannels play an important role in regulating cellular metabolism, signaling, and functions in both normal and pathological conditions. Following spinal cord injury (SCI), there is damage and disturbance to the neuronal elements of the spinal cord including severing of axon tracts and rapid cell death. The initial mechanical disruption is followed by multiple secondary cascades that cause further tissue loss and dysfunction. Recent studies have implicated connexin proteins as playing a critical role in the secondary phase of SCI by propagating death signals through extensive glial networks. In this review, we bring together past and current studies to outline the distribution, changes and roles of various connexins found in neurons and glial cells, before and in response to SCI. We discuss the contribution of pathologically activated connexin proteins, in particular connexin 43, to functional recovery and neuropathic pain, as well as providing an update on potential connexin specific pharmacological agents to treat SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Tonkin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yilin Mao
- School of Medical and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise F B Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Catherine A Gorrie
- School of Medical and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gila Moalem-Taylor
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Takeuchi H, Suzumura A. Gap junctions and hemichannels composed of connexins: potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:189. [PMID: 25228858 PMCID: PMC4151093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are macrophage-like resident immune cells that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Abnormal activation of microglia can cause damage in the CNS, and accumulation of activated microglia is a characteristic pathological observation in neurologic conditions such as trauma, stroke, inflammation, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Activated microglia secrete high levels of glutamate, which damages CNS cells and has been implicated as a major cause of neurodegeneration in these conditions. Glutamate-receptor blockers and microglia inhibitors (e.g., minocycline) have been examined as therapeutic candidates for several neurodegenerative diseases; however, these compounds exerted little therapeutic benefit because they either perturbed physiological glutamate signals or suppressed the actions of protective microglia. The ideal therapeutic approach would hamper the deleterious roles of activated microglia without diminishing their protective effects. We recently found that abnormally activated microglia secrete glutamate via gap-junction hemichannels on the cell surface. Moreover, administration of gap-junction inhibitors significantly suppressed excessive microglial glutamate release and improved disease symptoms in animal models of neurologic conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence also suggests that neuronal and glial communication via gap junctions amplifies neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Elucidation of the precise pathologic roles of gap junctions and hemichannels may lead to a novel therapeutic strategies that can slow and halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Suzumura
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|