1
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Gong X, Hu F, Hu J, Bao Z, Wang M. The interactions between CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and Toll-like receptors in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 155:105157. [PMID: 38423492 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), as a novel type of adjuvant with immunomodulatory effects, are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in Litopenaeus vannamei. In the present study, eleven LvTLRs-pCMV recombinants (rLvTLRs) were constructed to investigate the relationships between various CpG ODNs and different LvTLRs in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells, which was further confirmed by bio-layer interferometry (BLI) technique. The results of dual luciferase reporter assay showed that every LvTLR could activate multiple downstream genes, mainly including NF-κB, CREB, ISRE, IL-6-promoter, TNF-α-promoter and Myc, thereby inducing main signaling pathways in shrimps. Most CpG ODNs possessed affinities to more than one LvTLR, while each LvTLR could recognize multiple CpG ODNs, and the widely recognized ligands within CpG ODNs are A-class and B-class. Moreover, BLI analysis showed that CpG 2216, Cpg 2006, CpG 2143 and CpG 21425 exhibited dose-dependent affinity to the expressed TLR protein, which were consistent with the results in HEK293T cells. It suggested that the interactions of CpG ODNs with LvTLRs were indispensable for the immune regulation triggered by CpG ODNs, and these findings would lay foundations for studying the activations of LvTLRs to immune signaling pathways and shedding lights on the immune functions and mechanisms of CpG ODNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China
| | - Feng Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China; Hebei Xinhai Aquatic Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Cangzhou, 061101, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya, 57202, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya, 572024, China.
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2
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Li M, Yao H, Yi K, Lao YH, Shao D, Tao Y. Emerging nanoparticle platforms for CpG oligonucleotide delivery. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2203-2228. [PMID: 38293828 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01970e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), which were therapeutic DNA with high immunostimulatory activity, have been applied in widespread applications from basic research to clinics as therapeutic agents for cancer immunotherapy, viral infection, allergic diseases and asthma since their discovery in 1995. The major factors to consider for clinical translation using CpG motifs are the protection of CpG ODNs from DNase degradation and the delivery of CpG ODNs to the Toll-like receptor-9 expressed human B-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to the advances of efficient delivery systems for CpG ODNs. In this review, we outline new horizons and recent developments in this field, providing a comprehensive summary of the nanoparticle-based CpG delivery systems developed to improve the efficacy of CpG-mediated immune responses, including DNA nanostructures, inorganic nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, metal-organic-frameworks, lipid-based nanosystems, proteins and peptides, as well as exosomes and cell membrane nanoparticles. Moreover, future challenges in the establishment of CpG delivery systems for immunotherapeutic applications are discussed. We expect that the continuously growing interest in the development of CpG-based immunotherapy will certainly fuel the excitement and stimulation in medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Haochen Yao
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ke Yi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Yeh-Hsing Lao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Dan Shao
- Institutes of Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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3
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Wang G, Wang Y, Ma F. Exploiting bacterial-origin immunostimulants for improved vaccination and immunotherapy: current insights and future directions. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:24. [PMID: 38368397 PMCID: PMC10874560 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is a valid strategy to prevent and control newly emerging and reemerging infectious diseases in humans and animals. However, synthetic and recombinant antigens are poor immunogenic to stimulate efficient and protective host immune response. Immunostimulants are indispensable factors of vaccines, which can promote to trigger fast, robust, and long-lasting immune responses. Importantly, immunotherapy with immunostimulants is increasing proved to be an effective and promising treatment of cancer, which could enhance the function of the immune system against tumor cells. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play vital roles in inflammation and are central to innate and adaptive immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-targeting immunostimulants have become one of the hotspots in adjuvant research and cancer therapy. Bacterial-origin immunoreactive molecules are usually the ligands of PRRs, which could be fast recognized by PRRs and activate immune response to eliminate pathogens. Varieties of bacterial immunoreactive molecules and bacterial component-mimicking molecules have been successfully used in vaccines and clinical therapy so far. This work provides a comprehensive review of the development, current state, mechanisms, and applications of bacterial-origin immunostimulants. The exploration of bacterial immunoreactive molecules, along with their corresponding mechanisms, holds immense significance in deepening our understanding of bacterial pathogenicity and in the development of promising immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yongkang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, China.
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4
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Wang Y, Liu S, Li B, Sun X, Pan Q, Zheng Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Wang J, Liu L, Du E. A novel CpG ODN compound adjuvant enhances immune response to spike subunit vaccines of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1336239. [PMID: 38322258 PMCID: PMC10846067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) boost the humoral and cellular immune responses to antigens through interaction with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). These CpG ODNs have been extensively utilized in human vaccines. In our study, we evaluated five B-type CpG ODNs that have stimulatory effects on pigs by measuring the proliferation of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and assessing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretion. Furthermore, this study examined the immunoenhancing effects of the MF59 and CpG ODNs compound adjuvant in mouse and piglet models of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) subunit vaccine administration. The in vitro screening revealed that the CpG ODN named CpG5 significantly stimulated the proliferation of porcine PBMCs and elevated IFN-γ secretion levels. In the mouse vaccination model, CpG5 compound adjuvant significantly bolstered the humoral and cellular immune responses to the PEDV subunit vaccines, leading to Th1 immune responses characterized by increased IFN-γ and IgG2a levels. In piglets, the neutralizing antibody titer was significantly enhanced with CpG5 compound adjuvant, alongside a considerable increase in CD8+ T lymphocytes proportion. The combination of MF59 adjuvant and CpG5 exhibits a synergistic effect, resulting in an earlier, more intense, and long-lasting immune response in subunit vaccines for PEDV. This combination holds significant promise as a robust candidate for the development of vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Boshuo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinyao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Nanjing JSIAMA Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Yangling Carey Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangling, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Liming Liu
- Nanjing JSIAMA Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Enqi Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Yangling Carey Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yangling, China
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5
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Complexing CpG adjuvants with cationic liposomes enhances vaccine-induced formation of liver T RM cells. Vaccine 2023; 41:1094-1107. [PMID: 36609029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM cells) can provide effective tissue surveillance and can respond rapidly to infection. Vaccination strategies aimed at generating TRM cells have shown promise against a range of pathogens. We have previously shown that the choice of adjuvant critically influences CD8+ TRM cell formation in the liver. However, the range of adjuvants tested was limited. Here, we assessed the ability of a broad range of adjuvants stimulating membrane (TLR4), endosomal (TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9) and cytosolic (cGAS, RIG-I) pathogen recognition receptors for their capacity to induce CD8+ TRM formation in a subunit vaccination model. We show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) remain the most efficient inducers of liver TRM cells among all adjuvants tested. Moreover, their combination with the cationic liposome DOTAP further enhances the potency, particularly of the class B ODN CpG 1668 and the human TLR9 ligand CpG 2006 (CpG 7909). This study informs the design of efficient liver TRM-based vaccines for their potential translation.
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6
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Jain A, Mittal S, Tripathi LP, Nussinov R, Ahmad S. Host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions: A comprehensive review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4415-4436. [PMID: 36051878 PMCID: PMC9420432 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by host cells is an effective host strategy to detect pathogenic invasion and trigger immune responses. In the context of pathogen-specific pharmacology, there is a growing interest in mapping the interactions between pathogen-derived nucleic acids and host proteins. Insight into the principles of the structural and immunological mechanisms underlying such interactions and their roles in host defense is necessary to guide therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss the newest advances in studies of molecular interactions involving pathogen nucleic acids and host factors, including their drug design, molecular structure and specific patterns. We observed that two groups of nucleic acid recognizing molecules, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs) form the backbone of host responses to pathogen nucleic acids, with additional support provided by absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and DNA-dependent activator of Interferons (IFNs)-regulatory factors (DAI) like cytosolic activity. We review the structural, immunological, and other biological aspects of these representative groups of molecules, especially in terms of their target specificity and affinity and challenges in leveraging host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions (HP-PNI) in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Mittal
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Lokesh P. Tripathi
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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7
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Yang JX, Tseng JC, Yu GY, Luo Y, Huang CYF, Hong YR, Chuang TH. Recent Advances in the Development of Toll-like Receptor Agonist-Based Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020423. [PMID: 35214155 PMCID: PMC8878135 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing epidemic diseases. Efficient inactive, subunit, or viral-like particle vaccines usually rely on a safe and potent adjuvant to boost the immune response to the antigen. After a slow start, over the last decade there has been increased developments on adjuvants for human vaccines. The development of adjuvants has paralleled our increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms for the pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated activation of immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of PRRs that recognize microbial pathogens to initiate a host’s response to infection. Activation of TLRs triggers potent and immediate innate immune responses, which leads to subsequent adaptive immune responses. Therefore, these TLRs are ideal targets for the development of effective adjuvants. To date, TLR agonists such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and CpG-1018 have been formulated in licensed vaccines for their adjuvant activity, and other TLR agonists are being developed for this purpose. The COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated clinical research of vaccines containing TLR agonist-based adjuvants. In this paper, we reviewed the agonists for TLR activation and the molecular mechanisms associated with the adjuvants’ effects on TLR activation, emphasizing recent advances in the development of TLR agonist-based vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xing Yang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China;
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; (J.-X.Y.); (J.-C.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-37-246166 (ext. 37611)
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8
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Akache B, Stark FC, Agbayani G, Renner TM, McCluskie MJ. Adjuvants: Engineering Protective Immune Responses in Human and Veterinary Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2412:179-231. [PMID: 34918246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are key components of many vaccines, used to enhance the level and breadth of the immune response to a target antigen, thereby enhancing protection from the associated disease. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune systems have allowed for the development of a number of novel adjuvants with differing mechanisms of action. Herein, we review adjuvants currently approved for human and veterinary use, describing their use and proposed mechanisms of action. In addition, we will discuss additional promising adjuvants currently undergoing preclinical and/or clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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9
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Li J, Panetta F, O'Keeffe M, Leal Rojas IM, Radford KJ, Zhang JG, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Davey GM, Gully BS, Tullett KM, Rossjohn J, Berry R, Lee CN, Lahoud MH, Heath WR, Caminschi I. Elucidating the Motif for CpG Oligonucleotide Binding to the Dendritic Cell Receptor DEC-205 Leads to Improved Adjuvants for Liver-Resident Memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1836-1847. [PMID: 34479944 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DEC-205 is a cell-surface receptor that transports bound ligands into the endocytic pathway for degradation or release within lysosomal endosomes. This receptor has been reported to bind a number of ligands, including keratin, and some classes of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). In this study, we explore in detail the requirements for binding ODNs, revealing that DEC-205 efficiently binds single-stranded, phosphorothioated ODN of ≥14 bases, with preference for the DNA base thymidine, but with no requirement for a CpG motif. DEC-205 fails to bind double-stranded phosphodiester ODN, and thus does not bind the natural type of DNA found in mammals. The ODN binding preferences of DEC-205 result in strong binding of B class ODN, moderate binding to C class ODN, minimal binding to P class ODN, and no binding to A class ODN. Consistent with DEC-205 binding capacity, induction of serum IL-12p70 or activation of B cells by each class of ODN correlated with DEC-205 dependence in mice. Thus, the greater the DEC-205 binding capacity, the greater the dependence on DEC-205 for optimal responses. Finally, by covalently linking a B class ODN that efficiently binds DEC-205, to a P class ODN that shows poor binding, we improved DEC-205 binding and increased adjuvancy of the hybrid ODN. The hybrid ODN efficiently enhanced induction of effector CD8 T cells in a DEC-205-dependent manner. Furthermore, the hybrid ODN induced robust memory responses, and was particularly effective at promoting the development of liver tissue-resident memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Li
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fatma Panetta
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid M Leal Rojas
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gayle M Davey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Gully
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsteen M Tullett
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Berry
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chin-Nien Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Haseda Y, Munakata L, Kimura C, Kinugasa-Katayama Y, Mori Y, Suzuki R, Aoshi T. Development of combination adjuvant for efficient T cell and antibody response induction against protein antigen. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254628. [PMID: 34339430 PMCID: PMC8328330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most current clinical vaccines work primarily by inducing the production of neutralizing antibodies against pathogens. Vaccine adjuvants that efficiently induce T cell responses to protein antigens need to be developed. In this study, we developed a new combination adjuvant consisting of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP), D35, and an aluminum salt. Among the various combinations tested, the DOTAP/D35/aluminum salt adjuvant induced strong T cell and antibody responses against the model protein antigen with a single immunization. Adjuvant component and model antigen interaction studies in vitro also revealed that the strong mutual interactions among protein antigens and other components were one of the important factors for this efficient immune induction by the novel combination adjuvant. In addition, in vivo imaging of the antigen distribution suggested that the DOTAP component in the combination adjuvant formulation elicited transient antigen accumulation at the draining lymph nodes, possibly by antigen uptake DC migration. These results indicate the potential of the new combination adjuvant as a promising vaccine adjuvant candidate to treat infectious diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Haseda
- Vaccine Dynamics Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lisa Munakata
- Laboratory of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiyo Kimura
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Kinugasa-Katayama
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Laboratory of Drug and Gene Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Jin Y, Zhuang Y, Dong X, Liu M. Development of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide TLR9 agonists in anti-cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:841-851. [PMID: 33831324 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1915136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptor-9(TLR9) can recognize the foreign unmethylated CpG DNA, and thus intrigue a strong Th1 response which plays a crucial role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)-based TLR9 agonists have undergone four generations. Each generations' breakthroughs in immune activation, safety profiles and pharmacokinetic properties were confirmed by both preclinical and clinical studies. AREAS COVERED We reviewed the development and major clinical trials of TLR9 agonists and summarized the optimization strategies of each generation. The applications, limitations and prospects of TLR9 agonists in cancer immunotherapy are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Clinical trials of CpG ODN TLR9 agonists as a single agent demonstrated insufficient efficacy to reverse the immunosuppressive status of majority of patients with high tumor burden. Therefore, more efforts are now been carried out in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy maintenance therapy as well as vaccine adjuvant. Importantly, the synergistic and complementary effect of TLR9 agonists and tumor immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is expected to exert greater potential. On the other hand, the double-edged sword effect of TLR9 activation in tumor and toxic effect reported in combination therapies should be noted and further studies required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Jin
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Zhuang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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12
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells and triggers an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provides an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve vaccines for the prevention/treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Leitman Klinman Consulting, Potomac, MD, USA.
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13
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Montamat G, Leonard C, Poli A, Klimek L, Ollert M. CpG Adjuvant in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: Finding the Sweet Spot for the Induction of Immune Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:590054. [PMID: 33708195 PMCID: PMC7940844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.590054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence and incidence of IgE-mediated allergic diseases have increased over the past years in developed and developing countries. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only curative treatment available for allergic diseases that has long-term efficacy. Although AIT has been proven successful as an immunomodulatory therapy since its beginnings, it still faces several unmet needs and challenges today. For instance, some patients can experience severe side effects, others are non-responders, and prolonged treatment schedules can lead to lack of patient adherence and therapy discontinuation. A common strategy to improve AIT relies on the use of adjuvants and immune modulators to boost its effects and improve its safety. Among the adjuvants tested for their clinical efficacy, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) was investigated with limited success and without reaching phase III trials for clinical allergy treatment. However, recently discovered immune tolerance-promoting properties of CpG-ODN place this adjuvant again in a prominent position as an immune modulator for the treatment of allergic diseases. Indeed, it has been shown that the CpG-ODN dose and concentration are crucial in promoting immune regulation through the recruitment of pDCs. While low doses induce an inflammatory response, high doses of CpG-ODN trigger a tolerogenic response that can reverse a pre-established allergic milieu. Consistently, CpG-ODN has also been found to stimulate IL-10 producing B cells, so-called B regulatory cells (Bregs). Accordingly, CpG-ODN has shown its capacity to prevent and revert allergic reactions in several animal models showing its potential as both preventive and active treatment for IgE-mediated allergy. In this review, we describe how CpG-ODN-based therapies for allergic diseases, despite having shown limited success in the past, can still be exploited further as an adjuvant or immune modulator in the context of AIT and deserves additional attention. Here, we discuss the past and current knowledge, which highlights CpG-ODN as a potential adjuvant to be reevaluated for the enhancement of AIT when used in appropriate conditions and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Montamat
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cathy Leonard
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélie Poli
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Centre for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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14
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Ghilas S, Enders MH, May R, Holz LE, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Cozijnsen A, Mollard V, Cockburn IA, McFadden GI, Heath WR, Beattie L. Development of Plasmodium-specific liver-resident memory CD8 + T cells after heat-killed sporozoite immunization in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1153-1165. [PMID: 33486759 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major cause of mortality in the world and an efficient vaccine is the best chance of reducing the disease burden. Vaccination strategies for the liver stage of disease that utilise injection of live radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS) confer sterile immunity, which is mediated by CD8+ memory T cells, with liver-resident memory T cells (TRM ) being particularly important. We have previously described a TCR transgenic mouse, termed PbT-I, where all CD8+ T cells recognize a specific peptide from Plasmodium. PbT-I form liver TRM cells upon RAS injection and are capable of protecting mice against challenge infection. Here, we utilize this transgenic system to examine whether nonliving sporozoites, killed by heat treatment (HKS), could trigger the development of Plasmodium-specific liver TRM cells. We found that HKS vaccination induced the formation of memory CD8+ T cells in the spleen and liver, and importantly, liver TRM cells were fewer in number than that induced by RAS. Crucially, we showed the number of TRM cells was significantly higher when HKS were combined with the glycolipid α-galactosylceramide as an adjuvant. In the future, this work could lead to development of an antimalaria vaccination strategy that does not require live sporozoites, providing greater utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ghilas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthias H Enders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Rose May
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Anton Cozijnsen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Vanessa Mollard
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Geoffrey I McFadden
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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15
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Enders MH, Bayarsaikhan G, Ghilas S, Chua YC, May R, de Menezes MN, Ge Z, Tan PS, Cozijnsen A, Mollard V, Yui K, McFadden GI, Lahoud MH, Caminschi I, Purcell AW, Schittenhelm RB, Beattie L, Heath WR, Fernandez-Ruiz D. Plasmodium berghei Hsp90 contains a natural immunogenic I-Ab-restricted antigen common to rodent and human Plasmodium species. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:79-92. [PMID: 35492393 PMCID: PMC9040146 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough understanding of the role of CD4 T cells in immunity can be greatly assisted by the study of responses to defined specificities. This requires knowledge of Plasmodium-derived immunogenic epitopes, of which only a few have been identified, especially for the mouse C57BL/6 background. We recently developed a TCR transgenic mouse line, termed PbT-II, that produces CD4+ T cells specific for an MHC class II (I-Ab)-restricted Plasmodium epitope and is responsive to both sporozoites and blood-stage P. berghei. Here, we identify a peptide within the P. berghei heat shock protein 90 as the cognate epitope recognised by PbT-II cells. We show that C57BL/6 mice infected with P. berghei blood-stage induce an endogenous CD4 T cell response specific for this epitope, indicating cells of similar specificity to PbT-II cells are present in the naïve repertoire. Adoptive transfer of in vitro activated TH1-, or particularly TH2-polarised PbT-II cells improved control of P. berghei parasitemia in C57BL/6 mice and drastically reduced the onset of experimental cerebral malaria. Our results identify a versatile, potentially protective MHC-II restricted epitope useful for exploration of CD4 T cell-mediated immunity and vaccination strategies against malaria. Identification of a novel MHC-II-restricted epitope in P. berghei Hsp90 that is the cognate antigen of PbT-II CD4+ T cells. This epitope is conserved among mouse malaria parasites and in Plasmodium falciparum, which causes human malaria. Exposure to liver or blood stage P. berghei infection expands a population of endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. Dendritic cell-targeted vaccination generates memory PbT-II cells and endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. TH1- and TH2-polarised PbT-II cells reduce P. berghei parasitaemia and mitigate development of experimental cerebral malaria.
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16
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A Natural Peptide Antigen within the Plasmodium Ribosomal Protein RPL6 Confers Liver TRM Cell-Mediated Immunity against Malaria in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:950-962.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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17
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Chuang YC, Tseng JC, Huang LR, Huang CM, Huang CYF, Chuang TH. Adjuvant Effect of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Activation on Cancer Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Blockade. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1075. [PMID: 32547560 PMCID: PMC7274158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer treatment, improving patient survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, the clinical outcomes of such immunotherapy are highly heterogeneous between patients. Depending on the cancer type, the patient response rates to this immunotherapy are limited to 20–30%. Based on the mechanism underlying the antitumor immune response, new therapeutic strategies have been designed with the aim of increasing the effectiveness and specificity of the antitumor immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade agents. The activation of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) by its synthetic agonists induces the antitumor response within the innate immunity arm, generating adjuvant effects and priming the adaptive immune response elicited by checkpoint blockade during the effector phase of tumor-cell killing. This review first describes the underlying mechanisms of action and current status of monotherapy using TLR9 agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy. The rationale for combining these two agents is discussed, and evidence indicating the current status of such combination therapy as a novel cancer treatment strategy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Tseng
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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18
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Fehér K. Single Stranded DNA Immune Modulators with Unmethylated CpG Motifs: Structure and Molecular Recognition by Toll-Like Receptor 9. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:1060-1068. [PMID: 31470785 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190830162149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Single stranded microbial DNA fragments with unmethylated deoxycytidylyldeoxyguanosine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs are interpreted as danger signals by the innate immune system via recognition by the Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9). Their synthetic analogues, Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) comprise a promising class of immune modulators with potential applications in the treatment of multiple diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases or allergy. ODN molecules contain a core hexamer sequence, which is species specific consisting of GACGTT and AACGT for mouse and GTCGTT in humans. Assessment of structural features of different type of ODNs is highly challenging. NMR spectroscopic insights were gained for a short, single CpG motif containing ODN 1668. The structural basis of ODN recognition by TLR9 recently started to unravel as crystal structures of TLR9 orthologues in complex with ODN 1668 were solved. Systematic investigations of ODN sequences revealed that ODNs with a single CpG motif are capable of activating mouse TLR9, but two closely positioned CpG motifs are necessary for activation of human TLR9. Furthermore, longer ODNs with TCC and TCG sequences at the 5' end were shown to activate TLR9 with higher efficiency. It was revealed that 5'-xCx motif containing short ODNs (sODN) are able to augment the immune response of short, single CpG containing ODNs, which are incapable of activating of TLR9 alone. All these observations pointed to the existence of a second binding site on TLR9, which was characterized in crystal structures that delivered further insights of the nucleic acid recognition of the innate immune system by TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Fehér
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Debrecen University, Debrecen, Hungary.,Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Quintella CM, Quintella HM, Rohweder M, Quintella GM. Advances in patent applications related to cancer vaccine using CpG-ODN and OX40 association. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:287-301. [PMID: 32008403 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1724960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This review aims to assess the available technologies, advances, and trends from technological readiness level 4 to level 8 for cancer immunologic therapeutics using the association of OX40 and CPG-ODN, usually known as cancer vaccine.Areas covered: Patent documents and clinic studies referring to the use of CpG-ODN and of OX40 association for cancer therapeutics. Patent data were obtained within the worldwide basis of the European Patent Office (EPO). The 138 patents of 36 patent families found were analyzed focusing on word distribution of technology developers and potential markets, legal status, annual evolution of first priority, technological domains, applicants and co-applicants and detailed analysis of each technology. Two clinical studies are in progress.Expert opinion: Traditional methods in post cancer diagnosis are being replaced by immunological association therapies. It is expected that the development of cancer vaccines will expand the scope of cancer-specific immunotherapy, especially if associated with alternative systems for expression and delivery with future potential. It is expected that genetic and controlled and/or specific nano delivery are improved. Furthermore, these new developments will likely address the problem of long-term treatments, reducing cancer mortality and reducing patient numbers worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Quintella
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Heitor M Quintella
- PROFNIT - Postgraduate Program on Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer for Innovation, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Mayla Rohweder
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,CEPARH - Research and Assistance Center on Human Reproduction, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Quintella
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Medicine School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Quintellar Legal Consulting Company, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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20
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Nigar S, Shimosato T. Cooperation of Oligodeoxynucleotides and Synthetic Molecules as Enhanced Immune Modulators. Front Nutr 2019; 6:140. [PMID: 31508424 PMCID: PMC6718720 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine–guanine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs are potent stimulators of the host immune response. Cellular recognition of CpG motifs occurs via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), which normally activates immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) indicative of infection. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpGs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of viral/microbial DNA. Synthetic ODNs harboring CpG motifs resembling those identified in viral/microbial DNA trigger an identical response, such that these immunomodulatory ODNs have therapeutic potential. CpG DNA has been investigated as an agent for the management of malignancy, asthma, allergy, and contagious diseases, and as an adjuvant in immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the potential synergy between synthetic ODNs and other synthetic molecules and their immunomodulatory effects. We also summarize the different synthetic molecules that function as immune modulators and outline the phenomenon of TLR-mediated immune responses. We previously reported a novel synthetic ODN that acts synergistically with other synthetic molecules (including CpG ODNs, the synthetic triacylated lipopeptide Pam3CSK4, lipopolysaccharide, and zymosan) that could serve as an immune therapy. Additionally, several clinical trials have evaluated the use of CpG ODNs with other immune factors such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokines, and both endosomal and cell-surface TLR ligands as adjuvants for the augmentation of vaccine activity. Furthermore, we discuss the structural recognition of ODNs by TLRs and the mechanism of functional modulation of TLRs in the context of the potential application of ODNs as wide-spectrum therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Nigar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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21
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Aleynick M, Svensson-Arvelund J, Flowers CR, Marabelle A, Brody JD. Pathogen Molecular Pattern Receptor Agonists: Treating Cancer by Mimicking Infection. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6283-6294. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Oligodeoxynucleotides ODN 2006 and M362 Exert Potent Adjuvant Effect through TLR-9/-6 Synergy to Exaggerate Mammaglobin-A Peptide Specific Cytotoxic CD8+T Lymphocyte Responses against Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050672. [PMID: 31091800 PMCID: PMC6562487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammaglobin-A (MamA) is overexpressed in 40–80% of all human breast cancers. Recent phase I clinical trials of the MamA DNA vaccine showed encouraging safety outcomes. However, this vaccine elicited only a modest increase in MamA specific CD8+T lymphocyte (CTL) activation. As vaccine adjuvants play a critical role in enhancing the immunotherapeutic efficiency of vaccines, we tested the potential role of three synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN2216—class A ODN, ODN2006—class B ODN, and ODN M362—class C ODN) to further enhance MamA specific CTL responses. Towards this, naïve CD8+T cells were obtained from healthy HLA-A2+ human donors. The HLA-A2 specific immunodominant epitope of MamA, MamA2.1 (LIYDSSLCDL), was utilized to activate naïve CD8+T cells. The THP-1 (HLA-A2+) cells were used as antigen presenting cells to stimulate naïve CD8+T cells along with (or without) co-treatment of various ODNs mentioned above. Activation of naïve CD8+T cells with the MamA2.1 peptide along with ODNs demonstrated enhanced MamA specific CTL mediated cytotoxicity on AU565 (HLA-A+/MamA+) breast cancer cells following co-treatment with ODN2006 and M362 compared to ODN2216 or MamA2.1 peptide alone. However, no significant cytotoxicity was noted upon treatment of MamA2.1 activated CTLs on MCF7 (HLA-A+/MamA−) cells, suggesting that the activation of CTLs is specific to the MamA antigen. Functional characterization studies demonstrated specific IL-12 mediated cross-talk between TLR-6 and -9 in THP-1 cells following stimulation with ODN2006 and M362, which was critical for the final cytotoxic activation of CD8+T lymphocytes. Based on these data, we conclude that ODN2006 and ODN M362 exerted a strong adjuvant effect through induction of the initial innate immune response through TLR9 upregulation followed by enhanced MamA specific CTL dependent adaptive immune responses. Our current data provide evidence for the application of Class-B/-C-CpG-ODNs as potential vaccine adjuvants towards enhancing the success of MamA based breast cancer vaccination.
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23
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Hoshi K, Yamazaki T, Sugiyama Y, Tsukakoshi K, Tsugawa W, Sode K, Ikebukuro K. G-Quadruplex Structure Improves the Immunostimulatory Effects of CpG Oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2019; 29:224-229. [PMID: 30835633 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-strand oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) are recognized by the toll-like receptor 9, a component of the innate immunity. Therefore, they could act as immunotherapeutic agents. Chemically modified CpG ODNs containing a phosphorothioate backbone instead of phosphodiester (PD) were developed as immunotherapeutic agents resistant to nuclease degradation. However, they cause adverse side effects, and so there is a necessity to generate novel CpG ODNs. In the present study, we designed a nuclease-resistant nonmodified CpG ODN that forms G-quadruplex structures. G-quadruplex formation in CpG ODNs increased nuclease resistance and cellular uptake. The CpG ODNs designed in this study induced interleukin-6 production in a human B lymphocyte cell line and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results indicate that G-quadruplex formation can be used to increase the immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODNs having a natural PD backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Hoshi
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- 2Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuuki Sugiyama
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Tsukakoshi
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- 3Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kazunori Ikebukuro
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Lai CY, Yu GY, Luo Y, Xiang R, Chuang TH. Immunostimulatory Activities of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides in Teleosts: Toll-Like Receptors 9 and 21. Front Immunol 2019; 10:179. [PMID: 30800129 PMCID: PMC6375897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of microbial pathogens for the initiation of host defense immunological responses. Thirteen TLRs have been identified in mammals, and teleosts contain 22 mammalian or non-mammalian TLRs. Of these, TLR9 and TLR21 are the cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) recognition TLRs in teleosts. TLR9 is a mammalian TLR expressed in teleost but not in the avian species. TLR21 is a non-mammalian TLR expressed in both teleost and the avian species. Synthetic CpG-ODNs are potent immunostimulants that are being studied for their application against tumors, allergies, and infectious diseases, and as a vaccine adjuvant in humans. The immunostimulatory effects of CpG-ODNs as vaccine adjuvants and their antimicrobial function in domestic animals and teleosts are also being investigated. Most of our current knowledge about the molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-ODNs comes from earlier studies of the interaction between CpG-ODN and TLR9. More recent studies indicate that in addition to TLR9, TLR21 is another receptor for CpG-ODN recognition in teleosts to initiate immune responses. Whether these two receptors have differential functions in mediating the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-ODN in teleost has not been well-studied. Nevertheless, the existence of two recognition TLRs suggests that the molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-ODN in teleosts is different and more complex than in mammals. This article reviews the current knowledge of TLR9 and TLR21 activation by CpG-ODNs. The key points that need to be considered for CpG-ODNs as immunostimulants with maximum effectiveness in activation of immune responses in teleosts are discussed. This includes the structure/activity relationship of CpG-ODN activities for TLR9 and TLR21, the structure/functional relationship of these two TLRs, and differential expression levels and tissue distributions for these two TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yang Lai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yunping Luo
- Deptartment of Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Basic Medical Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,International Joint Center for Biomedical Research of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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25
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Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. In vivo cancer vaccination: Which dendritic cells to target and how? Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:88-101. [PMID: 30390423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized with the use of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Significant clinical benefits are observed in different cancer types with these treatments. While considerable efforts are made in augmenting tumor-specific T cell responses with these therapies, other immunotherapies that actively stimulate endogenous anti-tumor T cells and generating long-term memory have received less attention. Given the high cost of cancer immunotherapies especially with chimeric antigen receptor T cells, not many patients will have access to such treatments. The next-generation of cancer immunotherapy could entail in vivo cancer vaccination to activate both the innate and adaptive anti-tumor responses. This could potentially be achieved via in vivo targeting of dendritic cells which are an indispensable link between the innate and adaptive immunities. Dendritic cells highly expressed toll-like receptors for recognizing and eliminating pathogens. Synthetic toll-like receptors agonists could be synthesized at a low cost and have shown promise in preclinical and clinical trials. As different subsets of human dendritic cells exist in the immune system, activation with different toll-like receptor agonists could exert profound effects on the quality and magnitude of anti-tumor T cell responses. Here, we reviewed the different subsets of human dendritic cells. Using published preclinical and clinical cancers studies available on PubMed, we discussed the use of clinically approved and emerging toll-like receptor agonists to activate dendritic cells in vivo for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we searched www.clinicaltrials.gov and summarized the active cancer trials evaluating toll-like receptor agonists as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Smilow Translational Research Center 8th Floor, 186B, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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CD8+ T Cell Activation Leads to Constitutive Formation of Liver Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells that Seed a Large and Flexible Niche in the Liver. Cell Rep 2018; 25:68-79.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Du K, Liu J, Broering R, Zhang X, Yang D, Dittmer U, Lu M. Recent advances in the discovery and development of TLR ligands as novel therapeutics for chronic HBV and HIV infections. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:661-670. [PMID: 29772941 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1473372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands remain as promising antiviral drug candidates for the treatment of chronic viral infections. Basic research on the mechanisms of antiviral activity of TLR ligands in preclinical animal models and clinical testing of drug candidates have been carried out in recent years. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical testing of TLR ligands in two major viral infections: hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recent results have further demonstrated the potent antiviral activity of various TLR ligands . A TLR7 agonist is in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic HBV infection while a HBV vaccine using a TLR9 ligand as an adjuvant has proven to be superior to conventional HBV vaccines and has been approved for clinical use. Generally, TLR activation may achieve viral control mainly by promoting adaptive immunity to viral proteins. Expert opinion: Recent research in this field indicates that TLR ligands could be developed as clinically effective drugs if the obstacles concerning toxicity and application routes are overcome. TLR-mediated promotion of adaptive immunity is a major issue for future studies and will determine the future development of TLR ligands as drugs for immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keye Du
- a Department of Infectious Disease , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jia Liu
- a Department of Infectious Disease , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Ruth Broering
- b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- c Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- a Department of Infectious Disease , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- d Institute of Virology , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- d Institute of Virology , University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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28
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Tosi I, Bureau F, Farnir F, Denoix JM, Lekeux P, Art T. Effects of a P-class CpG-ODN administered by intramuscular injection on plasma cytokines and on white blood cells of healthy horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 201:57-61. [PMID: 29914683 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG-ODN) has been described as a potent immunostimulatory agent in different species. No study reported the effect of a P-class CpG when administered systemically in healthy horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance and the effect of an intramuscularly administered P-class CpG-ODN on hematology and on plasma cytokines (IFN-α, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ) in 8 healthy horses. Intra-muscular CpG-ODN or placebo (PBS) was administered twice at a 7 days-interval. Groups were inversed after 2 months of washout period. A physical examination, complete blood count (CBC) and plasma cytokine measurements were performed from 2 days before injection up to 21 days after injection. P-class CpG-ODN injection was well tolerated with minor side effects. After the first injection a significant transient drop in circulating total leukocytes, lymphocytes and an increase in monocytes were observed. A transient drop in eosinophils was also noted after each CpG injection. P-class CpG-ODN at a dose of 5 mg did not create major side effects in 7 horses, one horse showed transient pyrexia. A redistribution of white blood cells was observed in horses receiving CpG, but no change in plasma cytokines was observed at the indicated dose, route of administration and sampling times.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tosi
- Equine Sports Medicine Center, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem, 7A (B42), Quartier Vallée 2, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - F Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - F Farnir
- Department of Animal Productions, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied to Veterinary Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem, 7A (B43), Quartier Vallée 2, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - J M Denoix
- CIRALE, National Veterinary School of Maisons-Alfort, R.D. 675, 14430, Goustranville, France.
| | - P Lekeux
- Equine Sports Medicine Center, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem, 7A (B42), Quartier Vallée 2, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - T Art
- Equine Sports Medicine Center, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem, 7A (B42), Quartier Vallée 2, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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29
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A Built-In CpG Adjuvant in RSV F Protein DNA Vaccine Drives a Th1 Polarized and Enhanced Protective Immune Response. Viruses 2018; 10:v10010038. [PMID: 29342954 PMCID: PMC5795451 DOI: 10.3390/v10010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most significant cause of acute lower respiratory infection in children. However, there is no licensed vaccine available. Here, we investigated the effect of five or 20 copies of C-Class of CpG ODN (CpG-C) motif incorporated into a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein on the vaccine-induced immune response. The addition of CpG-C motif enhanced serum binding and virus-neutralizing antibody responses in BALB/c mice immunized with the DNA vaccines. Moreover, mice vaccinated with CpG-modified vaccines, especially with the higher 20 copies, resulted in an enhanced shift toward a Th1-biased antibody and T-cell response, a decrease in pulmonary pathology and virus replication, and a decrease in weight loss after RSV challenge. This study suggests that CpG-C motif, cloned into the backbone of DNA vaccine encoding RSV F glycoprotein, functions as a built-in adjuvant capable of improving the efficacy of DNA vaccine against RSV infection.
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30
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Hanagata N, Li X, Chen MH, Li J, Hattori S. Double-stranded phosphodiester cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide complexed with calcium phosphate as a potent vaccine adjuvant for activating cellular and Th1-type humoral immunities. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 13:43-62. [PMID: 29317815 PMCID: PMC5743182 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s152141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional class B cytosine-guanine (CpG) (CpG-B) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODNs) consisting of a single-stranded (ss) phosphorothioate (PT) backbone (ss CpG-B-PT) is converted from a proinflammatory cytokine inducer to a type-I interferon (IFN) inducer when complexed with cationic materials. In this study, we designed ss CpG-B and double-stranded (ds) CpG-B ODNs with a phosphodiester (PD) backbone (ss CpG-B-PD and ds CpG-B-PD, respectively) that became type-I IFN inducers upon complexation with Lipofectamine 2000 (Lipo), a cationic liposome. The ds CpG-B-PD complex induced higher IFN-β expression in mouse macrophage-like RAW264 cells than ss CpG-B-PD and ss CpG-B-PT complexes. The fold induction of IFN-β increased with the number of CpG motifs in ds CpG-B-PD, and a complex of ds CpG-B-PD consisting of 72 base pairs with nine CpG motifs (ds CpG-B72-PD) and Lipo showed the highest capacity to induce IFN-β. The materials and method used for complexation influenced the degree of IFN-β induction: ds CpG-B72-PD entrapped by calcium phosphate (CaP) (ds CpG-B72-PD/CaP) showed a higher induction capacity than ds CpG-B72-PD adsorbed onto the CaP surface. Entrapment of ds CpG-B72-PD by CaP also enhanced the induction of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-12. Vaccinating mice with ds CpG-B72-PD/CaP in conjunction with ovalbumin (OVA) increased the ratios of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells to total CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood and of OVA-specific IgG2a associated with helper T (Th)1 cells to OVA-specific IgG1 associated with Th2 cells. These results indicate that ds CpG-B72-PD/CaP is an effective vaccine adjuvant that can activate both cellular and Th1-type humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba.,Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xianglan Li
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
| | - Min-Hua Chen
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
| | - Jie Li
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
| | - Shinya Hattori
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
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31
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Tanegashima K, Takahashi R, Nuriya H, Iwase R, Naruse N, Tsuji K, Shigenaga A, Otaka A, Hara T. CXCL14 Acts as a Specific Carrier of CpG DNA into Dendritic Cells and Activates Toll-like Receptor 9-mediated Adaptive Immunity. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:247-256. [PMID: 28928016 PMCID: PMC5652022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL14 is a primordial chemokine that plays multiple roles in tumor suppression, autoimmune arthritis, and obesity-associated insulin resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we show that CXCL14 transports various types of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) into the endosomes and lysosomes of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs), thereby activating Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). A combination of CpG ODN (ODN2395) plus CXCL14 induced robust production of IL-12 p40 by wild-type, but not Tlr9-knockout, DCs. Consistent with this, ODN2395-mediated activation of DCs was significantly attenuated in Cxcl14-knockout mice. CXCL14 bound CpG ODN with high affinity at pH 7.5, but not at pH 6.0, thereby enabling efficient delivery of CpG ODN to TLR9 in the endosome/lysosome. Furthermore, the CXCL14-CpG ODN complex specifically bound to high affinity CXCL14 receptors on DCs. Thus, CXCL14 serves as a specific carrier of CpG DNA to sensitize TLR9-mediated immunosurveillance. CXCL14 specifically binds CpG DNA with high affinity. CXCL14/CpG DNA complex is efficiently transported into dendritic cells. CXCL14/CpG DNA induces cytokine production via Toll-like receptor 9.
We discovered that CXCL14 specifically binds CpG DNAs with high affinity and transports them into the endosomes and lysosomes of dendritic cells (DCs). Consequently, Toll-like receptor 9 (Tlr9) in DCs was activated, thereby leading to robust production of IL-12 p40 and IL-6. These activities of CXCL14 were not observed in Tlr9-deficient DCs. Moreover, CpG DNA (ODN2395)-mediated activation of DCs was significantly attenuated in Cxcl14-knockout mice. Therefore, CXCL14 plays an important role in the Tlr9-mediated immunosurveillance against pathogens and cancers. From the clinical point of view, CXCL14/CpG DNA could be useful as a new type of vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Tanegashima
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Rena Takahashi
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hideko Nuriya
- Core Technology and Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Rina Iwase
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Naoto Naruse
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hara
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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32
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Bryant AH, Menzies GE, Scott LM, Spencer‐Harty S, Davies LB, Smith RA, Jones RH, Thornton CA. Human gestation-associated tissues express functional cytosolic nucleic acid sensing pattern recognition receptors. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:36-46. [PMID: 28295207 PMCID: PMC5461091 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of viral infections in adverse pregnancy outcomes has gained interest in recent years. Innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their signalling pathways, that yield a cytokine output in response to pathogenic stimuli, have been postulated to link infection at the maternal-fetal interface and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and functional response of nucleic acid ligand responsive Toll-like receptors (TLR-3, -7, -8 and -9), and retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)-like receptors [RIG-I, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) and Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology 2(LGP2)] in human term gestation-associated tissues (placenta, choriodecidua and amnion) using an explant model. Immunohistochemistry revealed that these PRRs were expressed by the term placenta, choriodecidua and amnion. A statistically significant increase in interleukin (IL)-6 and/or IL-8 production in response to specific agonists for TLR-3 (Poly(I:C); low and high molecular weight), TLR-7 (imiquimod), TLR-8 (ssRNA40) and RIG-I/MDA5 (Poly(I:C)LyoVec) was observed; there was no response to a TLR-9 (ODN21798) agonist. A hierarchical clustering approach was used to compare the response of each tissue type to the ligands studied and revealed that the placenta and choriodecidua generate a more similar IL-8 response, while the choriodecidua and amnion generate a more similar IL-6 response to nucleic acid ligands. These findings demonstrate that responsiveness via TLR-3, TLR-7, TLR-8 and RIG-1/MDA5 is a broad feature of human term gestation-associated tissues with differential responses by tissue that might underpin adverse obstetric outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. H. Bryant
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School
| | - G. E. Menzies
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School
| | - L. M. Scott
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School
| | - S. Spencer‐Harty
- Department of HistopathologyAbertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health BoardSwanseaWalesUK
| | - L. B. Davies
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School
| | - R. A. Smith
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School
| | - R. H. Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School
| | - C. A. Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School
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Alipour S, Mahdavi A, Abdoli A. The effects of CpG-ODNs and Chitosan adjuvants on the elicitation of immune responses induced by the HIV-1-Tat-based candidate vaccines in mice. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:2975569. [PMID: 28175274 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV1-Tat-based vaccines could elicit broad, durable and neutralizing immune responses and are considered as potential AIDS vaccines. The present study aims to formulate CpG-ODNs adjuvant and Chitosan with Tat protein to enhance the immunogenicity of HIV-1-Tat-based candidate vaccines and to investigate their efficacies in mice. To this end, we added CpG-ODNs, Chitosan and Alum as adjuvants to the Tat-based candidate vaccine formulations. Then, we compared frequency and magnitude of both humoral and cellular immune responses from mice immunized with the adjuvant-formulated Tat candidate vaccines against those obtained from mice immunized with recombinant Tat protein alone. Mice were subcutaneously immunized three times at 2-week intervals with the candidate vaccines. Measurements of anti-Tat immune responses showed that all vaccinated groups had a good immunity compared to the control groups and developed high levels of both humoral and cellular responses. However, immunized mice with CpG-ODNs, and Chitosan-adjuvanted Tat vaccines elicited stronger T-cell responses (both humoral and cellular immunity) compared to the others. These data suggest that co-administration of recombinant Tat protein with CpG-ODNs and Chitosan may serve as a potential formulation for enhancing of the Tat vaccine-induced immunity and might have effects on shaping Th polarization induced by HIV1-Tat protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Alipour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45195-1159, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Mahdavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45195-1159, Iran
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
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34
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Li R, Zhang L, Shi P, Deng H, Li Y, Ren J, Fu X, Zhang L, Huang J. Immunological effects of different types of synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on porcine cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04493c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The agonists of toll-like receptor 9, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG sequences, stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses in humans and a variety of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiao Li
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Peidian Shi
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Hui Deng
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xubin Fu
- Tianjin Ruipu Biotechnology Limited Co
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
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35
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Kapp K, Schneider J, Schneider L, Gollinge N, Jänsch S, Schroff M, Wittig B, Kleuss C. Distinct immunological activation profiles of dSLIM® and ProMune® depend on their different structural context. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:446-462. [PMID: 27980779 PMCID: PMC5134728 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA-based TLR9 agonists are potent activators of the immune system. ProMune® and dSLIM® belong to different families of TLR9 agonists and both have been established as cancer immunotherapeutics in clinical proof-of-concept studies. Unfortunately, ProMune® failed in pivotal oncological trials. dSLIM®, the active ingredient of Lefitolimod (MGN1703), successfully finished a double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase II study in patients with advanced colorectal cancer, exhibiting improved progression-free survival and durable disease control. METHODS To explain the different systemic efficacies of dSLIM® and ProMune®, both TLR9 agonists and chimeric molecules thereof are analyzed side-by-side in a panel of in vitro assays for immune activation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Indeed, dSLIM® exposure results in an IFN-α dependent broad activation of immune cells whereas ProMune® strongly stimulates B cells. Moreover, all functional effects of dSLIM® strictly depend on the presence of CG-motifs within its dumbbell-shaped, covalently closed structural context. Conversely, several immunological effects of ProMune® like IL-8 secretion are independent of CG-motifs and could be ascribed to the phosphorothioate-modifications of its DNA backbone, which may have caused the side effects of ProMune® in clinical trials. Finally, we showed that the implementation of ProMune® (ODN2006) base sequence into the characteristic dSLIM® dumbbell form resulted in dSLIM2006 with all beneficial effects for immunostimulation combined from both TLR9 classes without any CG-independent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Burghardt Wittig
- Foundation Institute Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Freie Universitaet Berlin Berlin Germany
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36
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Liver-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells Form a Front-Line Defense against Malaria Liver-Stage Infection. Immunity 2016; 45:889-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Yamada H, Nagase S, Takahashi K, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Okamoto S. Toll-like receptor 9 ligand D-type oligodeoxynucleotide D35 as a broad inhibitor for influenza A virus replication that is associated with suppression of neuraminidase activity. Antiviral Res 2016; 129:81-92. [PMID: 26923882 PMCID: PMC7113795 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The most effective drugs available to treat influenza are neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, which provide important additional measures for the control of influenza virus infections. However, since the emergence of NA inhibitor-resistant viruses may compromise the clinical utility of this class of anti-influenza agents, it is very important to develop new anti-influenza agents which target a different region in NA responsible for its sensitivity from that for NA inhibitors and could be used to treat NA inhibitors-resistant isolates. The oligodeoxynucleotide D35, multimerized and aggregated, suppressed replication of influenza A viruses except A/WSN/33 (WSN). The suppressive viral replication by D35 depended on G-terad and multimer formation. The range of the suppressive viral replication at the late stage, including virus assembly and release from infected cells, was much larger than that at the initial stage, viral attachment and entry. D35 suppressed NA activity of influenza A viruses. Furthermore, replacing the NA gene of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8), in which viral replication was inhibited by D35 at the late stage, with the NA gene from WSN, in which viral replication was not inhibited, eliminated the D35-dependent suppression. D35 showed an additive anti-influenza effect with oseltamivir. It was also effective in vivo. These results suggest that the influenza virus NA mainly contributse to the D35-suppressible virus release from infected cells at the late stage. In addition, because administration of D35 into the virus-infected mice suppressed viral replication and weight loss, clinical application of D35 could be considered. The oligodeoxynucleotide D35 suppressed replication of some influenza A viruses. D35 inhibits viral replication at the late step which is dependent on NA activity. Antiviral mechanism by D35 is different from that by oseltamivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagase
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Okamoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
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38
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Kobiyama K, Temizoz B, Kanuma T, Ozasa K, Momota M, Yamamoto T, Aoshi T, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ. Species-dependent role of type I IFNs and IL-12 in the CTL response induced by humanized CpG complexed with β-glucan. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1142-51. [PMID: 26786557 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is one of promising nucleic acid-based adjuvants. We recently improved its ability to enhance CD8(+) T-cell responses to coadministered protein antigen without conjugation or emulsion, by forming a nanoparticulate complex between CpG ODN (K3) and mushroom-derived β-glucan schizophyllan (SPG), namely K3-SPG. Here, we sought to elucidate the cellular immunological mechanisms by which K3-SPG induce such potent CD8(+) T-cell responses to coadministered antigen. By focusing on two DC subsets, plasmacytoid DCs and CD8α(+) DCs, as well as the secreted cytokines, IFN-α and IL-12, we found that K3-SPG strongly activates mouse plasmacytoid DCs to secrete IFN-α and CD8α(+) DCs to secrete IL-12, respectively. Although a single cytokine deficiency had no impact on adjuvant effects, the lack of both type I IFN and IL-12 in mice resulted in a significant reduction of Th1 type immune responses and CD8(+) T-cell responses elicited by protein vaccine model. By sharp contrast, type I IFN, but not IL-12, was required for the production of IFN-γ by human PBMCs as well as antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell proliferation. Taken together, K3-SPG may overcome the species barrier for CpG ODN to enhance antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses despite the differential role of IL-12 between human and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Kobiyama
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Burcu Temizoz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanuma
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Ozasa
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University, Kanazawaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Momota
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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39
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Abstract
Bacterial DNA comprising palindromic sequences and containing unmethylated CpG is recognized by toll-like receptor 9 of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and induces the production of interferon-α and chemokines, leading to the activation of a Th1 immune response. Therefore, synthetic equivalents of bacterial DNA (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) have been developed for clinical applications. They are usually phosphorothioated for in vivo use; this approach also leads to adverse effects as reported in mouse models.Mucosal vaccines that induce both mucosal and systemic immunity received substantial attention in recent years. For their development, phosphodiester-linked oligodeoxynucleotides, including the sequence of a palindromic CpG DNA may be advantageous as adjuvants because their target pDCs are present right there, in the mucosa of the vaccination site. In addition, the probability of adverse effects is believed to be low. Here, we review the discovery of such CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their possible use as mucosal adjuvants.
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Key Words
- Ab, antibody
- BCG, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
- CpG
- DT, diphtheria toxoid
- DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity
- G, guanine
- IFN, interferon
- IgG1
- IgG2a/c
- ODNs, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PPD, purified protein derivative
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- Th1
- mucosal adjuvant
- pDC
- pDCs, plasmacytoid dendritic cells
- palindrome
- phosphodiester
- phylaxis
- rCTB, recombinant cholera toxin B subunit
- sIgA, secretory IgA
- secretory IgA
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Iho
- a Host Defense Laboratory; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui ; Yoshida-gun , Fukui , Japan
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40
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Meng Z, Zhang X, Pei R, Zhang E, Kemper T, Vollmer J, Davis HL, Glebe D, Gerlich W, Roggendorf M, Lu M. Combination therapy including CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and entecavir induces early viral response and enhanced inhibition of viral replication in a woodchuck model of chronic hepadnaviral infection. Antiviral Res 2015; 125:14-24. [PMID: 26585244 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) stimulate immune cells via TLR9 and are potentially useful immunomodulators for the treatment of chronic viral infections. In the present study, different classes of CpGs were tested for their capacities for innate immune activation and antiviral activities in the woodchuck model. A class P CpG ODN was found to stimulate interferon (IFN) production in woodchuck peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro, and following subcutaneous administration in vivo, it was observed to induce IFN and MxA expression in woodchuck PBMCs. Combination treatment with CpG ODN and entecavir (ETV) led to effective suppression of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) load in the woodchucks, with early viral responses and inhibition of replication. The woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen (WHsAg) serum concentrations were strongly decreased by CpG and ETV together but not by either agent alone, indicating synergistic effects. However, viral control post-treatment was still transient, similar to that observed with ETV alone. Significantly elevated levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) but not of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in some of the woodchucks receiving CpG ODN were noted, but these increases were resolved before the completion of treatment and were not associated with an elevated serum bilirubin level or coagulation disorders, suggesting the absence of a significant safety concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongji Meng
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thekla Kemper
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jörg Vollmer
- Pfizer Oligonucleotides Therapeutics Unit, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Gerlich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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41
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Pohar J, Lainšček D, Fukui R, Yamamoto C, Miyake K, Jerala R, Benčina M. Species-Specific Minimal Sequence Motif for Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Activating Mouse TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4396-405. [PMID: 26416273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG recapitulate the activation of TLR9 by microbial DNA. ODNs are potent stimulators of the immune response in cells expressing TLR9. Despite extensive use of mice as experimental animals in basic and applied immunological research, the key sequence determinants that govern the activation of mouse TLR9 by ODNs have not been well defined. We performed a systematic investigation of the sequence motif of B class phosphodiester ODNs to identify the sequence properties that govern mouse TLR9 activation. In contrast to ODNs activating human TLR9, where the minimal sequence motif for the receptor activation comprises a pair of closely positioned CpGs we found that the mouse TLR9 requires a single CpG positioned 4-6 nt from the 5'-end. Activation is augmented by a 5'TCC sequence one to three nucleotides from the CG. The distance of the CG dinucleotide of four to six nucleotides from the 5'-end and the ODN's length fine-tunes activation of mouse macrophages. Length of the ODN <23 and >29 nt decreases activation of dendritic cells. The ODNs with minimal sequence induce Th1-type cytokine synthesis in dendritic cells and confirm the expression of cell surface markers in B cells. Identification of the minimal sequence provides an insight into the sequence selectivity of mouse TLR9 and points to the differences in the receptor selectivity between species probably as a result of differences in the receptor binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pohar
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Chikako Yamamoto
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - Roman Jerala
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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42
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Development of Nonaggregating Poly-A Tailed Immunostimulatory A/D Type CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Applicable for Clinical Use. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:316364. [PMID: 26380317 PMCID: PMC4562176 DOI: 10.1155/2015/316364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory CpG ODNs have been developed and utilized as TLR9-dependent innate immune activators and vaccine adjuvants. Four different types of immunostimulatory CpG ODNs (A/D, B/K, C, and P type) have been reported. A/D type ODNs are characterized by high IFN-α production but intrinsically form aggregates, hindering its good manufacturing practice grade preparation. In this study, we developed several D35-derived ODNs (a commonly used A/D type ODN), which were modified with the addition of a phosphorothioate polynucleotide tail (such as dAs40), and examined their physical properties, solubility in saline, immunostimulatory activity on human PBMCs, and vaccine adjuvant potential in monkeys. We found that two modified ODNs including D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 were immunostimulatory, similar to original D35 in human PBMCs, resulting in high IFN-α secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Physical property analysis by dynamic light scattering revealed that both D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 did not form aggregates in saline, which is currently impossible for the original D35. Furthermore, D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 worked as better vaccine adjuvant in monkeys. These results suggested that D35-dAs40 and D35core-dAs40 are two promising prototypes of nonaggregating A/D type ODN with advantages of ease of drug preparation for clinical applications as vaccine adjuvants or IFN-α inducing immunomodifiers.
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43
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Shirota H, Tross D, Klinman DM. CpG Oligonucleotides as Cancer Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:390-407. [PMID: 26343193 PMCID: PMC4494345 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants improve host responsiveness to co-delivered vaccines through a variety of mechanisms. Agents that trigger cells expressing Toll-like receptors (TLR) activate an innate immune response that enhances the induction of vaccine-specific immunity. When administered in combination with vaccines designed to prevent or slow tumor growth, TLR agonists have significantly improved the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Unfortunately, vaccines containing TLR agonists have rarely been able to eliminate large established tumors when administered systemically. To improve efficacy, attention has focused on delivering TLR agonists intra-tumorally with the intent of altering the tumor microenvironment. Agonists targeting TLRs 7/8 or 9 can reduce the frequency of Tregs while causing immunosuppressive MDSC in the tumor bed to differentiate into tumoricidal macrophages thereby enhancing tumor elimination. This work reviews pre-clinical and clinical studies concerning the utility of TLR 7/8/9 agonists as adjuvants for tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Shirota
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Debra Tross
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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44
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Lee Y, Lee YS, Cho SY, Kwon HJ. Perspective of Peptide Vaccine Composed of Epitope Peptide, CpG-DNA, and Liposome Complex Without Carriers. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 99:75-97. [PMID: 26067817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and specificity of cell-mediated and humoral immunity are critically determined by peptide sequences; peptides corresponding to the B- or T-cell receptor epitopes are sufficient to induce an effective immune response if delivered properly. Therefore, studies on the screening and application of peptide-based epitopes have been done extensively for the development of therapeutic antibodies and prophylactic vaccines. However, the efficacy of immune response and antibody production by peptide-based immunization is too limited for human application at the present. To improve the efficacy of vaccines, researchers formulated adjuvants such as alum, water-in-oil emulsion, and Toll-like receptor agonists. They also employed liposomes as delivering vehicles to stimulate immune responses. Here, we review our recent studies providing a potent method of epitope screening and antibody production without conventional carriers. We adopted Lipoplex(O), comprising a natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA and a specific liposome complex, as an adjuvant. Lipoplex(O) induces potent stimulatory activity in humans as well as in mice, and immunization of mice with several peptides along with Lipoplex(O) without general carriers induces significant production of each peptide-specific IgG2a. Immunization of peptide vaccines against virus-associated antigens in mice has protective effects against the viral infection. A peptide vaccine against carcinoma-associated antigen and the peptide-specific monoclonal antibody has functional effects against cancer cells in mouse models. In conclusion, we improved the efficacy of peptide vaccines in mice. Our strategy can be applied in development of therapeutic antibodies or in defense against pandemic infectious diseases through rapid screening of potent B-cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Cho
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science BK21, Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
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45
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Morin-Brureau M, Hooper KM, Prosniak M, Sauma S, Harshyne LA, Andrews DW, Hooper DC. Enhancement of glioma-specific immunity in mice by "NOBEL", an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:447-57. [PMID: 25579379 PMCID: PMC11028597 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Autologous glioblastoma multiforme tumor cells treated with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) targeting insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R) are the basis of a vaccine with therapeutic effects on tumor recurrence in a pilot clinical trial. As a preface to continued clinical investigation of this vaccination strategy, we have studied the contribution of an optimized IGF-1R AS-ODN, designated "NOBEL", to the induction of immunity to mouse GL261 glioma cells. The impact of NOBEL on mechanisms contributing to the development of GL261 immunity was first examined in the periphery. GL261 cells are naturally immunogenic when implanted into the flanks of congenic C57BL/6 mice, immunizing rather than forming tumors in around 50 % of these animals but causing tumors in the majority of mice lacking T and B lymphocytes. Overnight treatment with NOBEL in vitro reduces IGF-1R expression by GL261 cells but has minimal effect on cell viability and does not reduce the capacity of the cells to form tumors upon implantation. In contrast, tumors are extremely rare when GL261 cells are mixed with NOBEL at inoculation into the flanks of C57BL/6, and the recipient mice become immune to subcutaneous and intracranial challenge with untreated GL261. Adaptive immune mechanisms contribute to this effect, as immunocompromised mice fail to either fully control tumor formation or develop immunity following flank administration of the GL261/NOBEL mix. NOBEL's structure has known immunostimulatory motifs that likely contribute to the immunogenicity of the mix, but its specificity for IGF-1R mRNA is also important as a similarly structured sense molecule is not effective.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Glioma/immunology
- Glioma/pathology
- Glioma/therapy
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunotherapy
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- beta 2-Microglobulin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Morin-Brureau
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Kirsten M. Hooper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
- Present Address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Michael Prosniak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH Rm 452, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6731 USA
| | - Sami Sauma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Larry A. Harshyne
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - David W. Andrews
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - D. Craig Hooper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH Rm 452, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6731 USA
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46
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Pohar J, Kužnik Krajnik A, Jerala R, Benčina M. Minimal sequence requirements for oligodeoxyribonucleotides activating human TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3901-8. [PMID: 25780037 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG (unmethylated deoxycytidylyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotide) motifs activate endosomal TLR9. The nucleotide sequence, length, and dimerization properties of ODNs modulate their activation of TLR9. We performed a systematic investigation of the sequence motifs of B-class and C-class phosphodiester ODNs to identify the sequence properties that govern TLR9 activation. ODNs shorter than 21 nt and with the adenosine adjacent to the cytidine-guanosine (CG) dinucleotide motif led to a significant loss of the propensity to activate TLR9. The distance between the stimulatory CpG motifs within the ODN fine-tunes the activation of B cells. The minimal ODNs that activate human TLR9 comprise 2 CG dinucleotides separated by 6-10 nt, where the first CpG motif is preceded by the 5'-thymidine and the elongated poly-thymidine tail at the 3' end of the ODN. The minimal sequence provides insight into the molecular mechanism of TLR9 ligand recognition. On the basis of sequence requirements, we conclude that two binding sites with different affinities for CG are formed in the human TLR9 dimer, with a very stringent binding site interacting with the 5' CpG motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pohar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Alenka Kužnik Krajnik
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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47
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Gungor B, Yagci FC, Tincer G, Bayyurt B, Alpdundar E, Yildiz S, Ozcan M, Gursel I, Gursel M. CpG ODN nanorings induce IFNα from plasmacytoid dendritic cells and demonstrate potent vaccine adjuvant activity. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:235ra61. [PMID: 24807558 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) are short single-stranded synthetic DNA molecules that activate the immune system and have been found to be effective for preventing and treating infectious diseases, allergies, and cancers. Structurally distinct classes of synthetic ODN expressing CpG motifs differentially activate human immune cells. K-type ODN (K-ODN), which have progressed into human clinical trials as vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents, are strong activators of B cells and trigger plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to differentiate and produce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). In contrast, D-type ODN (D-ODN) stimulate large amounts of interferon-α (IFNα) secretion from pDCs. This activity depends on the ability of D-ODN to adopt nanometer-sized G quadruplex-based structures, complicating their manufacturing and hampering their progress into the clinic. In search of a D-ODN substitute, we attempted to multimerize K-ODN into stable nanostructures using cationic peptides. We show that short ODN with a rigid secondary structure form nuclease-resistant nanorings after condensation with the HIV-derived peptide Tat(47-57). The nanorings enhanced cellular internalization, targeted the ODN to early endosomes, and induced a robust IFNα response from human pDCs. Compared to the conventional K-ODN, nanorings boosted T helper 1-mediated immune responses in mice immunized with the inactivated foot and mouth disease virus vaccine and generated superior antitumor immunity when used as a therapeutic tumor vaccine adjuvant in C57BL/6 mice bearing ovalbumin-expressing EG.7 thymoma tumors. These results suggest that the nanorings can act as D-ODN surrogates and may find a niche for further clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilgi Gungor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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48
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Scheiermann J, Klinman DM. Clinical evaluation of CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Vaccine 2014; 32:6377-89. [PMID: 24975812 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODN) that express unmethylated "CpG motifs" trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9. In humans this includes plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells. CpG ODN induce an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their utility as vaccine adjuvants was evaluated in a number of clinical trials. Results indicate that CpG ODN improve antigen presentation and the generation of vaccine-specific cellular and humoral responses. This work provides an up-to-date overview of the utility of CpG ODN as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious agents and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheiermann
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, United States
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD 21702, United States.
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49
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Nonagonistic Dectin-1 ligand transforms CpG into a multitask nanoparticulate TLR9 agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3086-91. [PMID: 24516163 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319268111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG DNA, a ligand for Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), has been one of the most promising immunotherapeutic agents. Although there are several types of potent humanized CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), developing "all-in-one" CpG ODNs activating both B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells forming a stable nanoparticle without aggregation has not been successful. In this study, we generated a novel nanoparticulate K CpG ODN (K3) wrapped by the nonagonistic Dectin-1 ligand schizophyllan (SPG), K3-SPG. In sharp contrast to K3 alone, K3-SPG stimulates human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to produce a large amount of both type I and type II IFN, targeting the same endosome where IFN-inducing D CpG ODN resides without losing its K-type activity. K3-SPG thus became a potent adjuvant for induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses, particularly CTL induction, to coadministered protein antigens without conjugation. Such potent adjuvant activity of K3-SPG is attributed to its nature of being a nanoparticle rather than targeting Dectin-1 by SPG, accumulating and activating antigen-bearing macrophages and dendritic cells in the draining lymph node. K3-SPG acting as an influenza vaccine adjuvant was demonstrated in vivo in both murine and nonhuman primate models. Taken together, K3-SPG may be useful for immunotherapeutic applications that require type I and type II IFN as well as CTL induction.
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50
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Baxevanis CN, Voutsas IF, Tsitsilonis OE. Toll-like receptor agonists: current status and future perspective on their utility as adjuvants in improving anticancer vaccination strategies. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:497-511. [PMID: 23638745 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists possess remarkable properties, particularly with regard to dendritic cell activation, promoting Th1-type cytokine production and optimizing cytotoxic T-cell responses. Preclinical and clinical studies conducted to date show that TLR agonists can improve currently applied anticancer vaccination protocols. Although these have resulted in the US FDA approval of three TLR agonists for use in humans, their abundant application encounters limitations, principally due to dose-limiting toxicity evoking from systemic cytokine production. Here, using selected examples of clinical studies, we provide a concise review regarding the knowledge acquired thus far on the adjuvant use of TLR agonists as cancer vaccine components. We also provide evidence on the exploitation of a novel TLR agonist, prothymosin-α, which enhances the efficacy of tumor-reactive effectors without causing severe adverse effects.
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